青岛大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试(卫生管理综合)试题

合集下载

考研《卫生事业管理》综合练习题

《卫生事业管理》综合练习题简答题1．卫生事业具有哪些特点？答：卫生事业具有的特点有：（1）卫生事业是增进居民健康、防治疾病、提高民族质量的服务性行业；（2）卫生事业的服务对象是整个人群；（3）卫生事业政策体现了社会和政府的责任；（4）卫生服务具有垄断性。

2．简述卫生事业管理常用的研究方法。

答：卫生事业管理常用的研究方法有：（1）实态性调查研究；（2）实验研究，卫生管理中常用的是类实验研究（或称自然实验研究）；（3）分析研究；（4）理论研究。

3．简述公共政策的特点。

答：公共政策的特点：（1）政治性；（2）价值选择性；（3）层次性；（4）阶段性；（5）功能多样性；（6）合法性；（7）权威性或强制性；（8）普遍性或公共性；（9）稳定性。

4．我国新时期的卫生工作方针是什么？答：我国新时期的卫生工作方针是：以农村为重点，预防为主，中西医并重，依靠科技与教育，动员全社会参与，为人民健康服务，为社会主义现代化建设服务。

5．当前我国农村卫生工作的重点是什么？答：当前我国农村卫生工作的重点是：（1）全面落实农村初级卫生保健工作；（2）改革卫生管理体制；（3）健全卫生服务网络；（4）推进乡镇卫生院改革；（5）提高卫生技术人员的素质；（6）加强药品供应与使用的管理；（7）实行多种形式的农民健康保障办法；（8）重视做好贫困地区和少数民族地区的卫生工作。

6．简述组织的含义及其具有的特点。

答：根据组织的概念，组织应当包括以下四个方面的重要含义，即职权、职责、负责和组织系统结构。

根据这些含义，组织具有以下特点：（1）组织必须有自己的共同目标，并把共同目标与个人目标紧密结合。

（2）组织同时也是实现自己目标的工具，没有工具就不可能达到预期的目标。

（3）为实现组织的目标，组织又必须包括不同层次的分工与合作。

有分工合作，就需要主管人员进行组织工作，即进行计划和协调。

7．简述组织工作的主要内容。

答：任何组织或单位为了实现自己的目标，都必须进行组织工作。

(NEW)青岛大学医学部《707卫生管理综合》历年考研真题汇编

目　录2009年青岛大学707卫生管理综合考研真题2010年青岛大学707卫生管理综合考研真题2011年青岛大学707卫生管理综合考研真题2012年青岛大学707卫生管理综合考研真题2013年青岛大学707卫生管理综合考研真题2014年青岛大学707卫生管理综合考研真题2015年青岛大学707卫生管理综合考研真题2016年青岛大学707卫生管理综合考研真题2017年青岛大学707卫生管理综合考研真题2009年青岛大学707卫生管理综合考研真题科目代码：707科目名称：卫生管理综合（共6页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效一、名词解释（每题5分，共50分）1．疾病经济负担2．绩效管理3．卫生政策4．DRGs5．筛查6．卫生服务需求7．区域卫生规划8．卫生人力资源9．医院感染管理10．首诊负责制二、填空题（每空1分，共50分）1．ISO9001八项质量管理原则为：以_____为关注焦点、_____、领导作用、_____、管理的系统方法、_____、基于事实的决策方法和与供方互利的关系。

2．PDCA循环是指计划、_____、_____、_____循环上升的过程。

3．医院管理的职能由_____、_____、控制与协调、指导与教育、_____与_____五个方面组成。

4．医疗质量的形成过程由三个层次构成，称为“三级质量结构”，即结构质量、_____和_____。

5．医院经营管理的原理一般有：以人为本原理、_____、能级性原理。

6．常见的风险管理战略有：_____、风险承担、_____、风险转移等。

7．医学教育的基本特征包括社会性、_____、权变性和_____。

8．医学教育终身模式包括_____、_____和继续医学教育三个阶段。

9．大学生常见自杀原因包括心理疾病、_____、_____、环境适应不良、_____等。

10．吸毒的三级预防中的一级预防主要是针对_____进行_____宣传教育，提高认识。

707卫生管理综合

青岛大学2009年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码：707 科目名称：卫生管理综合（共6页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效一、名词解释（每题5分，共50分）疾病经济负担绩效管理卫生政策DRGs筛查卫生服务需求区域卫生规划卫生人力资源医院感染管理首诊负责制二、填空题（每空1分，共50分）1、ISO9001八项质量管理原则为：以为关注焦点、、领导作用、、管理的系统方法、、基于事实的决策方法和与供方互利的关系。

2、PDCA循环是指计划、、、循环上升的过程。

3、医院管理的职能由、、控制与协调、指导与教育、与五个方面组成。

4、医疗质量的形成过程由三个层次构成，称为“三级质量结构”，即结构质量、和。

5、医院经营管理的原理一般有：以人为本原理、、能级性原理。

6、常见的风险管理战略有：、风险承担、、风险转移等。

7、医学教育的基本特征包括社会性、、权变性和。

8、医学教育终身模式包括、和继续医学教育三个阶段。

9、大学生常见自杀原因包括心理疾病、、、环境适应不良、等。

10、吸毒的三级预防中的一级预防主要是针对进行宣传教育，提高认识。

11、艾滋病病毒的传播途径有、和母婴传播。

12、建立风险预警体系需要遵循、、系统性原则和普遍性原则。

13、新的医学模式下，医疗卫生服务需要从单纯扩大到，从扩大到，从医院扩大到和，从单纯扩大到综合性的社会服务。

14、社会医学研究的内容包含：、影响人群健康的因素、社会卫生和。

15、影响人类健康的因素有、自然环境、、社会因素。

16、生命质量评价的基本内容包括、心理状态、社会功能状态、与、其它内容。

17、常用的定性研究方法有、、专题小组讨论法、。

18、问卷一般包括、指导语、及、编码等部分。

三、选择题（每题2分，共50分）1、质量管理发展大致分为四个阶段，目前处于（）。

A、传统质量管理阶段B、质量检验管理阶段C、统计质量管理阶段D、现代质量管理阶段2、全面质量管理所要求的“三全一多”不包括下列哪项（）。

青岛大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试试题

青岛大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试试题青岛大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码： 308 科目名称：护理综合（共21页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效一、单项选择题：（180分，每题1.5分）1.《中华人民共和国护士管理条例》颁布并施行于A.1985年B.1993年C.2008年D.2010年E.2012年2.系统理论中最基本的观点是A．层次性 B．相关性 C．整体性 D．动态性 E．静态性3.卡利什的人类基本需要层次论比马斯洛的人类基本需要层次论多了哪一个层次A.活动的需要B.刺激的需要C. 探索的需要D.性的需要E.操纵的需要4.心理防御机制按照心理成熟度可分为四类，不包括下列哪一项A.自恋防御机制B.不成熟防御机制C.补偿防御机制D.神经性防御机制E.成熟防御机制5.患者，男，45岁，因“腹痛、寒战、发热、伴黄疸3天”入院，诊断为“胆总管结石伴急性化脓性胆管炎”，以下属于主观资料的是A.体温39.5℃B.全身皮肤黏膜黄染C.急性病容D.右上腹疼痛反复发作3天E.呼吸30次/分6.按照Roy的适应模式，二级评估是指A.行为评估B.刺激评估C.环境评估D.护理干预评估E.预期目标评估7.李某，男，39岁。

晚饭后散步时遇车祸，送医院行急诊手术，手术中出现胃内容物反流，窒息，经抢救无效死亡。

请问医院应为李某的死亡负何种责任A.应负刑事责任B.应负民事责任C.应负行政责任D.该情况不属于医疗事故，无需负责E.应负刑事责任、民事责任和行政责任8.护士进行护理评估时所收集的资料最主要来源于A.文献资料B.患者的家属C.与患者关系密切的人员D.其他医务人员E.患者9.李先生，55岁，脑血管意外，长期卧床，无自理能力，根据奥瑞姆的自理模式，这时护士提供的护理应属于何种补偿系统A．全补偿系统 B．部分补偿系统 C．支持系统D．教育系统 E．辅助系统10.下列关于产生文化休克的原因，错误的是A.沟通交流障碍B.日常生活活动差异C.孤独D.态度和信仰的差异E.风俗习惯相近11.下列关于压力理论的描述，正确的是A.日常生活中的压力都会损害人的身体健康B.压力是包括刺激、认知评价及反应的三个环节的动态过程C.压力与多种疾病都有关系，应积极避免一切压力D.只要有压力源就会产生压力E.压力源的作用是消极的12.正性人际关系的心理距离分为四个等级，行为表现为能主动向对方提供帮助,但是有回报的期望，属于A.亲密距离B.私人距离C.社交距离D.家人距离E.公共距离13.符合患者休养要求的环境是A.中暑患者，病室保持在30℃B.气管切开患者，室内相对湿度40%左右C.儿科患者，室内温度宜23℃左右D.产科病房，应保温，不可开窗E.老年患者，室内温度宜18℃左右14.为高血压患者测量血压时，正确的做法是A.放气时听到最强音时汞柱所指的刻度即为收缩压B.若采取坐位测量，手臂应平第6肋间C.缓慢放气，速度6mmHg/sD.听到搏动音突然变弱或消失时汞柱所指刻度即为舒张压E.听到舒张压后保持放气速度，直到汞柱回到零位15.胆囊B超检查前一日晚餐应给予A.高脂肪、高蛋白饮食B.高热量、高蛋白饮食C.高热量、低蛋白饮食D.无脂肪、低蛋白饮食E.低蛋白、低糖饮食16.患者，4岁，女童，入院诊断为“水痘”。

青岛大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试试题

青岛大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码： 353 科目名称：卫生综合（共 5 页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效。

一、名词解释（每题4分，共64分）1.限制氨基酸2.GI3.RNI4.食物中毒5.暴发6.归因危险度7.筛检8.感染性腹泻9.职业紧张10.刺激性气体11.高温作业12.噪声13.水俣病14.剂量-反应关系15.细颗粒物16.水体富营养化二、填空题（将正确答案填入空格中，每空1.5分，共48分）1. 维生素A缺乏最早的症状是；儿童维生素A缺乏最重要的临床诊断体征是。

2. 食品中水分以水和水两种形式存在。

微生物在食品上生长繁殖，能利用的是水。

3. 常用评价油脂酸败的卫生学评价指标有、过氧化值、、。

4. 在疾病频率的测量指标中，关于患病频率的测量指标有和。

5. 疾病的分布中，描述人群分布的最主要特征是。

6. 结局事件的发生率的计算是队列研究资料分析的关键，根据观察资料的特点，可以计算以下不同的指标、和。

7. 为提高筛检收益，尽可能多地从人群中发现无症状病人，可以选择高危人群进行筛检，此外，还可以通过和方法增加筛检的收益。

8.体力劳动中肌肉的供能系统有_____________、_____________、_____________。

9.硫化氢气体是无色、有_____________味的可燃气体。

10.生产环境中的苯主要通过_____________进入机体，其靶器官为_____________含量高的组织。

11.造成大气污染的氮氧化物主要为_________ ____、_____ ________。

12.根据化学污染物进入环境后其理化性质是否改变，可将污染物分为________ __和____________, 后者的典型代表如光化学烟雾。

13.环境与健康关系的研究方法主要包括_______________和______________。

14.公共场所的卫生学特点主要是：______________ ____ _____、设备及物品易被污染、___________________________以及__________________________。

青岛大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试试题

青岛大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试试题青岛大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码： 899 科目名称：工程热力学（共5页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效一、选择题（每题3分，共30分）1、理想气体绝热节流后（）。

A 压力下降，温度不变，熵增大B 压力下降，温度降低，熵不变C 压力不变，温度不定，熵增大D 压力下降，温度降低，熵增大2、q = C V △T +21pdv 只适用于（）。

A 理想气体可逆过程。

B 任何工质可逆过程。

C 理想气体一切热力过程D 任何工质一切热力过程3、某制冷机在热源T1= 300 K ，及冷源T2= 250K 之间工作，其制冷量为1000 KJ ，消耗功为250 KJ ，此制冷机是（）。

A 可逆的B 不可逆的C 不可能的D 可逆或不可逆的4、对一定大小气缸的活塞式压气机，因余隙容积的存在（）。

A 使压缩每公斤气体的理论耗功增大，压气机生产量下降B 使压缩每公斤气体的理论耗功增大，压气机生产量不变C 使压缩每公斤气体的理论耗功不变，实际耗功增大，压气机生产量下降D 使压缩每公斤气体的理论耗功不变，实际耗功增大，压气机生产量不变5、在可逆过程中，若闭口系统的熵增加，则该系统必（）。

A 放热B 吸热C 绝热D 不定6、抽气回热循环改善了朗肯循环，其根本原因在于（）。

A 每公斤水蒸汽的作功量增加了B 排气的热能得到了充分利用C 水蒸汽的平均吸热温度提高了D 水蒸汽的放热温度降低了7、压力为1MPa 的空气流入0.7MPa 的环境中，为使其在喷管中充分膨胀，宜采用（）。

A 渐缩喷管B 渐扩喷管C 直管D 缩放喷管8、以下关系式哪个正确（）。

A ??? ??????? ????=-v p T v c c T p vp T B ??? ???????? ????=-T p p c c vT v p T v C ??? ??????? ????=-T p T v c c vp v p T 9、初态相同的水蒸汽通过喷管膨胀到相同压力的湿蒸汽，一为可逆过程，一为不可逆过程，则有（）。

(NEW)青岛大学医学部《707卫生管理综合》历年考研真题汇编

2．PDCA循环是指计划、_____、_____、_____循环上升的过程。

3．医院管理的职能由_____、_____、控制与协调、指导与教育、_____与_____五个方面组成。

4．医疗质量的形成过程由三个层次构成，称为“三级质量结构”，即结构质量、_____和_____。

5．医院经营管理的原理一般有：以人为本原理、_____、能级性原理。

6．常见的风险管理战略有：_____、风险承担、_____、风险转移等。

7．医学教育的基本特征包括社会性、_____、权变性和_____。

8．医学教育终身模式包括_____、_____和继续医学教育三个阶段。

9．大学生常见自杀原因包括心理疾病、_____、_____、环境适应不良、_____等。

10．吸毒的三级预防中的一级预防主要是针对_____进行_____宣传教育，提高认识。

青岛大学2015年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题考试科目：707卫生管理综合

青岛大学2015年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码： 707 科目名称：卫生管理综合（共6页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效一、名词解释（每题5分，共50分）1．卫生政策2．卫生系统健康治理3．系统管理4．卫生组织5．激励6．医院感染管理7．医院质量管理8．绩效评价9．DALY10．基本医疗保险二、填空题（每空1分，共50分）1．医院是运用医学科学和技术，对病人、特定人群或健康人群提供、预防、和康复等服务的场所，备有一定数量的病床、和必要的设备，通过医务人员的集体协作，以达到的目的。

2．医院财务管理的原则有资金合理配置原则、、成本经济效益原则、。

3．医院财务分析的方法有：、、医疗支出、费用专题分析和综合分析。

4．医疗服务质量管理常用的方法有、排列图、分层图、、控制图、标杆对比、临床路径。

5．Clinical Pathway实施过程中应进行效果评价，评价的指标包括工作效率、医疗质量、服务成本、、、并发症发生率等。

6．护理管理是为了提高人们的健康水平，系统地利用护士和相关人员的潜在能力、设备、环境和社会活动过程。

护理管理大致可分为三个主要方面：护理行政管理、、护理教育管理。

7．全面质量管理的基本指导思想：强调质量第一、用户至上；一切以预防为主；；突出人的积极因素；按办事。

8．我国的卫生事业是政府实行一定福利政策的。

9．科学管理理论的代表人物是。

10．目前，管理学界普遍接受的管理的基本职能为、组织、控制、、领导。

11．卫生管理研究的选题原则：重要性、科学性、、创新性。

12．根据医疗机构所得收益的分配情况，可将医疗机构分为和医疗机构。

13．卫生部1998年颁布的将医院按照和区域功能定位进行分级划等。

14．卫生筹资包括和。

15．卫生资源配置的方式主要有两种：和。

16．卫生人力资源的特点包括：时效性、能动性、社会性、开发过程的连续性和。

17．根据2000年的《世界卫生报告》，卫生系统职能可以分为四种：规制、、服务提供和。

2014-2017年青岛大学考研试题 707卫生管理综合

青岛大学2014年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码： 707 科目名称：卫生管理综合（共7页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效一、名词解释（每题5分，共50分）1.基本药物2.投资回收期3.健康保障4.医疗保险的道德损害5.疾病负担6.健康管理7.零基预算8.现场定量研究9.成本效果分析10.卫生服务需要二、选择题（每题2分，共50分）1．下面哪句话正确？（）A.卫生服务利用直接反映卫生系统对人群健康状况的影响B.卫生服务利用间接描述卫生系统为人群提供卫生服务的数量C.卫生服务利用间接反映卫生系统通过卫生服务对居民健康状况的影响D.卫生服务利用直接反映卫生系统通过卫生服务对居民健康状况的影响2.卫生事业费占GDP的百分比是反映（）的指标。

A.卫生筹资水平B.国家对卫生事业的投入C.国家财政投入D.卫生发展水平3.根据区域卫生规划的原则，县级医疗机构承担（）。

A.常见病和多发病的诊疗B.常见病、一般疑难性疾病的诊疗C.多发病、一般疑难性疾病的诊疗D.基本医疗服务所界定的疾病的诊疗4.作为组织生存和发展的灵魂是（）。

A.组织的技术问题B.组织的管理者问题C.组织的目标价值问题D.组织的社会责任问题5.计算生命质量年属于（）。

A.成本——效果分析B.成本——效益分析C.成本——效用分析D.收支平衡分析6.下面哪个不是卫生服务供给的特点（）。

A.及时性B.外部性C.排他性D.垄断性7.下面哪项不是价格的作用（）A.传递信息B.激励C.收入分配D.促进社会公平与效率8.近年来，随着经济的发展可能带来的健康问题有（）A.营养不良、心理障碍、精神阴郁B.传染病、车祸、心理紧张C.慢性非传染性疾病、心理紧张、环境污染D.新型传染病、心理紧张、贫血9.以下不属于古典管理理论的是（）。

A.科学管理理论B.一般管理理论C.人际关系理论D.古典组织理论10.管理学的发展趋势不包括以下（）。

A.战略化趋势B.信息化趋势C.人性化趋势D.公平化趋势11.关于社区卫生服务中心的表述，不正确的是（）。

青岛大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题考试科目：855行政管理学

青岛大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试试题
科目代码： 855 科目名称：行政管理学（共1页）
请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效
一、名词解释（共40分，每小题8分）
1、政党
2、政治参与
3、政府绩效管理
4、行政法治
5、平衡计分卡法
二、简答题（共60分，每小题12分）
1、政治权力的特性
2、公共选择分析
3、人民主权理论
4、政策过程的划分阶段
5、行政人员伦理其本质特征
三、论述题（共50分，每小题25分）
1、中国行政改革的经验、目标与主要任务
2、中共中央十八届三中全会首次在中央文件中提出“推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化”。

请问治理的内涵，治理与统治的区别在哪里；并谈谈你对国家治理体系与治理能力现代化的认识与理解。

1。

青岛大学卫生综合2009-2017年考研初试真题

青岛大学2017年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码：353科目名称：卫生综合（共5页）
请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效一、名词解释（每题4分，共64分）
1．特异危险度
2．PYLL
3．病因链
4．流行
5.环境质量评价
6.健康效应谱
7.迁移
8.PM
2.5
9.益生元
10.抗生酮作用
11.EFA
12.DRIs
13.职业工效学
14.作业能力
15.疲劳
16.化学性窒息性气体
二、填空题（将正确答案填入空格中，每空1.5分，共48分）
1．常见的病例对照研究的衍生类型
有、、、和。

2．流行病学任务的第一阶段的任务是：，第二阶段为：，第三阶段是：。

3.环境卫生学研究做采用的主要手段是环境___________学和环境___________学。

4.光化学烟雾事件最早出现在美国的___________，其指示剂是___________，占光化学烟雾的90%以上，主要有汽车尾气中的___________和挥发性有机物在阳光作用下形成。

5.在评价室内空气质量指标中，最常用的细菌学指标是___________。

1。

青岛大学卫生综合2009--2015年考研专业课初试真题

青岛大学2015年硕士研究生入学考试试题
科目代码： 353 科目名称卫生综合（共4页）
请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效
一、名词解释：（每题4分，共60分）
1.氨基酸模式
2.INQ（营养质量指数）
3.生物价（BV）
4.乳糖不耐受
5.抗性淀粉
6.抽样调查
7.cohort study
8.一级预防
9.循证医学
10.时间加权平均容许浓度
11.刺激性气体
12.生态系统服务
13.环境质量评价
14.生物放大作用
15.持久性有机污染物
二、填空题：（将正确答案填入空格中，每题1.5分，共45分）
1.由尿排出的氮包括和。

2.寡糖是由个单糖构成的一类小分子多糖。

3.畜禽肉中的铁以的形式存在，是膳食铁的良好来源。

4.婴儿必需氨基酸除了成人所需的八种必需氨基酸以外，还有。

.
谷类食品中第一限制氨基酸是，豆类中的第一限制氨基酸是。

5.肉制品加工常用护色剂：和。

6.流行病学研究对象的三个层次是指、和。

7.疾病年龄分布的分析方法有和两种。

1。

青岛大学基础英语2016年考研真题考研试题硕士研究生入学考试试题

青岛大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码：642 科目名称：基础英语(共10页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效PART I SENTENCE COMPLETION (20 points)Choose the word or the set of words that, when inserted in the sentence, best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.1.Environmental groups want more passenger and freight traffic ______ off the road and onto trains.A. movedB. moveC. moving D being moving2. It was the consensus of the party ______ its candidates could easily win the election.A. whenB. thatC. howD. where3. Hydrogen is the ______element of the universe in that it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced.A. steadiestB. expendableC. lightestD. fundamental4. The paradoxical aspect of the myths about Demeter, when we consider the predominant image of her as a tranquil and serene goddess, is her ___ search for her daughter.A. extendedB. agitatedC. franticD. comprehensive5 Criticism and self-criticism is necessary ____ it helps us to correct our mistakes.A. such thatB. with thatC. so thatD. in that6. The significance of the Magna Carta lies not in its _____ provisions, but in its broader impact: it made the king subject to the law.A. revolutionaryB. specificC. implicitD. controversial7. Democratic Massachusetts Senate candidate, Elizabeth Warrens, self- proclaimed Native American ______ is in question tonight.A. nominationB. cultural insightC. ancestryD. cultural tradition8. Under the guidance of their instructors, the students are building a model boat ____ by steam.A. towedB. pressedC. tossedD. propelled.9.Researchers _____ that genes may determine the strength of the immune system, which could help explain how an infectious disease could have a hereditary link.A. conformB. evaluateC. estimateD. resurrect10. Despite the fact that the book promises a complete rethinking of the factorscontributing to the conflict, the picture that the book paints is ____: the causes it suggests are more orthodox that ____.A. unique; innovativeB. commonplace; imitativeC. controversial, radicalD. familiar; revisionist11. The constitution of the State required that property should be _____ for taxation atits market value.A. estimatedB. appraisedC. evaluatedD. valued.12. From that year on, there was a ____ race between tabloid newspapers as to whocould get their hands on the Christmas cards of the royal family first.A. crazyB. frenziedC. desperateD. terrible.13. Advances in health care have lengthened life spans, lowered infant mortalityrates, and thus ________ the overpopulation problem.A. eliminatedB. aggravatedC. minimizedD. distorted14. If those large publishers that respond solely to popular literary trends continue todominate the publishing market, the initial publication of new writers will depend on the writer’s willingn ess to________ popular tastes.A. struggle againstB. cater toC. admireD. flout15. Psychologists have done extensive studies on how well patients _______ withdoctors’ orders.A. complyB. correspondC. interfereD. interact16. D espite the ______ of the materials with which he worked, many of Tiffany’sGlass masterpieces have survived for more than seventy years.A. beautyB. abundanceC. majestyD. fragility17. Her is always a source of irritation: she never uses a single word when shecan substitute a long clause or phrase in its place.A. verbosityB. simplicityC. CogencyD. rhetoric18. A leading philosopher of our time, Ludwig Wittgenstein, laid down a ________ towhich good hist orians ________ : “Of that of which nothing is known nothing can be said."A. burden...protestB. law...amendC. rule...adhereD. maxim...succumb19. After reading numbers of biographies recounting dysfunctions and disasters, failedmarriages and failed careers, Joyce Carol Oates ________ a word to ________ the genre: pathography, the story of diseased lives.A. invented......curtailB. reiterated...criticizeC. hypothesized...indictD. coined...describe20. The United States must assess how, and to what extent these TA issues will_____WTO agreements, world trade, market competitiveness.A. step intoB. impinge onC. cross ontoD. nose intoII PROOF READING AND ERROR CORRECTION (10 Points) The following passage contains TEN errors. Each line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way.For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “∧” sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word cross out the unnecessary word with a slash “/”and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.It is natural to feel uncomfortable in a languageclass. You are used to being in class where the modeof communication -- the language of instruction -- isgiving. In a language course, however, it is the 1. __________mode of communication itself which is the focus of 2.___________ instruction. For this reason, a language course isdifferent from most other courses you will ever take. Notunderstanding and making mistakes -- things that arepositive learning indicates in other courses-- are a 3._________very natural part of the language learning processes.Accept the fact that you will not understand anything. 4._________In fact, at the very beginning, you will not understandmost at all. 5._________ Remember that during the initial period of adaptation,your ear and mind are adjusting with the 6.__________sounds and the rhythm of the language. Though youwill not understand all of that is being said, you willnot understand all of that is being said, you will 7. __________be amazed at your increasing ability to make sense ofthe language. Remember that the only way to learnthe language is through practice, practice and morepractice; in the course of practicing you will makemany errors... and you will learn them. 8.___________Research shows that language students learnmore effectively and retain more when they studyfrequently and for shorter periods of time than if theystudy infrequently for extended periods of time. Tryto study each day, and when possible, several times 9.___________a day. This means, for an instance, doing a few 10.___________homework exercises each day rather than doing allhomework assignments the night before they are due.PART III READING COMPREHENSION (30 Points)In this section there are three reading passages followed by a total of fifteen multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then write your answers on your answer sheet.Passage 1Daylight saving time (DST) is the convention of advancing clocks so that afternoons have more daylight and mornings have less. Typically clocks are adjusted forward one hour near the start of spring and are adjusted backward in autumn.Modern DST was first proposed in 1907 by William Willett. Many countries have used it since then; details vary by location and change occasionally.Generally agreement about the day's layout confers so many advantages that a standard DST schedule usually outranks efforts to get up earlier, even for people who personally dislike DST schedule. The practice is mixed blessing, however.For instance, retailers, sporting goods makers, and other businesses benefit from extra afternoon sunlight, as it induces customers to shop and to participate in outdoor afternoon sports. As the 1984 Fortune magazine estimated that a seven-week extension of DST would yield an additional $30 million for 7-Eleven stores, and the National Golf Foundation estimated the extension would increase golf industry revenues $200 million to $300 million. Conversely, DST can adversely affect framers and others whose hours are set by the sun. For example, grain harvesting is best done after dew evaporates, so when field hands arrive and leave earlier in summer their labor is less valuable. DST also hurts prime-time broadcast rating s and drive-in and other theaters.Clock shifts correlates with decreased economic efficiency. In 2000 the daylight-saving effect implied an estimated one-day loss of $31 billion on US stock exchanges. Clock shifts and DST rule changes have a direct economic cost, since they entail extra work to support remote meeting, computer applications and the like. For example, a 2007 North American rule change cost an estimated $500 million to $ 1 billion.Extra afternoon daylight is said to reduce traffic fatalities. In 1975 the US DOT conservatively identified a 0.7% reduction in traffic fatalities during DST, and estimated the real reduction to be 1.5% to 2%, but the 1976 NBS review of the DOT study found no differences in traffic fatalities. In 1995 the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety estimated a reduction of 1.2%, including a 5% reduction in crashes fatal to pedestrians. Others have found similar reductions. Single/Double Summer Time (SDST), a variant where clocks are one hours ahead of the sun in winter and two in summer, has been projected to reduce traffic fatalities by 3% to 4% in the UK, compared to ordinary DST. A correlation between clock shifts and accidents has been observed in North America but not in Sweden. If this effect exists, it is far smaller than the overall reduction in fatalities.However, the effect of DST on crime is less clear. In the 1970s the US Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) found a reduction of 10% to 13% in Washington, D.C.'s violent crime and found crime reductions only in one and only in some crime categories；the DOT decided it was "impossible to conclude with any confidence that comparable benefits would be found nationwide". Outdoor lighting has a marginal and sometimes even contradictory influence on crime and fear of crime.DST also has mixed effects on health. In societies with fixed work schedules it provides more afternoon sunlight or outdoor exercise. It alters sunlight exposure；whether this is beneficial depends on one's location and daily schedule, as sunlight triggers vitamin D synthesis in the skin, but overexposure can lead to skin cancer. Sunlight strongly influences seasonal affective disorder. DST may help in depressionby causing individuals to rise earlier, but some argue that reverse. The Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation Fighting Blindness, chaired by blind sports magnate Gordon Gund, successfully lobbied in 1985 and 2005 for US DST extensions , but DST can hurt night blindness sufferers.Clock shifts disrupt sleep and reduce its efficiency. Effects on seasonal adaptation of the circadian rhythm can be severe and last for weeks. The government of Kazakhstan cited health complications due to clock shifts as a reason for abolishing DST in 2005.Although the DST increases opportunities for outdoor leisure activities during afternoon sunlight hours, obviously it does nor change the length of the day; the longer days nearer the summer solstice in high latitudes merely offer more room to shift apparent daylight from morning to evening. And the DST is commonly not observed during most of winter, because its mornings are darker: workers may have no sunlit leisure time, and children may need to leave for school in the dark.1. According to the passage, the DSTA. offers one more hour in the afternoon both in the seasons of summer and winter.B. causes people to get up one hour earlier in summer but not in wither.C. adjusts the time of people's activity arrangement to make full use of the daytime.D. causes people to end the activities in the morning one hour later in wither.2.Which of the following businesses may NOT benefit from the DST?A. building tradeB. open-air recreation industryC. outdoor sports businessD. computer-based services3. What is the role of the third paragraph in the developing of the topic?A. To show the advantages and disadvantages of the adaptation of DST.B. To provide supporting evidence for the preceding paragraph.C. To emphasize how the adoption of DST affect certain other businesses.D. To illustrate that the agreement of the day's layout is not always beneficial.4. According to the effects of DST on various aspects, we can conclude thatA. the practice of DST is obviously controversial.B. the practice of DST is not scientific enough.C. the advantages of DST exceed the disadvantages.D. the results caused by the DST are rather unsatisfactory.5 What kind of writing does the passage belong to?A. PersuasionB. DescriptionC. ExpositoryD. Narration. Passage 2It is nothing new that English use is on the rise around the world especially in business circles. This also happens in France, the headquarters of the global battle against American cultural hegemony. If French guys are giving in to English, something really big must be going on. And something big is going on.. Partly, it's that American hegemony Didier. Benchimol, CEO of a French ecommerce software company, feels compelled to speak English perfectly because the Internet software business is dominated by Americans. He and other Frenchbusinessmen also have to speak English because they want to get their message out to American investors, possessors of the world's deepest pockets.The triumph of English in France and elsewhere in Europe, however, may rest on something more enduring. As they become entwined with each other politically and economically. Europeans need a way to talk to one another and to the rest of the world. And for a number of reasons, they've decided upon English as their common tongue. So when German chemical and pharmaceutical Hoechst merged with French competitor Rhone-Poulenc last year, the companies chose the vague Latinate Aventis as the new company name-- and settled on English as the company's common language. When monetary policymakers from around the Europe began meeting at the European Central Bank in Frankfurt last year to set interest rates for the new Euroland, they held their deliberations in English. Even the European Commission, with 11 official languages and a traditionally French-speaking bureaucracy, effectively switched over to English as its working language last year.How did this happen? One school attributes English's great success to the sheer weight of its merit. It's a Germanic language, brought to Britain around the fifth century A. D. During the four centuries of French-speaking rule that followed Norman Conquest of 1066, the language morphed into something else entirely. French words were added wholesale, and most of the complications of Germanic grammar were shed while few of the complications of French added. The result is a language with a huge vocabulary and a simple grammar that can express most things more efficiently than either of its parents. What's more, English has remained ungoverned and open to change -- foreign words, coinages, and grammatical shifts-- in a way that French, ruled by the purist Academic Francaise, has not.So it's a swell language, especially for business. But the rise of English over the past few centuries clearly owes at least as much to history and economics as to the language's ability to economically express the concept win-win. What happened is that the competition--first Latin, then French, then, briefly, German--faded with the waning of the political, economic, and military fortunes of , respectively, the Catholic Church, France, and Germany. All along, English was increasing in importance: Britain was the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution, and London the world's most important financial centre, which made English a key language business. England's colonies around the world also made it the language with the most global reach. And as that former colony the US rose to the status of the world's preeminent political, economic, military, and cultural power, English became the obvious second language to learn.In the 1990s more and more European found themselves forced to use English. The last generation of business and government leaders of business and government leaders who hadn't studied English in school was leaving the stage. The European Community was adding new members and evolving from a paper-shuffling club into a serious regional government that would need a single common language if it were ever to get anything done. Meanwhile, economic barriers between European nations have been disappearing, meaning that more and more companies are beginning to look at the whole continent as their domestic market. And then theInternet came along.The Net had two big impacts. One was that it was an exciting, potentially lucrative new industry that had its roots in the US, so if you wanted to get in on it, you had to speak some English. The other was that by surfing the Web, Europeans who had previously encountered English only at school and in pop songs were now coming into contact with it daily.None of this means English has taken over European life. According to the European Union, 47% of Western Europeans ( including the British and Irish) speak English well enough to carry on a conversation. That's a lot more than those who can speak German (32%) or French (28%), but it still means more Europeans don't speak the language. If you want to sell shampoo or cell phones, you have to do it in French or German or Spanish or Greek. Even the US, and British media companies that stand to benefit most from the spread of English have been hedging their bets -- CNN broadcasts in Spanish, the Financial Times has recently launched a daily German-language edition.Bust just look at who speaks English: 77% of Western European college students ,69% of managers, and 65% of those aged 15-24. In secondary schools of the European Union's non-English-speaking countries, 91% of students study English, all of which means that the transition to English as the language of European business hasn't been all that traumatic, and it's only going to get easier in the future.6. In the author's opinion, what really underlines the rising status of English in France and Europe isA. American dominance in the Internet software business.B. a practical need for effective communication among Europeans.C. European's eagerness to do business with American businessmen.D. the recent trend for foreign companies to merge with each other.7. French lost its dominant status as an international language forA. religious reasonsB. political reasonsC. economic reasonsD. military reasons.8. The author uses the example of CNN broadcasting in Spanish to show thatA. CNN benefits a lot from the spread of English.B. more people speak English than any other language in Europe.C. CNN regards Spanish as a language more important than English.D. the media cannot afford to ignore the larger number of non-English speakers.9. Which of the following statements forecasts the continuous rise of English in the future?A. About half of Western Europeans are now proficient in English.B. Us and British media companies are operating in Western Europe.C. Most secondary school students in Europe study English.D. Most Europeans continue to use their own language.10. The passage mainly examines the factors related toA. the rising status of the English in Europe.B. English learning in non-English-speaking EU nations.C. the preference for English by European businessmen.D. the switch from French to English in the European Commission.Passage 3Thomas Hardy’s impulses as a writer, all of which he indulged in his novels, were numerous and divergent, and they did not always work together in harmony. Hardy was to some degree interested in exploring his characters’ psychologies, though impelled less by curiosity than by sympathy. Occasionally he felt the impulse to comedy ( in all its detached coldness) as well as the impulse to farce, but he was more often inclined to see tragedy and record it. He was also inclined to literary realism in the several senses of that phrase. He wanted to describe ordinary human beings; he wanted to speculate on their dilemmas rationally ( and, unfortunately, even schematically); and he wanted to record precisely the material universe. Finally, he wanted to be more than a realist. He wanted to transcend what he considered to be the banality of solely recording things exactly and to express as well his awareness of the occult and the strange.In his novels these various impulses were sacrificed to each other inevitably and often. Inevitably, because Hardy did not care in the way those novelists such as Flaubert or James cared, and therefore took paths of least resistance. Thus, one impulse often surrendered to a fresher one and, unfortunately, instead of exacting a compromise, simply disappeared. A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give way abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower. In this instance, the new impulse was at least an energetic one, and thus its indulgence did not result in a relaxed style. But on other occasions Hardy abandoned a perilous, risky, and highly energizing impulse in favor of a relaxing impulse was indulged, the style--- that sure index of an author’s literary worth--- was certain to become verbose. Hardy’s weakness derived from his unw illingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones. He submitted to first one and then another, and the spirit blew where it listed; hence the unevenness of any one of his novels. His most controlled novel, Under the Greenwood Tree, prominently exhibits two different but reconcilable impulses--- a desire to be a realist-historian and a desire to be psychologist of love—but the slight interlockings of plot are not enough to bind the two completely together. Thus even this book splits into distinct parts.11. Which of the following is the most appropriate title for the passage, based on itscontent?A. Under the Greenwood Tree: Hardy’s Ambiguous TriumphB. The Real and the Strange: The Novelist’s Shifting RealmsC. Energy Versus Repo se: The role of: Ordinary People in Hardy’s FictionD. Hardy’s Novelistic Impulses: The Problem of Control12. The passage suggests that the author would be most likely to agree with which ofthe following statements about literary realisms?A. Literary realism is most concerned with exploration of the internal lives ofordinary human beings.B. The term” literary realism” is susceptible to more than a single definition.C. Literary realism and an interest in psychology are likely to be odds in anovelist’s work.D. “Literary realism” is the term most often used by critics in describing themethod of Hardy’s novels.13. The author of the passage considers a writer’s style to beA. a reliable means by which to measure the writer’s lite rary merit.B. Most apparent in those parts of the writer’s work that are not realistic.C. Problematic when the writer attempts to follow perilous or risky impulses.D. shaped primarily by the writer’s desire to classify and schematize.14. The passage supplies information to suggest that its author would be most likelyto agree with which of the following statements about the novelists Flaubert and James?A. They indulged more impulse in their novels than did Hardy in his novels.B. They have elicited a greater degree of favorable response from most literaryCritics than has Hardy.C. In the writing of their novels, they often took pains to effect a compromiseamong their various novelistic impulses.D. Regarding novelistic construction, they cared more about the opinions of othernovelists than about the opinions of ordinary readers.15. Which of the following statements about the use of comedy in Hardy’s novels isbest supported by the passage?A. Hardy’s use of comedy in his novels tended to weaken his literary style.B. Hardy’s use of comedy in his novels was inspired by his natural sympathy.C. Comedy appeared less frequently in Hardy’s novels than did tragedy.D. Comedy played an important role in Hardy’s novels though t hat comedy wasusually in the form of farce.PART IV TRANSLATION FROM ENGLISH INTO CHINESE (50 Points) Running a company with a friend is a surefire way to end a friendship. When I first had the idea for Okta, I briefly considered bringing on one of my close friends from , but I knew that when we ran into issues —if we couldn’t raise funding, if we disagreed on how to build the product, or most importantly, if we foresaw different futures for the company — the pressure would be too much for us to withstand. On the other hand, if things went well, our friendship would evolve into an entirely professional relationship.Frederic and I started as business partners, and because of that we’re able to approach issues and important decisions with fewer emotions. For example, when we raised our first round of funding, we had to pick between two attractive offers —looking back, it was one of those “every decision is a good decision” situation, but realistically, we knew it would have a huge impact on the future of the company and we could feel the pressure. Instead of feeding off each other’s emotions, we looked at the offers rationally and based our decision on hours of thoughtful deliberations. Thatdynamic wouldn’t be the same among good friends.Make sure you complement each otherThe most successful business partners come to the table with varying yet complementary talents, perspectives and experiences. Frederic and I have plenty in common. We share a -heavy network, engineering degrees, experience as competitive athletes and supportive spouses, and we’re both keenly focused on satisfying our customers.Our areas of expertise — his in sales, operations and marketing and mine in product — cover different grounds, and our personalities are mismatched in a necessary way. Frederic’s extroverted and optimistic, whereas I’m naturally more introverted and stoic. Back when we were first fundraising (before we had those two attractive offers), I woke up everyday worried we would never be able to raise money and it was Frederic who always got me to calm down and keep moving forward; we balance each other out.Foster your relationshipNowadays, Frederic and I spend a significant amount of time together and we put a lot of work into maintaining our relationship – almost like a married couple. We have a Monday routine where we meet up for breakfast and discuss what we did with our families that weekend before transitioning into priorities for the days ahead. Outside of breakfast, we’re in almost constant communication. Because of that, I’ve actually learned a lot from Frederic about communicating. More communication is always, better, and understanding the intentions of the person on the other side is half the battle.I tell aspiring founders to look for someone you respect and want to learn from; someone you’ll be comfortable talking to about difficult decisions and frustrating finances; someone you’ll want to invite to family barbeques, but also understand when they can’t make it. Your bus iness partner be a huge part of your life and although it’s crucial you don’t start as friends, you should embrace the companionship that naturally should come with founding a company together.PART V WRITING (40 Points)Some people believe that universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study. Others believe that universities should not force students to take any courses other than those that will help prepare them for jobs in their chosen field. What do you think of these views? Discuss both views.Write an essay of about 400words, Use specific reasons/examples to support your position on the statement above. In the first part of your writing you should present your thesis statement, and in the second part you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.You should supply an appropriate title for your essay.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar, diction and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.。

2016年硕士研究生入学考试《卫生综合》(公共卫生学院)考试大纲.doc

海南医学院2016年硕士研究生入学考试《卫生综合》（公共卫生学院）考试大纲《卫生综合》考试科目包括流行病学、卫生统计学、职业卫生学、环境卫生学、营养与食品卫生学。

第一部分流行病学与卫生统计学流行病学一、说明流行病学是预防医学专业的一门主干课程，流行病学既是医学科学中的一门重要的方法学，又是公共卫生领域不可缺少的一门实用科学。

本课程基本内容包括流行病学绪论、疾病分布、病因概念及推断、流行病学调查研究方法、实验流行病学、伤害流行病学等及代表我国目前重要公共卫生问题的一些传染病和慢性病的研究方法和预防策略与措施以及现代流行病学一些新概念和新的分支流行病学基本原理与方法。

考核内容包括流行病学基本概念、常用流行病学研究方法及其在疾病预防控制中的应用。

二、考试内容（一）概论1、流行病学的定义及诠释。

2、流行病学的原理及应用。

3、流行病学的研究方法分类。

4、流行病学特征。

（二）疾病的分布1、疾病分布的概念和意义。

2、疾病频率测量指标定义、计算及应用。

3、疾病流行强度。

4、疾病三间分布的特征及影响因素。

5、疾病三间分布的综合描述及移民流行病学。

（三）描述性研究1、描述性研究的概念。

2、现况研究的概念、目的、研究特点及种类。

3、现况研究的设计与实施，常见偏倚及其控制，优缺点。

4、生态学研究的定义、方法、应用及局限性。

（四）队列研究1、队列研究的概念、基本原理、研究目的、类型。

2、队列研究设计与实施。

3、队列研究资料的整理与分析。

4、队列研究常见偏倚及其控制，优点与局限性。

5、队列研究的实例。

（五）病例对照研究1、病例对照研究的概念、基本原理、类型。

2、病例对照研究的设计与实施。

3、病例对照研究资料的整理与分析。

4、病例对照研究常见偏倚及其控制，优点及局限性。

5、实施病例对照研究应考虑的问题，病例对照研究的实例。

（六）实验流行病学1、实验流行病学的定义、特点及主要类型。

2、实验流行病学研究的设计与实施。

3、资料的整理和分析。

山东大学《634卫生管理综合》历年考研真题汇编

目　录2014年山东大学634卫生管理综合考研真题2015年山东大学634卫生管理综合考研真题2016年山东大学634卫生管理综合考研真题2017年山东大学634卫生管理综合考研真题2018年山东大学634卫生管理综合考研真题2019年山东大学634卫生管理综合考研真题2014年山东大学634卫生管理综合考研真题第1页共1页山东大学二0一四年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目代码634科目名祢卫生管理综合（答案必须写在答卷纸上，写在试飓上无效）一、名词解释（共12题，每题5分）1.卫生规划2.国家药物政策3.医疗救助制度 1.传染病5.卫生活动6.神灵主义医学模式7.消极的健康观一缓预防9,卫生服务需要10.生命质址11.卫生费用12.减寿人年数二、问答题（共9题，每题15分）1.社会资本耐个体健康的影响渠道2.健康投资的经济效益3.科技进步对健康的作用4.压力的基本理论5-健康治理的特点6.健康危险因素的作用过程7.社会医疗保险模式的特点8.医疗事故的构成要素9.卫生改革的具体目标三、论述题（共3题，每题35分）1.试述药品费用的控制方法2.试述健康决定因素模型的内容3.试述管理理论发展历程及代表人物和理论考试结束后请与答题纸（卡）一起交回2015年山东大学634卫生管理综合考研真题第1页共1页山东大学二。

一五年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目代码飞34科目名称卫生晚理综合―（答案必须写在答卷斯上，写在试题上无效）一、名词解释（共12题，每题5分）1、缎效2,医疗急救管理3公牡下牛虹医疗保障制度5、食品安全6、亚文化7、社区卫生服务8、卫生服务要求9、伤残调整生命年（DALY）10、卫生服务综合评价1R评价年龄12、健康危险因素二、问答题（共9题，每题15分）1、社会医学的研究内容2、开展慢性病随访管理工作的主要内容3、健康管理策略的基本内容4、健康行为的基本观点与理论5、向卷设计的基本步骤6、卫生费用的评价指标7、卫生事业的特点。