非谓语动词
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非谓语动词
非谓语动词是不能作谓语的动词形式。我们能说She sings.而不能说She to sing 或She singing to sing或singing就是非谓语动词。非谓语动词有3种:1)不定式;2)动名词;3)分词(现在分词和过去分词)。
一、动词不定式
1、动词不定式的构成
(1)动词不定式的一般式由“to+动词原形”构成,所表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,或在它之后发生。其被动式由“to +be+动词的过去分词”构成。
I couldn't afford to buy a new car,so I bought a used one instead.(afford与buy同时发生)
我买不起新车,所以买了个二手车。
Little Jim should love to be taken to the theatre this evening.今晚带小吉姆去剧院,他会非常乐意的。
(2)动词不定式的进行式由“to +be+动词的现在分词”构成,表示动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。没有被动式。
When his father came in, he pretended to be writing a letter.当他父亲进来时,他假装在写信。
We did not expect you to be waiting for us here.我们没想到你们会在这儿等我们。
(3)动调不定式的完成式由“to+ have+动词的过去分词”构成,所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。其被动式由“to+ have+been+动词的过去分词”构成。
I am sorry to have given you so much trouble.很抱歉给你带来这么多麻烦。
The book is said to have been translated into many languages.据说这本书已被翻译成多种语言。
(4)动词不定式的否定形式由“not+动词不定式”构成。
His mother told him not to ride his bicycle in the street.他妈妈告诉他不要在街上骑车。
The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult.
新技术的目的是让生活变得更容易,而不是变得更难。
(5)动词不定式的复合结构:for+名词+动词不定式。
Lincoln said that it was not right for the South to break away from the union.
林肯说南方要从联邦中独立出去是不正确的。
在以it为形式主语或形式宾语引导的复合结构中,如果其前面的形容词是指行为的性质时,要用of。试比较:
It's very clever of the boy to make such an experiment.(=The boy is clever to make...)
It's important for us to read widely in learning English.(≠We are important to read...)
2、动词不定式的用法
1)作主语。不定式作主语时常用it作形式主语,而把真正的主语放在后面。
To help others is my duty.→It is my duty to help others.
帮助别人是我的职责。
2)作表语。
Her job at that time was to look after the sick boy,
她当时的任务就是看护这个生病的男孩。
3)作宾语。常用在下列动词后面:want,need,hope,wish,expect,intend,plan,mean,prefer,hate,like,try,manage,remember,forget,begin,start,agree,refuse,learn。在teach,know,show筹词后则多接疑问词加不定式。
He has agreed to help me with my English.他答应帮我学习英语。
I don't know what to do next.我不知道下一步怎么办。
4)作宾语补足语或主语补足语。常接不定式作宾语补足语或主语补足语的动词有ask,advise,
allow ,beg,cause,force,get,help,permit,order,want,wish,tell等,但hope,suggest,agree和demand不接不定式作宾语补足语。
主意:①let,make,have,see,watch,notice,observe,look at,listen to,feel等使役动词和感官动词后不定式不带to(被动除外)。
What he said at the meeting made us think。他在会上说的话令我们深思。
②think,consider,suppose,believe,imagine,prove,find等后可接to be,一般不接to do(有时可接to have done)。
Perhaps the book will prove to be useful,after all.也许这本书终究会证明是有用的。
5)作定语。
I had no chance to go to school at that time.我当时没有机会上学。
注意:①当不定式与被修饰名词逻辑上是动宾关系时,如果不定式时不及物动词或所修饰的名词时不定式的地点、工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词。
Please give me a pen to write with.请给我一支笔写。
②作定语时不定式的语态影响句子的意义。
Have you anything to take there tomorrow?你有什么东西明天要带到那儿去吗?(to take 的逻辑主语是you)
6)作状语。
①作目的状语:to do,in order Io do,so as to do(不能用于句首)。
They all rushed out to have a look at the film star.他们都跑出去看电影明星。
②作原因状语。
We were all relieved to see them back safe.看到他们安全返回,我们都松了一口气。
③作结果状语:only to see/find/be told,foo…to…(表否定)。
He hurried to the station only to find the train had left.他匆忙赶到车站,发现火车已经开走。
The little girl is too young to dress herself.这个小女孩太小了,不能自己穿衣服。
但如果too…to…结构中的形容词表情绪或意志时,不表否定意义。如:nervous,pleased,delighted,happy,glad,ready,willing等。Only too…to…也表肯定。
They were too ready to go with you.他们非常愿意和你一起去。
We were only too pleased to be able to help.我们很高兴能够帮上忙。
注意:不定式作状语时用主功表被动的句型:
①主语+系动词+形容词+不定式主动语态
The article is easy to read.这篇文章很容易读。
②宾语+形容词宾补+不定式主动语态