POSTWAR SOCIETY AND CULTURE CHANGE AND ADJUSTMENT战后的社会与文化的变化与调整
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Congress passed an emergency act to place quotas on immigration – 3% of the foreign born population as of 1910 – in 1924 it was reduced to 2% and the base year shifted to 1890 – thus many southern and eastern Europeans were not allowed in
More and more people married for love and attraction than social status than ever
They married later and had fewer children Intra-family democracy emerged Advocates of “trial marriages” began to appear “scientific” child rearing – medical care and nutrition –
Superstars began to emerge “Red” Grange – Illinois Football Jack Dempsey – Boxing “Big Bill” Tilden – Tennis “Bobby” Jones – Golf Helen Wills – Tennis Gertrude Ederle – Swimming Babe Ruth – Baseball
Women smoked, shortened their hair, wore make-up, and shortened their skirts
Sexual relationships became more open and accepted – a push was made to legalize birth control
William Jennings Bryan was a champion of many fundamentalist ideas – especially the antievolutionist idea
URBAN-RURAL CONFLICTS:
FUNDAMENTALISM
The Scopes Trial
The 18th Amendment (1919) prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages
This was a rural triumph – the temperance movement had been alive since Jackson
established a Women’s Bureau in 1920 More women graduated from college but they were forced
into subjects that made them better housewives There was still a huge double-standard
Out of this feeling a resurgence of religious fundamentalism grew – a very conservative frame of mind, rejecting evolution, resenting many aspects of modern culture
POPULAR CULTURE: MOVIES AND RADIO
The first motion pictures were made about 1900 As they became more popular, technological
advances increased to allow actual movies with sound and effects In the 1920’s the film industry settled in Hollywood, CA Theaters became popular, Daily ticket sales averaged 10 million – by the 1930’s, million dollar productions were common
In 1929, the number was limited to 150,000 – actually far fewer were allowed to enter
The National Origins Act brought the foreign born population of America from about 13% in 1920 to 4.7% in 1970 – in 2019 it was 11%
THE GOLDEN AGE OF SPORTS
After the war, people had more money to spend and sports grew in popularity – add to that the ability to broadcast events over the radio
Charlie Chaplin, Walt Disney Radio was even more popular – important during the war, it
was an overnight sensation afterward KDKA in Pittsburg was the first commercial radio station in
CHAPTER 24 (640-667)
POSTWAR SOCIETY AND CULTURE: CHANGE AND ADJUSTMENT
CLOSINபைடு நூலகம் THE GATES TO NEW IMMIGRANTS
Immigration rose from 110,000 in 1919 to 805,000 in 1921 and continued to rise
Anti-Semitism began to rise in America
NEW URBAN SOCIAL PATTERNS
1920 census – more Americans lived in urban rather than rural places for the first time
Women were paid less and limited to the types of jobs they could do After the 19th Amendment was passed, many lost their desire to work for change, believing that the vote would fix everything – it did not, at least not right away
The old ways were no longer any good – society was changing faster every year
Dating became the norm, rather than calling on the girl – the man became responsible for driving and providing the entertainment
THE “NEW” WOMAN
Contraception was still focused on married couples
Margaret Sanger began to focus on poor women to educate them about birth-control – she ran afoul of the law frequently and is associated with the eugenics movement.
The war helped the movement because food production became so important and beer drinking was associated with Germans
URBAN-RURAL CONFLICTS:
PROHIBITION
The whole trial was a show – both the evolutionists and fundamentalists came out looking foolish and weak – but both continued
URBAN-RURAL CONFLICTS: PROHIBITION
but also rigid training vs. permissive approach Sexual freedom derived from anonymity
THE YOUNGER GENERATION
The Jazz Age – young people sought freedom and entertainment
New stadiums were built, football became prominent
URBAN-RURAL CONFLICTS:
FUNDAMENTALISM
Many rural people felt that the new city-oriented culture was sinful, materialistic, and unhealthy – though admittedly fascinating
1920, soon there were hundreds Radio instantly communicated news, advertisements, and
music In 1934 the Federal Communications Commission was formed
to govern the radio industry
Some scientists began promoting birth control as a means to curb the productivity of “unfit” types (read poor and/or immigrants)
THE “NEW” WOMAN
Divorce laws were being modified to be more equal More women were working – the Department of Labor
John T. Scopes, a biology teacher, was convinced to violate Tennessee law against teaching evolution – he was arrested
Numerous big name lawyers came to his defense, including Clarence Darrow – Bryan was brought in by the state
POPULAR CULTURE: MOVIES AND RADIO
As today, sex, crime, war, romance, comedy and luxurious living were common themes
Many complained that movies were corrupting the youth and glorifying materialism
More and more people married for love and attraction than social status than ever
They married later and had fewer children Intra-family democracy emerged Advocates of “trial marriages” began to appear “scientific” child rearing – medical care and nutrition –
Superstars began to emerge “Red” Grange – Illinois Football Jack Dempsey – Boxing “Big Bill” Tilden – Tennis “Bobby” Jones – Golf Helen Wills – Tennis Gertrude Ederle – Swimming Babe Ruth – Baseball
Women smoked, shortened their hair, wore make-up, and shortened their skirts
Sexual relationships became more open and accepted – a push was made to legalize birth control
William Jennings Bryan was a champion of many fundamentalist ideas – especially the antievolutionist idea
URBAN-RURAL CONFLICTS:
FUNDAMENTALISM
The Scopes Trial
The 18th Amendment (1919) prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages
This was a rural triumph – the temperance movement had been alive since Jackson
established a Women’s Bureau in 1920 More women graduated from college but they were forced
into subjects that made them better housewives There was still a huge double-standard
Out of this feeling a resurgence of religious fundamentalism grew – a very conservative frame of mind, rejecting evolution, resenting many aspects of modern culture
POPULAR CULTURE: MOVIES AND RADIO
The first motion pictures were made about 1900 As they became more popular, technological
advances increased to allow actual movies with sound and effects In the 1920’s the film industry settled in Hollywood, CA Theaters became popular, Daily ticket sales averaged 10 million – by the 1930’s, million dollar productions were common
In 1929, the number was limited to 150,000 – actually far fewer were allowed to enter
The National Origins Act brought the foreign born population of America from about 13% in 1920 to 4.7% in 1970 – in 2019 it was 11%
THE GOLDEN AGE OF SPORTS
After the war, people had more money to spend and sports grew in popularity – add to that the ability to broadcast events over the radio
Charlie Chaplin, Walt Disney Radio was even more popular – important during the war, it
was an overnight sensation afterward KDKA in Pittsburg was the first commercial radio station in
CHAPTER 24 (640-667)
POSTWAR SOCIETY AND CULTURE: CHANGE AND ADJUSTMENT
CLOSINபைடு நூலகம் THE GATES TO NEW IMMIGRANTS
Immigration rose from 110,000 in 1919 to 805,000 in 1921 and continued to rise
Anti-Semitism began to rise in America
NEW URBAN SOCIAL PATTERNS
1920 census – more Americans lived in urban rather than rural places for the first time
Women were paid less and limited to the types of jobs they could do After the 19th Amendment was passed, many lost their desire to work for change, believing that the vote would fix everything – it did not, at least not right away
The old ways were no longer any good – society was changing faster every year
Dating became the norm, rather than calling on the girl – the man became responsible for driving and providing the entertainment
THE “NEW” WOMAN
Contraception was still focused on married couples
Margaret Sanger began to focus on poor women to educate them about birth-control – she ran afoul of the law frequently and is associated with the eugenics movement.
The war helped the movement because food production became so important and beer drinking was associated with Germans
URBAN-RURAL CONFLICTS:
PROHIBITION
The whole trial was a show – both the evolutionists and fundamentalists came out looking foolish and weak – but both continued
URBAN-RURAL CONFLICTS: PROHIBITION
but also rigid training vs. permissive approach Sexual freedom derived from anonymity
THE YOUNGER GENERATION
The Jazz Age – young people sought freedom and entertainment
New stadiums were built, football became prominent
URBAN-RURAL CONFLICTS:
FUNDAMENTALISM
Many rural people felt that the new city-oriented culture was sinful, materialistic, and unhealthy – though admittedly fascinating
1920, soon there were hundreds Radio instantly communicated news, advertisements, and
music In 1934 the Federal Communications Commission was formed
to govern the radio industry
Some scientists began promoting birth control as a means to curb the productivity of “unfit” types (read poor and/or immigrants)
THE “NEW” WOMAN
Divorce laws were being modified to be more equal More women were working – the Department of Labor
John T. Scopes, a biology teacher, was convinced to violate Tennessee law against teaching evolution – he was arrested
Numerous big name lawyers came to his defense, including Clarence Darrow – Bryan was brought in by the state
POPULAR CULTURE: MOVIES AND RADIO
As today, sex, crime, war, romance, comedy and luxurious living were common themes
Many complained that movies were corrupting the youth and glorifying materialism