试题1及答案_冶金专业英语
冶金专业英语Unit 18
Text
2.Tempering Tempering is done by reheating the metal to low or moderate temperature, followed by quenching or by cooling in air. It is a process that follows the hardening procedure and makes the metal as hard and tough as possible and removes the brittleness from a hardened piece . Two important points are to be noted in connection with the quenching and tempering of steel: (1)To get a fully hardened structure, the steel should be heated to the appropriate temperature. And then rapidly cooled. The appropriate temperature before quenching depends on the carbon content of the steel concerned. (2) Tempering does not restore the pearlitic structure. Before that can be done ,the steel has to be heated to the appropriate temperature and then slowly cooled.
In the simplest method of case-hardening the steel articles are packed in boxes containing charcoal and other substances, they are then heated gradually to about 925゜C,and maintained at that temperature for several hours. The steel is quenched in oil, which is much preferable to water, since too rapid quenching may be lead to craking or peeling of the case. In industry, cyaniding is also used for case hardening, because a thinner carbon case can be applied by immersing the steel in a bath of molten sodium cyanide.
冶金工程专业英语
New development in Europe
Fundamental of iron making
Reduction of iron oxides
Fundamental of steel making
Fundamentals of Ladle Metallurgical Reactions
consumers limited control 不同，不等。
on price, and the demand 16. volatile: 易
and supply disparity have made steel prices volatile.
变的，反复无常 的。
Significant increases in
11.
economic conditions with a particular sensitivity to the
attributable: 由…引起的 。
12. sensitivity:
performance of the automotive, 敏感(性) 。
construction, capital goods and 13. capital: 主
冶金工程专业英语
2020/3/2/23:26:12
金焱
范文讲解：
Part1 Fundamentals of Iron and Steelmaking
Part2 Iron making Part3 Steel making
2020/3/2/23:26:13
2
Part1 Fundamentals of Iron and Steelmaking
冶金科技英语复习-中南大学
Lesson 1 furnaceSoaking pits furnaces 均热炉continuous furnaces 连续炉Batch-type furnaces 间歇式炉open-hearth furnaces 平炉in-and out, pusher-type, rotary-hearth furnaces 间歇式、推荐式、辊床式炉shaft furnace 冲天炉fuel-fired furnaces 燃料炉gas-fired furnaces 气体燃料炉fuel oil-fired固体燃料炉regenerative furnaces 蓄热式炉recuperative furnaces 换热式炉electric furnace 电炉：arc furnace 电弧炉，resistance futnace 电阻炉，induction furnaces 感应炉reaction chamber 反应室（furnace space 炉膛）flame furnaces 火焰炉burners 喷嘴steelmaking converters 炼钢转炉forced-motion furnace 强迫运动的炉子heating medium 加热介质heated surface 被加热表面furnace space 炉膛heat transfer 热传递eddy涡流1.By technological principle, all metallurgical furnace are classed into melting and heatingfurnaces.根据工艺原则，所有冶金炉可分为熔化炉和加热炉两类。
2. Melting furnaces are used for melting iron, steel, copper, etc.熔化炉用于熔化铁、铜、钢等等。
3. Modern furnaces are complex thermal plants usually composed of the furnace proper and auxiliary equipment.现代炉子是由炉子本体和其辅助设备组成的复杂的热力设备。
冶金机械专业英语Unit 1-11
ContentsUnit 1 Introducing to Working DrawingsUnit 2 The computer in Design and GraphicsUnit 3 LathesUnit 4 LubricationUnit 5 From the History Ironmaking and SteelmakingUnit 6 Raw Materials for the Production of IronUnit 7 The Blast Furnace PlantUnit 8 Raw Materials of SteelingUnit 9 LD PracticeUnit10 Continuous Casting of SteelUnit11 RollingUnit 1 Introducing to Working DrawingsWorking drawings are the drawings from which a design is implemented. All principles of orthographic projection and techniques of graphics can be used to communicate the details of a project in working drawings. A detail drawing is a working drawing of a single part (or detail) within the ser of working drawings.Specifications are the written instructions that accompany working drawings. When the design can be represented on a few sheets, the specifications are usually written on the drawings to consolidate the information into a single format.All parts must interact. with other parts to some degree to yield the desired function from a design. Before detail drawings of individual parts are made the designer must thoroughly analyze the working drawing to ensure that the parts fit property with mating parts, that the correct tolerances are applied, that the contact surfaces are properly finished, and that the proper motion is possible between the parts.Much of the work in preparing working drawings is done by the drafter, but the designer, who is usually an engineer, is responsible for their correctness. It is working drawings that bring products and systems into being.Working drawings are legal contracts that document the design details and specifications as directed by the engineer. Therefore drawings must be as clear, precise, and thorough as possible. Revisions and modifications of a project at the time of production or construction are much more expensive than when done in the preliminary design stages.Poorly executed working drawings result in wasted time and resources and increase implementation costs. To be economically competitive drawings must be as error-free as possible.The inch is the basic unit of the English system, and virtually all shop drawings in the U.S. are dimensioned in inches.The millimeter is the basic unit of the metric system, Metric abbreviation (mm) after the numerals is omitted from dimensions because the SI symbol near the title block indicates that all units are metric.Some working drawings carry both inch and millimeter dimensions, usually the dimensions in parentheses or brackets are millimeters. The units may also appear as millimeters first and then be converted and shown in brackets as inches. Converting from one unit to the other results infractional round-off errors. And explanation of the primary unit system for each drawing should be noted in the title block.Title Blocks In practice, title blocks usually contain the title or part name, drafter, date, scale, company, and sheet number. Other information, such as tolerances, checkers, and materials, also may be given. Any modifications or changes added after the first version to improve the design is shown in the revision blocks.Depending on the complexity of the project, a set of working drawings may contain from one to more than a hundred sheets. Therefore, giving the number of each sheet and the total number of sheets in the set on each sheet is important ( for example, sheet 2 of 6, sheet 3 of 6, and so on).Parts List The part numbers and part names in the parts list correspond to those given to each part depicted on the working drawings. In addition, the number of identical parts required is given along with the material used to make each part.If all working drawings in a set are the same scale, you need to indicate it only once in title block on each sheet. If several detail drawings on a working drawing are different scales, indicate them on the drawing under each set of views. In this case, indicate, "as shown" in the title block opposite scale. When a drawing is not to scale, place the abbreviation NTS (not to scale) in the title block.Part Names and Numbers Give each part a name and number, using letters and numbers l/8-in. (3 mm) high. Place part numbers inside circles, called balloons, having diameters approximately four times the height of the numbers,Place part numbers near the views to which they apply, so their association will be clear. On assembly drawings, balloons are especially important because the same parts numbers are used in the parts list.People who check drawings must have special qualifications that enable them to identify errors and to suggest revisions and modifications that result in a better product at a lower cost, A checker may be chief drafter experienced in drafting and manufacturing processes or the engineer or designer who originated the project. In large companies, personnel in the various shops involved in production review the drawings to ensure that the most efficient production methods are specified for each part.Checkers never check the original drawing; instead, they mark corrections with a colored pencil on a diazo (blue-line) print. They return the marked-up print to the drafter who revises the original and makes another print for final approval.Checkers inspect a working or detail drawing for correctness and soundness of design. In addition, they are responsible for the drawing's completeness, quality, readability, and clarity. Lettering and text quality is especially important because the shop person is guided by lettered notes and dimensions.In addition to the individual revision records, drafters should keep a log of all changes made during a project. As the project progresses, the drafter should record the changes, dates, and people involved. Such a log allows anyone reviewing the project in the future to understand easily and clearly the process used to arrive at the final design.Calculations often are made during a drawing's preparation. If they are lost or poorly done, they may have to be redone; therefore they should be a permanent part of the log.Unit 2 The computer in Design and GraphicsComputers are widely used in engineering and related fields and their use is expected to grow even more rapidly than in the past. Engineering and technology students must became computer literate, to understand the applications of computer and their advantages. Not to do so will place students at a serious disadvantage in pursuing their careers.Computer-aided design (CAD), involves solving design problems with the help of computer: to make graphic images on paper with a plotter or printer, analyze design data, and store design information for easy retrieval. Many CAD systems perform these functions in an integrated manner, greatly increasing the designer's productivity.Computer-aided design drafting (CADD), an offshoot of CAD, is the process of generating engineering drawings and other technical documents by computer and is more directly related to drafting than is CAD. The CADD user inputs data by keyboard and/or mouse to produce illustrations on the monitor screen that can be reproduced as paper copies with a plotter or printer.Engineers generally agree that the computer does not change the nature of the design process but is a significant tool that improves efficiency and productivity. The designer and the CAD system may be described as a design team: the designer provides knowledge, creativity, and control; the computer generates accurate, easily modifiable graphics, performs complex design analysis at great speed, and stores and recalls design information. Occasionally, the computer may augment or replace many of the engineer's other tools, but it cannot replace the design process, which is controlled by the designer.Depending on the nature of the problem and the sophistication of the computer system, computers offer the designer or drafter some or all of the following advantages.1. Easier creation and correction of drawings. Working drawings may be created more quickly than by hand and making changes and modifications is more efficient than correcting drawings made by hand.2. Better visualization of drawings. Many systems allow different views of the same object to be displayed and 3D pictorials to be rotated on the CRT screen.3. Database of drawing aids. Creation and maintenance of design databases (libraries of designs) permits storing designs and symbols for easy recall and application to the solution of new problems.4. Quick and convenient design analysis. Because the computer offers ease of analysis, the designer can evaluate alternative designs, thereby considering more possibilities while speeding up the process at the same time.5. Simulation and testing of designs. Some computer systems make possible the simulation of a product's operation, testing the design under a variety of conditions and stresses. Computer testing may improve on or replace construction of models and prototypes.6. Increased accuracy. The computer is capable of producing drawings with more accuracy than is possible by hand. Many CAD systems are even capable of detecting errors and informing the user of them.7. Improved filing. Drawings can be more conveniently filed, retrieved, and transmitted on disks and tapes.Computer graphics has an almost limitless number of applications in engineering and other technical fields. Most graphical solutions that are possible with a pencil can be done on a computer and usually more productively. Applications vary from 3D modeling and finite elementanalysis to 2D drawings and mathematical calculations.Once the domain of large computer systems advanced applications can now be done on microcomputers. An important extension of CAD is its application to manufacturing. Computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems may be used to design a part or product, devise the essential production steps, and electronically communicate this information to and control the operation of manufacturing equipment, including robots. These systems offer many advantages over traditional design and manufacturing systems, including less design effort, more efficient material use, reduced lead time, greater accuracy, and improved inventory control.Unit 3 LathesLathes are widely used in industry to produce all kinds of machined parts. Some are general purpose machines, and others are used to perform highly specialized operations.Engine LathesEngine lathes, of course, are general-purpose machines used in production and maintenance shops all over the world. Sizes range from small bench models to huge heavy duty pieces of equipment. Many of the larger lathes come equipped with attachments not commonly found in the ordinary shop, such as automatic stops for the carriage.Tracer or Duplicating LathesThe tracer or duplicating lathe is designed to produce irregularly shaped parts automatically. The basic operation of this lathe is as follows. A template of either a flat or three-dimensional shape is placed in a holder. A guide or pointer then moves along this shape and its movement controls that of the cutting tool. The duplication may include a square or tapered shoulder, grooves, tapers, and contours. Work such as motor shafts, spindles, pistons, rods, car axles, turbine shafts, and a variety of other objects can be turned using this type of lathe.Turret LathesWhen machining a complex workpiece on a general-purpose lathe, a great deal of time is spent changing and adjusting the several tools that are needed to complete the work. One of the first adaptations of the engine lathe which made it more suitable to mass production was the addition of multi-tool turret in place of the tailstock. Although most turrets have six stations, some have as many as eight.High-production turret lathes are very complicated machines with a wide variety of power accessories. The principal feature of all turret lathes, however, is that the tools can perform a consecutive serials of operations in proper sequence. Once the tools have been set and adjusted, little skill is required to turn out duplicate parts.Automatic Screw MachinesScrew machines are similar in construction to turret lathes, except that their heads are designed to hold and feed long bars of stock, Otherwise, there is little difference between them. Both are designed for multiple tooling, and both have adaptations for identical work. Originally, the turret lathe was designed as a chucking lathe for machining small castings, forgings, and irregularly shaped workpieces.The first screw machines were designed to feed bar stock and wire used in making small screw parts. Today, however, the turret lathe is frequently used with a collet attachment, and theautomatic screw machine can be equipped with a chuck to hold castings.The single-spindle automatic screw machine, as its name implies, machines work on only one bar of stock at a time. A bar 16 to 20 feet long is fed through the headstock spindle and is held firmly by a collet. The machining operations arc done by cutting tools mounted on the turret and on the cross slide. When the machine is in operation, the spindle and the stock are rotated at selected speeds for different operations. If required, rapid reversal of spindle direction is also possible.In the single-spindle automatic screw machine, a specific length of stock is automatically fed through the spindle to a machining area. At this point, the turret and cross slide move into position and automatically perform whatever operations are required. After the machined piece is cut off, stock is again fed into the machining area and the entire cycle is repeated.Multiple-spindle automatic screw machines have from four to eight spindles located around a spindle carrier. Long bars of stock, supported at the rear of the machine, pass through these hollow spindles and are gripped by collets. With the single spindle machine, the turret indexes around the spindle, When one tool on the turret is working, the others are not. With a multiple spindle machine, however, the spindle itself indexes. Thus the bars of stock are carried to the various end working and side working tools. Each tool operates in only one position, but all tools operate simultaneouslv. Therefore, four to eight workpieces can be machined at the same time.Vertical Turret LathesA vertical turret lathe is basically a turret lathe that has been stood on its headstock end. It is designed to perform a variety of turning operations. It consists of a turret, a revolving table, and a side head with a square turret for holding additional tools. Operations performed by any of the tools mounted on the turret or side head can be controlled through the use of stops.Machining CentersMany of today's more sophisticated lathes are called machining centers since they are capable of performing, in addition to the normal turning operations, certain milling and drilling operations. Basically, a machining center can be thought of as being a combination turret lathe and milling machine. Additional features are sometimes included by manufacturers to increase the versatility of their machines.Unit 4 LubricationAlthough one of the main purposes of lubrication is to reduce friction, any substance-liquid, solid, or gaseous-capable of controlling friction and wear between sliding surfaces can be classed as a lubricant.Varieties of lubricationUnlubricated sliding. Metals that have been carefully treated to remove all foreign materials seize and weld to one another when slid together. In the absence of such a high degree of cleanliness, adsorbed gases, water vapor, oxides, and contaminants reduce friction and the tendency to seize but usually result in severe wear; this is called "unlubricated" or dry sliding.Fluid-film. lubrication.Interposing a fluid film that completely separates the sliding surfaces results in fluid-film lubrication.The fluid may be introduced intentionally as the oil in the main bearings of an automobile, or unintentionally, as in the case of water between a smoothrubber tire and a wet pavement. Although the fluid is usually a liquid such as oil, water, and a wide range of other materials, it may also be a gas. The gas most commonly employed is air.To keep the parts separated, it is necessary that. the pressure within the lubricating film balance the load on the sliding surfaces. If the lubricating film's pressure is supplied by an external source, the system is said to be lubricated hydrostatically. If the pressure between the surfaces is generated as a result of the shape and motion of the surfaces themselves, however, the system is hydrodynamically lubricated. This second type of lubrication depends upon the viscous properties of the lubricant.Boundary lubrication. A condition that lies between unlubricated sliding and fluid-film lubrication is referred to as boundary lubrication, also defined as that condition of lubrication in which the friction between surfaces is determined by the properties of the surfaces and properties of the lubricant other than viscosity. Boundary lubrication encompasses a significant portion of lubrication phenomena and commonly occurs during the starting and stopping of machines.Solid lubrication. Solids such as graphite and molybdenum disulfide are widely used when normal lubricants do not possess sufficient resistance to load or temperature extremes. But lubricants need not take only such familiar forms as fats, powders, and gases; even some metals commonly serve as sliding surfaces in some sophisticated machines.Functions of lubricantsAlthough a lubricant primarily controls friction and wear, it can and ordinarily does perform numerous other functions, which vary with the application and usually are interrelated.Friction control .The amount and character of the lubricant made available to sliding surfaces have a profound effect upon the friction that is encountered. For example, disregarding such related factors as heat and wear but considering friction alone between two oil-film lubricated surfaces, the friction can be 200 times less than that between the same surfaces with no lubricant. Under fluid-film conditions, friction is directly proportional to the viscosity of the fluid. Some lubricants, such as petroleum derivatives, are available in a great range of viscosities and thus can satisfy a broad spectrum of functional requirements. Under boundary lubrication conditions, the effect of viscosity on friction becomes less significant than the chemical nature of the lubricant.Wear control.Wear occurs on lubricated surfaces by abrasion, corrosion, and solid-to-solid contact. Proper lubricants will help combat each type. They reduce abrasive and solid-to-solid contact wear by providing a film that increases the distance between the sliding surfaces, thereby lessening the damage by abrasive contaminants and surface asperities.Temperature control. Lubricants assist in controlling temperature by reducing friction and carrying off the heat that is generated. Effectiveness depends upon the amount of lubricant supplied, the ambient temperature, and the provision for external cooling. To a lesser extent, the type of lubricant also affects surface temperature.Corrosion control. The role of a lubricant in controlling corrosion of the surfaces themselves is twofold. When machinery is idle, the lubricant acts as a preservative. When machinery is in use, the lubricant controls corrosion by coating lubricated parts with a protective film that may contain additives to neutralize corrosive materials, The ability of a lubricant to control corrosion is directly related to the thickness of the lubricant film remaining on the metal surfaces and the chemical composition of the lubricant.Other functionsLubricants are frequently used for purposes other than the reduction of friction. Some of these applications are described below.Power transmission.Lubricants are widely employed as hydraulic fluids in fluid transmission devices.Insulation.In specialized applications such as transformers and switchgear, lubricants with high dielectric constants act as electrical insulators. For maximum insulating properties, a lubricant must be kept free of contaminants and water.Shock dampening. Lubricants act as shock-dampening fluids in energy transferring devices such as shock absorbers and around machine parts such as gears that are subjected to high intermittent loads.Sealing. Lubricating grease frequently performs the special function of forming a seal to retain lubricants or to exclude contaminants.Unit 5 From the History Ironmaking and Steelmaking Worldwide, the iron and steel industry is one of the most significant and, in terms of tradition, one of the oldest sectors of industry. As early as 3, 000 years ago, iron was serving as a basis of human culture and civilization.The beginning of the extraction of iron from its ores dates back to prehistoric times. In early times, iron ore was heated in a charcoal fire( doubtless by chance at first) . When the fire went out, a piece of solid iron like a sponge was left. The spongy iron could be hammered into shape to make tools and weapons. Our metallurgical forefathers found that when they blew or fanned the flames, the fire became hotter and the iron was produced more rapidly, so bellows were used to increase the supply of air.The development of modern ironmaking production benefits from the application of several important techniques:(1) In 1709, Abraham Darby, a young man succeeded in smelting iron with coke. This innovation resulted in a steep rise in pig iron production.(2) After the year 1755, steam engines and large electric motor were used as blast momentum to force more air into the hearth increasing blast volume greatly.(3)In 1828, Nilson adopted the regenerative hot blast stove to heat air for blast furnace, reducing the coke ratio of blast furnace greatly.Before the Industrial Revolution, steel was an expensive material, produced in only small quantities for such articles as swords and springs, while structural components were made of cast iron or wrought ironIn August 1856, an Englishman, Henry Bessemer, made public the description of a process which eventually reduced the price of steel to about a seventh of its former cost and more important still, made it possible to produce steel in large quantities. Henry Bessemer's process consisted in blowing air from the bottom through the hot metal so that it could bum away impurities. This process was a mainstay of the steel industry.The first Bessemer converter was lined with silica bricks. The 'acid' Bessemer process, as the Victorian ironmasters discovered could not eliminate phosphor, which is harmful to steel, solow phosphoric pig irons had to be used. In 1878, two Englishmen, Sidney Thomas and Percy Gilchrist, contributed the improvement whereby they lined the converter with 'basic' refractory bricks, containing magnesia or dolomite. Lime was added to the bath to combine with the phosphor and silicon, and thus remove them from the iron in the form of slag containing calcium phosphate and calcium silicate. The basic lining of the converter provided conditions under which the reactions with the lime could take place without destroying the furnace lining. If silica brick were used, as in the acid process, the lime would attack it chemically.In 1865, another efficient process for steelmaking was introduced, this transformed the pig iron and/or scrap into regeneratively heated hearth-type furnace. After its inventors, it was also known as the Siemens-Martin process( or open hearth process) . The Siemens-Martin 'open-hearth' furnace was so called because the molten metal lies in a comparatively shallow pool on the furnace bottom or hearth as Fig. 1-1 show. This rather inefficient performance of the open-hearth compared with the enormous output of the blast furnace, justified the emergence of the highly productive oxygen process for steel.The idea of using pure oxygen to convert molten iron into steel was suggested in some of the Bessemer patents over l00years ago, but its use for steelmaking was long delayed by the cost of separating oxygen from air. After 1948, oxygen was becoming available at prices sufficiently low to make it attractive for use in steelmaking. Once the oxygen was no longer bottom-blown-as in. the Thomas or Bessemer methods-but instead of top-blown, the oxygen blowing technique became widely popular after the Second World War. Oxygen top-blowing process is called the LD process. This process combines the low capital cost and speed of operation of the Bessemer process with high quality of the open-hearth.As soon as electric energy could be supplied in sufficient quantities, electric heat was used for steelmaking. The electric-arc furnace process was first used extensively for the production of alloy steels during the 1914 ~ 1918 war. The rapid increases in demand for alloy steels during and after the Second World War led to the construction of larger furnace with lower power consumption per ton of metal. Today, Electric are furnace has a firm footing in the industry.After 1970s, Bessemer process and open-hearth process are losing their significance. As the demand for high quality steels increased, post-treatment became a routine step in the production of steel.Exercise: Translate the following English into Chinese.In the 100 elements available to us, about three quarters can be classified as metals. And, about half of these are of at least some industrial or commercial importance. Metals, be they pure or alloy, can be further defined as being ferrous or nonferrous in make up. Ferrous alloys are those in which the base or primary metal is iron, manganese, chromium. All other metallic materials automatically fall into the non-ferrous category(范畴).Unit 6 Raw Materials for the Production of IronThe raw materials for the production of iron in the blast furnace can be grouped as follows: Iron-bearing materials, fuels and fluxes.1.Iron-bearing materialsThe major iron-bearing materials are iron ores, sinter and pellets in the blast furnace. Their function is to supply the element iron, which is 93 to 94 per cent of the pig iron produce.Iron ores are classed by their chemical compositions, such as oxides, sulfides, carbonates, etc, as shown in the table 2-1.Hematite is one of the most widely used ores. If pure, it would give 70 per cent iron. The typical reddish color is caused by the iron( III) .In the case of red iron ore, the compound of iron and oxygen is not so "tight" that the hematite is regarded as "easily reducible" . Magnetite, a magnetic iron ore, is increasing in use for two reasons. Firstly, it can be separated from the rock by magnetic means, secondly, it has high iron content. Iron and oxygen atoms are very closely combined with each other in magnetite, thus making magnetite "difficult to reduce". Limonite is a brown iron ore and contains water, which means that the iron oxides have formed a stable compound with water (water of crystallization). Containing 30 to 40 per cent Fe, siderites are relatively easy to reduce. Most ores contain only 50 to 60 per cent iron because they contain 10 to 20 per cent gangue (which consists mostly of alumina and silica) . If the gangue contains mainly lime, the ore is "basic"; if silicon acid ( SiO2) predominates, the ore is "acid".The portion of the ore that is too fine to be charged directly into blast furnace is usually agglomerated. The most important processes are: sintering and pelletizing.The sintering process is in five stages: (1) mixing of the raw materials and fine coal/or coke, (2) placing the mixture on a grate, (3)igniting and sintering. Air drawn through the mixture burns the fuel at a temperature high enough to frit the small particles together into a cake so that they can be charged into the blast furnace satisfactorily, (4) cooling, (5) crushing and screening before charging to the furnaces. For best results, pulverized flux is added to the sinter mix to combine with the gangue of the ore in the sintering process. Sinter usually contains 50 to 60 per cent iron.During pelletizing, the mixtures made from ultrafine( minus 0.074mm or minus 200mesh) iron-ore concentrates and binders of grain sizes far less than 1mm are balled to form "green" pellets slightly larger than 6mm but smaller than 15mm in diameter. The green pellets are then hardened by firing in a shaft-type furnace or rotary kiln or on a traveling grate. Pellets usually contain from 60 to 67 per cent of iron.Compared with lump ores and sinter, the advantages of pellets are: a narrow size range, constant quality and good permeability during reduction. Furthermore, pellets are well suited for transport and storage. But, any swelling and sticking of pellets during the reduction phase must be avoided.2. FuelsThe fuels enter the blast furnace as coke, coal, oil or gas. They are used for producing the heat required for smelting, and reducing the iron oxides into metallic iron and carburizing the iron( about 40 to 50 kilograms per ton of iron). In addition, because the coke retains its strength at high temperature, it provides the structural support that keeps the unmelted burden materials from falling into the hearth.At present, some of the coke in the blast furnace is usually replaced by coal. The blast furnace can inject hard coal, soft coal and mixed coal. BF pulverized coal injection can。
冶金专业英语试题[1]
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2004年下学期中南大学考试试卷课程名称：专业英语专业：冶金工程级班级：2001级7班学号：姓名：一.词汇(30×1分)A.请写出英语词汇的中文意思fluidized-bed roasting , crude zinc , soda asheutectic structure , gangue minerals , metal valuepyrite , pulp density , acid curing ,autoclavebauxite , electrochemical equivalent , unit activityfused salt electrolyte , sodium cyanideB.请写出词汇的英语表达复合材料 , 提取冶金 , 鼓风炉硫酸 , 优势区域图 , 王水均相成核 , 贵金属 , 阳极泥堆浸 , 电极电位 , 电流效率浓差极化 , 活化能 , 槽电压二.翻译(40分)1. Material science refers to that branch of applied science concerned with investigating the relationship existing between the structure of materials and there properties, and it concern with the interdisciplinary study of materials for entirely practical purpose. （3分）2. Process metallurgy is continually challenged by the demand for metals, which have not been produced previously or are difficult to produce; by the depletion of the deposits of the richer and more easily processed ores of the traditional metals; and by the need for metals of greater purity and high quality. （3分）3. The advantages of high temperature for metallurgical processing are several: chemical reaction rates are rapid, reaction equilibrium change so that processes impossible at low temperature become spontaneous at higher temperature, and production of the metal as liquid or a gas facilitates physical separation of metal from residue. （4分）4. The advantages of hydrometallurgy are applicability to low-grade ores (copper, uranium, gold, silver), amenability to the treatment of materials of quite compositions and concentrations, adaptability to separation of highly similar materials (hafnium from zirconium), flexibility in term of the scale of operations, simplified materials handling as compared with pyrometallurgy, and good operational and environmental control. （4分）5. Calcination involves the chemical decomposition of the mineral an its achieved by heating to above the mineral’s decomposition temperature or by reducing the partial pressure of the gaseous product below that of its equilibrium partial pressure for a certain constant temperature. （3分）6. Nickel-copper-iron mattes are produced from nickel ores and are converted into copper-nickel mattes during nickel extraction, i.e. FeS is blown out, Cu2S and Ni3S2 form an eutectic which can be produced coarse enough for the constituents to be separated by flotation after crushing. （3分）7. To allow these functions to be adequately fulfilled, slags must possess the following properties: they must be sufficiently fluid to allow easy separation from the metal and to increase the rate of mass transfer to and from the slag/metal interface. （3分）8. Metallothermic reductions are normally exothermic, the strong the reducing agent, the more exothermic the reaction. Certain of these reactions may be achieved without any initial heat supply. （3分）9. If a leaching process is diffusion-controlled, then it will be greatly influenced by the speed of agitation. On the other hand, if it is chemically controlled, then it will not be influenced by agitation, provided that enough agitation is done to prevent the solids from settling. （3分）10.The fundamental definition of electrolysis is the decomposition of a liquid (aqueous or molten) ionic compound by the passage of an electric current. The cathode is the electrode at which electrons are consumed and the anode is the electrode at which electrons are produced. In this respect the electrolytic cell is exactly the same as the electrochemical (corrosion) cell but the electrode polarities are reversed. （4分）11. Although current efficiency is usually taken as a measure of the efficiency of cathodic deposition, it is also possible to define anodic current efficiency. For the situation where a metal anode dissolves chemically in the electrolyte, the weight loss of the anode is greater than theoretically predicted and a current efficiency of greater than 100% is achieved, which can never be the case at the cathode. （4分）12. Electrolytic decomposition of acidified water has been shown to take place at a theoretical applied voltage of 1.23V. However, polarization and, to a lesser extent, resistive effects contribute a further 0.5V to this figure in practice. （3分）三.请认真阅读下面文章,然后写出至少200字的英文摘要(30分)有色金属资源循环１．资源循环利用概念经济学家在研究２１世纪世界经济发展时提出了许多新的经济模型。
冶金技术专业英语 汉-英
采矿mining地下采矿underground mining露天采矿open cut mining, open pit mining, surface mining采矿工程mining engineering选矿（学）mineral dressing, ore beneficiation, mineral processing矿物工程mineral engineering冶金（学）metallurgy过程冶金（学）process metallurgy提取冶金（学）extractive metallurgy化学冶金（学）chemical metallurgy物理冶金（学）physical metallurgy金属学Metallkunde冶金过程物理化学physical chemistry of process metallurgy冶金反应工程学metallurgical reaction engineering冶金工程metallurgical engineering钢铁冶金（学）ferrous metallurgy, metallurgy of iron and steel有色冶金(学)nonferrous metallurgy真空冶金(学)vacuum metallurgy等离子冶金(学)plasma metallurgy微生物冶金(学)microbial metallurgy喷射冶金(学)injection metallurgy钢包冶金(学)ladle metallurgy二次冶金(学)secondary metallurgy机械冶金(学)mechanical metallurgy焊接冶金(学)welding metallurgy粉末冶金(学)powder metallurgy铸造学foundry火法冶金(学)pyrometallurgy湿法冶金(学)hydrometallurgy电冶金(学)electrometallurgy氯冶金(学)chlorine metallurgy矿物资源综合利用engineering of comprehensive utilization of mineralresources中国金属学会The Chinese Society for Metals 中国有色金属学会The Nonferrous Metals Society of China2 采矿采矿工艺mining technology有用矿物valuable mineral 冶金矿产原料metallurgical mineral raw materials矿床mineral deposit特殊采矿specialized mining海洋采矿oceanic mining, marine mining矿田mine field矿山mine露天矿山surface mine地下矿山underground mine矿井shaft矿床勘探mineral deposit exploration矿山可行性研究mine feasibility study矿山规模mine capacity矿山生产能力mine production capacity矿山年产量annual mine output矿山服务年限mine life矿山基本建设mine construction矿山建设期限mine construction period矿山达产arrival at mine full capacity开采强度mining intensity矿石回收率ore recovery ratio矿石损失率ore loss ratio工业矿石industrial ore采出矿石extracted ore矿体orebody矿脉vein海洋矿产资源oceanic mineral resources矿石ore矿石品位ore grade岩石力学rock mechanics岩体力学rock mass mechanics3 选矿选矿厂concentrator, mineral processing plant 工艺矿物学process mineralogy开路open circuit闭路closed circuit流程flowsheet方框流程block flowsheet产率yield回收率recovery矿物mineral粒度particle size粗颗粒coarse particle细颗粒fine particle超微颗粒ultrafine particle粗粒级coarse fraction细粒级fine fraction网目mesh原矿run of mine, crude精矿concentrate粗精矿rough concentrate混合精矿bulk concentrate最终精矿final concentrate尾矿tailings粉碎comminution破碎crushing磨碎grinding团聚agglomeration筛分screening, sieving分级classification富集concentration分选separation手选hand sorting重选gravity separation, gravity concentration 磁选magnetic separation电选electrostatic separation浮选flotation化学选矿chemical mineral processing自然铜native copper铝土矿bauxite冰晶石cryolite磁铁矿magnetite赤铁矿hematite假象赤铁矿martite钒钛磁铁矿vanadium titano-magnetite铁燧石taconite褐铁矿limonite菱铁矿siderite镜铁矿specularite硬锰矿psilomelane软锰矿pyrolusite铬铁矿chromite黄铁矿pyrite钛铁矿ilmennite金红石rutile萤石fluorite高岭石kaolinite菱镁矿magnesite重晶石barite石墨graphite石英quartz方解石calcite 石灰石limestone白云石dolomite云母mica石膏gypsum硼砂borax石棉asbestos蛇纹石serpentine阶段破碎stage crushing粗碎primary crushing中碎secondary crushing细碎fine crushing对辊破碎机roll crusher粉磨机pulverizer震动筛vibrating screen筛网screen cloth筛孔screen opening筛上料oversize筛下料undersize粗磨coarse grinding细磨fine grinding球磨机ball mill衬板liner分级机classifier自由沉降free setting沉积sedimentation石灰lime松油pine oil硫化钠sodium sulfide硅酸钠（水玻璃）sodium silicate, water glass 过滤filtration过滤机filter给矿，给料feeding给矿机feeder在线分析仪on line analyzer在线粒度分析仪on line size analyzer超声粒度计ultrasonic particle sizer, supersonic particle sizer4 冶金过程物理化学4.1 冶金过程热力学冶金过程热力学thermodynamics of metallurgical processes统计热力学statistical thermodynamics不可逆过程热力学thermodynamics of irreversible processes化学热力学chemical thernodynamics表面热力学surface thermodynamics合金热力学thermodynamics of alloys冶金热力学数据库thermodynamics databank in metallurgy系system单元系single-componentsystem多元系multicomponent system均相系统homogeneous system广度性质extensive property强度性质intensive property过程process等温过程isothermal process等压过程isobaric process等容过程isochoric process绝热过程adiabatic process可逆过程reversible process不可逆过程irreversible process自发过程spontaneous process自理过程physical process化学过程chemical process冶金过程metallurgical process化学反应chemical reaction化合反应combination reaction分解反应decomposition reaction置换反应displacement reaction可逆反应reversible reaction不可逆反应irreversible reaction电化学反应electrochemical reaction多相反应multiphase reaction固态反应solid state reaction气一金(属)反应gas-metal reaction渣一金（属）反应slag-metal reaction平衡equilibrium化学平衡chemical equilibrium相平衡phase equilibrium热力学平衡thermodynamic equilibrium亚稳平衡metastable equilibrium热力学函数thermodynamic function偏摩尔量partial molar quantity总摩尔量integral molar quantity标准态standard state焓enthalpy生成焓enthalpy of formation反应焓enthalpy of reaction熵entropy吉布斯能Gibbs energy 生成吉布斯能Gibbs energy of formation反应吉布斯能Gibbs energy of reaction溶解吉布斯能Gibbs energy of solution吉布斯能函数Gibbs energy function化学位chemical potential热化学thermochemistry热效应heat effect热容heat capacity熔化热heat of fusion汽化热heat of vaporization升华热heat of sublimation相变热heat of phase transformation放热反应exothermic reaction吸热反应endothermic reaction赫斯定律Hess’s law相律phase rule相图phase diagram一元相图single-component phase diagram二元相图binary-component phase diagram三元相图ternary-component phase diagram液相线liquidus固相线solidus共晶点eutectic point杠杆规则lever rule溶液solution溶质solute溶剂solvent固溶体solid solution溶液浓度concentration of solution摩尔分数mole fraction冶金熔体metallurgical melt金属熔体metal melt(炉)渣,熔渣slag熔盐molten salt, fused salt理想溶液ideal solution真实溶液real solution正规溶液regular solution活度activity活度系数activity coefficient拉乌尔定律Raoult’s law亨利定律Henry’s la w纯物质标准态pure substance standard质量１％溶液标准(态)1 mass% solution standard 无限稀溶液参考态reference state of infinityly dilute solution相互作用系数interaction coefficient化学反应等温式chemical reaction isotherm吉布斯～亥姆霍兹方程Gibbs-Helmholtz equation 质量作用定律law of mass action平衡常数equilibrium constant平衡值equilibrium value直接还原direct reduction间接还原indirect reduction金属热还原metallothermic reduction选择性氧化selective oxidation渣碱度basicity of slag光学破度optical basicity酸性氧化物acid oxide碱性氧化物basicoxide两性氧化物amphoteric泡沫渣foaming slag熔渣的分子理论molecular theory of slag熔渣的离子理论ionization theory of slag脱氧平衡deoxidation equilibrium脱氧常数deoxidation constant熔渣脱硫desulfurization by slag气态脱硫desulfurization in the gaseous state 硫分配比sulfur partition ratio硫化物容量sulfide capacity氧化脱磷dephosphorization under oxidizing atmosphere磷分配比碳一氧平衡carbon-oxygen equilibrium真空脱碳vacuum decarburization去气degassing去除非金属夹杂(物)elimination of nonmetallic inclusion非金属夹杂(物)变形form modification of nonmetallic inclusion脱硅desiliconization脱锰demanganization分配平衡distribution law化学气相沉积chemical vapor deposition(CVD) 4.2 冶金过程动力学微观动力学microkinetics化学动力学chemical kinetics反应途径reaction path反应机理reaction mechanism基元反应elementary reaction平行反应parallel链反应chain reaction总反应overall reaction反应速率reaction rate 反应速率常数reaction rate constant反应级数reaction order零级反应zero order reaction一级反应first order reaction二级反应second order reactionn级反应nth order reaction碰撞理论collision theory活化能activation energy表现活化能apparent activation energy阿伦尼乌斯方程Arrhenius equation半衰期half-life宏观动力学macrokinetics冶金过程动力学kinetics of metallurgical process传输现象transport phenomena传质mass transfer传热heat transfer动量传输momentum transfer层流laminar flow湍流turbulent flow气泡gas bubble鼓泡bubbling射流jet液滴liquid droplet粘度viscosity边界层boundary layer流率flow rate通量flux扩散diffusion菲克第一扩散定律Fick’s 1st law of diffusion 菲克第一扩散定律Fick’s 2nd law of diffusion 扩散系数diffusion coefficient传质系数mass transfer coefficient热传导heat conduction热对流heat convection自然对流natural convection强制对流forced convection热辐射heat radiation导热率thermal conductivity传热系数heat transfer coefficient体内浓度bulk concentration未反应核模型unreacted core model扩散控制反应diffusion-controlled reaction化学控制反应chenical-controlled reaction混合控制反应mixed-controlled reaction相似原理priciple of similarity雷诺数Reynolds number固定床fiexed bed填充床packed bed移动床moving bed流态化床fluidized bed混合时间mixing time停留时间residence time, retention time催化catalysis催化剂catalyst表面能surface energy表面张力surface tension界面能interfacial energy界面张力interfacial tension润湿wetting表面活性物质surface-active substance吸收absorption吸附absorption4.3 冶金电化学冶金电化学metallurgical electrochemistry熔盐电化学electrochemistry of fused salts固态离子学solid state ionics电解质溶液electrolyte solution阳离子cation阴离子anion电导conductance电导率conductivity电阻resistance电极electrode阴极cathode阳极anode电镀electroplating固体电解质solid electrolyte稳定的氧化锆stablized zirconia氧传感器oxygen sensor硅传感器silicon sensor定氧测头oxygen probe定硅测头silicon probe4.4 冶金物理化学研究方法冶金物理化学研究方法research methods in metallurgical physicalchemistry热电偶thermocouple量热计calorimeter热太平thermobalance热分析thermal analysis差热分析differential thermal analysis,DTA 热重法thermogravimetry分子筛molecular sieve5 钢铁冶金5.1 炼焦炼焦coking高温炭化high temperature carbonization塑性成焦机理plastic mechanism of coke formation中间相成焦机理mesophase mechanism of coke formation选煤coal preparation, coal washing配煤coal blending配煤试验coal blending test炼焦煤coking coal气煤gas coal肥煤fat coal瘦煤lean coal焦炉coke oven焦化室oven chamber焦饼coke cake结焦时间coking time周转时间cycle time装煤coal charging捣固装煤stamp charging推焦coke pushing焦炭熄火coke quenching干法熄焦dry quenching of coke焦台coke wharf装煤车larry car推焦机pushing machine拦焦机coke guide熄焦车quenching car焦炉焖炉banking for coke oven焦炭coke冶金焦metallurgical coke铸造焦foundry coke焦炭工业分析proximate analysis of coke焦炭元素分析ultimate analysis of coke焦炭落下指数shatter index of coke焦炭转鼓指数drum index of coke焦炭热强度hot strength of coke焦炭反应性coke reactivity焦炭反应后强度post-reaction strength of coke 焦炭显微强度microstrength of coke焦炉煤气coke oven gas发热值calorific value煤焦油coal tar粗苯crude benzol苯benzene甲苯toluene二甲苯xylene苯并呋喃-茚树脂 coumarone-indene resin精萘refined naphthalene精蒽refined anthracene煤[焦油]沥青 coal tar pitch沥青焦pitch coke针状焦needle coke型焦formcoke5.2 耐火材料耐火材料refractory materials耐火粘土fireclay高岭土kaolin硬质粘土flint clay轻质粘土soft clay陶土pot clay蒙脱石montmorillonite叶蜡石pyrophyllite膨润土bentonite鳞石英tridymite方石英cristobalite砂岩sandstone耐火石firestone莫来石mullite氧化铝alumina烧结氧化铝sintered alumina电熔氧化铝fused alumina刚玉corundum红柱石andalusite蓝晶石kyanite,cyanite硅线石sillimanite橄榄石olivine方镁石periclase镁砂magnesia合成镁砂synthetic sintered magnesia电熔镁砂fused magnesia烧结白云石砂sintered dolomite clinker合成镁铬砂synthetic magnesia chromite clinker 尖晶石spinel镁铬尖晶石magnesia chrome spinel,magnesiochromite硅藻土diatomaceous earth, infusorial earth 蛭石vermiculite珍珠岩perlite碳化硅silicon carbide氮化硅silicon nitride氮化硼boron nitride粘土熟料chamotte熟料grog轻烧light burning,soft burning死烧dead burning,hard burning成型模注shaping moulding机压成型mechanical pressing等静压成型isostatic pressing摩擦压砖机friction press液压压砖机hydraulic press捣打成型ramming process熔铸成型fusion cast process砖坯强度green strength,dry strength隧道窑tunnel kiln回转窑rotary kiln倒焰窑down draught kiln耐火砖refractory brick标准型耐火砖standard size refractory brick 泡砂石quartzite sandstone酸性耐火材料acid refractory [material]硅质耐火材料siliceous refractory [material] 硅砖silica brick,dinas brick熔融石英制品fused quartz product硅酸铝质耐火材料aluminosillicate refractory 半硅砖semisilica brick粘土砖fireclay brick,chamotte brick石墨粘土砖graphite clay brick高铝砖high alumina brick硅线石砖sillimanite brick莫来石砖mullite brick刚玉砖corundum brick铝铬砖alumina chrome brick熔铸砖fused cast brick碱性耐火材料basic refractory [material]镁质耐火材料magnesia refractory [material] 镁砖magnesia brick镁铝砖magnesia alumina brick镁铬砖magnesia chrome brick镁炭砖magnesia carbon brick中性耐火材料neutral refractory [material] 复合砖composite brick铝炭砖alumina carbon brick铝镁炭转alumina magnesia brick锆炭砖zirconia graphite brick镁钙炭砖magnesia clacia carbon brick长水口long nozzle浸入式水口immersion nozzle,submerged nozzle 定径水口metering nozzle氧化铝-碳化硅-炭砖 Al2O3-SiC-C brick透气砖gas permeable brick,porous brick滑动水口slide gate nozzle水口砖nozzle brick塞头砖stopper绝热耐火材料insulating refractory轻质耐火材料light weight refractory袖砖sleeve brick格子砖checker brick,chequer brick陶瓷纤维ceramic fiber耐火纤维refractory fiber耐火浇注料refractory castable耐火混凝土refractory concrete荷重耐火性refractoriness under load抗渣性slagging resistance耐磨损性abrasion resistance5.3 碳素材料[含]碳[元]素材料 carbon materials无定形碳amorphous carbon金刚石diamond炭相[学]carbon micrography炭黑carbon black石油沥青petroleum pitch石油焦炭petroleum coke石墨化graphitization石墨化电阻炉electric resistance furnace for graphitization石墨纯净化处理purification treatment of graphite炭砖carbon brick炭块carbon block碳化硅基炭块SiC-based carbon block炭电极carbon electrode连续自焙电极Soderberg electrode石墨电极graphite electrode超高功率石墨电极ultra-high power graphite electrode石墨电极接头graphite electrode nipple石墨电极接头孔graphite electrode socket plug 电极糊electrode paste 石墨坩埚graphite crucible石墨电阻棒graphite rod resistor炭刷carbon brush高纯石墨high purity graphite5.4 铁合金铁合金ferroalloy硅铁ferrosilicon硅钙calcium silicon金属硅silicon metal锰铁ferromangnanese低碳锰铁low carbon ferromanganese硅锰silicomanganese金属锰manganese metal铬铁ferrochromium低碳铬铁low carbon ferrochromium微碳铬铁extra low carbon ferrochromium硅铬silicochromium金属铬chromium metal钨铁ferrotunsten钼铁ferromolybdenum钛铁ferrotitanium硼铁ferroboron铌铁ferroniobium磷铁ferrophosphorus镍铁ferronickel锆铁ferrozirconium硅锆silicozirconium稀土硅铁rare earth ferrosilicon稀土镁硅铁rare earth ferrosilicomagnesium成核剂nucleater孕育剂incubater,inoculant球化剂nodulizer蠕化剂vermiculizer中间铁合金master alloy复合铁合金complex ferroalloy电碳热法electro-carbothermic process电硅热法electro-silicothermic process铝热法aluminothermic process,thermit process 电铝热法electro-aluminothermic process开弧炉open arc furnace埋弧炉submerged arc furnace半封闭炉semiclosed furnace封闭炉closed furnace矮烟罩电炉electric furnace with low hood矮炉身电炉low-shaft electric furnace5.5 烧结与球团人造块矿ore agglomerates烧结矿sinter压块矿briquette球团[矿] pellet针铁矿goethite自熔性铁矿self-fluxed iron ore复合铁矿complex iron ore块矿lump ore粉矿ore fines矿石混匀ore blending配矿ore proportioning矿石整粒ore size grading返矿return fines储矿场ore stockyard矿石堆料机ore stocker匀矿取料机ore reclaimer熔剂flux消石灰slaked lime活性石灰quickened lime有机粘结剂organic binder烧结混合料sinter mixture烧结铺底料hearth layer for sinter烧结sintering烧结热前沿heat front in sintering烧结火焰前沿flame front in sintering渣相粘结slag bonding扩散粘结diffusion bonding带式烧结机Dwight-Lloyd sintering machine环式烧结机circular travelling sintering machine烧结梭式布料机shuttle conveyer belt烧结点火料sintering ignition furnace烧结盘sintering pan烧结锅sintering pot烧结冷却机sinter cooler带式冷却机straight-line cooler环式冷却机circular cooler,annular cooler生球green pellet,ball生球长大聚合机理ball growth by coalescence 生球长大成层机理ball growth by layering生球长大同化机理ball growth by assimilation 精矿成球指数balling index for iron ore concentrates生球转鼓强度drum strength of green pellet 生球落下强度shatter strength of green pellet 生球抗压强度compression strength of green pellet生球爆裂温度cracking temperature of green pellet圆筒造球机balling drum圆盘造球机balling disc竖炉陪烧球团shaft furnace for pellet firing 带式机陪烧球团traveling grate for pellet firing链算机-回转窑陪烧球团grate-kiln for pellet firing环式机陪烧球团circular gates for pellet firing冷固结球团cold bound pellet维式体wustite铁橄榄石fayalite铁尖晶石hercynite铁黄长石ferrogehlenite铁酸半钙calcium diferrite铁酸钙calcium ferrite铁酸二钙dicalcium ferrite锰铁橄榄石knebelite钙铁橄榄石kirschsteinite钙铁辉石hedenbergite钙铁榴石andradite钙长石anorthite钙镁橄榄石monticellite钙钛矿perovskite硅灰石wollastonite硅酸二钙dicalcium silicate硅酸三钙tricalcium silicate镁橄榄石forsterite镁黄长石akermanite镁蔷薇辉石manganolite钙铝黄长石gehlenite钛辉石titanaugite枪晶石cuspidine预还原球团pre-reduced pellet金属化球团metallized pellet转鼓试验drum test,tumbler test落下试验shatter test5.6 高炉炼铁炼铁iron making高炉炼铁[法] blast furnace process高炉blast furnace鼓风炉blast furnace炉料charge, burden矿料ore charge焦料coke charge炉料提升charge hoisting小车上料charge hoisting by skip吊罐上料charge hoisting by bucket皮带上料charge hoisting by belt conveyer装料charging装料顺序charging sequence储料漏斗hopper双料钟式装料two-bells system charging无料钟装料bell-less charging布料器distributor炉内料线stock line in the furnace探料尺gauge rod利用系数utilization coefficient冶炼强度combustion intensity鼓风blast风压blast pressure风温blast temperature鼓风量blast volume鼓风湿度blast humidity全风量操作full blast慢风under blowing休风delay喷吹燃料fuel injection喷煤coal injection喷油oil injection富氧鼓风oxygen enriched blast,oxygen enrichment置换比replacement ratio喷射器injector热补偿thermal compensation焦比coke ratio,coke rate燃料比fuel ratio,fuel rate氧化带oxidizing zone风口循环区raceway蒸汽鼓风humidified blast混合喷吹mixed injection脱湿鼓风dehumidified blast炉内压差pressure drop in furnace煤气分布gas distribution煤气利用率gas utilization rate炉况furnace condition顺行smooth running 焦炭负荷coke load,ore to coke ratio软熔带cohesive zone,softening zone渣比slag to iron ratio,slag ratio上部[炉料]调节burden conditioning下部[鼓风]调节blast conditioning高炉作业率operation rate of blast furnace 休风率delay ratio高炉寿命blast furnace campaign悬料hanging崩料slip沟流channeling结瘤scaffolding炉缸冻结hearth freeze-up开炉blow on停炉blow off积铁salamander炉型profile,furnace lines炉喉throat炉身shaft,stack炉腰belly炉腹bosh炉缸hearth炉底 bottom炉腹角bosh angle炉身角stack angle有效容积effective volume工作容积working bolume铁口iron notch, slag notch渣口cinder notch, slag notch风口tuyere窥视孔peep hole风口水套tuyere cooler渣口水套slag notch cooler风口弯头tuyere stock热风围管bustle pipe堵渣机stopper泥炮mud gun,clay gun开铁口机iron notch drill铁水hot metal铁[水]罐iron ladle鱼雷车torpedo car主铁沟sow出铁沟casting house铁沟iron runner渣沟slag runner渣罐cinder ladle, slag ladle撇渣器skimmer冷却水箱cooling plate冷却壁cooling stave汽化冷却vaporization cooling热风炉hot blast stove燃烧室combustion chamber燃烧器burner热风阀hot blast valve烟道阀chimney valve冷风阀cold blast valve助燃风机burner blower切断阀burner shut-off valve旁通阀by-pass valve混风阀mixer selector valve送风期on blast of stove,on blast燃烧期on gas of stove, on gas换炉stove changing放散阀blow off valve内燃式热风炉Cowper stove外燃式燃烧炉outside combustion stove顶燃式热风炉top combustion stove炉顶放散阀bleeding valve放散管bleeder上升管gas uptake放风阀snorting valve均压阀equalizing valve高压调节阀septum valve炉顶高压elevated top pressure铸铁机pig-casting machine铸铁模pig mold冲天炉cupola水渣granulating slag水渣池granulating pit渣场slag disposal pit高炉煤气top gas,blast furnace gas高炉煤气回收topgas recovery,TGR非焦炭炼铁non-coke iron making直接还原炼铁[法]direct reduction iron making 直接还原铁directly reduced iron,DRI竖炉直接炼铁direct reduction in shaft furnace 流态化炼铁fluidized-bed iron making转底炉炼铁rotary hearth iron making米德雷克斯直接炼铁[法]Midrex processHYL直接炼铁[法] HYL process克虏伯回转窑炼铁[法] Krupp rotary kiln iron-making 熔态还原smelting reduction铁溶法iron-bath process科雷克斯法COREX process生铁pig iron海绵铁sponge iron镜铁spiegel iron清铁法H-rion process5.7 炼钢钢steel炼钢steelmaking钢水liquid steel,molten steel钢semisteel沸腾钢rimming steel,rimmed steel镇静钢killed steel半镇静钢semikilled steel压盖沸腾钢capped steel坩埚炼钢法crucible steelmaking双联炼钢法duplex steelmaking process连续炼钢法continuous steelmaking process 直接炼钢法direct steelmaking process混铁炉hot metal machine装料机charging machine装料期charging machine加热期heating period熔化期melting period造渣期slag forming period精炼期refining period熔清melting down脱氧deoxidation预脱氧preliminary dexidation还原渣reducing slag酸性渣acid slag碱性渣basic slag脱碳decarburization增碳recarburization脱磷dephosphorization回磷rephosphorization脱硫desulfurization回硫resulfurization脱氮denitrogenation过氧化overoxidation出钢tapping冶炼时间duration of heat出钢样tapping sample浇铸样casting sample不合格炉次off heat熔炼损耗melting loss铁损iron loss废钢scrap废钢打包baling of scrap造渣材料slag making materials添加剂addition reagent脱氧剂deoxidizer脱硫剂desulfurizer冷却剂coolant回炉渣return slag喷枪lance浸入式喷枪submerged lance钢包ladle出钢口top hole出钢槽pouring lining炉顶furnace roof炉衬furnace lining炉衬侵蚀lining erosion渣线slag line炉衬寿命lining life分区砌砖zoned lining补炉fettling热修hot repair喷补gunning火焰喷补flame gunning转炉converter底吹转炉bottom-blown converter酸性空气底吹转炉air bottom-blown acid converter碱性空气底吹转炉air bottom-blown basic converter侧吹转炉side-blown converter卡尔多转炉Kaldo converter氧气炼铁oxygen steelmaking氧气顶吹转炉top-blown oxygen converter,LI converter氧气底吹转炉bottom-blown oxygen converter quiet basic oxygenfurnace,QBOF顶底复吹转炉top and bottom combined blown converter喷石灰粉顶吹氧气转炉法oxygen lime process底吹煤氧的复合吹炼法Klockner-Maxhutte steelmaking process,KMS住友复合吹炼法Sumitomo top and bottom blowing process,STB LBE复吹法lance bubbling equilibrium process,LBE顶枪喷煤粉炼钢法Arved lance carbon injection process,ALCI蒂森复合吹炼法Thyssen Blassen Metallurgical process,TBM面吹surface blow软吹soft blow硬吹hard blow补吹reblow过吹overblow后吹after blow目标碳aim carbon终点碳end point carbon高拉碳操作catch carbon practice增碳操作recarburization practice单渣操作single-slag operation双渣操作double-slag operation渣乳化slag emulsion二次燃烧postcombustion吹氧时间oxygen blow duration吹炼终点blow end point倒炉turning down喷渣slopping喷溅spitting静态控制static control动态控制dynamic control氧枪oxygen lance氧枪喷孔nozzle of oxygen lance多孔喷枪multi-nozzle lance转炉炉体converter body炉帽upper cone炉口mouth,lip ring装料大面impact pad活动炉底removable bottom顶吹氧枪top blow oxygen lance副枪sublance多孔砖nozzle brick单环缝喷嘴single annular tuyere双环缝喷嘴double annular tuyere挡渣器slag stopper挡渣塞floating plug电磁测渣器electromagnetic slag detector废气控制系统off gas control system,OGCS平炉open-hearth furnace平炉炼钢open-hearth steelmaking冷装法cold charge practice热装法hot charge practice碳沸腾carbon boil石灰沸腾lime boil炉底沸腾bottom boil再沸腾reboil有效炉底面积effective hearth area酸性平炉acid open-hearth furnace碱性平炉basic open-hearth furnace固定式平炉stationary open-hearth furnace倾动式平炉tilting open-hearth furnace双床平炉twin-hearth furnace顶吹氧气平炉open-hearth furnace with roof oxygen lance蓄热室regenerator沉渣室slag pocket电炉炼钢electric steelmaking电弧炉electric arc furnace超高功率电弧炉ultra-high power electric arc furnace直流电弧炉direct current electric arc furnace 双电极直流电弧炉double electrode direct current arc furnace竖窑式电弧炉shaft arc furnace电阻炉electric resistance furnace工频感应炉line frequency induction furnace 中频感应炉medium frequency induction furnace 高频感应炉high frequency induction furnace 电渣重熔electroslag remelting,ESR电渣熔铸electroslag casting,ESC电渣浇注Bohler electroslag tapping,BEST真空电弧炉重熔vacuum arc remelting,VAR真空感应炉熔炼vacuum induction melting,VIM 电子束炉重熔electron beam remelting,EBR等离子炉重炼plasma-arc remelting,PAR水冷模电弧熔炼cold-mold arc melting等离子感应炉熔炼plasma induction melting,PIM 等离子连续铸锭plasma progressive casting,PPC 等离子凝壳铸造plasma skull casting,PSC能量优化炼钢炉energy optimizing furnace,EOF 氧燃喷嘴oxygen-fuel burner氧煤助熔accelerated melting by coal-oxygen burner氧化期oxidation period还原期reduction period长弧泡沫渣操作弧长控制 long arc foaming slag operation白渣white slag电石渣carbide slag煤氧喷吹coal-oxygen injection炉壁热点hot spots on the furnace wall偏弧arc bias透气塞porous plug出钢到出钢时间tap-to-tap time虹吸出钢siphon tapping偏心炉底出钢eccentric bottom tapping,EBT中心炉底出钢centric bottom tapping,CBT侧面炉底出钢side bottom tapping,SBT滑动水口出钢slide fate tapping5.8 精炼、浇铸及缺陷铁水预处理hot metal pretreatment机械搅拌铁水脱硫法KR process torpedo desulfurization鱼雷车铁水脱磷torpedo dephosphorization二次精炼secondary refining钢包精炼ladle refining合成渣synthetic slag微合金化microalloying成分微调trimming钢洁净度steel cleanness钢包炉ladle furnace,LF直流钢包炉DC ladle furnace真空钢包炉LF-vacuum真空脱气vacuum degassing真空电弧脱气vacuum arc degassing,VAD真空脱气炉vacuum degassing furnace,VDF真空精炼vacuum refining钢流脱气stream degassing提升式真空脱气法Dortmund Horder vacuum degassing process,DH循环式真空脱气法Ruhstahl-Hausen vacuum degassing process,RH真空浇铸vacuum casting吹氧RH操作RH-oxygen blowing,RH-OB川崎顶吹氧RH操作RH-Kawasaki top blowing,RH-KTB喷粉RH操作RH-poowder blowing,TH-PB喷粉法powder injection process喷粉精炼injection refining蒂森钢包喷粉法Thyssen Niederhein process,TN 瑞典喷粉法Scandinavian Lancer process,SL君津真空喷粉法vacuum Kimitsu injectionprocess密封吹氩合金成分调整法composition adjustment by sealed argonbubbling,CAS吹氧提温CAS法CAS-OB process脉冲搅拌法pulsating mixing process,PM电弧加热电磁搅拌钢包精炼法ASEA-SKF process 真空吹氧脱碳法vacuum oxygen decarburization process ,VOD氩氧脱碳法argon-oxygen decarburization process,AOD蒸汽氧精炼法Creusot-Loire Uddelholm process,CLU无渣精炼slag free refining摇包法shaking ladle process铝弹脱氧法aluminium bullet shooting,ABS钢锭ingot铸锭ingot casting坑铸pit casting车铸car casting钢锭模ingot mold保温帽hot top下铸bottom casting上铸top casting补浇back pour,back feeding浇注速度pouring speed脱模ingot stripping发热渣exoslag防再氧化操作reoxidation protection连续浇注continuous casting连铸机continuous caster,CC,continuous casting machine,CCM弧形连铸机bow-type continuous caster立弯式连铸机vertical-bending caster立式连铸机vertical caster水平连铸机horizontal caster小方坯连铸机billet caster大方坯连铸机bloom caster板坯连铸机slab caster薄板坯连铸机thin-slab casting薄带连铸机strip caster近终型浇铸near-net-shape casting单辊式连铸机single-roll caster单带式连铸机single-belt caster双带式连铸机twin-belt caster倾斜带式连铸机inclined conveyer type caster [连铸]流strand铸流间距strand distance注流对中控制stream centering control钢包回转台ladle turret中间包tundish回转式中间包swiveling tundish倾动式中间包tiltable tundish中间包挡墙weir and dam in tundish引锭杆dummy bar刚性引锭杆rigid dummy bar挠性引锭杆flexible dummy bar结晶器mold直型结晶器straight mold弧形结晶器curved mold组合式结晶器composite mold多级结晶器multi-stage mold调宽结晶器adjustable mold结晶器振动mold oscillation结晶器内钢液顶面meniscus,steel level钢液面控制技术steel level control technique 保护渣casting powder,mold powder凝壳shell液芯liquid core空气隙air gap一次冷却区peimary cooling zone二次冷却区secondary cooling zone极限冷却速度critical cooling rate浇铸半径casting radius渗漏bleeding拉坯速度casting speed拉漏breaking out振动波纹oscillation mark水口堵塞nozzle clogging气水喷雾冷却air mist spray cooling分离环separating ring拉辊withdrawal roll立式导辊vertical guide roll弯曲辊bending roll夹辊pinch roll矫直辊straightening roll驱动辊driving roll导向辊装置roller apron切割定尺装置cut-to-length device钢流保护浇注shielded casting practice多点矫直multipoint straightening电磁搅拌electromagnetic stirring,EMS。
冶金专业英语5.6.12
冶金专业英语5.6.12New developments in iron making 炼铁的新发展During the past century, many efforts were made to develop processes for producing iron for steelmaking that could serve as alternatives to the conventional blast furnace.在过去的一个多世纪里，为了找到能够取代传统高炉的炼铁技术人类做了许多努力。
This chapter presents a review of the alternativels processes that have achidved some measure of commercial success.本章将介绍成功商用于工业化炼铁体中的一些新工艺和新技术。
1.Direct reduction technology 1. 直接还原技术In the history of iron and steelmaking technology, the first process is the direct reduction process. 在钢铁冶炼技术的历史上，最早使用的就是直接还原法。
The blast furnace takes the place of the direct reduction process, which is the greteat imtronvement in the metallurgical technology. 高炉取代了直接还原法炼铁是冶金技术的重大进步。
With the development of iron and steel industry, coke, on which blast furnace have depended for over 200 years, is becoming more expensive every expensive every year, and supplies of suitable coking coals are becoming scarcer. 随着钢铁工业的发展，200多年以来高炉一直使用的焦炭，价格每年都在增加，合适的焦煤越来越少。
《专业英语》课程标准(冶金技术)
《专业英语》课程标准课程概述一、课程的性质和作用《专业英语》是冶金技术专业的一门必修的专业基础课。
本课程总学时为24学时，主要以钢铁冶金的英文科技文章为教学对象，内容主要包括三个方面：炼铁、炼钢、连铸。
通过对这三方面英文资料的学习，全面掌握冶金工程的基本专业英语词汇，具有现场操作的英文翻译能力，能够阅读冶金及相关行业的英文文献，及时掌握国外相关领域的发展动态和新技术。
提高翻译技巧和分析难句的能力，正确、通顺、快速地把冶金专业的英文资料译成中文，初步掌握把汉语专业文章译成英文的能力和英语听说能力。
本课程构建于《大学英语》、《钢铁冶金概论》、《炼铁生产与操作》、《转炉炼钢生产》、《连续铸钢生产》等专业课程的基础上。
课程具有很强的实践性，同时使学生更加广泛地了解钢铁企业的生产和管理情况，对学生毕业后工作以及可持续性发展具有重要的作用。
二、课程基本理念本课程从高等职业教育的性质、特点、任务出发，以培养学生职业能力为重点，以企业对学生掌握冶金专业外语程度要求为立足点，确立课程的主要目标是拓展学生的专业词汇知识，培养学生的专业英文阅读和翻译能力。
本课程在课程设计、建设和教学实施过程中，始终贯彻以下教育理念：校企合作的课程开发观：课程是学校与钢铁公司的实践专家合作开发的，共同开发学生工作岗位、典型工作任务；利用学校和企业两种教育资源，创设学习项目和课程实施条件，合作建设教学文件、教材等教学资源，共同制订学生工作和学习成果考核评价办法；校企互相兼职，共建共管课程教学专兼职队伍。
过程导向的课程观：本课程开发的关键是从钢铁企业冶金专业生产工作出发选择课程内容及安排教学顺序。
课程回归社会职业，建设以岗位典型工作过程逻辑为中心的行动体系课程，按照从实践到理论的顺序组织每一个知识点，学生通过完成工作任务的过程来学习相关知识。
行动导向的教学观：行动导向的教学遵循“资讯、计划、决策、实施、检查、评估”这一完整的“行动”过程序列；在基于职业情境的学习项目中，通过师生及学生之间的互动合作，学生在自己“做”的实践中，掌握职业技能和实践知识，主动建构真正属于自己的经验和知识体系（包括理论知识）。
钢铁冶金英语试题及答案
钢铁冶金英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. What is the primary raw material for steelmaking?A. Iron oreB. CoalC. LimestoneD. Coke2. The process of converting pig iron into steel involves:A. OxidationB. ReductionC. MeltingD. Solidification3. Which of the following is not a type of furnace used in steelmaking?A. Blast furnaceB. Electric arc furnaceC. Rolling millD. Basic oxygen furnace4. The term "carbon equivalent" in steel refers to:A. The total weight of carbon in steelB. The sum of carbon and other alloying elementsC. The ratio of carbon to other elementsD. The percentage of carbon in steel5. What is the role of slag in the steelmaking process?A. To remove impuritiesB. To provide heatC. To increase the strength of steelD. To act as a lubricant6. The term "alloy steel" refers to steel that contains:A. More than 2% carbonB. More than 1% carbonC. Less than 2% carbonD. Less than 1% carbon and other elements7. The process of "rolling" in steel production is used to:A. Shape the steel into different formsB. Increase the carbon content of steelC. Decrease the carbon content of steelD. Separate steel from slag8. What is the purpose of "tempering" in the heat treatment of steel?A. To harden the steelB. To soften the steelC. To increase the ductility of steelD. To decrease the ductility of steel9. The "Bessemer process" is known for its contribution to:A. The mass production of steelB. The discovery of steelC. The invention of stainless steelD. The development of electric arc furnaces10. The "Gleeble" is a testing machine used to simulate:A. The rolling processB. The heat treatment processC. The casting processD. The forging process二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）11. The chemical symbol for iron is _______.12. The _______ process is used to produce high-quality steel from pig iron.13. Steel is an alloy primarily composed of iron and _______.14. The addition of _______ to steel can improve its hardness and strength.15. The _______ is a device used to measure the hardness of steel.16. The _______ is a type of steel that is resistant to corrosion due to its high chromium content.17. The _______ is a method of steelmaking that uses an electric current to melt the charge.18. The _______ is a type of steel defect caused by the presence of non-metallic inclusions.19. The _______ is a process used to refine steel by blowing oxygen through it.20. The _______ is a measure of the hardness of steel, expressed in units of Rockwell.三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）21. Explain the difference between "cast iron" and "wrought iron".22. Describe the role of "alloying elements" in the production of steel.23. What are the environmental considerations in thesteelmaking process?24. Discuss the importance of "quality control" in steel production.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）25. Discuss the history and significance of the "Bessemer process" in the steel industry.26. Analyze the impact of "automation" on the modern steelmaking process.答案：一、选择题1. A2. A3. C4. B5. A6. D7. A8. C9. A 10. B二、填空题11. Fe 12. Basic oxygen 13. carbon 14. chromium 15. Rockwell hardness tester16. Stainless steel 17. Electric arc furnace 18.Inclusion 19. Basic oxygen process20. Rockwell hardness三、简答题21. Cast iron is a hard, brittle form of iron with a high carbon content, typically between 2% and 4.3%, while wrought iron is a softer, more ductile form of iron with a lower carbon content, usually less than 0.08%.22. Alloying elements are added to steel to improve its properties, such as strength, hardness, ductility, and corrosion。
冶金专业考试题及答案
冶金专业考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 冶金工业中，以下哪种气体是主要的还原剂？A. 氧气B. 氮气C. 一氧化碳D. 二氧化碳2. 铁矿石中的铁主要以什么形式存在？A. 氧化铁B. 硫化铁C. 碳化铁D. 金属铁3. 以下哪个不是炼铁过程中的副产品？A. 铁渣B. 铁水C. 煤气D. 钢渣4. 炼钢过程中，脱碳是主要的工艺之一，脱碳的主要目的是？A. 提高钢的硬度B. 降低钢的韧性C. 增加钢的塑性D. 提高钢的纯净度5. 以下哪种方法不是钢铁的热处理方法？A. 退火B. 正火C. 淬火D. 焊接二、填空题（每空2分，共20分）6. 冶金工业中常见的炉型包括______、______和______。
7. 钢铁材料的热处理过程包括加热、保温和______三个阶段。
8. 钢铁材料的微观组织主要包括铁素体、______和碳化物。
9. 在炼铁过程中，铁矿石的还原反应主要发生在______区域。
10. 钢铁材料的腐蚀可以通过______和______两种方法来预防。
三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）11. 简述炼钢过程中的脱碳过程及其对钢性能的影响。
12. 描述钢铁材料的热处理工艺对材料性能的改善作用。
13. 阐述钢铁材料的腐蚀机理及其预防措施。
四、计算题（每题15分，共30分）14. 某炼铁厂生产铁水，已知铁矿石含铁量为60%，铁矿石的消耗量为100吨，求该厂一天生产的铁水量。
15. 某钢铁厂进行热处理，已知钢的初始温度为20℃，加热到850℃，求加热过程中钢的温度变化量。
答案：一、选择题1. C2. A3. D4. D5. D二、填空题6. 高炉、转炉、电炉7. 冷却8. 珠光体9. 高温还原10. 电镀、涂漆三、简答题11. 脱碳过程是炼钢过程中降低钢中碳含量的工艺，通过控制碳含量，可以提高钢的硬度和强度，同时减少钢的脆性，改善其加工性能。
12. 热处理工艺包括退火、正火、淬火等，通过改变材料的微观组织结构，可以提高材料的硬度、韧性和塑性，从而改善其整体性能。
冶金专外试题A 文档
冶金专业英语期末测试题（A卷）班级：姓名：学号：总分：Ⅰ.Translate the following expressions into English. (15 points)Ⅱ. Translate the following e xpressions into Chinese. (15 points)Ⅲ. Fill in the blanks wit h the words. The first letter of the word is given.(10’)1.As early as 3,000 years ago, i was serving as a basic of human culture and civilization.2.The f enters the blast f urnace as coke, coal, oil or gas.3.A complete blast f urnace p consequently comprises many components.4. Each hot blast s is a large heat exchanger utilizing the heating value of the f urnace off-gasses to heat theblast air to 1,000℃to 1,200℃.5.Manganese oxides can lower the m point of basic slag and accelerate slag f ormation.6.The slag f loating on the s remains in the converter during and af ter tapping.7.Smelting cells are arranged in long r called potlines.8.Slag control is a very important f actor in r period.9.The hot metal tapped f rom the blast f urnace is the principal raw m used f or steelmaking.10.Steel grades can be subdivided according to chemical c and service properties Ⅳ. Decide whether the following statements are true or false (T/F) (10 points)1.According to chemical composition there are stainless carbon steels and alloy steels.（）2. In the oxygen steelmaking processes, clean air is blown under pressure through, onto, or over a bathcontaining hot metal, steel scrap, and f luxes to produce steel. ( )3Abou t 90% of the world’s primary copper comes f rom oxide ores.（）4Alumina has a low melting point (2, 400℃) and is poor conductor of electricity. ( )5Not all of these metal parts must be f ormed or shaped. （）6Most f lat and sectional products at the steel mills are produced by cross rolling. （）7The raw material f or making wire is hot-rolled rod about 60 mm diameter. （）8. Hardening is a process of hardening the outer surf ace or case of ferrous metal. （）9. Smelting reduction processes usually produces spongy iron f rom ore without coke. ( )10. Each blast f urnace has one hot blast stove. ()V. Read the following passages. A fter each passage, there are five questions. Please choose the best answer from the four choices marked with A), B), C) and D). (20 points)Passage 1Someday a stranger read your e-mail without your permission or scan the Website you've visited，Or perhaps someone will casually glance through your credit card purchases or cell phone billstof ind out your shopping preferences or calling habits.In f act, it's likely some of these things have already happened to you. Who would watch you without your permission It might be a spouse, a girlf riend, a marketing company, a boss, a cop or a criminal. Whoever it is, they will see you in a way you never intended to be seen - the 21st century equivalent of being caught naked.Psychologists tell us boundaries are healthy, that it's important to reveal yoursel f to f riends, f amily and lovers in stages, at appropriate times. But f ew boundaries remain. The digital bread crumbs(碎屑) you leave everywhere make it easy f or strangers to reconstruct who you are, where you are and what you like. In some cases, a simple Google search can reveal what you think. Like it or not, increasingly we live in a world where you simply cannot keep a secret.The key question is: Does that matter?For many Americans, the answer apparently is "no."When opinion polls ask Americans about privacy, most say they are concerned about losting it. A survery f ound an overwhelming pessimism about privacy, with 60 percent of respondents saying they feel their privacy is "slipping away, and that bothers me."But people say one thing and do another. Only a tiny fraction of Americans change any behaviors in an eff ort to preserve their privacy. Few people turn down a discount at tollbooths(收费站) to avoid using the EZ-Pass system that can track automobile movements. And f ew turn down supermarket loyalty cards. Privacy economist A lessandroAcauisti has run a series of tests that reveal people will surrender personal inf orm ation like Social Security numbers just to get their hands on a pitif ul 50-cents-off coupon(优惠卷)。
《专业英语》试题及答案
《专业英语》试题及答案第一大题：判断题1、（）In China，minority people share the same basic rights with the Han.A.正确B.错误参考答案：A2、（）Beijing Opera，one of China's most famous art form，is over200years old.A.正确B.错误参考答案：B3、（）Of the world's two great cuisines, the Chinese is as varied as, and, in fact, much younger in tradition than the French.A.正确B.错误参考答案：B4、（）Buddhism is the mere major religion that came exclusively from Chinese roots and grew to maturity in Chinese soil.A.正确B.错误参考答案：B5、（）At Datong, the Huayan actually consists of two monasteries, the upper and lower.A.正确B.错误参考答案：A6、（）The first tour in the modern sense was put together by Thomas Cook in England in 1981.A.正确B.错误参考答案：A7、（）A agent can use the terminal to ask the computer a question and receive an answer in a matter of seconds.A.正确B.错误参考答案：B8、（）However,different nations have same rating systems.A.正确B.错误参考答案：B9、（）In many countries,tipping is necessary in non-self-service restaurants or cafes.A.正确B.错误参考答案：A10、（）No smoke is allowed on the flight,even in the lavatories.A.正确参考答案：B11、（）Mt.E'mei is reputed as"the most beautiful mountain under heaven."A.正确B.错误参考答案：A12、（）Du fu was born in present-day Gongxian County,Henan Province in712.A.正确B.错误参考答案：B13、（）I wonder if you could make some change to our agenda.A.正确B.错误参考答案：A14、（）Shopping is a tourist attraction in big cities.A.正确B.错误参考答案：A15、（）In western countries, when people dine out together, they often go Dutch or have a Dutch treat.A.正确B.错误参考答案：A16、（）Strictly speaking, Confucianism is more an ethical system than a religion, and only Daoism is native to China.A.正确B.错误参考答案：A17、（）Tokyo has some world-class higher institutions, including Tokyo, Waseda and Keio universities.A.正确B.错误参考答案：A18、（）The Shang Dynasty constituted the first Chinese state in ancient time.A.正确B.错误参考答案：B19、（）In China, the foreign visitor is often shown a variety of Chinese medical techniques.A.正确B.错误参考答案：A20、（）Over the pass centuries，foreign elements have been absorbed and assimilates into Chinese culture. A typical example is Buddhism.A.正确参考答案：A21、（）Generally speaking, the western part of the country is more populous and developed than the eastern part, but less resourceful than the latter.A.正确B.错误参考答案：B22、（）Usually, if you are invited by a Chinese, you are not expected to foot the bill.A.正确B.错误参考答案：A23、（）China is a multinationalcountry with 56 nationalities, and the Hui is the majority people.A.正确B.错误参考答案：B24、（）Recent studies also show that the Yangtze River is another major source of Chinese civilization.A.正确B.错误参考答案：A25、（）People enjoy drinking tea not only for quenching thirst and overcoming fatigue but also for helping digestion.A.正确B.错误参考答案：A26、（）Muslim cuisine and vegetarian cuisine include pork and all sort of meat respectively.A.正确B.错误参考答案：B27、（）As one of the world’s few free ports, Hong Kong offers duty-free goods.A.正确B.错误参考答案：A28、（）There are the first seven thing to start with when a day begins—firewood , rice, oil, salt, soy sauce, vinegar and coffee.A.正确B.错误参考答案：B29、（）Zhuge Liang was a celebrated statesman and military strategist of the Wei Kingdom.A.正确B.错误参考答案：B30、（）Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve, a world natural heritage and a world biosphere reserve, has been listed by the UNESCO.B.错误参考答案：A31、（）A good location isn’t an important factor in the success of an agency.A.正确B.错误参考答案：B32、（）The three basic elements of tourism are the tourist, the tourism resources and the travel agency.A.正确B.错误参考答案：B33、（）In recent years, China has established a modern, long-distance highway system and inter-city fast train service.A.正确B.错误参考答案：A34、（）Chinese food is featured by “colorful”, “flavorous”, “delicious”, “shapeable”, “varied” and “complex”.A.正确B.错误参考答案：A35、（）The travel agency is supposed to design tour routes, work out tour plans, make tour prices and so on.A.正确B.错误参考答案：A36、（）Exercise isn’t another important element in Chinese health therapy.A.正确B.错误参考答案：B37、（）Hotel both in America and China are rated as one star, two stars, three stars, four stars and five stars.A.正确B.错误参考答案：B38、（）For defense against nomadic Mongolian tribes, the first emperor of the Tang Dynasty had the Great Wall connected.A.正确B.错误参考答案：B39、（）The three greatest brocades in China are Shu Brocade, Yun Brocade and Song Brocade.A.正确B.错误参考答案：A40、（）From antiquity，the Chinese have been assiduous keepers of official archives.A.正确B.错误参考答案：A41、（）In China, trains are divided into “hard seat” and “soft seat” coaches and “hard” and “soft” sleepers.A.正确B.错误参考答案：A42、（）The most famous painting of the Tang Dynasty is Life along the River on the Eve of the Qingming Festival.A.正确B.错误参考答案：B43、（）Coffee is the most popular beverage for the Chinese, just as tea for Americans.A.正确B.错误参考答案：B44、（）China, reputed as the “Silk Nation”, has been famous for her silk products for centuries.A.正确B.错误参考答案：A45、（）In most Chinese cities, there exists a very convenient transit system: urban buses, trolleys and double-deckers.A.正确B.错误参考答案：A46、（）Most of the minorities differ from the Han in language and custom.A.正确B.错误参考答案：A47、（）There are three types of trains：“special express”, “direct express” and “slow”.A.正确B.错误参考答案：A48、（）The so-called tri-colored glazed pottery was typical of the Song Dynasty.A.正确B.错误参考答案：B49、（）Mount E’mei is one of the four sacred Buddhist mountains in China.A.正确B.错误参考答案：A50、（）Many newer hotels don’t offer buffets for breakfast and lunch.A.正确B.错误参考答案：B51、（）Carbon monoxide is harmful to mankind's health.A.正确B.错误参考答案：A52、（）Ethanol can be obtained from oil crops.A.正确B.错误参考答案：B53、（）The oxygen can be combined with hydrogen in a fuel cell.A.正确B.错误参考答案：A54、（）Alcohol produced from corn is a renewable energy source.A.正确B.错误参考答案：B55、（）A solar cell works mainly based on the optoelectronics effec.A.正确B.错误参考答案：A56、（）Bacteria are termed prokaryotic because they lack nuclear membranes.A.正确B.错误参考答案：A57、（）Chemoorganotrophs are referred to as autotrophs.A.正确B.错误参考答案：B58、（）A species surviving in uncrowded but possibly physically restrictive environments is designated as K-selected.A.正确B.错误参考答案：B59、（）The numerically predominant bacteria in soil are Streptomycetes.A.正确B.错误参考答案：B60、（）Throughout most of the world, industry is the leading consumptive user of water.A.正确B.错误参考答案：B61、（）Withdrawals for agricultural purposes currently account for over two thirds total abstraction in all OECD countries.A.正确B.错误参考答案：B62、（）The practice of exploiting underground water for agriculture is essential for the protection of natural resources.A.正确B.错误参考答案：B63、（）Land degradation, is the decline in land quality or reduction in its productivity and environmental regulatory capacity.A.正确B.错误参考答案：A64、（）Land degradation is a physical process driven by socioeconomic and political causes.A.正确B.错误参考答案：B65、（）Accelerated soil erosion is another principal land degradation process.A.正确B.错误参考答案：A第二大题：翻译句子1、中国是一个人口众多的多民族国家。
冶金专业英语试题及答案
冶金专业英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题1分，共10分）1. The process of converting raw materials into metals is known as __________.A. SmeltingB. RefiningC. CastingD. Forging答案：A2. What is the primary purpose of a blast furnace in the steel industry?A. To produce electricityB. To produce raw materialsC. To reduce iron ore into pig ironD. To refine crude oil答案：C3. The term "slag" refers to __________.A. A type of metalB. A byproduct of the smelting processC. A type of oreD. A type of alloy答案：B4. Which of the following is not a method of metal extraction?A. HydrometallurgyB. PyrometallurgyC. BiometallurgyD. Electrometallurgy答案：C5. The process of converting pig iron into steel is known as__________.A. AnnealingB. TemperingC. SteelmakingD. Hardening答案：C6. What is the role of a ladle furnace in the steelmaking process?A. To melt the raw materialsB. To refine the molten steelC. To cast the steel into ingotsD. To cool the steel答案：B7. The term "alloy" refers to a substance that is __________.A. A mixture of two or more metalsB. A pure metalC. A non-metallic elementD. A mixture of a metal and a non-metallic element答案：A8. The process of removing impurities from a metal is known as __________.A. AlloyingB. AnnealingC. TemperingD. Purification答案：D9. The primary raw material for the production of aluminum is __________.A. BauxiteB. Iron oreC. Copper oreD. Manganese ore答案：A10. The process of shaping metal by applying force is known as __________.A. CastingB. ForgingC. ExtrusionD. Rolling答案：B二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）11. The chemical symbol for iron is __________.答案：Fe12. The process of heating and cooling metal to alter its physical properties is known as __________.答案：Heat treatment13. In metallurgy, the term "phase" refers to a __________. 答案：Region of uniform composition14. The process of removing oxygen from molten steel is called __________.答案：Deoxidation15. The most common method of steel production is the__________ process.答案：Bessemer16. The chemical symbol for chromium is __________.答案：Cr17. The primary component of stainless steel is __________. 答案：Iron18. The process of rolling metal into thin sheets is known as __________.答案：Sheet rolling19. The term "carburizing" refers to the process of increasing the __________ content in steel.答案：Carbon20. The process of melting metal in a furnace to produce a uniform temperature is called __________.答案：Homogenization三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）21. Explain the difference between "ferrous" and "non-ferrous" metals.答案：Ferrous metals are those that contain iron as a major component, such as steel and pig iron. Non-ferrous metals, on the other hand, do not contain significant amounts of iron and include metals like copper, aluminum, and lead.22. What are the main steps involved in the smelting of copper?答案：The main steps in copper smelting include: 1) Roasting the copper ore to remove moisture and sulfur, 2) Smelting the roasted ore in a furnace to produce crude copper, 3) Converting the crude copper to blister copper by oxidation, and 4) Refining the blister copper to produce pure copper.23. Describe the role of a slag in the steelmaking process. 答案：Slag plays a crucial role in the steelmaking process by acting as a flux to remove impurities such as silicon, phosphorus, and sulfur from the molten steel. It also helps to regulate the temperature of the furnace and provides a protective layer over the molten metal.24. What is the purpose of annealing in metalworking?答案：Annealing is a heat treatment process used to soften metal that has been hardened by。
试题1及答案_冶金专业英语
6.Fluorspar is basically silicon fluoride with varying impurities, and sometimes contains lead. ( )
Passage 1
The agricultural revolution in the nineteenth century involved two things: the invention of labor-saving machinery and the development of scientific agriculture. Labor-saving machinery naturally appeared first where labor was scarce. "InEurope, said Thomas Jefferson, "the object is to make the most of their land, labor being abundant: here it is to make the most of our labor, land being abundant. It was in theUnited States, therefore, that the great advances in nineteenth-century agricultural machinery first came.
冶金工程专业外语翻译
专业外语翻译练习（三上）第一章Extractive metallurgy, the science and technology used in the productions of metals, employs some of the same unit operations (单元操作)as chemical engineering. Different metals require different combinations of operations, but typically the production of a metal involves two major steps.第二章The reasons for metals’ dominance in our life are not far to seek, for owing to their unique properties, they may be melted and cast into a multitude of shapes and sizes weighing from a few ounces to many tons.金属在我们生活中占主导地位的原因并不难找到，其原因得归功于金属的独特的性质，可以将金属熔化并浇铸成重几盎司到许多吨不等的多种形状和大小（的铸件）。
Their ability to deform without rupture （破裂）allows them to forged （锻造）into intricate shapes, and their strength and hardness makes possible their utilization in building, transport, structural engineering, and other industries.（由于）金属（具有）形变而不破裂的性能，（因而）可以把金属锻造成各种复杂形状；而金属的强度和硬度又使得金属可以应用于建筑业、交通运输业、结构工程和其它工业部门。
冶金工程英语
冶金工程英语Metallurgical EngineeringMetallurgical engineering is a branch of engineering that focuses on the study of metals, their properties, and their production. It involves various processes such as extraction, refining, alloying, and shaping of metals to create useful products.Here are some commonly used terms and phrases in metallurgical engineering:1. Metallurgy - The study of metals, their properties, and their production.2. Extraction - The process of obtaining metals from their ores or raw materials.3. Refining - The purification process of metals to remove impurities and improve their quality.4. Alloying - The process of combining two or more metals to create alloys with desired properties.5. Smelting - The process of separating metal from its ore by heating and melting.6. Casting - The process of forming molten metal into a desired shape by pouring it into a mold.7. Rolling - The process of continuously passing metal throughpairs of rolls to reduce its thickness and shape it into various forms.8. Heat Treatment - The process of heating and cooling metal to alter its physical and mechanical properties.9. Welding - The process of joining two pieces of metal by melting and fusing them together.10. Corrosion - The gradual deterioration of metal due to chemical reactions with the surrounding environment.11. Steel - A widely used alloy of iron and carbon, known for its strength and durability.12. Non-ferrous metals - Metals that do not contain iron, such as copper, aluminum, and gold.13. Iron ore - A mineral resource containing iron, usually in the form of oxides or carbonates.14. Blast furnace - A large structure used for smelting iron ore and producing pig iron.15. Foundry - A facility where metals are melted and cast into desired shapes.These terms and phrases are essential in understanding the field of metallurgical engineering and its various processes.。
冶金专业英语(全)
有色冶金专业英语（适用于冶金工程专业）2009年9月Lesson 3 Ore DressingOre dressing 选矿Concentrate v. 富积，浓缩，集聚n. 精矿，浓缩物Concentration n. 集中，浓缩，浓度Acid concentration 酸浓度Bulk n. 正体，主体，团块Gangue n. 脉石，尾矿，矿脉中的夹杂物Tailing n. 尾矿Severance n. 分离，隔离，碎散Beneficiation n. 分选Comminution n. 粉碎Run-of-mine n. 原矿Middling n. 中矿Liberation n. 解离Crush n. v. 粉碎，碾碎，挤压Grind n. v. 研磨，磨细Screen n. v. 筛，筛分Jigging n. 跳选，跳汰选Hand picking 手选Luster n. 光泽，光亮v. 闪光，发光Specific gravity 比重Magnetic permeability 磁导率Inductive charging 感应电荷Electrostatic separation 静电分离Fracture n. 断口，裂缝Automatic sorting of radioactive natures放射性自动选矿Magnitude n. 大小，尺寸，量级，强度，等级Magnetic separation 磁选Magnetic field 磁场Gravity concentration 重力选矿Medium n. 介质，媒介，中间物，培养基Dilate v. （使）膨胀，扩张，扩大Dilated bed 松散床层Dilation n. 膨胀系数，传播，伸缩，蔓延Lip n. 凸出部分，唇部Diverse adj. 不同的，互异的，各种各样的Table n. 摇床，淘汰盘Tabling 摇床选，淘汰选Motion n. 运动，输送，行程，机械装置，运动机构Sink-float separation 重介质分选Suspension n. 悬浮物，悬浮液Cone n. 圆锥体，锥形漏斗，圆锥破碎机Stir n. v. 移动，摇动，搅拌Stirrer n. 搅拌器，搅拌机Rotary adj. 旋转的，回转的，转动的Circumference n. 圆周，周边Rotating motion 旋转装置，旋转设备Floatation n. 浮选Pulp n. 矿浆，浆料v. 制浆，浆化Sluice n. 槽，排水道，水槽Froth floatation 泡沫浮选Hematite n. 赤铁矿Pyrolusite n. 软锰矿Diamond n. 金刚石Graphite n. 石墨Ore dressing concerns with the technology of treatment of ores to concentrate their valuable constituents (minerals) into products (concentrate) of smaller bulk, and simultaneously to collect the worthless material (gangue) into discardable waste (tailing). The fundamental operations of ore-dressing processes are the breaking apart of the associated constituents of the ore by mechanical means (severance) and the separation of the severed components (beneficiation) into concentrate and tailing, using mechanical or physical methods which do not effect substantial chemical changes.1Severance. Comminution is a single, or multistage processes whereby ore is reduced from run-of-mine size to that size needed by the beneficiation processes. The process is intended to detailed control, a class of particles containing both mineral and gangue (middling particles) are also produced. The smaller the percentage of middling the greater the degree of liberation. Comminution is divided into crushing (down to 6-to 14-mush) and grinding (down to micron size). Crushing is usually done in three stages: coarse crushing from run-of-mine size to 4-6 in., or coarser; intermediate crushing down to about 1/2 in.; and fine crushing to 1/4 in. or less. Screen is a method of sizing whereby graded products are produced, the individual particles in each grade being of nearly the same size. In beneficiation, screening is practiced for two reasons: as and integral part of the separate on process, for example, in jigging, and to produce a feed of such size range as is compatible with the applicability of the separation process.Beneficiation. This step consists of two fundamental operations: the determination that an individual particle is either a mineral or a gangue particle (selection); and the movement of selected particles via different paths (separation) into the concentrate and tailing products.2 When middling particles occur, they will either be selected according to their mineral content and then caused to report as concentrate or tailing, or be separated as a third product (middling).3 In the latter case, the middling is reground to achieve further liberation, and the product is fed back into the stream of material being treated.Selections based upon some physical or chemical property in which the mineral and gangue particles differ in kind or degree or both. Thus in picking, the old form of beneficiation, color, luster, and shape are used to decide whether a lump of ore is predominantly mineral or gangue. Use is made of differences in other physical or chemical properties, such as specific gravity, magnetic permeability, inductive charging (electrostatic separation), surface chemical properties, bulk chemical properties, weak planes of fracture (separation by screening), and gamma-ray emission (automatic sorting of radioactive nature).Separation is achieved by subjecting each particle of the mixture to a set of forces that is usually the same irrespective of the nature of the particles excepting for the force based upon the discriminating property. This force may be present for both mineral and gangue particles but differing in magnitude, or it may be present for one type of particle and absent for the other. As a result of this difference separation ispossible, and the particles are collected as concentrate or tailing.Magnetic separation utilizes the force exerted by a magnetic field upon magnetic materials to counteract partially or wholly the effect of gravity. Thus under the action of these two forces different paths are produced for the magnetic and nonmagnetic particles.Gravity concentration is based on a discriminating force, the magnitude of which varies with specific gravity. The other force that is usually operating in gravity methods is the resistance to relative motion exerted upon the particles by the fluid or semi-fluid medium in which separation takes place Jigging is a gravity method that separates mineral from gangue particle by utilizing an effective difference in settling rate through a periodically dilated bed. During the dilation heavier particles work their way to the bottom while the lighter particles remain on top and are discharged over the lip. Jigging is practiced on materials that are liberated upon being reduced to sizes ranging from 3/2 in., down to several millimeters. It has been used on such diverse ores as coal, iron ores, gold and lead ores.Tabling is a gravity method in which the feed, introduced onto an inclined plane and reciprocated deck, moves in the direction of motion while simultaneously being washed by a water film which moves it also at right angles to the motion of the deck.4 The heavier mineral and the lighter gangue are usually collected over the edges of the deck. The boundary between the heavier mineral and lighter gangue particles is roughly a linear diagonal band on the deck of the table. This diagonal band is not stationary; rather it tends to move about a mean position. In practice therefore, a third product, the middling, is collected between the discharge edges of concentrate and gangue. If the feed to the table has been crushed or ground to produce liberation, then the middling is returned to the feed. If liberation has not been achieved, the middling is returned to the crushing-grinding section of the mill. Tables may be used to treat relatively coarse material (sand tables) with sizes ranging from about 2~3 mm down to 0.07 mm.Sink-float separation is the simplest gravity method and is based on existing differences in specific gravity. The feed particles are introduced into a suspension, the specific gravity of which is between that of the mineral and gangue particles, with the result that particles of higher specific gravity sink while those of lower specific gravity float.5The separator is a cone equipped with a slowly operated stirrer which serves to impart slow rotary motion to the suspension and prevent the suspension from settling out on the walls. Feed is introduced at one point of the circumference and is slowly moved by the rotating motion of the suspension. By the time this material has reached the discharge point on the circumference, those particles whose specific gravity is greater than that of the suspension have moved down through the suspension so that only float particles are discharged at the top, the sink particles are discharged at the bottom.Flotation is used to separate valuable minerals from waste rock or gangue, in which the ground ore is suspended in water and, after chemical treatment, subjected to bubbles of air. The minerals that are to be floated attach to the air bubbles, rise through the suspension, and are removed with the froth that forms on top of the pulp. Froth flotation was first used to recover sulfide minerals that were too fine to be recovered by gravity concentrators such as jigs, tables, and sluices. Froth flotation is also used to concentrate oxide minerals such as hematite (Fe2O3) and pyrolusite (MnO2), and native elements such as sulfur, silver, gold, copper and carbon (both graphite and diamond). Froth flotation is also used to separate the silicate minerals.Lesson 5 Materials Science and EngineeringEmbrace 包括Ceramics 陶瓷Inanimate 无生命的Homogeneous 均匀的Predominate 主导Rigidity 刚性Weldability 可焊性Composite 复合材料Spectrum 种类Brass 黄铜Bronze 青铜Invar 因钢(NiFe) Cement 水泥Ferrite 铁素体Garnet 石榴石PVC 聚氯乙烯Polyethylene 聚乙烯PTFE 聚四氟乙烯Terylene 涤纶nylon 尼龙leather 皮革reinforced 增强dispersion 弥散supersonic 超声波optimum 最优fabrication 人工制作invariable 不变的corrosion 腐蚀fatigue 疲劳assess 评估1. Materials Science“Materials Science” is a subject for engineers of the modern age. It embraces a study of different materials regarding their structures, properties and uses. The “material” here does not refer to all matter in the Universe. If this were so, it would include all the physical sciences and the life sciences form astronomy to zoology. We can restrict the definition only to matter useful to mankind. Even here, the range is too broad for the purposes of the engineer. For example, we can list a large number of things useful, to man, such as food, medicines, explosives, chemicals, water, steel, plastics and concrete, only a few of which qualify as engineering materials. We have then to be more specific, and define materials as that part of inanimate matter that is useful to the engineer in the practice of his profession.1Recently the term, materials refer only to solid materials, even though it is possible to quote a number of examples of liquid and gaseous materials such as sulfuric acid and steam, which are useful to the engineer.The word ‘science’ refers to the physical science, in particular to chemistry and physics. As we confine ourselves mainly to solid in material science, the subject is related to solid state chemistry and solid state physics. The engineering usefulness of the matter under study is always deep in mind. In this respect,material ceramics science comes heavily from the engineering sciences such as metallurgy, and polymer science. These, in their own time, have grown out of their interaction with the basic sciences of chemistry and physics.Therefore, Material Science refers to that branch of applied science concerned with investigating the relationship existing between the structure of materials and their properties, and it concerns with the interdisciplinary study of materials for entirely practical purposes.2 Material science has developed rapidly during the last ten years. The new approach of material science has paid of handsomely in many ways and they have solved the problems in selection of right materials in complex situations.2. Classes of Engineering MaterialsWithin the scope of material science, the engineering materials may be classified in three broad groups according to their mode of occurrence:(1) Metals and alloys(2) Ceramics(3) Organic polymers.A metal is an elemental substance. An alloy is a homogeneous mixture of two or more metals or a metal and nonmetal. Among the solid materials, metals and alloys predominate because of their useful characteristics of hardness, strength, rigidity, formability, machinability, weldability, conductivity and dimensional stability.Ceramics are materials consisting of phases. A phase is a physically separable and chemically homogeneous constituent of a material. These are themselves compounds of metallic and non-metallic elements. All metallic compounds, rocks minerals, glass, glass-fiber, abrasives and all fired clays are ceramics.Organic materials are those materials derived directly from carbon. They usually consist of carbon chemically combined with hydrogen, oxygen or other nonmetallic substances, and their structures are, in many instances, fairly complex. Plastics and synthetic rubbers are common organic engineering materials.Table 1 shows a broad spectrum of engineering materials which shows not only typical examples from each of these three groups but also gives a number of examples of materials which are composite up of two groups.3 In general, in each and every engineering application we find material from all the three basic types of materials described above.Table 1. Some important grouping of materialsSince the engineer must specify the materials for TV sets, computers, suspension bridges, oil refineries, rocket motors, nuclear reactors, or supersonic transports he must have sufficient knowledge to select the optimum material for each application. Although experience provides the engineer with a starting point for selection of materials, the skill of the engineer will be limited unless he understands the factors that contribute to the properties of materials.43. Selection of MaterialsRight type of material is to be selected for a particular type of work. The selections of the right materials for given requirements, the proper use of those materials, development of new ways of using them for greater effectiveness, all are direct responsibility of the engineer.To fulfill this responsibility, the engineer must have a thorough knowledge of the nature and behavior of materials. The study of the nature of materials has its foundation in chemistry and physics and that of behavior of materials involves the application, of the principles of the nature of materials, under the varied conditions found in engineering practice.3 This behavior of materials is determined by composition, structure, service conditions, and the interactions among them. All materials have limitations within whichthey perform well but beyond which they cannot be used satisfactorily.However, the selection of a material for a specific application is invariably a thorough, lengthy, and expensive investigation. Almost always more than one material is suited to the application, and the final selection is a compromise that weights the relative advantages and disadvantages. The varied requirements to three broad demands: (1) Service requirements; (2) Fabrication requirements; (3) Economic requirements.The service requirements have important role in material selection. The material must stand up to service demands. Such demands commonly include dimensional stability, corrosion resistance, adequate strength, hardness, and toughness, heat resistance. In addition to any such basic requirements, other properties may be required such as a low electrical resistance, high or low heat conductivity, fatigue resistance, or others.Fabrication requirements are also to be considered in material selection. It must be possible to shape the material, and to join it to other material. The assessment of fabrication requirements concerns questions of machinability, hardenability, heat treatability, ductility, castability, and weldability, qualities that are sometime quite difficult to assess.Along with the above two requirements, the economic requirements give final shape in material selection. Goods must be produced at lower cost. The object is the minimum over all cost of the component to be made, and this objective is sometimes attained only by increasing one or more of the cost componentsLesson 6 MetallurgyMetallurgy n. 冶金，冶金学Non-ferrous metallurgy 有色冶金学Chlorine metallurgy 氯化冶金学Powder metallurgy 粉末冶金学Extractive metallurgy 提取冶金学Meteoric iron 陨铁Craftsmanship n. 手艺，技能Craftsman n. 技工，工匠Ornamental adj. 装饰用的，观赏的n. 装饰品Metalworking n. 金属加工Ceremonial adj. 正式的，礼仪的，仪式的Decorative adj. 装饰的Decorative arts 装饰艺术Cast n. v. 铸造，铸件Process metallurgy 过程冶金Production metallurgy 生产冶金Physical metallurgy 物理冶金Chemical metallurgy 化学冶金Mechanical metallurgy 机械冶金，力学冶金Unit operation 单元操作Unit process 单元过程Flux n. 熔剂Solvent n. 溶剂Slag n. 渣，炉渣v. 造渣Electrolyte n. 电解质，电解液Depletion n. 用尽，消耗，贫化，提取金属Deposit n. v. 沉积，沉淀，电积Blast furnace 鼓风炉，高炉Crude iron 生铁crystal structure 晶体结构neutron n. 中子diffraction n. 衍射crystal imperfection 晶体缺陷plastic deformation 塑性变形metallography n. 金相学microscopy n. 显微镜学，显微技术forging n. 锻造，锻件blowhole n. 气孔thermodynamics n. 热力学kinetics n. 动力学Steelmaking n. 炼钢Scrape n. 废料Leach v. 浸出，溶出Electrochemical reduction cell 电化学还原电池Inorganic chemistry 无机化学Pyro-metallurgy 火法冶金Hydro-metallurgy 湿法冶金elevated temperature 高温reduce v. 还原reduction n. 还原charcoal n. 木炭，炭spontaneous adj. 天然的，自动的，自发的residue n. 残渣，剩余物，残余物，炉渣roasting n. 焙烧pig iron 粗铁，生铁refine v. n. 精炼，提纯，纯化uranium n. 铀tungsten n. 钨molybdenum n. 钼isolate v. 隔离，隔绝，切断recovery n. 回收，回收率，回复，恢复scope n. 范围，领域，目标revert n. 返料metalloid n. 类金属adj. 类金属的selenium n. 硒tellurium n. 碲amenability n. 可控制性，可处理性adaptability n. 适应性hafnium n. 铪zirconium n. 锆flexibility n. 适应性，灵活性Metallurgy is the science of metallic materials. Metallurgy as a branch of engineering is concerned with the production of metals and alloys, their adaptation to use, and their performance in service. As a science, metallurgy is concerned with the chemical reactions involved in the processes by which metals are produced and the chemical, physical, and mechanical behavior of metallic materials.1Metallurgy has played an important role in the history of civilization. Metals were first produced more than 6000 year age. Because only a few metals, principally gold, silver, copper and meteoric iron, occur in the uncombined state in nature, and then only in small quantities, primitive metallurgists had to discover ways of extracting metals from their ores. Fairly large-scale production of some metals was carried out with technical competence in early Near Eastern and Mediterranean civilizations and in the Middle Ages in central and northern Europe. Basic metallurgical skills were also developed in other parts of the world.The winning of metals would have been of little value without the ability to work them. Great craftsmanship in metalworking developed in early times; the objects produced included jewelry, large ornamental and ceremonial objects, tools and weapons. It may be noted that almost all early materials and techniques that later had important useful applications were discovered and first used in the decorative arts.2 In the Middle Ages metalworking was in the hands of individual or groups of craftsmen. The scale and capabilities of metalworking developed with the growth of industrial organizations. Today’s metallurgical plants supply metals and alloys to the manufacturing and construction industries in many forms such as beams, plates, sheets, bars, wire, and castings. Rapidly developing technologies such as communications, nuclear power, and space exploration continue to demand new techniques of metal production and processing.The field of metallurgy may be divided into process metallurgy, (production metallurgy, extractive metallurgy) and physical metallurgy. According to another system of classification, metallurgy comprises chemical metallurgy, mechanical metallurgy (metal processing and mechanical behavior in service), and physical metallurgy. The more common division into process metallurgy and physical metallurgy, which isadopted here, classifies metal processing as a part of process metallurgy and the mechanical behavior of metals as a part of physical metallurgy.Process metallurgy Process metallurgy, the science and technology used in the productions of metals, employs some of the unit operations and unit processes as chemical engineering. These operations and processes are carried out with ores, concentrates, scrap metals, fuels, fluxes, slag, solvents, and electrolytes. Different metal adopts different combinations of operations and processes, but typically the production of a metal involves two major steps. The first is the production of an impure metal from ore minerals, commonly oxides or sulfides, and the second is the refining of the reduced impure metal, for example, by selective oxidation of impurities or by electrolysis. Process metallurgy is continually challenged by the demand for metals that have not been produced previously or are difficult to produce; by the depletion of the richer and more easily processed ores of the traditional metals; and by the need for metals of greater purity and higher quality. The mining of leaner ores has greatly enhanced the importance of ore dressing methods for enriching raw materials for metal production. Several nonferrous metals are commonly produced from concentrates. Iron ores are also increasingly treated by ore dressing.Process metallurgy today mainly involves large scale operations. A single blast furnace produces crude iron at the rate of 3,00~11,000 tons per day. A basic oxygen furnace for steelmaking consumes 800 tons of pure oxygen together with required amounts of crude iron and scrap to produce 12,000 tons of steel per day. Advanced methods of process analysis and control are now being applied to such processing system. The application of vacuum to extraction and refining processes, the leaching of low-grade ores for the extraction of metals, the use of electrochemical reduction cells, and the refining of reactive metals by processing through the vapor state are other important developments.Because the production of metals employs many different chemical reactions, process metallurgy has been closely associated with inorganic chemistry. Techniques for analyzing ores and metallurgical products originated several centuries ago and represented an early stage of analytical chemistry. Application of physical chemistry to equilibrium and kinetics of metallurgical reactions has led to great progress in metallurgical chemistry.According to temperature at which the process is carried out process metallurgy may be divided into pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy. Pyrometallurgy is processes employing chemical reactions at elevated temperatures for the extractions of metals from ores and concentrates. The use of heat to cause reduction of copper ores by charcoal dates from before 3,000 B.C. The techniques of pyrometallurgy have been gradually perfected as knowledge of chemistry has grown and as sources of controlled heating andmaterials of construction for use at high temperature have become available.3Pyrometallurgy is the principal means of metal production.The advantages of high temperature for metallurgical processing are several: chemical reaction rates are rapid, reaction equilibriums change so that processes impossible at low temperature become spontaneous at higher temperature, and production of the metal as liquid or gas facilitates physical separation of metal from residue.4The processes of pyrometallurgy may be divided into preparation processes which convert the raw material to a form suitable for further processing (for example, roasting to convert sulfides to oxides), reduction processes which reduce metallic compounds to metal (the blast furnace which reduces iron oxide to pig iron), and refining processes which remove impurities from crude metal (fractional distillation to remove iron, lead, and cadmium from crude zinc).The complete production scheme, from ore to refined metal, may employ pyrometallurgical processes (steel, lead, tin, zinc), or only the primary extraction processes may be pyrometallurgical, with other methods used for refining (copper, nickel). 5 In some case (uranium, tungsten, molybdenum), isolated pyrometallurgical processes are used in a treatment scheme that is predominately nonpyrometallurgical.Hydrometallurgy is the extraction and recovery of metals from their ores by processes in which aqueous solutions play predominant role. Two distinct processes are involved in hydrometallurgy; putting the metal values in the ore into solution via the operation known as leaching; and recovering the metal values from solution, usually after a suitable solution purification or concentration step, or both. The scope of hydrometallurgy is quite broad and extends beyond the processing of ores to the treatment of metal concentrates, metal scrap and revert materials, and intermediate products in metallurgical processes. Hydrometallurgy enters into the production of practically all nonferrous metals and or metalloids, such as selenium and tellurium.The advantages of hydrometallurgy are applicability to low-grade ores (copper, uranium, gold, silver), amenability to the treatment of materials of quite different compositions and concentrations, adaptability to separation of highly similar materials (hafnium from zirconium), flexibility in terms of the scale of operations, simplified materials handling as compared with pyrometallurgy, and good operational and environmental control.Physical metallurgy investigates the effects of composition and treatment on the structure of metal and the relations of the structure to the properties of metals. Physical metallurgy is also concerned with the engineering applications of scientific principles to the fabrication, mechanical treatment, heat treatment, and service behavior of metals.The structure of metals consists of their crystal structure, which is investigated by x-ray, electron, and neutron diffraction, their microstructure, which is the subject or metallography, and their macrostructure. Crystal imperfections provide mechanisms for processes occurring in solid metals, for example, the movement of dislocations results in plastic deformation. Crystal imperfections are investigated by x-ray diffraction and metallographic methods, especially electron microscopy. The microstructure is determined by the constituent phases and the geometrical arrangement of the microcrystals (grains) formed by those phases. Macrostructure is important in industrial metals. Phase transformations occurring in the solid state underlie many heat-treatment operations. The thermodynamics and kinetics of these transformations are a major concern of physical metallurgy. Physical metallurgy also investigates changes in the structure and properties resulting from mechanical working of metals.Lesson 12 Calcination and RoastingCalcination n. 焙烧，煅烧 calcine 焙砂 Decomposition n. 分解，裂解 Metal hydrate 金属氢氧化物 Carbonate n. 碳酸盐 Basic sulphate 碱式硫酸盐 Rotary kiln 回转窑 Shaft furnace 竖炉 Dead roasting 死烧 Sulphating roasting 硫酸化焙烧 Reduction roasting 还原焙烧 equillibrium constant 平衡常数 kellog diagram 凯洛格相图 predominance n. 优势，优越 predominance area 优势区 partial roasting 部分焙烧 selective roasting 选择性焙烧 chloridizing roast 氯化焙烧 smelt n. v. 熔炼noble adj. 贵重的，惰性的noble metal 惰性金属，贵金属 hypothetical adj. 假定的，有前提的 fume n. 烟气halide n. 卤化物volatilizing roast 挥发焙烧 magnetizing roast 磁化焙烧magnetite n. 磁铁矿flash roaster 闪速焙烧炉,飘悬焙烧炉 inject v. 喷射，喷入fluidise v. 流态化fluidized bed roaster 流态化焙烧炉 burner n. 喷嘴suspend v. 悬浮，漂浮fluo-solids roaster 流化-闪速焙烧炉 matte n. 冰铜，锍reverberatory furnace 反射炉1. CalcinationCalcination involves the chemical decomposition of the mineral and is achieved by heating to above the mineral’s decom position temperature (T D ) or by reducing the partial pressure of the gaseous product (P H 2O , P CO 2) below that of its equilibrium partial pressure for a certain constant temperature.1 For example,CaCO 3 = CaO + CO 2T D = 900℃ (under standard thermodynamic conditions)Calcination is mainly used to remove water, CO 2 and other gases which are chemically bound in metal hydrate and carbonates as these minerals have relatively low decomposition temperatures.2Calcinations are conducted in rotary kilns, shaft furnaces or fluidized bed furnaces.2. Roasting of metal concentratesThe most important roasting reactions are those concerning metal sulfide concentrates and involve chemical combination with the roasting atmosphere.Possible reactions include:MS + 3O 2 = 2MO + 2SO 2 (dead roast)MS + 2O 2 = MSO 4 (sulfating roast)MS + O 2 = M + SO 2 (reduction roast)Other equilibria which need to be taken into account include:(1/2)S 2 + O 2 = SO 2 andSO 2 + (1/2)O 2 = SO 3。
冶金英语试题材料.doc
Basic phrases冶金英语Metallurgical English 炼铁作）1 k 部iron-making operation departme nt 炼钢作业部steel-making operation departme nt 高炉车间blast furnace plant 出铁场cast house 冷风阀cold blast valve 热风炉hot blast stove 高炉blast furnace 转炉converter RH 炉RH furnace 直接还原铁Direct-reduced iron 生产工艺production process 转炉T艺converter process 脱磷dephosphorization 脱硫desulphurization 月兑氧deoxidization 月兑碳decarburization 精炼refining 炉夕卜精炼sec on dary refi ning 氧枪oxygen lance 副枪standby lance 浇注钢包pouring ladle 海绵铁sponge iron 投资费用capital cost 生铁Pig iron 熟铁Wrought iron 过跨车transfer car出钢口Tapping hole电弧炉electric-arc furnace 不锈钢stainless steel 普碳钢plain carb on steel 真空吹氯.法finkle process 真空处理vacuum treatment 真空循环脱气法RH process 真空脱气站The vacuum degassing station钢包转台ladle turret 弓I锭杆dummy bar 连铸系统continuous casting system 卸料车昆道车昆子discharge rollers 抗拉强度Tensile strength 冷拉拔cold drawing 成品车间finishing shop 轧机rolling mill 冷轧cold rolling 热轧Hot rolling 火焰切割机torch cutter 切割站Cut-off station 天车crane顶吹氧气炼钢工艺the LD process/the top・ blown oxygen steel-making processReading comprehensions(textl)In a typical plant” deoxidized steel from an electric furnace is run into a ladle, transported to the casting bay and brought to rest above the concast machine. A stopper rod or a slide gate is used to con trol the flow of steel into a tun dish reservoir. Once a predetermi ned steel level is attai ned in the tun dish, no zzles are ope ned and the molten steel feeds the open・ended mould set in a frame with internal water-cooling. At the start-up, a dummy bar; constructed of chain links, is fitted into the mould bottom, and rests between the arc formed by the machine roller guides. The molten in the mould meets the dummy bar and freezes to it and at a certain level of steel in the mould two operations are immediately initiated; the mould unit begins to reciprocate in a vertical direction and the dummy bar is withdrawn through and dow n the machine. At the horiz on tai plane it is supported by a series of rollers which are grouped into segments for operation and maintenanee and are cooled down by water spraying.At the exit of the straightening unit a roll is lowered which separates the dummy bar from the length of cast steel. The dummy bar is either lifted to one side of the machine or hoisted on to the ramp above the machine・The strand of cast metal continued traveling along the discharge rollers to a gas torch cut- off station. At predetermined dimensions this torch will automatically cut the strand to required len gths. Once the start-up complete the con cast machi ne continues to cast secti ons in accordanee with the volume of metal fed from the steel furnaces.Since the 1960s, continu ous casti ng has steadily displaced in got casti ng. The types of continuous casting machines, their listing likewise reflecting the historical development of this technique, are: vertical, bending and straightening, circular bow, and oval bow. The evolution from one form to the next has been accompanied by a considerable reduction in overall height・Questions:1- When has continuous casting displaced ingot casting?A.About sixty years agoB・ One hundred years agoC.About fifty years agoD.Since the 19602.How many types of continuous casting machines are mentioned in this passage?A.twoB. threeC. fourD. several3.Whe n does the dummy bar begi n to withdraw the in got?A.Before the mould starts to reciprocateB.After the mould unit begins to reciprocateC.While the moulcl reciprocating in a vertical directionD.While the mould unit reciprocati ng in a horiz ontal directi on.4.Only the slide gate is used to control the flow of the steel into the tundish? Trueor false?A.trueB. falseC. not mentioned5.What were the first continuous casting machines for steel like?A.It is vertical typeB. it's bending and straighteningC. It's circular bow and oval bowD・ Not mentioned(text2)The raw materials for the production of iron in the blast furnace can be grouped as follows: iron-bearing materials, fuels and flexes. The major iron-bearing materials are iron ores, sinter and pellets in the blast furnace. Their function is to supply the element iron, which is 93 to 94 per cent of the pig iron produce.The fuels enter the blast furnace as coke, coal, oil or gas. They are used for producing the heat required for smelting, and reducing the iron oxides into metallic iron and carburizing the iron (about 40 to 50 kilograms per ton of iron). In addition, because the coke retains its strength at high temperature, it provides the structural support that keeps the unmelted burden materials from falling into the hearth・At present, some of the coke in the blast furnace is usually replaced by coal. The blast furnace can inject hard coal soft coal and mixed coal. BF pulverized coal injection can dramatically reduce coke rate and the dependency on increasing shortage of coke resource, so it is the most effective approach to reducing the iron-making cost and has become an important part in BF iron-making technology advances・Fluxes in elude limestone, dolomite and lime mainly, whose major functions are to combine with the ash in the coke and the acid gangue in the ores to make a fluid slag that can be drained readily from the furnace hearth・ The ratio of basic oxides to acid oxides must be controlled carefully to preserve the sulphur-holding power of the slag as the fluidity.1.How many kinds of raw materials are mentioned for the production of iron at theblast furnace?A.TwoB. ThreeC. Four D・ Five2.What's the function of the fluxes?A. Its function is to supply the element iron, which is 93 to 94 per cent of the pig ironproduce・B・ Its function is to produce the heat required for smelting, and reducing the iron oxides into metallic iron and carburizing the iron.C.Its function is to combine with the ash in the coke and the acid gangue in the oresto make a fluid slag.D.Not mentioned.3.What coals can be injected in the blast furnace?A.Coke can be injected in the blast furnaceB.Hard coal can be injected in the blast furnaceC.Both hard coal and soft coal can be injected in the blast furnaceD.Hard coak soft coal and mixed coal4.How many major iron- bearing materials are there in the blast furnace?A. Two B・ Three C. Four D. five5.What are the functions of the fuels?A.Its function is to produce the heat required for smelting, and reducing the ironoxides into metallic iron and carburizing the iron.B.Its function is to supply the element iron, which is 93 to 94 per cent of the pigiron produce.C・ Not mentionedD. Its function is to combine with the ash in the coke and the acid gangue in the oresto make a fluid slag・(tex ⑶Steels may be rolled hot or cold. Hot rolling is carried out at an elevated rolling-stock temperature, and cold-roili ng is performed without heati ng. Hot-rolling mills are generally divided into the following zones: furnace area (for heat supply prior to deformati on), rolli ng area, and finishing area. Rolli ng stocks will be homogeneously preheated to defined temperature by socking pits in the furnace area・ The rolling area completes the rolling process. Rolling trains are normally adapted to the products to be rolled・Hence, there are many very different types of trains, such as roughing trains, intermediate and finishing trains. The most important tasks of finishing shop are: cutting, straightening, surface, protection stacking and retrieving, inspection, checking, sorting, marking, collecting, bundling, packing. The sequenee and extent of these jobs will depend on the nature of the product.Cold-roili ng mills generally in elude the followi ng areas: pickli ng area, rolli ng train, heat treatment, and finishing area. Steel is cold rolled mainly for producing flat products such as deep-drawing sheet, tin sheet and stainless sheet・Sectional steel products and tubes are also cold rolled・ The most wide-spread process is the cold rolling of strip. Strip is cold rolled on two-high, four-high or multiple-roll mills. In order to eliminate work hardening after cold rolling, heat-treatment by annealing is frequently applied・ A combination of cold forming and heat treatment permits specified tech no logical properties to be obtai ned.The advantage of hot rolling is that it can be reduced in thickness much more easily. But the surface finish and accuracy are not so good as those obtainable by cold rolling. The most general use of hot rolling, therefore, is for breaking down large ingots; cold rolling is to make smooth and accurate thin sheets of metal. As cold steel is harder than hot steel, cold steel mills need harder rolls, and the power required for cold rolling is greater than that for hot rolling.I.What zones are hot-rolling mills generally divided in to?A.Pickling area, rolling train, heat treatment, and finishing areaB.Furnace area, rolling area, and finishing area.C.Two-high, four-high or multiple-roll mills.D.Cutting, straightening, surface, protect!on stacking and retrieving, inspection,checking, sorting, marking, collecting, bundling, packing・2.What are the principle duties of the finishing shop?A.Its duties are roughing trains, intermediate and finishing trains.B.Its duties are cutting, straightening, surface, protection stacking and retrieving,inspection, checking, sortin氐markin氐collecting, bundling, and packi ng.C・ Not mentioned.D. Its duties are cutting, straightening, surface, protection stacking, checking, sorting,collecting, bundling, and packing.3.How many zones do cold-rolling mills involve?A. FiveB. ThreeC. FourD. Six4.What is the disadvantage of hot rolling comparing with cold-rolling?A.The advantage of hot rolling is that it can be reduced in thickness much moreeasily.rge ingots can be break down much more easily・C.The hot-rolling does not well in the surface finish and accuracy.D・ Rolli ng stocks can be made smoothly much more easily.5.What are two main groups of rolled steel products?A.Flat products and sectional steel products.B.Tubes and wires.C.Not mentionedD・ Tin sheet and stainless sheet.(text4)Formerly, steel produced in the ref ini ng processes of the converter or electric-arc furnace was considered finished and ready to be cast and rolled. Nowadays, sec on dary refi ning is gen erally applied after the refi ning process ・ The purpose of sec on dary refi ning is to produce clea n steel, which satisfies stri ngent requirem ents of surface, in ter nal and microclea nlin ess quality and of mecha nical properties. The tasks of sec on dary refi ning are: degassi ng (decreasi ng the concentration of oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen in steel), decarburization, removing undesirable non-metallics (primarily oxides and sulphides), etc.Sec on dary refining processes have many methods. They are divided into two broad categories: secondary refining process in vacuum (vacuum treatment process) and secondary refining process in nonvacuum (nonvacuum treatment process). The corresponding techniques are: stirring gas treatment with porous lances, or with the aid of electromagnetic stirring; feeding・refining agent (lance injected solids, wire feeding); heating with cored wire and electric arc; vacuum degassing with the aid of various tech niques, etc. sec on dary refi ning processes can be carried out in the ladle, the ladle furnace, in some instances, even in the electric-arc furnace.1- What is the purpose of sec on dary refi ning?A.Its purpose is to produce clean steel, which satisfies stringent requirements of surface,in ter nal and microclea nlin ess quality and of mecha nical properties.B.Its purpose is degassing, decarburization, removing undesirable non-metallics(primarily oxides and sulphides), etc.C.Its purpose is decarburization and deoxidization.2.What are the tasks of sec on dary refi ning?A.The tasks of sec on dary refining are produci ng clean steel, which satisfies stringe ntrequirements of surface, in ter nal and microcleanli ness quality and of mechanical properties.B.The tasks of sec on dary refi ning are degassing decarburizati on, removi ngundesirable norvmetallics, etc.C・ The tasks of sec on dary refi ning are making high quality steel and gen erally applied after the refining process.3.How many methods of sec on dary refining are menti on ed?A. OneB. TwoC. ThreeD. Four4.Where can sec on dary refi ning processes be carried out?A. in the ladleB・ in the ladle furnaceC・ in some instances and the electric-arc furnaceD.Above all.5.Sec on dary refi ning is gen erally applied before the refi ning process, true or false?A. True B・ FalseTranslation(1) Today, there are two fun dam en tai routes take n in the production of steel (1) blastfurnace・■一con verter ;) (2) electric-arc furnace .In the first process via, thepurpose of reducing the iron ore in blast furnace is to produce pig iron as rawmaterial of steelmaking stage・ In the second route, scrap or direct reduced iron (DRI) is melted into liquid steel. The steel produced in these ways is then finish refi ned by mea ns of sec on dary metallurgy processes ・目前，有两种主要的炼钢流程:(1)高炉•转炉流程;(2)电炉流程。
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3.The molten iron is delivered to a series of refractory-lined hot metal cars for transportation to the steel plant.( )
4.The stove consists of several parts: the shell, the combustion chamber, the checker work, and control valves and lines that regulate and deliver the various gasses.( )
9.The electrodes melt the portion of the charge directly underneath and around them, and continue to bore through the metallic charge, forming a pool of molten metal on the hearth. ( )
fatigue strength
corrosion-resisting steel
electro-refining
electrolytic cell
Ⅲ. Fill in the blanks with the words. (10 points)
1.As early as 3,000 years ago,was serving as a basis of human culture and civilization.
(C) the cast-iron plow
(D) Charles Newbold s fortune
5.In melter gasifiers processes，the COREX process which are developed together by the Voest Alpine and German Korf has gone into production. ( )
6.Fluorspar is basically silicon fluoride with varying impurities, and sometimes contains lead. ( )
8.During tapping, thebath should have a temperature of 1,600 to1650℃.
9.The ladle is usually held by a teemingduring tapping to minimize exposure of the steam to air and minimize erosion of ladle refractory.
Test Paper (1)
Ⅰ.Translate the following expressions into English. (15 points)
钢铁工业
炉外精炼
烧结矿
炼铁原料
高炉车间
渣池
天然气
回转窑
废钢
转炉工艺
试样分析
不锈钢
普碳钢
感应炉
机械性能
Ⅱ. Translate the following expressions into Chinese. (15 points)
Passage 1
The agricultural revolution in the nineteenth century involved two things: the invention of labor-saving machinery and the development of scientific agriculture. Labor-saving machinery naturally appeared first where labor was scarce. "InEurope, said Thomas Jefferson, "the object is to make the most of their land, labor being abundant: here it is to make the most of our labor, land being abundant. It was in theUnited States, therefore, that the great advances in nineteenth-century agricultural machinery first came.
At the opening of the century, with the exception of a crude plow, farmers could have carried practically all of the existing agricultural implements on their backs; by 1860, most of the machinery in use today had been designed in an early form. The most important of the early inventions was the iron plow. As early as 1790 Charles Newbold ofNew Jerseyhad been working on the idea of a cast-iron plow and spent his entire fortune in introducing his invention. The farmers, however, were not interested in it, claiming that the iron poisoned the soil and made the weeds grow. Nevertheless, many people devoted their attention to the plow, until in 1869 James Oliver ofSouth Bend,Indiana, turned out the first chilled-steel plow.
(B) raise the price of
(C) exaggerate the worth of
(D) earn a living on
4. The word "it" in line 12 refers to
(A) scientific agriculture
(B) James Oliver s invention
4.Molten iron and slag produced in the blast furnace are removed and separated in the.
5.Normal operation utilizes three stoves such that one is always on, while the other two are on gas.
(A) unsurprisingly
(B) gradually
(C) apparently
(D) safely
3. The expression "make the most of" in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) get the best yield from
blast furnace
wrought iron
hematite
combustion chamber
direct reduction process
dressing plant
slag former
tramp element
tapping hole
die steel
continuous-casting system
6.The main components of the Midrex processes are the shaft furnace, the gas, and the cooling-gas system.
7.Manganese oxides can lower thepoint of basic slag and accelerate slag formation.
8.The combination of devices for top blowing of oxygen, including the lance, a standby lance, and lifting and transfer mechanisms, is rather complicated structure. ( )
Ⅳ.Decide whether the following statements are true or he first Bessemer converter was lined with carbon bricks. ( )
2.If the gangue contains mainly lime, the ore is “acid”; if silicon acid (SiO2) predominates, the ore is “basic”. ( )
(C) Machinery that contributed to the agricultural revolution