Intelligent and Standardized Parking Solution
公交车辆进站停靠操作流程规范
公交车辆进站停靠操作流程规范1.公交车驶近站台时，司机应减速慢行。
When the bus approaches the platform, the driver should slow down.2.确认站台位置后，司机应准确停靠到指定位置。
After confirming the platform position, the driver should accurately stop at the designated location.3.开始停车前，司机应提前打开转向灯，示意其他车辆和行人。
Before starting to park, the driver should turn on theturn signal in advance to signal other vehicles and pedestrians.4.确认无行人通过后，司机可以开始转向停靠。
After confirming that there are no pedestrians passing by, the driver can start turning to stop.5.在停靠过程中，司机应保持车速缓慢，避免急刹车。
During the parking process, the driver should maintain a slow speed to avoid sudden braking.6.一旦停稳，司机应拉起手刹，以确保车辆停稳不滑动。
Once stopped, the driver should pull up the handbrake to ensure that the vehicle is stopped and not sliding.7.系好停车制动后，司机应关闭发动机，并挂上空档。
After applying the parking brake, the driver should turn off the engine and put it in neutral.8.开车门前，司机应观察外部情况，确保安全。
英语口语ppt-Smart(智能)
Speech analysis technology can deeply analyze students' spoken language, including pronunciation, intonation, speech speed, etc., providing personalized feedback and guidance for students.
Intelligent oral practice platform
Personalized learning plan
The intelligent oral practice platform can develop personalized learning plans based on the learning situation and needs of students, providing targeted practice content and difficulty.
Evaluation Report and Suggestions
The intelligent English oral evaluation system can generate detailed evaluation reports, provide targeted suggestions and guidance for students, and help them better improve their English oral proficiency.
• Detailed description: Intelligent technology has a wide range of applications in daily life. For example, a voice assistant can help us with voice input, query information, set reminders, etc; Smart homes can achieve functions such as remote control of household appliances and automatic adjustment of indoor environment; Autonomous driving can automatically plan driving routes, identify traffic signals and obstacles, and improve travel safety and comfort. With the continuous development of intelligent technology in the future, its application scenarios will become more extensive and in-depth.
立体停车库智能控制系统设计
立体停车库智能控制系统设计一、本文概述Overview of this article随着城市化进程的加快，土地资源日益紧张，停车难问题逐渐成为城市管理的难题。
为了缓解这一问题，立体停车库作为一种高效、节约土地资源的停车方式，受到了广泛的关注和应用。
然而，立体停车库的运行管理涉及多个环节，其中智能控制系统的设计与应用尤为关键。
本文旨在探讨立体停车库智能控制系统的设计，以期为提升立体停车库的运营效率、安全性和用户体验提供理论和技术支持。
With the acceleration of urbanization, land resources are becoming increasingly scarce, and parking difficulties have gradually become a challenge in urban management. In order to alleviate this problem, the three-dimensional parking garage, as an efficient and land saving parking method, has received widespread attention and application. However, the operation and management of three-dimensional parking garages involve multiple links, among which the design and application of intelligent control systems are particularly crucial. Thisarticle aims to explore the design of an intelligent control system for three-dimensional parking garages, in order to provide theoretical and technical support for improving the operational efficiency, safety, and user experience ofthree-dimensional parking garages.文章首先对立体停车库及其智能控制系统的基本概念进行阐述，明确系统的功能和要求。
2018-2019年专八（TEM8）真题、答案及听力原文（整理打印版）.do..
TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2006)-GRADE EIGHT-TIME LIMIT: 195 MIN PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (35MIN)SECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you sill hear a mini-lecture. You. will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking.Complete the gap-filling task, some of the gaps below may require a maximum of THREE words. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may refer to your notes.Meaning in Literature (2006)In reading literary works, we are concerned with the ―meaning‖ of one literary piece or another. However, finding out what something really means is a difficult issue. There are three ways to tackle meaning in literature.I. Meaning is what is intended by (1) _________. (1) _________Apart from reading an author‘s work in question, readers need to1) read (2) __________by the same author; (2) _________2) get familiar with (3) __________ at the time; (3) _________3) get to know cultural values and symbols of the time.II. Meaning exists ―in‖ the text itself.1) some people‘s vi ew: meaning is produced by the formal propertiesof the text like (4)_______, etc. (4) _________2) speaker‘s view: meaning is created by both conventions of meaning and (5)______. (5) _________ Therefore, agreement on meaning could be created by common traditionsand conventions of usage. But different time periods and different(6) _____ perspectives could lead to different interpretations of meaning in a text. (6) _________III. Meaning is created by (7) __________. (7) _________1) meaning is (8) ___________; (8) _________2) meaning is contextual;3) meaning requires (9) ___________; (9) _________----practicing competency in reading ----practicing other competencies----background research in (10) ___________, etc. (10) _________ SECTION B INTERVIEWIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your colored answer sheet.Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview.1. Which of the following statements is TRUE about Miss Green‘s university days?A. She felt bored.B. She felt lonely.C. She cherished them.D. The subject was easy.2. Which of the following is NOT part of her job with the Department of Employment?A. Doing surveys at workplace.B. Analyzing survey results.C. Designing questionnaires.D. Taking a psychology course.3. According to Miss Green, the main difference between the Department of Employment and the advertising agency lies in___.A. the nature of work.B. office decoration.C. offi ce location.D. work procedures.4. Why did Miss green want to leave the advertising agency?A. She felt unhappy inside the company.B. She felt work there too demanding.C. She was denied promotion in the company.D. She longed for new opportunities.5. How did Miss Green react to a heavier workload in the new job?A. She was willing and ready.B. She sounded mildly eager.C. She a bit surprised.D. She sounded very reluctant. SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your coloured answer sheet.Questions 6 and 7 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the two questions. Now listen to the news.6. The man stole the aircraft mainly because he wanted to ______.A. destroy the European Central Bank.B. have an interview with a TV station.C. circle skyscrapers in downtown Frankfurt.D. remember the death of a US astronaut.7. Which of the following statements about the man is TRUE?A. He was a 31-year-old student from Frankfurt.B. He was piloting a two-seat helicopter he had stolen.C. He had talked to air traffi c controllers by radio.D. He threatened to land on the European Central Bank.Question 8 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question. Now listen to the news.8. The news is mainly about the city government‘s plan to ______.A. expand and improve the existing subway system.B. build underground malls and parking lots.C. prevent further land subsidence.D. promote advanced technology.Questions 9 and 10 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the two questions. Now listen to the news.9. According to the news, what makes thi s credit card different from conventional ones is ______.A. that it can hear the owner‘s voice.B. that it can remember a password.C. that it can identify the owner‘s voi ce.D. that it can remember the owner‘s PIN.10. The newly developed credit card is said to said to have all the following EXCEPT ______.A. switch.B. battery.C. speaker.D. built-in chip.PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30MIN)In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of 20 multiple-choice questions.Read the passages and then mark your answers on your coloured answer sheet.TEXT AThe University in transformation, edited by Australian futurists Sohail Inayatullah and Jennifer Gidley, presents some 20 highly varied outlooks on tomorrow‘s universities by writers representing both Western and mon-Western perspectives. Their essays raise a broad range of issues, questioning nearly every key assumption we have about higher education today.The most widely discussed alternative to the traditional campus is the Internet University –a voluntary community to scholars/teachers physically scattered throughout a country or around the world but all linked in cyberspace. A computerized university could have many advantages, such as easy scheduling, effi cient delivery of lectures to thousands or even millions of students at once, and ready access for students everywhere to the resources of all the world‘s great libraries.Yet the Internet University poses dangers, too. For example, a line of franchised courseware, produced by a few superstar teachers, marketed under the brand name of a famous institution, and heavily advertised, might eventually come to dominate the global education market, warns sociology professor Peter Manicas of the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Besides enforcing a rigidly standardized curriculum, such a ―college education in a box‖ could undersell the offerings of many traditional brick and mortar institutions, effectively driving then out of business and throwing thousands of career academics out of work, note Australian communications professors David Rooney and Greg Hearn.On the other hand, while global connectivity seems highly likely to play some significant role in future higher education, that does not mean greater uniformity in course content – or other dangers – will necessarily follow. Counter-movements are also at work.Many in academia, including scholars contributing to this volume, are questioning the fundamental mission of university education. What if, for instance, instead of receiving primarily technical training and building their individual careers, university students and professors could focus their learning and research efforts on existing problems in their local communities and the world? Feminist scholar Ivana Milojevic dares to dream what a university might become ―if we believed that child-care workers and teachers in early childhood education should be one of the highest (rather than lowest) paid professionals?‖Co-editor Jennifer Gidley shows how tomorrow‘s university faculty, instead of giving lectures and conducting independent research, may take on three new roles. Some would act as brokers, assembling customized degree-credit programmes for individual students by mixing and matching the best course offerings available from institutions all around the world. A second group, mentors, would fu nction much like today‘s faculty advisers, but are likely to be working with many more students outside their own academic specialty. This would require them to constantly be learning from their students as well as instructing them.A third new role for fa culty, and in Gidley‘s view the most challenging and rewarding of all, would be as meaning-makers: charismati c sages and practitioners leading groups of students/colleagues in collaborative efforts to find spiritual as well as rational and technological solutions to specifi c real-world problems.Moreover, there seems little reason to suppose that any one form of university must necessarily drive out all other options. Students may be ―enrolled‖ in courses offered at virtual campuses on the Internet, between–or even during –sessions at a real-world problem-focused institution.As co-editor Sohail Inayatullah points out in his introduction, no future is inevitable, and the very act of imagining and thinking through alternative possibilities can directly affect how thoughtfully, creatively and urgently even a dominant technology is adapted and applied. Even in academia, the future belongs to those who care enough to work their visions into practical, sustainable realities.11. When the book reviewer discusses the Internet University, ______.A. he is in favor of it.B. his view is balanced.C. he i s slightly critical of it.D. he is strongly critical of it.12.Whi ch of the following is NOT seen as a potential danger of the Internet University?A. Internet-based courses may be less costly than traditional ones.B. Teachers in traditional institutions may lose their jobs.C. Internet-based courseware may lack variety in course content.D. The Internet University may produce teachers with a lot of publicity.13. According to the review, what is the fundamental mi ssion of traditional university education?A. Knowledge learning and career building.B. Learning how to solve existing social problems.C. Researching into solutions to current world problems.D. Combining research efforts of teachers and students in learning.14. Judging from the Three new roles envisioned for tomorrow's university faculty, university teachers ______.A. are required to conduct more independent research.B. are required to offer more course to their students.C. are supposed to assume more demanding duties.D. are supposed to supervise more students in their specialty.15.Whi ch category of writing does the review belong to?A. Narration.B. DescriptionC. persuasionD. Exposition.TEXT BEvery street had a story, every building a memory. Those blessed with wonderful childhoods can drive the streets of their hometowns and happily roll back the years. The rest are pulled home by duty and leave as soon as possible. After Ray Atlee had been in Clanton (his hometown) for fifteen minutes he was anxious to get out.The town had changed, but then it hadn't. On the highways leading in, the cheap metal buildings and mobile homes were gathering as tightly as possible next to the roads for maximum visibility. This town had no zoning whatsoever. A landowner could build anything wiih no permit no inspection, no noti ce to adjoining landowners. nothing. Only hog farms and nuclear reactors required approvals and paperwork. The result was a slash-and-build clutter that got uglier by the year.But in the older sections, nearer the square, the town had not changed at all The long shaded streets were as clean and neat as when Kay roamed them on his bike. Most of the houses were still owned by people he knew, or if those folks had passed on the new owners kept the lawns clipped and the shutters painted. Only a few were being neglected. A handful had been abandoned. This deep in Bible country, it was still an unwritten rule in the town that little was done on Sundays except go to church, sit on porches, visit neighbors, rest and relax the way God intended.It was cloudy, quite cool for May, and as he toured his old turf, killing time until the appointed hour for the family meeting, he tried to dwell on the good memories from Clanton. There was Dizzy Dean Park where he had played little League for the Pirates, and (here was the public pool he'd swum in every summer except 1969 when the city closed it rather than admit black children. There were the churches - Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian - facing each other at the intersection of Second and Elm like wary sentries, their steeples competing for height. They were empty now, hut in an hour or so the more faithful would gather for evening servi ces.The square was as lifeless as the streets leading to it. With eight thousand people, Clanton was just large enough to have attracted the discount stores that had wiped out so many small towns. But here the people had been faithful to their downtown merchants, and there wasn‘t s single empty or boarded-up building around the square – no small miracle. The retail shops were mixed in with the banks and law offices and cafes, all closed for the Sabbath.He inched through the cemetery and surveyed the Atlee section in the old part, where the tombstones were grander. Some of his ancestors had built monuments for their dead. Ray had always assumed that the family money he‘d never seen must have been buried in those graves. He parked and walked to his mot her‘s grave, something he hadn‘t done in years. She was buried among the Atlees, at the far edge of the family plot because she had barely belonged.Soon, in less than an hour, he would be sitting in his father‘s study, sipping bad instant tea and receivi ng instructions on exactly how his father would be laid to rest. Many orders were about to be give, many decrees and directions, because his father(who used to be a judge) was a great man and cared deeply about how he was to be remembered.Moving again, R ay passed the water tower he‘d climbed twi ce, the second time with the police waiting below. He grimaced at his old high school, a place he‘d never visited since he‘d left it. Behind it was the football field where his brother Forres t had romped over opponents and almost became famous before getting bounced off the team.It was twenty minutes before five, Sunday, May 7. Time for the family meeting.16. From the first paragraph, we get the impression that ______.A. Ray cherished his childhood memories.B. Ray had something urgent to take care of.C. Ray may not have a happy childhood.D. Ray cannot remember his childhood days.17. Which of the following adjectives does NOT describe Ray‘s hometown?A. Lifeless.B. Religious.C. Traditional.D. Quiet.18. Form the passage we can infer that the relationship between Ray and his parents was ______.A. close.B. remote.C. tense.D. impossible to tell.19. It can be inferred from the passage that Ray‘s father was all EXCEPT ______.A. considerate.B. punctual.C. thrifty.D. dominant.TEXT CCampaigning on the Indian frontier is an experience by itself. Neither the landscape nor the people find their counterparts in any other portion of the globe. Valley walls rise steeply five or six thousand feet on every side. The columns crawl through a maze of giant corridors down whi ch fierce snow-fed torrents foam under skies of brass. Amid these scenes of savage brilliancy there dwells a race whose qualities seem to harmonize with their environment. Except at harvest-time, when self-preservation requires a temporary truce, the Pathan tribes are al ways engaged in private or public war. Every man is a warrior, a politician and a theologian. Every large house is a real feudal fortress made, it is true, only of sun-baked clay, but with battlements, turrets, loopholes, drawbridges, etc. complete. Every village has its defence. Every family cultivates its vendetta; every clan, its feud. The numerous tribes and combinations of tribes all have their accounts to settle with one another. Nothing is ever forgotten, and very few debts are left unpaid. For the purposes of social life, in addition to the convention about harvest-time, a most elaborate code of honour has been established and is on the whole faithfully observed. A man who knew it and observed it faultlessly might passunarmed from one end of the frontier to another. The slightest technical slip would, however, be fatal. The life of the Pathan is thus full of interest; and hi s valleys, nourished alike by endless sunshine and abundant water, are fertile enough to yield with little labour the modest material requirements of a sparse population.Into this happy world the nineteenth century brought two new facts: the rifle and the British Government. The first was an enormous luxury and blessing; the second, an unmitigated nuisance. The convenience of the rifle was nowhere more appreciated than in the Indian highlands. A weapon which would kill with accuracy at fifteen hundred yards opened a whole new vista of delights to every family or clan which could acquire it. One could actually remain in one's own house and fire at one's neighbour nearly a mile away. One could lie in wait on some high crag, and at hitherto unheard-of ranges hit a horseman far below. Even villages could fire at each other without the trouble of going far from home. Fabulous prices were therefore offered for thes e glorious products of science. Rifle-thieves scoured all India to reinforce the efforts of the honest smuggler. A steady flow of the coveted weapons spread its genial influence throughout the frontier, and the respect which the Pathan tribesmen entertained for Christian civilization was vastly enhanced.The action of the British Government on the other hand was entirely unsatisfactory. The great organizing, advancing, absorbing power to the southward seemed to be little better than a monstrous spoil-sport. If the Pathan made forays into the plains, not only were they driven back (which after all was no more than fair), but a whole series of subsequent interferences took place, followed at intervals by expeditions which toiled laboriously through the valleys, scolding the tribesmen and exacting fines for any damage which they had done. No one would have minded these expeditions if they had simply come, had a fight and then gone away again. In many cases this was their practice under what was called the "butcher and bolt policy"to which the Government of India long adhered. But towards the end of the nineteenth century these intruders began to make roads through many of the valleys, and in particular the great road to Chitral. They sought to ensure the safety of these roads by threats, by forts and by subsidies. There was no objection to the last method so far as it went. But the whole of this tendency to road-making was regarded by the Pathans with profound distaste. All along the road people were expected to keep quiet, not to shoot one another, and above all not to shoot at travellers along the road. It was too much to ask, and a whole series of quarrels took their origin from this source.20.The word debts in "very few debts are left unpaid" in the first paragraph means ______.A. loans.B. accountsC. killingsD. bargains.21.Whi ch of the following is NOT one of the geographical facts about the Indian frontier?A. Melting snows.B. Large population.C. Steep hillsides.D. Fertile valleys.22. According to the passage, the Pathans welcomed ______.A. the introduction of the rifle.B. the spread of British rule.C. the extension of luxuriesD. the spread of trade.23. Building roads by the BritishA. put an end to a whole series of quarrels.B. prevented the Pathans from earning on feuds.C. lessened the subsidies paid to the Pathans.D. gave the Pathans a much quieter life.24. A suitable title for the passage would be ______.A. Campaigning on the Indian frontier.B. Why the Pathans resented the British rule.C. The popularity of rifles among the Pathans.D. The Pathans at war.TEXT D"Museum" is a slippery word. It first meant (in Greek) anything consecrated to the Muses: a hill, a shrine, a garden, a festival or even a textbook. Both Plato's A cademy and Aristotle's Lyceum had a mouseion, a muses' shrine. Although the Greeks already collected detached works of art, many temples - notably that of Hera at Olympia (before whi ch the Olympic flame is still lit) - had collections of objects, some of which were works of art by well-known masters, while paintings and sculptures in the Alexandrian Museum were incidental to its main purpose.The Romans also collected and exhibited art from disbanded temples, as well as mineral specimens, exotic plants, animals; and they plundered sculptures and paintings (mostly Greek) for exhibition. Meanwhile, the Greek word had slipped into Latin by transliteration (though not to signify picture galleries, which were called pinacothecae) and museum still more or less meant "Muses' shrine".The inspirational collections of precious and semi-precious objects were kept in larger churches and monasteries - which focused on the gold-enshrined, bejewelled relics of saints and martyrs. Princes, and later merchants, had similar collections, whi ch became the deposits of natural curiosities: large lumps of amber or coral, irregular pearls, unicorn horns, ostri ch eggs, fossil bones and so on. They also included coins and gems - often antique engraved ones - as well as, increasingly, paintings and sculptures. As they multiplied and expanded, to supplement them, the skill of the fakers grew increasingly refined.At the same time, visitors could admire the very grandest paintings and sculptures in the churches, palaces and castles; they were not "collected" either, but "site-specific", and were considered an integral part both of the fabric of the buildings and of the way of life which went on inside them - and most of the buildings were public ones. However, during the revival of antiquity in the fifteenth century, fragments of antique sculpture were given higher status than the work of any contemporary, so that displays of antiquities would inspire artists to imitation, or even better, to emulation; and so could be considered Muses' shrines in the former sense. The Medici garden near San Marco in Florence, the Belvedere and the Capitol in Rome were the most famous of such early "inspirational" collections. Soon they multiplied, and, gradually, exemplary "modern" works wereIn the seventeenth century, scientific and prestige collecting became so widespread that three or four collectors independently published directories to museums all over the known world. But it was the age of revolutions and industry which produced the next sharp shift in the way the institution was perceived: the fury against royal and church monuments prompted antiquarians to shelter them in asylum-galleries, of which the Musee des Monuments Francais was the most famous. Then, in the first half of thenineteenth century, museum funding took off, allied to the rise of new wealth:London acquired the National Gallery and the British Museum, the Louvre was organized, the Museum-Insel was begun in Berlin, and the Munich galleries were built. In Vienna, the huge Kunsthistorisches and Naturhistorisches Museums took over much of the imperial treasure. Meanwhile, the decline of craftsmanship (and of public taste with it) inspired the creation of "improving" collections. The Victoria and Albert Museum in London was the most famous, as well as perhaps the largest of them.25.The sentence "Museum is a slippery word" in the first paragraph means that ______.A. the meaning of the word didn't change until after the 15th century.B. the meaning of the word had changed over the years.C. the Greeks held different concepts from the Romans.D. princes and merchants added paintings to their collections.26.The idea that museum could mean a mountain or an object originates from ______.A. the Romans.B. Florence.C. Olympia.D. Greek.27. "... the skill of the fakers grew increasingly refined" in the third paragraph means that ______.A. there was a great demand for fakers.B. fakers grew rapidly in number.C. fakers became more skillful.D. fakers became more polite.28. Painting and sculptures on display in churches in the 15th century were ______.A. collected from elsewhere.B. made part of the buildings.C. donated by people.D. bought by churches.29. Modern museums came into existence in order to ______.A.protect royal and church treasures.B.improve existing collections.C.stimulate public interest.D.raise more funds.30. Which is the main idea of the passage?A. Collection and collectors.B. The evolution of museums.C. Modern museums and their functions.D. The birth of museums.PART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE(10 MIN)There are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answers to each question. Mark your answers on your colored answer sheet.31.The Presidents during the American Civil War was______.A. Andrew JacksonB. Abraham LincolnC. Thomas JeffersonD. George Washington32.The capital of New Zealand is______.A. ChristchurchB. AucklandC. WellingtonD. Hamilton33. Who were the natives of Australia before the arrival of the British settlers?A. The AboriginesB. The MaoriC. The IndiansD. The Eskimos34. The Prime Minister in Britain is head of______.A. the Shadow CabinetB. the ParliamentC. the OppositionD. the Cabinet35. Which of the following writers is a poet of the 20th century?A. T. S. EliotB. D. H. LawrenceC. Theodore DreiserD. James Joyce36. The novel For Whom the Bell Tolls is written by______.A. Scott FitzgeraldB. William FaulknerC. Eugene O'NeilD. Ernest Hemingway37. _____ i s defined as an expression of human emotion which is condensed into fourteen linesA. Free verseB. SonnetC. OdeD. Epigram38. What essentially distinguishes semanti cs and pragmatics i s the notion of______.A. referenceB. meaningC. antonymyD. context39. The words "kid, child, offspring" are examples of______.A. dialectal synonymsB. stylistic synonymsC. emotive synonymsD. collocational synonyms40. The distinction between parole and langue was made by______.A. HallidayB. ChomskyC. BloomfieldD. SaussurePART IV PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION (15 MIN)The passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE wor d is involved You should proof, read the passage and correct it in the following way:For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank pro-vided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a "^" sign and write the word you believe to be mi ssing in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross the unnecessary word with a slash "/" and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.EXAMPLEWhen ^ art museum wants a new exhibit, (1)________it never buys things in finished form and hangs (2)________them on the wall. When a natural history museumwants an exhibition, it must often build it. (3)________We use language primarily as a means of communication withother human beings. Each of us shares with the community in which welive a store of words and meanings as well as agreeing conventions as (1)________。
英语六级考试作文有共享单车的那一期的答案
关于共享单车的英语六级考试作文1Shared bikes have become an integral part of our daily lives, bringing both convenience and problems. They have undoubtedly made our commutes more flexible and efficient, solving the last-mile problem for people's travels and facilitating short-distance trips. For instance, when we need to go to a nearby supermarket or visit a friend in the neighborhood, shared bikes offer a quick and eco-friendly option.However, along with the benefits, there are also several issues that cannot be ignored. The most prominent one is the disorderly parking of shared bikes. They can be seen randomly placed on sidewalks, blocking pedestrians' paths and causing chaos in public spaces. Moreover, a significant number of shared bikes are severely damaged due to improper use or vandalism, which not only affects their appearance but also poses safety risks to users.To address these problems, the government and relevant companies should take joint actions. Stricter regulations and penalties need to be implemented for improper parking and vandalism. At the same time, public awareness campaigns should be conducted to encourage people to use shared bikes properly and cherish public resources.In conclusion, shared bikes have brought undeniable convenience, butwe must also face and solve the problems they have caused. Only through joint efforts can we make shared bikes better serve our society and create a more harmonious and orderly urban environment.2Shared bikes have become an increasingly common sight in cities around the world, exerting a profound influence on urban transportation and the environment. On the one hand, they offer numerous benefits. They have significantly alleviated traffic congestion, especially during peak hours. By providing an alternative mode of transportation, they have reduced the number of private cars on the road, thereby easing traffic flow and shortening commuting times for many people.Moreover, shared bikes have played a positive role in reducing vehicle emissions. With more people choosing to ride bikes instead of driving, the amount of exhaust gas released into the atmosphere has decreased, contributing to improved air quality and a healthier living environment.However, the excessive投放of shared bikes has also brought about some problems. They have occupied a considerable amount of public space, sometimes causing obstruction on sidewalks and even hindering pedestrians' movement. This has led to complaints and disputes regarding the management and allocation of public resources.In conclusion, shared bikes have both advantages and disadvantages. To fully leverage their benefits and minimize the negative impacts,effective management and regulation are essential. Urban planners and relevant authorities should strike a balance to ensure that shared bikes continue to serve as a sustainable and convenient transportation option for urban residents.3In recent years, shared bikes have emerged as a convenient and environmentally friendly mode of transportation. However, along with their popularity, issues regarding management have also arisen. To ensure the sustainable development and efficient operation of shared bikes, it is essential to establish standardized management measures.One crucial aspect is to enhance user education and raise the awareness of civilized bike usage. This can be achieved through various means such as public service announcements, educational campaigns in schools and communities, and clear instructions on the bikes themselves. Users should be made aware that respecting public property and following traffic rules are not only moral obligations but also legal responsibilities.Another important approach is to establish an effective supervision mechanism. The government and relevant departments should formulate specific regulations and policies, and impose strict penalties for violations. For example, heavy fines could be imposed on users who park bikes illegally or damage them intentionally. At the same time, shared bike companies should also strengthen their internal management, improve thetechnology for monitoring and tracking bikes, and ensure timely maintenance and replacement of damaged bikes.In conclusion, only by strengthening user education and establishing an effective supervision mechanism can the management of shared bikes be standardized, and the convenience and benefits they bring be fully realized. Let us all work together to create a civilized and orderly shared bike environment.4In recent years, shared bikes have emerged as a popular mode of transportation, presenting both advantages and disadvantages when compared to traditional public transportation.Shared bikes offer unparalleled flexibility. They can be picked up and dropped off at any designated spot, allowing users to travel directly to their destinations without the need for multiple transfers or walking long distances to and from bus stops or subway stations. This convenience is especially valuable for short distances or when one wants to explore areas not well-served by public transport.However, traditional public transportation, such as buses and subways, boasts a significant advantage in terms of carrying capacity. They can transport a large number of passengers simultaneously, reducing traffic congestion and carbon emissions on a larger scale. This is crucial in densely populated cities where the demand for mass movement of peopleis high.Another aspect to consider is the cost. Shared bikes often require a per-use fee, which can add up over time, especially for frequent users. In contrast, public transportation usually offers more economical options through monthly passes or discounted fares.In conclusion, both shared bikes and traditional public transportation have their unique merits and drawbacks. The choice between them depends on individual needs, distances to be covered, and the overall transportation infrastructure of a particular area. A balanced and integrated transportation system that incorporates both can provide more choices and convenience for the public.5Shared bikes have emerged as a revolutionary mode of transportation in recent years, profoundly influencing both the economy and society. From an economic perspective, the development of shared bikes has given a significant boost to related industries. The manufacturing and maintenance of these bikes have created numerous job opportunities, stimulating economic growth. Moreover, the technology and data analytics associated with shared bike operations have driven innovation in related fields.In terms of society, shared bikes have greatly promoted the concept of green travel among urban residents. They provide a convenient and eco-friendly option for short-distance commutes, reducing the reliance on cars and thereby easing traffic congestion and lowering carbon emissions. This shift in transportation habits not only benefits the environment but also contributes to a healthier lifestyle for individuals.However, the rapid expansion of shared bikes has also brought about some challenges. Issues such as improper parking and bike damage have emerged, requiring effective management and regulation. Nevertheless, with proper measures and public awareness, these challenges can be overcome, and the benefits of shared bikes can be maximized.In conclusion, the development of shared bikes holds great promise for both the economy and society. It is crucial to continue to support and refine this mode of transportation to ensure its sustainable and beneficial growth in the long run.。
智能停车系统(毕业设计论文)
安徽工程大学本科毕业设计（论文）专业：自动化题目：城市路边停车计费系统作者姓名：陈宝林导师及职称：周力教授导师所在单位：电气工程学院2011年6月15日城市路边停车计费系统摘要随着城市经济的飞速发展和城市公路交通的发达，随着城市机动车拥有量的迅猛增加，城市的停车产业已经进入了高速发展阶段，为了适应这个新的发展变化，改革旧有的城市路边停车体系，理顺城市路边停车系统，建立新的城市路边停车系统，将是推动城市路边停车产业的发展，并使之踏入规范化、科学化、现代化道路的必然要求。
进一步加强城市路边停车管理，则是实施停车体系建设的重要前提，也是缓解城市目前停车难，改善动静态交通压力，提高城市路边停车位的利用率，减少因寻找停车位浪费的时间，提高城市通行能力的重要手段。
基于一个驾驶者在行驶车辆过程中对停车的需求设计出一套满足需求的停车计费系统，本论文提出了一种诱导决策模糊控制方法，有效地结合当前交通状况和未来交通状况来决策出诱导路线和停车车位，并有可靠的、全面的、实时的显示提醒系统。
本文的计费系统采用灵活的、多变的和实时的计费策略，根据不同时段、不同车位和停车时间来计算停车费用，可以保证每个车位的利用率。
本文采用数据冗余技术，保证数据的稳定性和安全性。
关键词：停车系统；计费系统；智能诱导系统；智能交通The Billing System of Urban Roadside ParkingAbstractWith the rapid development of urban economy of urban road traffic and developed, with the rapid increase of urban automobiles, the ownership of the parking industry city has entered a high-speed development stage, in order to adapt to the new changes, reform the old urban roadside parking system, to rationalize urban roadside parking system, establishing the new urban roadside parking system, will be promoting urban roadside parking industry development, and make to step into standardized, scientific and is the inevitable requirement of modernization. Further strengthen urban roadside parking management, is the implementation of the important prerequisite parking system construction, but also relieve urban currently parking, improve the dynamic and static traffic pressure, improve the urban roadside parking space utilization, reduce the waste of time for looking for parking space and improve the important means of urban traffic capacity.Based on a process of vehicle drivers in the demand for parking designed a set of meet the demand of the parking billing system, this paper presents a method of fuzzy control induced decision-making, effectively with the current traffic conditions and traffic to a future decision induced route and parking space, and a reliable and comprehensive, real-time display remind system. This paper's billing system adopt flexible and changeable, and real-time pricing strategy, according to different time, different parking and stop time to calculate parking fees, can ensure that every parking utilization. This paper adopts data redundant technology, guarantee the stability and safety data.Keywords: parking system; billing system; intelligent induction system; intelligent transportation目录引言 (2)第1章绪论 (3)1.1课题的研究背景及实际意义 (3)1.2智能停车计费系统发展概况 (3)1.3课题的主要研究内容 (4)第2章城市路边停车计费系统概述 (5)2.1城市路边停车计费系统主要组成 (5)2.2城市路边停车计费系统基本流程 (5)2.3城市路边停车计费系统可行性分析和性能指标 (5)第3章诱导系统的设计 (7)3.1诱导对象 (7)3.2诱导系统工作原理 (7)3.3诱导系统工作流程 (8)3.4诱导系统的特点 (8)第４章计费系统的设计 (10)4.1计费系统概述 (10)4.2计费系统的工作原理 (10)4.3计费系统的工作流程 (11)4.4计费系统的特点 (12)第5章城市停车优化系统的设计 (13)5.1城市停车优化系统概述 (13)5.2城市停车优化系统工作原理 (13)5.3城市停车优化系统工作流程 (14)第6章城市路边停车计费系统的设计 (15)6.1城市路边停车计费系统的组成 (15)6.2城市路边停车计费系统工作原理 (16)6.2.1 工作原理 (16)6.2.2 模糊控制原理 (16)6.2.3 模糊控制概念 (16)6.2.4 模糊集合和隶属函数 (17)6.2.5 智能控制中的模糊关系 (17)6.2.6 模糊控制设计 (18)6.2.7 历史交通状态值 (18)6.3城市路边停车计费系统工作流程 (18)6.4城市路边停车计费系统特点 (20)结论与展望 (22)致谢 (23)参考文献 (24)引言随着我国近年来城市经济的繁荣，城市化进程的加快，城市道路车辆交通量剧增，很多大中城市不仅出现了动态交通的严重阻塞，而且不同程度地出现了占道停车、违章停车，从而进一步加剧交通阻塞，导致交通事故上升。
看图说话---真题
图片描述三步骤：一从本图我们看到了什么(机场，跑道，天气，飞机，人，其他，（什么飞机、隶属什么公司或国家，处于什么状态，什么部位受损严重）二大概是什么原因造成的（机械故障，飞行员操纵，天气原因，鸟撞等）三如果我遇到此类情况该怎样处置（保持好状态，判断原因，正确执行检查单，报告ATC自己的情况，请求优先着陆并要地面援助）*****(Substantial flames can clearly be seen emanating from the port engine as it slows down during its landing roll-out)****Fortunately nobody hurt in this accidentThe airport is close to the sea and the runway extends to the sea.A I can’t hear clearly this question ,please say again .(I’m afraid I can’t answer this question)Would you please ask me another way ?B This event is very deep to my impression.C Luckily ,I never meet such condition, but I know how todeal with it…..D Finally , I return to the airport ,then I knew at thattime the airport has continuously two hours rainstorms.E I have the twins,my son and my daughter.they are soclever and lovely.my wife is a nurse, she is very gentle and very beautiful. I love my family.1.从这幅画中我们可以看到一架飞机正在起飞，因为前轮已经抬起来了。
中国交通运输无人机桥梁检测流程
中国交通运输无人机桥梁检测流程1.在桥梁检测之前，无人机需要进行严格的预检和设备检查。
Before the bridge inspection, the drone needs to undergo strict pre-inspection and equipment checks.2.确保无人机飞行器的所有部件和系统都处于正常工作状态。
Ensure that all components and systems of the droneaircraft are in normal working condition.3.进行地面测试，并确保遥控器和通信设备能够正常工作。
Perform ground testing and ensure that the remotecontroller and communication devices are working properly.4.飞行员需要进行相关的培训和考试，获得飞行资质和许可证。
The pilot needs to undergo relevant training and examinations to obtain flying qualifications and licenses.5.在飞行之前，需要获取对桥梁检测区域的飞行许可和相关权限。
Before flying, it is necessary to obtain flight permits and related permissions for the bridge inspection area.6.飞行员必须熟悉无人机的操作手册和飞行规程，确保按照标准流程和程序进行操作。
The pilot must be familiar with the operation manual of the drone and the flight regulations to ensure that the operations are carried out according to the standard procedures.7.通过远程监控和实时传输技术，飞行员可以实时监测和控制无人机的飞行情况。
数控专业中英文翻译
Intelligent Open CNC TechnologyI. Technical OverviewIndustrial countries around the world through the development of CNC technology, a CNC machine tool industry, prompting machinery industry entered a new "modern" stage of historical development, and thus the structure of the national economy has brought great changes. CNC machine tools is not only an important basis for mechanical and electrical industrial equipment, automotive, petrochemical, electronics and other pillar industries, the primary means of production modernization, NC is the third industrial revolution the world is an important content. Output of CNC machine tool industry itself far less automobile, chemical and other industries, but thehigh-performance CNC machine tools to the manufacturing industry has brought the benefits of the high rate of production growth and modernization is to promote national economic development of the huge source of power. In particular, numerical control technology in the manufacturing sector expansion and extension of the role and the resulting ripple effect of radiation on the mechanical manufacturing industry sufficient structure, product structure, specialized division of labor, machining methods and management models, the production of social division of labor, business operational mechanism of profound change.In CNC machine tools are widely used in the numerical control technology, is a machining process using computer control information in a variety of digital computing, processing, and high-performance drive units through the implementation of mechanical components for automatic control of high-tech. The current equipment has been used a lot of CNC machining technology, the most typical and most widespread is the application of CNC machine tools. The machining process of the diversity and complexity of machining parts, CNC machine tools to the specifications, types and properties very different from the complexity of the control parameters, debugging complicated operation, so in general will continue the rapid development of computer technology and its architecture , the modern automatic control theory and modern technology to a new generation of power electronics CNC machine tools, we should emphasize them with "open" and "intelligent" features.1. "Open"Requires a new generation of CNC machine tool control system is an open, modular architecture, its features are: Modular elements in the realization of the system at the same time, there should be standardized between these elements can be provided by the different elements of the buyer free to combine, which can easily constitute a complete system. As follows:--- Elements of the system should be modular, while the interface between the modules must be standardized;--- System software, hardware configuration should be "transparent", "portable";--- System should have the "continuous upgrade" capability.At the same time the mechanical structure of a new generation of CNC machine tools also should be open, should be characterized by:--- Function module components using the machine;--- A "technology plan", "processing database" to users;--- Use of "information technology" will be a reasonable allocation of social resources, manufacturing machinery manufacturing industry gradually establish a perfect virtualization and network-based advanced manufacturing systems, machinery manufacturing resources to be used efficiently, to reduce costs, improve quality, the purpose of reducing manufacturing cycle.2. IntelligentThe so-called intelligent control system, is smart with anthropomorphic features, the numerical control system with simulation, extension, expansion of the intelligent behavior of the knowledge processing activities, such asself-learning, adaptive, self-organization, self-optimizing, Zi calm,self-recognition from planning, self-healing, self-reproduction. Through the intelligent CNC machining accuracy and efficiency of physical testing, modeling, feature extraction, processing system automatically senses the internal state and external environment, to quickly make the best goal of the intelligent decision-making, feed rate, cutting depth , coordinate movement, spindle speed and other parameters in real-time control, so that the processing machine at its best.The current NC system functionality required not only high performance (high-speed, high precision and high reliability), but also includes many smart features, such as the processing of motion planning, reasoning,decision-making ability and perception processing environment, manufacturing, network communication capacity (including the interaction with others), intelligent programming, intelligent databases, intelligent surveillance.Practice has proved that these "intelligent" technology, also used in the 21st century, the adjustment of a new generation of CNC machine tools, use and maintenance of all aspects, so that human intervention greatly simplified, to apply "smart" technology, human machine interface for packaging, to make full use of natural language, artificial Windows interface and simple operation, so that adjustment of the machine, use and maintenance tends to be "fool."Second, the status quo and development trend of domestic and foreign1. Overseas DevelopmentThroughout the history of the development of numerical control technology, is easy to see the development of numerical control technology step through the development of computer technology continues to develop, from 1956 to the present, has gone through four stages as follows:In 1956 -1974, the era of proprietary hardware NC;1975 -1989, the special computer numerical control era, that era of the microprocessor NC (μ PC);In 1990 -1995, BASIC PC's CNC times;Since 1996, started the whole PC open a new stage of intelligent CNC.The first three stages of the NC devices there are the following limitations: --- Not free to select the information from the information network;--- Not open architecture, user interface imperfections, machinery manufacturers and users can not independently numerical control system according to crop needs, the user's own technical know-how is not easy to integrate into, and create their own brand names;--- Can not fully utilize the existing resources of common software;--- Can not be free access to the external condition information;--- Architecture many, is not conducive to mass production, improve reliability and reduce costs, reduce the market supply capacity and competitiveness, while limiting the development of numerical control technology.In recent years the United States, the European Community, Japan and other countries have taken measures, a lot of money, the joint of the plant, or even more countries to study a new generation of numerical control systems, from the foregoing information, the world is in the NC Technology All PC CNC open architecture platform, turning the era, the turn is adapted to computer technology, information technology, network technology, the inevitable result of technological development.As modern machinery industry gradually to flexible, integrated, intelligent direction, so must be stressed that a new generation of numerical control technology to have an open and intelligent features. Developed countries have taken measures in recent years, lots of manpower and financial resources to organize a new generation of superior forces and open architecture CNC with intelligent features technology development and research, including the United States of NGC and OMAC plan, the EC OSACA plan, OSEC plans.CNC machine tool mechanical structure is more inclined to "open", to meet the diverse needs of the modern machinery for processing, a new generation of CNC machine tools has the following characteristics:(1) according to the modular machine structure, the principles of design and manufacturing series in order to shorten lead times, best meet the needs of the user's process.(2) As many parts of NC machine tool quality indicators continue to improve, gradually increase the variety of specifications, a more substantial mechanical and electrical integration, functional parameters of the increasingly numerous and so dedicated to supporting a variety of CNC machine features are fully commercialized, to build a competitive machine tool plant created the conditions.(3) to the users, CNC Machine Tool Plant of the developed countries areactively building completely open product sales service system. Part to establish an open laboratory, establishment of self-service CNC machine operator and maintenance training center.(4) using information network technology to a variety of manufacturing resources in society were based on the rational combination of processing tasks and call the 21st century advanced manufacturing technology development trend, the world's countries are active in research in this area.(5) artificial intelligence technology in the promotion and application of CNC technology. With the continued penetration in the computer field of artificial intelligence and development of the intelligent CNC system development. In the new generation of CNC system and servo devices, the use of "evolutionary computation" (Evolutionary Computation), "Fuzzy Systems" (Fuzzy System) and "neural networks" (Neural Network) and other three new control mechanism, the performance greatly increased. This high-performance intelligent CNC system not only has the automatic programming, feedforward control, adaptive cutting, self-generating process parameters, motion parameters of dynamic compensation and other functions, more features are taken into account operational factors used in the very present friendly interface.The current principle of fuzzy control systems, and CNC EDM with aself-learning, self-established mathematical model, high-performanceself-tuning parameters of the servo drive CNC machine tools and existing products in the market with a strong competitive edge.2. Current Situation and Development of numerical control technology gap China's CNC technology, in the "Eighth Five-Year" key in order to seize the opportunity to own the copyright for the proposed target to platform-based development strategy, but also in the research process, aiming or adjustment to the development of PC-based route , and thus the formation of two platforms, developed four basic systems, central China and the ChineseI-I-NC-specific template is embedded into a single general-purpose PC NC system bodies, space and the blue sky I-I-is embedded in the PC, being composed of CNC multi-machine CNC system, the formation of the typical structure of front, the domestic unit also has developed other open architecture system.However, in general terms, but only at the initial stage, although different systems direction to the PC platform, but in the concrete implementation of the development there are still some problems. The biggest problem that is open enough, lack of development environment and support measures, as a user easily to the secondary development of the degree of openness is far from being reached, but has considerable technical force of the developer to use, and as able to spread to the general extent of users is not enough.Design by PC-NC system makes CNC's focus from hardware to software, to eliminate the development of the CNC hardware "bottlenecks", which could accelerate the production of useful products. And PC-NC, after all, so that theopen architecture CNC a big step.In the design and manufacture of CNC machine tools, China has started a modular technology, the CNC machining process parameters, tools, system optimization, intelligent adaptive control have been studied, the intelligent control of it lay the foundation for further study, But the work is only the beginning, still in the "fifth" during a series of research and development work, tracking the world's digital technology, to promote the development of numerical control industry.Third, the "fifth" major research objectives and1. TargetIn order to further improve China's CNC technology, CNC machine tools industry, the Chinese can get a place in the international competition, China's development strategy of numerical control technology, in conjunction with the characteristics of China's economic development, first with "open", "intelligent" features CNC technology for innovative research, to focus on CNC turning, milling, grinding and processing power on the basis of advanced manufacturing technologies and processes, and then develop a generation of "open", "intelligent" CNC lathes, CNC milling machine (including the processing center) and CNC EDM products.2. Main content①Development of a new generation of open CNC system. Construction of open CNC system, interface and protocol research, including research systems, subsystems and functional modules hierarchical control structure, open CNC system interface and the Protocol.②a new generation of intelligent CNC system. Developed and worked out for turning, milling, machining centers, electrical generation of intelligent processing, and other basic computer numerical control system and the corresponding intelligent programming system. Including research and development of intelligent CNC system hardware, software specification and implementation in the main production base of CNC; development of two common systems (turning, machining centers) three applications (turning centers, five-sided machining centers, intelligent power processing ); intelligent programming system.③spindle and servo-drive a new generation of innovative research and development work out the corresponding high-performance servo drives and motors, including self-learning, self-tuning parameters, all-digital, low-cost type of linear motor and drive.④Development of efficient numerical control equipment. According to the principles of modular design, developed a highly efficient processing unit, developed a highly efficient CNC milling machine, crankshaft grinder, laser forming, CNC machining centers and integrated high-speed engraving and milling machines and other highly efficient CNC machine tools, and furtherdeveloped the idea and design platform for intelligent and efficient processing unit robot flexible manufacturing cell.⑤common basis for a new generation of flexible manufacturing equipment, technology and research. Various types of CNC machine tools including the new module design, reliability, design, mechanical design optimization of structural characteristics, computer-aided industrial design, new materials and a sense of control compensation, integrated precision contour compensation technology, high-speed high-precision axis unit, tool and integrated tool system, handling and transmission, cooling and protective, functional integration, a sense of control of integrated manufacturing and processing technologies.⑥machining theory and method of flexible automation. Including the commercialization of flexible manufacturing cell, quasi-practical flexible manufacturing system, flexible multi-standard processing techniques,multi-format production unit of flexible manufacturing technology.mon basis for a new generation of flexible manufacturing equipment, technology and research. Various types of CNC machine tools including the new module design, reliability, design, mechanical design optimization of structural characteristics, computer-aided industrial design, new materials and a sense of control compensation, integrated precision contour compensation technology, high-speed high-precision axis unit, tool and integrated tool system, handling and transmission, cooling and protective, functional integration, a sense of control of integrated manufacturing and processing technologies.8.machining theory and method of flexible automation. Including the commercialization of flexible manufacturing cell, quasi-practical flexible manufacturing system, flexible multi-standard processing techniques,multi-format production unit of flexible manufacturing technology.开放式智能化数控技术一、技术概述世界各工业发达国家通过发展数控技术、建立数控机床产业，促使机械加工业跨入一个新的“现代化”的历史发展阶段，从而给国民经济的结构带来了巨大的变化。
智能制造能力成熟度评估方法国标
智能制造能力成熟度评估方法国标Assessing the maturity of intelligent manufacturing capabilities is a crucial aspect of evaluating the efficiency and effectiveness of manufacturing processes in the current digital era. 智能制造能力成熟度评估方法国标是评估当前数字时代制造流程效率和有效性的重要方面。
The need for a standardized method for assessing the maturity of intelligent manufacturing capabilities arises from the rapid advancements in technology and the increasing complexity of manufacturing processes. 需要一个标准化的评估方法来评估智能制造能力成熟度，这源于技术的快速发展和制造过程日益增加的复杂性。
With the integration of technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, and the Internet of Things into manufacturing, it has become essential to have a comprehensive framework for evaluating the maturity of intelligent manufacturing capabilities. 随着人工智能、大数据和物联网等技术进入制造业，有一个全面的评估智能制造能力成熟度的框架变得至关重要。
One perspective to consider when developing a standardized method for assessing the maturity of intelligent manufacturing capabilities is the alignment with industry best practices. 在制定评估智能制造能力成熟度的标准方法时，一方面要考虑与行业最佳实践的对齐。
无人驾驶的好处和潜在危险英语作文
无人驾驶的好处和潜在危险英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Benefits and Potential Dangers of Self-Driving CarsAs technology continues to advance at a rapid pace, one of the most exciting and potentially transformative developments on the horizon is the advent of self-driving vehicles. While the idea of a car navigating roads and making complex decisions without human input may seem like science fiction, companies like Tesla, Google, Uber, and traditional automakers are pouring billions into research and development to make driverless cars a reality. As a student who will be entering the workforce in the next few years, I can't help but wonder how the emergence of autonomous vehicles could reshape the transportation landscape and what that might mean for my own life and future career prospects.On one hand, the potential benefits of self-driving cars are immense and could help solve some of society's most vexing issues related to transportation. The first and most obvious advantage is increased safety. Human error accounts for astaggering 94% of vehicle crashes, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. With robots at the wheel, factors like distracted driving, driving under the influence, fatigue, and poor decision-making would be eliminated from the equation. Not only could this save countless lives each year, but it could also reduce congestion caused by accidents andrans associated with emergency response.In addition to the safety benefits, widespread adoption of self-driving cars could dramatically increase mobility for people unable to drive due to age or disabilities. This could allow more elderly and disabled individuals to live independently and maintain their freedom for longer periods of time. It could also cut transportation costs significantly by allowing families to rely primarily on an affordable, self-driving ride service rather than owning a personal vehicle. Less need for private car ownership could lead to less vehicles on the road overall, creating more open space in urban areas currently occupied by parking lots and opening up possibilities for city redesign.Environmental benefits of driverless cars include the potential for increased fuel efficiency through optimal routing, fewer emissions from reduced traffic congestion, and the ability to implement alternative fuel sources easier in a standardizedfleet of self-driving cars. The economic impact could be massive as well, with estimates that autonomous vehicles could save the U.S. economy alone over 800 billion per year from increased productivity, reduced costs associated with traffic accidents, and more efficient use of travel time. A new industry and many new jobs would also be created to manufacture, service, and develop the software and technology behind self-driving cars.While the potential upsides of autonomous vehicles are undoubtedly attractive, they also present some very real and unsettling risks that must be carefully considered as the technology evolves. My biggest concern is the possibility of system failure, hacking, or other malicious attacks that could put passengers' safety in jeopardy. In 2015, researchers were able to successfully hack a Jeep Cherokee's controls while it was being driven, an alarming preview of the types of cyber threatsself-driving cars could face. With line of code connecting autonomous vehicles to the internet, the risk of fleets being compromised looms large. The consequences of such a breach could be catastrophic.There are also ethical quandaries and legal questions surrounding culpability in accidents involving self-driving cars. If an autonomous vehicle is involved in a fatal accident, who isliable - the passenger, automaker, software company that provided the driving intelligence? The lack of clear regulations and accountability could set up lengthy legal battles and sow confusion in the courts for decades to come. There are also concerns from labor unions that autonomous vehicles could eliminate millions of jobs for professional drivers, from long-haul truckers to taxi cab operators. While this could be offset by new jobs created in the autonomous vehicle industry, the transition could still be extremely disruptive for many workers and their families.On a societal level, some urban planners worry that driverless cars could paradoxically increase suburban sprawl by making long commutes more palatable, draining resources from city centers and diminishing the advantages of dense, walkable communities. There are also privacy concerns about the tracking data required for self-driving cars to safely navigate routes and the potential for that information to be abused by companies or government overreach.When I weigh all of these factors, I ultimately feel that the benefits of self-driving vehicles outweigh the potential risks and disadvantages, but only if the technology is implemented cautiously and with appropriate safeguards in place. Rigoroustesting, security measures, clear regulations, and a gradual rollout that allows society to adapt are all critical components that cannot be overlooked. Autonomous vehicles are an innovation that could dramatically improve quality of life, but we must take great care to address the dangers and ensure a safe and equitable transition.As a student looking ahead to embarking on a career in the coming years, I find the rise of self-driving cars both exhilarating and daunting. They could open up new professional opportunities for me in emerging fields like software engineering for autonomous systems or urban planning optimized for driverless transport. However, there is also the possibility that my own job prospects could be threatened by increasing automation and artificial intelligence displacing human workers. No matter which path lies ahead for me,self-driving cars will undoubtedly upend many assumptions about transportation, work, and everyday life that previous generations took for granted. My role will be to stay informed, consider the ethical implications, and prepare myself to help shape this new autonomous age in a way that maximizes its potential to better society while mitigating the dangers. It's sure to be a thrilling and unpredictable journey, and one that my generation will play a pivotal role in navigating.篇2The Benefits and Potential Dangers of Self-Driving CarsSelf-driving cars have been a topic of intense discussion and debate in recent years. As a university student studying computer science, I find this technology both fascinating and concerning. On one hand, autonomous vehicles could revolutionize transportation and vastly improve road safety. On the other, the risks involved with ceding control to artificial intelligence raise troubling ethical and practical questions. In this essay, I will examine the potential benefits of self-driving cars as well as the dangers we must be vigilant about.Perhaps the most compelling argument in favor ofself-driving vehicles is their potential to drastically reduce traffic accidents and fatalities. According to the World Health Organization, over 1.3 million people die in road crashes every year, with human error being a critical factor in over 90% of those accidents. By removing the fallible human element from the equation, autonomous cars could virtually eliminate crashes caused by drunk, distracted, or reckless driving. Their sensor systems and reaction times far surpass those of people. If adopted widely, self-driving tech could save millions of lives over time.Another major benefit would be increased mobility for those currently unable to drive due to age or disabilities. The elderly and visually impaired, among others, often suffer from lack of independence and social isolation due to their inability to operate vehicles safely. Self-driving cars would restore their freedom of movement and improve their quality of life immensely. This same advantage would extend to the broader public as well, leaving people free to use their commute time more productively or simply relax rather than dealing with the stress of driving in heavy traffic.On a societal level, widespread adoption of autonomous vehicles could reduce traffic congestion, air pollution, parking requirements, and overall transportation costs. With sophisticated sensors and vehicle-to-vehicle communication, self-driving cars could travel more efficiently by maintaining optimal speeds and safe distances between one another. Fewer traffic jams would mean less time idling in congestion and burning fuel unnecessarily. More efficient routing could cut travel times and ease strain on public infrastructure. If autonomous ride-sharing takes off, it could reduce the need for parking space as fewer personal vehicles would sit idle. Overall, the economic and environmental impacts could be tremendous.Those are just some of the potential upsides to autonomous driving tech. However, we cannot ignore the very real dangers and ethical minefields that come with ceding control to artificial intelligence systems. One major concern is cyber security - if self-driving cars can be hacked and their systems hijacked, the consequences could be disastrous. Entire fleets of autonomous vehicles could theoretically be turned into weaponized drone bombs with a few lines of malicious code. The software running these cars must be virtually unhackable to prevent such nightmare scenarios.Even if the systems are secure, the decision-making algorithms that control the cars' movements raise troubling ethical questions. In situations where a crash is unavoidable, how should the car's programming prioritize between protecting its passengers versus minimizing casualties outside the vehicle? Should it prioritize the lives of children over adults? High-profile individuals over ordinary citizens? There are no clear ethical guidelines for how to weigh these competing values. Programmers would be tasked with deciding whose lives to prioritize, basically playing a modern incarnation of the old "trolley problem" thought experiment.There are also complex legal questions surrounding liability in the case of an accident involving a self-driving car. Suppose an autonomous vehicle is involved in a fatal collision - who would be held responsible? The automaker? The software company? The sensor manufacturer? Resolving such issues could involve drawn-out legal battles with immense financial and ethical stakes. New legal and regulatory frameworks may need to be created specifically to deal with self-driving technology.On a personal level, I worry about the loss of autonomy involved with self-driving cars. As a driving enthusiast, I value the experience of being in control behind the wheel. There is an undeniable pleasure in the skill involved with operating a vehicle adeptly. Turning over that responsibility entirely to an impersonal machine feels like it could diminish a core aspect of human identity and agency. What if we grow overly dependent on automation to the point where key skills atrophy from disuse? There could be negative psychological impacts to becoming passive occupants disconnected from the acts of navigating and driving.Overall, while I'm in awe of the technical marvels ofself-driving vehicles, I can't fully embrace the technology until its myriad risks and dangers are addressed. The potential benefits interms of safety and efficiency are compelling, but not enough to abandon skepticism and ethical scrutiny. As the technology continues advancing, we must demand robust cybersecurity, transparent decision-making algorithms aligned with human values, equitable legal frameworks, and provisions to maintain key human skills and agency. Responsible development and trusted fail-safes are essential to public adoption. Self-driving cars could represent the next great transportation revolution - but only if we negotiate its uncertainties with clear eyes and level heads.篇3The Benefits and Potential Dangers of Self-Driving CarsAs technology continues to rapidly advance, one area that has seen tremendous progress is the development of self-driving vehicles. These autonomous cars, which can navigate roads and highways without human input, have the potential to revolutionize transportation as we know it. However, as with any new and disruptive technology, the rise of self-driving cars also brings with it a host of potential benefits and risks that must be carefully considered.On the positive side, proponents of self-driving cars argue that they could significantly reduce the number of accidents caused by human error, which accounts for a staggering 94% of all crashes according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. With advanced sensors and sophisticated algorithms, autonomous vehicles can potentially react faster and more accurately than human drivers in various situations, such as sudden obstacles or hazardous weather conditions. By eliminating factors like distracted driving, fatigue, and impaired judgment, self-driving cars could potentially save thousands of lives each year.Furthermore, self-driving technology could provide increased mobility for those who are unable to drive themselves, including the elderly, people with disabilities, and those without a driver's license. This newfound independence could greatly improve their quality of life and allow them to participate more fully in society. Additionally, by reducing the need for individual car ownership, self-driving cars could potentially alleviate traffic congestion and parking shortages in urban areas, leading to a more efficient use of road infrastructure and a lower environmental impact.Another potential benefit of self-driving cars is increased productivity. With the ability to work, read, or relax during their commute, individuals could use their travel time more efficiently, potentially boosting overall productivity and reducing stress levels associated with driving in heavy traffic.However, despite these potential advantages, the widespread adoption of self-driving cars also raises significant concerns and challenges. One of the most pressing issues is the ethical dilemma of how these vehicles should be programmed to handle unavoidable accident situations. For instance, if a collision is imminent, should the car prioritize the safety of its occupants over pedestrians or other vehicles? Who should be responsible for making these complex ethical decisions, and how can we ensure that they are fair and consistent?Another concern is the potential job displacement that could result from the widespread adoption of self-driving vehicles. Millions of people are currently employed as professional drivers, including truck drivers, taxi drivers, and ride-share service providers. The transition to autonomous vehicles could potentially render many of these jobs obsolete, leading to significant economic disruption and the need for comprehensive retraining programs.Furthermore, the security and privacy implications ofself-driving cars cannot be overlooked. These vehicles rely heavily on complex software and interconnected systems, which could potentially be vulnerable to hacking or cyber attacks. Malicious actors could potentially gain control of a self-driving car, putting its occupants and others on the road at risk. Additionally, the vast amounts of data collected by these vehicles, including location information and travel patterns, raise privacy concerns and the potential for misuse or unauthorized access.Despite these challenges, many experts believe that the benefits of self-driving cars outweigh the potential risks, and that the technology will continue to advance and become more widely adopted in the coming years. However, it is crucial that policymakers, automakers, and technology companies work together to address the ethical, legal, and practical concerns surrounding autonomous vehicles.One potential solution could be the development of comprehensive regulations and guidelines to govern the design, testing, and deployment of self-driving cars. These regulations could establish clear standards for safety, cybersecurity, and ethical decision-making, while also addressing issues such asliability in the event of an accident involving an autonomous vehicle.Additionally, extensive public education and awareness campaigns could help alleviate concerns and foster greater acceptance of self-driving technology. By clearly communicating the potential benefits, as well as the measures being taken to mitigate risks, individuals may be more likely to embrace this transformative technology.Ultimately, the advent of self-driving cars represents both an exciting opportunity and a significant challenge. While the potential benefits, such as increased safety, mobility, and efficiency, are compelling, the potential risks and ethical dilemmas must be carefully navigated. It is up to all stakeholders – automakers, tech companies, policymakers, and the general public – to work together to ensure that the development and deployment of self-driving cars prioritizes public safety, ethical principles, and the greater good of society.As a student, I am both fascinated and cautiously optimistic about the future of self-driving cars. While I recognize the potential for increased convenience, productivity, and safety, I also believe that we must remain vigilant in addressing the potential dangers and ethical challenges that accompany thistransformative technology. By engaging in thoughtful dialogue, fostering public understanding, and developing responsible regulations, we can work towards a future where self-driving cars enhance our lives while upholding the highest standards of safety, ethics, and individual rights.。
停车场英文
停车场英文Parking LotIntroduction:A parking lot, also known as a car park, is a designated area, typically paved, where vehicles can be parked temporarily. It plays a pivotal role in managing traffic and providing convenience to vehicle owners in urban areas. In this document, we will explore the concept of parking lots, their significance, different types, and the challenges faced in their design and operation.History and Significance:The history of parking lots dates back to the early 20th century when the booming automobile industry demanded standardized parking spaces. As car ownership increased, the need for proper parking facilities became evident. Parking lots not only serve as storage spaces for vehicles but also contribute to efficient traffic flow in crowded city centers. They enhance the accessibility of businesses and public spaces, making them essential components of urban planning.Types of Parking Lots:1. Surface Parking Lots: These are the most common type of parking lots found in various settings such as commercial centers, hospitals, and residential complexes. They feature a level, paved surface where vehicles park parallel or at an angle.2. Multilevel Parking Structures: These parking facilities utilize vertical space to accommodate a large number of vehicles. They are usually seen in densely populated areas where land availability is limited. Multilevel parking structures offer multiple floors for parking and often include ramps or elevators for vertical movement.3. Underground Parking Lots: These are constructed beneath buildings or public spaces to maximize land utilization and preserve the aesthetic appeal of the surroundings. Underground parking lots are commonly found in city centers or areas with space constraints.Design Considerations:Effective parking lot design requires careful consideration of various factors, including traffic flow, safety, accessibility, and space efficiency. Some key considerations include:1. Layout: Designing a logical and efficient layout that allows for smooth ingress and egress of vehicles is crucial. This may include properly marked parking spaces, directional signs, and clear lane markings.2. Lighting: Adequate lighting is essential for ensuring the safety and security of both drivers and their vehicles. Well-lit parking lots deter crime and provide a better user experience.3. Signage: Clear signage helps drivers navigate through the parking lot, indicating entrances, exits, parking restrictions, and available spaces. Proper signage can significantly enhance the overall parking experience.4. Accessibility: Compliance with accessibility standards ensures that parking lots are easily accessible to individuals with disabilities. This includes the provision of designated parking spaces, ramps, and appropriate signage.Operational Challenges:Parking lots face numerous challenges in their operation, including:1. Traffic Congestion: During peak hours or special events, parking lots may experience congestion, causing delays and frustration for drivers. Efficient traffic management through proper signage and staff assistance can mitigate this challenge.2. Security: Parking lots are susceptible to theft, vandalism, and other security issues. Implementing security measures such as surveillance cameras, adequate lighting, and regular patrols can address these concerns.3. Maintenance: Regular maintenance is crucial to ensure the longevity of a parking lot. This includes repair of potholes, cleaning, and regular striping, among other tasks.Conclusion:Parking lots are integral to urban infrastructure, enabling the efficient movement and storage of vehicles. Effective parking lot design and operation require consideration of various factors, from layout and accessibility to safety and maintenance. By addressing challenges and implementing well-thought-out strategies, parking lot facilities can enhance the overall urban experience and contribute to the smooth functioning of cities.。
关于电动车停放的英语作文
关于电动车停放的英语作文Electric Vehicle Parking: A Comprehensive Guide.The proliferation of electric vehicles (EVs) has brought about a paradigm shift in the transportation landscape, reshaping our perception of mobility and sustainability. As EVs continue to gain traction, one critical aspect that demands attention is parking infrastructure. This article delves into the nuances of EV parking, exploring its requirements, challenges, and solutions, with a view to informing the design and implementation of EV-friendly parking facilities.Unique Considerations for EV Parking.Unlike conventional vehicles, EVs possess distinct characteristics that necessitate specialized parking arrangements. These include:Charging Needs: EVs require electricity to replenishtheir batteries, necessitating access to charging stations while parked. Parking facilities must, therefore,incorporate charging infrastructure to cater to the unique energy needs of EVs.Battery Capacity and Range: The range and battery capacity of EVs vary widely depending on the make and model. Parking spaces need to accommodate vehicles with diverse energy capacities, considering the potential for extended parking durations.Time-Sensitive Charging: Charging an EV can take several hours, making time-sensitive parking a crucial factor. Parking zones should provide adequate time limitsto ensure uninterrupted charging while accommodating the needs of other drivers.Challenges in EV Parking Infrastructure.Despite the advantages of EV parking, severalchallenges hinder its widespread adoption:Limited Parking Spaces: Many existing parkingfacilities are not equipped to accommodate the growing number of EVs, leading to a scarcity of charging-enabled parking spaces.Inadequate Charging Infrastructure: The uneven distribution of charging stations poses a significant obstacle to EV adoption. Parking garages and other public parking areas often lack sufficient charging capacity to meet the demand.Cost Considerations: Installing and maintaining EV charging infrastructure can be expensive, potentially deterring parking facility owners from investing in these facilities.Technological Compatibility: The lack of standardized charging protocols can lead to compatibility issues between different EV models and charging stations, causing inconvenience for drivers.Solutions for EV Parking Infrastructure.To address these challenges and facilitate the seamless integration of EVs into our transportation systems, a comprehensive approach to EV parking infrastructure is essential:Expansion of Charging Stations: Parking facilities should prioritize the installation of a sufficient number of charging stations to cater to the growing EV population. This includes providing a mix of charging speeds and capacities to accommodate vehicles with varying range and battery sizes.Dedicated EV Parking Zones: Allocating designated parking spaces exclusively for EVs ensures that charging-enabled parking is readily available. These zones can be strategically located near charging stations and in high-traffic areas.Time-Flexible Parking Policies: Implementing flexible parking policies that allow EVs to occupy charging spaces for extended periods is crucial. This enables drivers tofully recharge their vehicles without incurring excessive parking fees.Standardization and Interoperability: Promoting industry-wide standardization of charging protocols and connectors ensures compatibility between different EV models and charging stations. This simplifies the charging process and enhances the user experience.Financial Incentives: Governments and utilities can provide financial incentives, such as tax breaks or grants, to encourage parking facility owners to invest in EV charging infrastructure. This can offset the initial costs and accelerate the adoption of EV-friendly parking.Public-Private Partnerships: Collaborations between public agencies and private sector stakeholders can leverage resources and expertise to develop and implement innovative EV parking solutions.Benefits of EV-Friendly Parking.Investing in EV-friendly parking infrastructure offers a multitude of benefits:Accelerated EV Adoption: Convenient and accessible charging options entice drivers to transition to EVs, contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution.Enhanced User Experience: EV drivers appreciate the convenience of parking in dedicated spaces and having access to reliable charging stations. This enhances their overall driving experience.Economic Growth: The development of EV parking infrastructure stimulates job creation and economic growth in the clean energy and automotive sectors.Urban Sustainability: By reducing emissions from vehicles parked in urban areas, EV-friendly parking contributes to improved air quality and overall urban sustainability.Conclusion.As the transition to electric vehicles gains momentum, the demand for EV-friendly parking infrastructure is imperative. By addressing the unique requirements and challenges associated with EV parking, we can pave the way for a sustainable transportation future. Through the expansion of charging stations, implementation of dedicated EV parking zones, and adoption of flexible parking policies, we can create a parking ecosystem that embraces the electrification of our transportation systems. This willnot only enhance the user experience for EV drivers butalso contribute to the broader goals of environmental protection and sustainable urban development.。
电动车停放规范协议书
电动车停放规范协议书英文回答：Electric Vehicle Parking Protocol Agreement.Introduction:As an electric vehicle (EV) owner, it is essential to follow proper parking etiquette to ensure convenience and safety for everyone. This Electric Vehicle Parking Protocol Agreement outlines the guidelines for parking EVs in a standardized and considerate manner.1. Parking Spaces:1.1 EV owners should only park their vehicles in designated EV parking spaces. These spaces are specifically allocated for EV charging purposes and should not be used by non-EV vehicles.Example: I always make sure to park my electric car in the designated EV parking spaces at my workplace, so other EV owners can also have access to charging facilities.1.2 EV owners should not block or obstruct other EV charging stations or equipment while parking.Example: It is important not to park in a way that blocks the charging cables or prevents other EV owners from accessing the charging stations.2. Charging Duration:2.1 EV owners should prioritize charging their vehicles within a reasonable time frame to allow other EV owners to access the charging stations.Example: I try to limit my charging time to a maximum of two hours, so other EV owners can also have a chance to charge their vehicles.2.2 If an EV is fully charged, the owner shouldpromptly move the vehicle to allow other EV owners toutilize the charging station.Example: Once my EV is fully charged, I always makesure to move it to a regular parking space to free up the charging station for other EV owners.3. Parking Etiquette:3.1 EV owners should park their vehicles within the designated parking lines and follow all parking regulations.Example: It is important to park my electric carproperly within the lines, just like any other vehicle, to ensure efficient use of parking spaces.3.2 EV owners should not occupy multiple parking spaces unless necessary for charging purposes.Example: I only occupy multiple parking spaces if there is a need for charging multiple EVs simultaneously. Otherwise, I park my EV in a single designated space.4. Communication:4.1 EV owners should communicate with each other to coordinate charging schedules and resolve any conflicts.Example: I have a group chat with other EV owners in my neighborhood, where we discuss our charging needs and coordinate our schedules to avoid any conflicts.4.2 EV owners should respect each other's charging needs and be considerate of others' charging requirements.Example: If I notice another EV owner waiting for a charging station, I offer to unplug my vehicle if it's charged enough to allow them to charge their EV.中文回答：电动车停放规范协议书。
英语作文呼吁人们重视电动自行车的骑行安全
英语作文呼吁人们重视电动自行车的骑行安全全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Rise of Electric Bicycles and the Importance of SafetyElectric bicycles, or e-bikes, have become increasingly popular in recent years, offering a convenient and eco-friendly mode of transportation. However, as their usage continues to grow, so does the need for heightened safety awareness and responsible riding practices. As a student deeply concerned about this issue, I implore you to join me in advocating for electric bicycle safety.E-bikes have gained widespread appeal due to their ability to assist riders, making commutes and recreational rides more accessible and less strenuous. With a small electric motor providing a boost, these bicycles allow riders to cover greater distances with less physical exertion. This convenience factor has contributed to their rapid adoption in urban areas, where traffic congestion and environmental concerns have prompted a shift towards alternative modes of transportation.While e-bikes offer numerous benefits, their increased speed and weight compared to traditional bicycles raise concerns about potential safety risks. Riders may be tempted to travel at higher speeds, increasing the likelihood of accidents and collisions with pedestrians or other vehicles. Furthermore, the added weight of the electric components can make e-bikes more difficult to control, particularly in challenging terrain or during sudden maneuvers.One of the most pressing issues regarding e-bike safety is the lack of consistent regulations and guidelines across different regions. Some areas classify e-bikes as regular bicycles, while others treat them as motor vehicles, leading to confusion and inconsistent enforcement of rules. This regulatory ambiguity contributes to a lack of standardized safety protocols, leaving riders and pedestrians vulnerable to potential hazards.As students, we have a unique opportunity to raise awareness about e-bike safety and advocate for change. Many of us have witnessed or experienced near-misses or accidents involving e-bikes on campus or in our communities. We have seen riders weaving recklessly through pedestrian areas, disregarding traffic signals, or riding without proper safety gear.These behaviors not only endanger the riders themselves but also put those around them at risk.To address this growing concern, I urge my fellow students to embrace a culture of safety and responsibility when it comes to e-bike usage. We must lead by example, adhering to traffic rules, wearing helmets, and maintaining a safe speed appropriate for the conditions. By demonstrating responsible riding practices, we can inspire others to follow suit and foster a safer environment for all.Moreover, we should actively participate in educational campaigns and advocacy efforts aimed at promoting e-bike safety. This could involve collaborating with campus organizations, local authorities, and advocacy groups to develop and disseminate safety guidelines, organize awareness events, and lobby for clear and consistent regulations governing e-bike usage.It is crucial that we engage with policymakers and transportation authorities to advocate for the implementation of comprehensive e-bike safety measures. This may include dedicated bike lanes, improved infrastructure for e-bike parking and charging stations, and mandatory safety certifications fore-bike manufacturers. By working together with stakeholders, wecan shape policies that prioritize the safety of all road users while still encouraging the adoption of sustainable transportation options like e-bikes.Additionally, we must encourage the development and adoption of innovative safety technologies for e-bikes. This could include advanced braking systems, collision avoidance features, and integrated safety gear designed specifically fore-bike riders. By supporting and promoting these technological advancements, we can make e-bike riding safer and more accessible for everyone.Furthermore, we should advocate for the inclusion of e-bike safety education in driving curricula and licensing programs. As e-bikes become more prevalent on our roads, it is essential that all road users, including drivers, are aware of their presence and understand how to safely share the road with them.Ultimately, promoting e-bike safety is not just a matter of personal responsibility; it is a collective effort that requires the involvement of students, communities, policymakers, and industry stakeholders. By raising our voices and taking action, we can create a safer environment for e-bike riders and pedestrians alike, while also encouraging the widespread adoption of this sustainable and efficient mode of transportation.As students, we have the power to shape the future and create positive change. Let us embrace the responsibility of advocating for e-bike safety, setting an example for our peers and communities. Through education, awareness campaigns, and active involvement in policy-making processes, we can ensure that the benefits of e-bikes are enjoyed safely and responsibly.Remember, safety should never be an afterthought; it must be a priority from the very beginning. By working together and prioritizing the well-being of all road users, we can create a future where e-bikes are not only convenient but also secure, allowing us to embrace sustainable transportation without compromising our safety or the safety of those around us.篇2The Need for Electric Bicycle SafetyAs a high school student, I've witnessed firsthand the rising popularity of electric bicycles as an eco-friendly and convenient mode of transportation. These pedal-assisted bikes have undoubtedly made commuting easier for many, allowing riders to cover longer distances with less effort. However, with the surge in their usage, especially among younger generations, apressing issue has emerged – the lack of safety awareness and responsible riding practices.Electric bicycles, with their electric motors capable of reaching speeds up to 20 mph (32 km/h) or higher, pose unique risks that are often overlooked. Unlike traditional bicycles, the increased speed and acceleration of electric bikes demand a heightened level of caution and skill from riders. Unfortunately, many riders, especially those new to electric bicycles, underestimate these risks, leading to avoidable accidents and injuries.Through this essay, I aim to raise awareness about the importance of electric bicycle safety and advocate for the implementation of measures to promote responsible riding practices. It is crucial that we, as a community, prioritize the well-being of all road users and work towards creating a safer environment for everyone.The Dangers of Reckless RidingOne of the most significant dangers associated with electric bicycles is the potential for collisions with pedestrians or other vehicles. The higher speeds attainable by electric bikes, coupled with the ease of acceleration, can make it challenging for riders to react promptly to unexpected situations. Furthermore, thesilent operation of these bikes can catch pedestrians off guard, increasing the risk of collisions in shared spaces such as sidewalks and bike paths.Another concerning issue is the tendency for some riders to disregard traffic laws and safety regulations. Many electric bicycle riders treat their bikes like traditional bicycles, failing to obey traffic signals, yield to pedestrians, or use proper hand signals when turning or changing lanes. This reckless behavior not only endangers the riders themselves but also puts other road users at risk.Moreover, the lack of proper protective gear, such as helmets and reflective clothing, among electric bicycle riders is a cause for concern. In the event of a collision or fall, the absence of protective gear can significantly increase the risk of severe injuries, including head trauma and road rash.Addressing the Issue: A Call to ActionTo tackle the growing problem of electric bicycle safety, a multi-faceted approach involving education, legislation, and infrastructure improvements is essential.Education and Awareness Campaigns:Firstly, we need to prioritize education and awareness campaigns targeted at electric bicycle riders. These campaigns should emphasize the importance of responsible riding practices, such as obeying traffic laws, using hand signals, and wearing appropriate protective gear. Additionally, riders should be educated on the unique characteristics and handling of electric bicycles, including their increased speed and acceleration capabilities.Legislation and Enforcement:Secondly, it is crucial to review and update existing legislation to address the specific challenges posed by electric bicycles. This may include implementing licensing requirements, age restrictions, or mandatory safety training for electric bicycle riders. Furthermore, consistent enforcement of traffic laws and safety regulations by law enforcement agencies is essential to discourage reckless riding behaviors.Infrastructure Improvements:Thirdly, we must invest in improving the infrastructure to accommodate the growing number of electric bicycle users. This includes the development of dedicated bike lanes, clearly marked shared-use paths, and improved signage and road markings to enhance visibility and safety for all road users.Personal Responsibility and Community Engagement:Ultimately, electric bicycle safety is a shared responsibility that requires the active participation of riders, pedestrians, and motorists alike. As riders, we must take personal responsibility for our actions and prioritize the safety of ourselves and others on the road. We should lead by example, demonstrating responsible riding practices and encouraging our peers to do the same.Furthermore, community engagement and collaboration are crucial in addressing this issue. Local organizations, schools, and community groups can play a vital role in promoting electric bicycle safety through educational programs, awareness campaigns, and advocacy efforts.ConclusionElectric bicycles offer a promising solution to sustainable transportation and urban mobility challenges. However, their increasing prevalence demands a heightened focus on safety to prevent avoidable accidents and injuries. By prioritizing education, implementing appropriate legislation, improving infrastructure, and fostering personal responsibility and community engagement, we can create a safer environment for electric bicycle riders and all road users.As students and members of the community, it is our responsibility to raise awareness about this pressing issue and advocate for change. Together, we can create a culture of safety and responsibility surrounding electric bicycle usage, ensuring that this eco-friendly mode of transportation remains a viable and safe option for all.篇3The Rise of the E-Bike and the Need for Safer StreetsAs a student who loves the freedom and convenience of getting around campus and town on an electric bicycle, I'm becoming increasingly concerned about the safety risks posed by the rapid growth in e-bike usage. E-bikes have exploded in popularity in recent years as an environmentally-friendly and efficient way to commute, run errands, and stay active. However, the rules and regulations around their use have not kept pace.With powerful motors allowing speeds of up to 28 mph,e-bikes can easily keep up with car traffic. Yet in most places, they are still treated simply as regular bicycles and allowed full access to bike lanes and pathways never designed for such speeds. Conflicts and collisions between fast e-bikes and pedestrians, particularly the elderly and small children, havebecome all too common. Just last month, an elderly man was hospitalized after being struck by an e-bike going over 20 mph on a shared path near my apartment.As students, we need to lead the charge in advocating for updated laws, regulations, and infrastructure before the continued e-bike boom leads to even more senseless injuries and tragedy. Rapid technological advancement in micro-mobility has outpaced society's ability to manage it safely and effectively. It's time we catch up and create a comprehensive legal framework, public education campaigns, and dedicated infrastructure that allow e-bikes to realize their sustainable potential without putting vulnerable road users at risk.The Current Wild West of E-Bike RegulationsPart of the problem is that e-bike laws vary drastically from state to state, city to city. There are three general classes defined, but limited federal governance around them:Class 1: Pedal-assist up to 20 mphClass 2: Throttle-controlled up to 20 mphClass 3: Pedal-assist up to 28 mphSome states treat Class 3 e-bikes like mopeds or motorcycles, requiring license plates and prohibiting them from bike paths.Others lump all three classes together as regular bicycles with no special rules. Age minimums, helmet requirements, and access to paths/lanes are a messy patchwork of conflicting local ordinances. Inconsistent laws make it hard for riders to know the regulations, let alone follow them. And they create ambiguity that limits law enforcement's ability to maintain order.Many bicycle organizations have called for e-bikes over 20 mph to be prohibited from bike lanes and paths due to the risk they pose to slower cyclists and pedestrians sharing the space. However, cities have been slow to act. E-bikes are often viewed solely as a positive eco-friendly innovation with little consideration for their unique risks compared to traditional human-powered bicycles.A 2022 study found that e-bike riders are 3.5 times more likely to be involved in a crash and suffer more severe injuries compared to standard bikes. Their higher speeds and acceleration result in greater forces during impacts and collisions. Head injuries are of particular concern given that e-bikers often treat their rides too casually, forgoing helmets. Distracted riding, often while wearing headphones, is also a major factor.We Need Better Infrastructure for Micro-MobilityThe way forward is a multilayered approach of smarter regulations, public education, enforcement, and infrastructure redesign to safely accommodate this new form of micro-mobility. At the regulatory level, we need clear national guidelines that:Prohibit e-bikes over 20 mph from bike lanes/paths (Class 3 treated as mopeds)Set strict age minimums for operating high-speed e-bikesRequire helmet usage, prohibit headphones/distractionsCreate license/registration requirements to improve accountabilityPublic awareness campaigns would educate riders on best safety practices and the rules of the road. Increased enforcement would be required to implement the new regulations effectively. Just as importantly, cities need to invest in proper infrastructure to physically separate these new micro-mobility modes.Currently, our streets, paths, and lanes attempt to serve human-powered bicycles, e-bikes, electric scooters, pedestrians, and cars all in the same space. It's a recipe for disaster. We need to build seamlessly interconnected networks of dedicated micro-mobility lanes that keep higher-speed e-bikes and scooters physically separated from pedestrians and traditionalcyclists. These new lanes could connect neighborhoods to transit hubs, schools, and commercial centers as part of a comprehensive micro-mobility strategy.Funding is always a challenge, but user fees frome-bike/scooter sales and efficient re-allocation of transportation budgets can provide the resources needed. The investments will pay dividends by boosting safety, reducing emissions fromgas-powered errands, and improving public health through active mobility.We Should Seize the Opportunity to Build Better CitiesThe micro-mobility revolution presents both a significant challenge to accommodate new technologies safely, but also an opportunity to build more sustainable, human-centric urban environments. By properly regulating e-bikes and building out dedicated micro-mobility infrastructure networks, we can advance low-emission transportation solutions while maintaining safety and accessibility for all road users.Cities that prioritize sustainable mobility, smart urban design, and embracing technological innovations will gain a competitive advantage in attracting residents, employees and visitors. Those that fail to act will become laggards stuck in the 20th century model of car-centric transportation planning. Smartpolicy-making today can shape more livable, equitable cities for decades to come.As students, we have a duty to raise awareness, advocate for change, and hold leaders accountable. We're at the forefront of the micro-mobility movement, but also among the most vulnerable populations exposed to its risks. By acting now, we can promote the transformative environmental and lifestyle benefits of e-bikes while ensuring they safely coexist with other modes of transit.It's an exciting frontier, but one that demands proactive intelligence to avoid avoidable injuries and fatalities. We owe it to our peers, our communities, and future generations to get the policies and infrastructure right for managing this revolution in urban mobility. Together, we can make our cities safer, greener, and more vibrant. But it will require our voice and our activism to get there. Who's riding with me?。
电动车入楼的英语作文
电动车入楼的英语作文Electric Vehicles and Residential Parking: An Exploration of Policy and Infrastructure Considerations.The burgeoning adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has brought about a surge of discussions surrounding the implications for urban planning and infrastructure. Among the key challenges is the provision of adequate and accessible charging facilities, particularly in residential settings where the majority of EV owners reside.The issue of EV charging in residential buildings is a complex one, intertwined with a myriad of factors including building codes, electrical infrastructure, and the preferences of homeowners. To facilitate a smoothtransition to widespread EV adoption, policymakers and building stakeholders must consider a range of approaches to ensure convenient and reliable charging options for residents.Policy Considerations.Governments play a crucial role in shaping theregulatory landscape for EV charging in residential areas. Several policy measures can help pave the way for a moreEV-friendly environment:Building Code Revisions: Municipalities can update building codes to mandate the installation of EV charging infrastructure in new residential developments and major renovations. This proactive approach ensures that future buildings are equipped to support the growing number of EVs.Financial Incentives: Offering financial incentives, such as tax credits or rebates, can encourage homeowners to install EV chargers in their properties. These incentives can help offset the upfront costs of charging equipment, making them more affordable for residents.Zoning Regulations: Local zoning regulations can be revised to streamline the approval process for EV charging infrastructure. This reduces bureaucratic hurdles andallows for the timely installation of chargers in residential areas.Infrastructure Considerations.In addition to policy initiatives, the physical infrastructure of residential buildings must be adapted to accommodate EV charging. Key considerations include:Electrical Capacity: EV chargers require a dedicated electrical circuit with sufficient amperage. Old or undersized electrical panels may need to be upgraded to handle the increased electrical demand.Charger Placement: The placement of EV chargers is crucial for convenience and accessibility. Chargers should be located in designated parking areas or close to entrances, ensuring that residents can easily access them.Wireless Connectivity: Modern EV chargers often come equipped with Wi-Fi or cellular connectivity. This allows residents to monitor their charging status remotely,receive notifications, and integrate with smart home systems.Resident Preferences.The preferences of homeowners also play a vital role in shaping the provision of EV charging in residential buildings. Some key considerations include:Ownership of Charging Equipment: Homeowners may prefer to own their EV chargers rather than relying on shared or public charging facilities. This gives them greater control over the cost, location, and availability of charging.Type of Charger: Residents may have different preferences regarding the type of EV charger installed. Level 1 chargers are typically slow, while Level 2 chargers offer faster charging speeds. The choice depends on factors such as the vehicle's charging capabilities and the homeowner's daily driving habits.Location Preferences: Homeowners may have specificpreferences regarding the placement of EV chargers, such as designated parking spaces or balconies. It is essential to consider these preferences during the planning and installation process.Stakeholder Collaboration.To successfully implement EV charging solutions in residential buildings, collaboration among various stakeholders is paramount. Key parties include:Property Owners: Property owners and developers play a significant role in providing EV charging infrastructurefor tenants and residents. They can incorporate charging capabilities into new construction and renovations, ensuring accessibility for all.Homeowner Associations: Homeowner associations (HOAs) can facilitate the installation of EV chargers in existing properties and establish guidelines for their use. They can also coordinate with property owners to secure funding and manage maintenance.Utilities: Utility companies provide the electrical infrastructure necessary for EV charging. They can offer technical guidance, rebate programs, and assistance with load management to support the increased demand for electricity.EV Manufacturers: EV manufacturers can play a role in educating homeowners about charging options and providing compatible charging equipment. They can also collaborate with stakeholders to develop and implement standardized charging solutions.Conclusion.The provision of accessible and reliable EV charging infrastructure in residential buildings is essential for the successful adoption of electric vehicles. By implementing a combination of policy measures, infrastructure upgrades, and collaboration among stakeholders, policymakers and building owners can createan environment that encourages EV ownership and supports the transition to a more sustainable transportation system.。
有色金属行业智能矿山建设指南评分标准
有色金属行业智能矿山建设指南评分标准Intelligent mining in the nonferrous metal industry is a crucial aspect of modernizing and optimizing mining operations. In order to evaluate and guide the construction of intelligent mines, it is important to have standardized assessment criteria that can objectively measure the intelligence level of a mine. The following factors should be considered when establishing evaluation criteria for intelligent mining in the nonferrous metal industry:1. Technological IntegrationThe evaluation should consider the level of technological integration within the mine. This includes assessingwhether advanced technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and big data analytics are being used effectively in various aspects of mining operations, such as exploration, extraction, transportation, and processing.2. Automation and RoboticsThe extent to which the mine utilizes automation and robotics should also be taken into account. This involves evaluating the deployment of autonomous vehicles and machinery, automated monitoring systems, and robot-assisted operations in areas like drilling, blasting, loading, hauling, and sorting.3. Safety MeasuresEvaluation criteria should prioritize safety measures implemented within the mine. Factors such as real-time monitoring systems for detecting hazardous conditions or potential risks, emergency response protocols, and safety training programs for employees should be assessed to ensure a safe working environment.4. Energy EfficiencyEnergy consumption plays a significant role in mining operations. Therefore, energy-efficient practices should be evaluated. This could involve assessing initiatives likeenergy-saving lighting systems, efficient equipment utilization through predictive maintenance algorithms or data-driven optimization techniques.5.Environmental SustainabilityThe criteria must include an evaluation of initiativesaimed at minimizing environmental impact from mining activities—for example waste management practices that focus on recycling or reusing materials instead of disposal; water conservation measures; emission reduction strategies; or efforts towards land reclamation after mining operations cease.6.Reliability and ResilienceMining operations need to continue uninterrupted to maximize productivity; therefore,the reliability and resilience of intelligent mines are essential considerations.From backup power systems and redundancy plans to proactive maintenance and disaster recovery procedures,these factors should be evaluated to ensure arobust and resilient mining operation.以上是有色金属行业智能矿山建设指南评分标准的一些考虑因素，这些因素可以用来评估和指导智能矿山的建设。
e泊车停车缴费标准
e泊车停车缴费标准As an e-parking user, I have experienced both the convenience and frustration of the parking payment standards set by e-parking. The flexibility of being able to pay for parking through a mobile app is truly a game-changer in today's fast-paced world. It saves time and eliminates the need to search for loose change or worry about expiring meters. However, the inconsistency in parking rates across different locations can be a source of annoyance. Each parking lot seems to have its own set of rules and fees, making it difficult to predict how much it will cost to park in a certain area.作为一名e泊车用户，我既体验到了停车缴费标准带来的便利性，也遇到了其中的烦恼。
通过手机应用支付停车费的灵活性在当今这个快节奏的世界中确实是一个改变游戏规则的新事物。
它省时、省力，消除了寻找零钱或担心过期计时器的需求。
然而，不同地点停车费用的不一致性可能成为一个让人感到恼火的问题。
每个停车场似乎都有自己的规定和费用标准，很难预测在某个区域停车会花费多少钱。
On one hand, the convenience of being able to pay for parking with just a few taps on a mobile phone is unparalleled. Gone are the daysof rushing back to feed the meter or frantically searching for a pay station. With e-parking, users can pay for parking from the comfort of their car, or even before they arrive at their destination. This level of convenience is a major selling point for e-parking services, and one that sets them apart from traditional parking payment methods.一方面，通过手机轻轻一点就能支付停车费的便利程度是无与伦比的。
老师新编_简明英语语言学教程第二版第4章答案
《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版第4章练习题参考答案Chapter 4 Syntax1. What is syntax?Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.2. What is phrase structure rule?The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements (i.e. specifiers, heads, and complements) that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule.The phrase structural rule for NP, VP, AP, and PP can be written as follows:NP →(Det) N (PP) ...VP →(Qual) V (NP) ...AP →(Deg) A (PP) ...PP →(Deg) P (NP) ...We can formulate a single general phrasal structural rule in which X stands for the head N, V, A or P.3. What is category? How to determine a word's category?Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.To determine a word's category, three criteria are usually employed, namely meaning, inflection and distribution.若详细回答，则要加上：Word categories often bear some relationship with its meaning. The meanings associated with nouns and verbs can be elaborated in various ways. The property or attribute of the entities denoted by nouns can be elaborated by adjectives. For example, when we say that pretty lady, we are attributing the property ‘pretty’ to the lady designated by the noun. Similarly, the propertie s and attributes of the actions, sensations and states designated by verbs can typically be denoted by adverbs. For example, in Jenny left quietly the adverb quietly indicates the manner of Jenny's leaving.The second criterion to determine a word's category is inflection. Words of different categories take different inflections. Such nouns as boy and desk take the plural affix -s. Verbs such as work and help take past tense affix -ed and progressive affix -ing. And adjectives like quiet and clever take comparative affix -er and superlative affix -est. Although inflection is very helpful in determining a word's category, it does not always suffice. Some words do not take inflections. For example, nouns like moisture, fog, do not usually take plural suffix -s and adjectives like frequent, intelligent do not take comparative and superlative affixes -er and -est.The last and more reliable criterion of determining a word's category is its distribution. That is what type of elements can co-occur with a certain word. For example, nouns can typically appear with a determiner like the girl and a card, verbs with an auxiliary such as should stay and will go, andadjectives with a degree word such as very cool and too bright.A word's distributional facts together with information about its meaning and inflectional capabilities help identify its syntactic category.4. What is coordinate structure and what properties does it have?The structure formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction is called coordinate structures.It has (或写Conjunction exhibits) four important properties:1) There is no limit on the number of coordinated categories that can appear prior to the conjunction.2) A category at any level (a head or an entire XP) can be coordinated.3) Coordinated categories must be of the same type.4) The category type of the coordinate phrase is identical to the category type of the elements beingconjoined.5. What elements does a phrase contain and what role does each element play?A phrase usually contains the following elements: head, specifier and complement. Sometimes it also contains another kind of element termed modifier.The role each element can play:Head:Head is the word around which a phrase is formed.Specifier:Specifier has both special semantic and syntactic roles. Semantically, it helps to make more precise the meaning of the head. Syntactically, it typically marks a phrase boundary.Complement:Complements are themselves phrases and provide information about entities and locations whose existence is implied by the meaning of the head.Modifier:Modifiers specify optionally expressible properties of the heads.6. What is deep structure and what is surface structure?There are two levels of syntactic structure. The first, formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head's subcategorization properties, is called deep structure(or D-structure). The second, corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called surface structure (or S-structure).（以下几题只作初步的的成分划分，未画树形图, 仅供参考）7. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.a) The old lady got off the bus carefully.Det A N V P Det N Advb) The car suddenly crashed onto the river bank.Det N Adv V P Det Nc) The blinding snowstorm might delay the opening of the schools.Det A N Aux V Det N P Det Nd) This cloth feels quite soft.Det N V Deg A8. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriatetree structure for each.a) rich in mineralsXP(AP) →head (rich) A + complement (in minerals) PPb) often read detective storiesXP(VP) →specifier (often) Qual +head (read) V +complement (detective stories) NPc) the argument against the proposalsXP(NP) →specifier (the) Det +head (argument) N +complement (against the proposals) PP d) already above the windowXP(VP) →specifier (already) Deg +head (above) P +complement (the window) NPd) The apple might hit the man.S →NP (The apple) + Infl (might) +VP (hit the man)e) He often reads detective stories.S →NP (He) +VP (often reads detective stories)9. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures.（斜体的为名词的修饰语，划底线的为动词的修饰语）a) A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution.b) A huge moon hung in the black sky.c) The man examined his car carefully yesterday.d) A wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm.10. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences.（划底线的为并列的范畴）a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.b) Helen put on her clothes and went out.c) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.11. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence.a) You know that I hate war.b) Gerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English exam.c) Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce.d) The children argued over whether bats had wings.12. Each of the following sentences contains a relative clause. Draw the deep structure and the surface structure trees for each of these sentences.a) The essay that he wrote was excellent.b) Herbert bought a house that she lovedc) The girl whom he adores majors in linguistics.13. The derivations of the following sentences involve the inversion transformation. Give the deep structure and the surface structure of each of these sentences. （斜体的为深层结构，普通字体的为表层结构）a) Would you come tomorrow?you would come tomorrowb) What did Helen bring to the party?Helen brought what to the partyc) Who broke the window?who broke the window。
英语作文关于公园交通管理
In the bustling city life, parks serve as an oasis of tranquility and greenery, offering residents a muchneeded respite from the hustle and bustle. However, the management of traffic within these public spaces is a critical aspect that requires thoughtful planning and execution to ensure the safety and enjoyment of all visitors. Here are some key points to consider for effective park traffic management:1. Pedestrian Priority: Parks should be designed with pedestrians in mind. Paths should be wide enough to accommodate both casual strollers and joggers without feeling crowded.2. Clear Signage: Clear and visible signs should be placed throughout the park to guide visitors on where they can and cannot go. This includes signs for bike lanes, pedestrianonly zones, and parking areas.3. Designated Lanes: If the park is large enough to accommodate cyclists or rollerbladers, designated lanes should be clearly marked to prevent accidents and confusion.4. Parking Solutions: Adequate parking facilities should be provided near the park entrance to reduce the number of vehicles entering the park itself. Consider implementing a parkandride system where visitors can park their cars at a central location and take a shuttle to the park.5. Traffic Calming Measures: Use speed bumps, narrow lanes, and other traffic calming measures to slow down vehicles and prioritize the safety of pedestrians.6. Regular Maintenance: Regular maintenance of pathways and roads within the park is essential to ensure they are safe for all users. This includes fixing potholes, trimming overgrown vegetation, and repairing damaged signs.7. Emergency Access: Ensure there are clear paths for emergency vehicles to access all areas of the park in case of an incident.8. Education and Enforcement: Educate visitors about the parks traffic rules through informational campaigns and enforce these rules through regular patrols by park security or local law enforcement.9. Adaptive Design: Consider the needs of all visitors, including those with disabilities. Ensure that the parks traffic management plan is inclusive and accessible to everyone. 10. Feedback Mechanism: Establish a feedback mechanism where visitors can reportissues or suggest improvements related to park traffic management. This can help park authorities to continuously improve the system.By implementing these measures, park authorities can create a safe and enjoyable environment for everyone, ensuring that the park remains a cherished part of the community for years to come.。
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Manuscript received April 5, 2009Manuscript revised April 20, 2009Intelligent and Standardized Parking SolutionKrishan Sabaragamu Koralalage and Noriaki YoshiuraDepartment of Information and Computer Sciences, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570, JapanSummaryDue to the increasing number of vehicles and urbanizations,managing parking has become an issue. One main reason is thatthe current infrastructure facilities are not efficient enough tomanage increasing demand. Although there are several systemsto solve this issue, standardization and interoperability has notbeen achieved yet. Therefore everyone has to subscribe or use parking systems according to the service provider’s proprietary systems. On the other hand, providing prior information about idling parking lots and navigation towards the idling parking lot in controlled entrance parking blocks, and preventing illegalparking and automatically enforcing parking regulations in freeentrance parking lots hasn’t also been achieved yet. In this paperwe will introduce a novel RFID tag architecture and compositionthat can solves the most of the current parking issues whilerealizing potential benefits in intelligent transportation systems.The proposed solution allows real time, efficient, effective and hassle free parking systems, enables dynamic parking management, provides information and directions on idling lots, automate collecting of charges and prevents illegal parking in both free entrance and controlled entrance parking lots.Key words:Intelligent Transportation System, RFID, Parking ManagementSystem.1. IntroductionModern parking requires seamless integration of differentareas, personnel and vehicle management, data processing,billing and accounting in order to provide high quality,efficient services to the customer [1, 2]. Similarly it isnecessary to allow standardized usage for customerswithout adopting several proprietary systems.There are two main types of parking lots: freeentrance parking lots and controlled entrance parking lots.Free entrance parking lots do not have any entry controlsystem or locking system to enforce the rules andregulations [1, 3]. Some of them even do not use anymechanisms to collect money. Parking lots in highways,along the main streets, hospitals and government servicecenters comes under this category. Mostly these types ofparking lots are governed by the city offices or thegovernment. Main concepts in this type of parking lots areto manage the traffic and allow smooth and efficientservices to the consumers without expecting much economical benefits [3, 4]. Controlled entrance parking lots are the parking lots that are mostly aiming to achieve the economic benefits. They are installed with one of the well known entry control mechanisms at the point of entrance and exit to monitor and control the incoming and outgoing vehicles. Most of these parking lots are run by commercial companies. The main concepts of these parking lots are to achieve the economical benefits and allow smooth and traffic control over the congested areas. Aim of simplest parking management system is to managing parking lots by facilitating vehicle parking and collecting money according the price plan before leaving the lot. But if we use the proper technology combination with efficient and effective manner it opens up the possibilities beyond controlling and monitoring parking lots or collecting parking charges automatically. Like in automated toll collection, automated parking management systems offer great benefits to owners, operators, and patrons. Some of the main benefits include reduced cash handling and improved back-officeoperations, high scalability, automatic data capture anddetailed reporting, improved traffic flow at peak hours, improved customer service, cash-free convenience, and also provinces to arrange special privileges for VIP customers such as volume discounts, coupons, and other discounts for daily parkers. One of the best candidate technology used in parking systems is the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology because it enables carrying data in suitable transponders. A RFID system typically comprises of RFID tags and a tag reader that work together to provide a noncontact solution to uniquely identify objects tagged with RF tags. The non-contact short-range communication makes it suitable for implementing an electronic, automatic identification mechanism for vehicles at parking lots and toll gates. Hence industry is working on RFID based solution to improve parking systems enabling automatic parking and toll applications minimizing delays and hassles while providing efficient service to customers. Once the unique ID in RFID tag is read the database system will check for its validity and allow vehicle to enter to the premises. When the vehicle leave parking premises vehicle is identified and billed to the pre-registered account by back office system. The advantages of this type of system include not only easy access for the customer,but the elimination of staffing at entry and exit points.Thus RFID enabled automated parking access control systems eliminates customers' need to fumble for change, swipe cards, or punch numbers into a keypad. Vehicles can move smoothly through controlled entrances, and more parkers can be accommodated, thereby increasing revenues. As there are no cards or tickets to read, the whole system is a convenient, hassle free and easy vehicle parking. Furthermore the delay time can be reduced to the minimum when entering and leaving the parking lots.1.1 Existing Systems Rasilant Technologies, EasyPark Solutions, PARKTRACK, Essen RFID, TagMaster North America, Inc., Macroware Information Technology, Infosys Solutions, TransCore, and ActiveWave are some of the leaders in the industry to provide RFID enabled parking management systems. TransCore is one of the pioneers to provide parking access control systems which offer using RFID technology. They uses proven eGo® and Amtech®-brand RFID technology to deliver reliable, automated parking access control systems solutions. TransCore's parking control systems facilitate airport security parking and parking at universities, corporations, hospitals, gated communities, and downtown parking facilities. ActiveWave is another company who provide suchsystems using RFID technology. In their system, surveillance cameras or video recorders can be triggeredwhenever a vehicle enters or exits the controlled area.1.2 Motivation, Goal and Objectives According to our study we found that there is no standard and interoperable solution developed to control both the free entrance and controlled entrance parking systems instead the trend is to commercial parking systems to improve their management process and customer convenience to achieve the maximum economical benefits. Though it is possible to request a customer to adopt the requirements of the commercial parking lot if they wish to subscribe their services, similar requests cannot be made to enforce the rules and regulations in the country by the city governing authorities or police to manage free entrance parking lots. Additionally the companies who provide RFID based parking management systems are proprietary, and provide no interoperability. Almost all the cases they only uses unique ID to identify and billing the vehicles. Furthermore, they are unable to provide interoperability. Thus customers have to have different devices installed for different subscriptions such as one for electronic toll collection and another for parking access. Additionally no existing system provides support to enforce the rule and regulations of the country. Hence, all the existing and previously proposed RFID based parking management systems has no support towards the standardized and interoperable parking management systems for both free entrance and controlled entrance parking lots while providing the facility of rules and regulation enforcement of the country.Thus we proposed novel tag architecture and its composition on vehicles to enable large array of applications in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) including parking management systems. The proposed tag architecture involves new tag design and common communication platform to enable interoperability. Thiscomposition was made to fulfill the future needsextensively without creating any inconvenience to theservice providers or to the consumers. We strongly believe that this process should start at the time of vehicle manufacturing as it enables the standardized and interoperable systems. Therefore our architecture starts from the point of manufacturing. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows.Chapter 2 describes the vehicle and its composition of tag and reader. The proposed solution is explained in Chapter 3. Potential Applications of the proposed architecture in ITSs are described in Chapter 4. Finally the Chapter 5 concludes the paper with future works and remarks. 2 Vehicle and Its CompositionsFor the first place, to work out the proposing method thereshould be a tag and reader installed in vehicle. To maintain the consistency and standard, vehicle manufacturers should install a tag and an interrogator (reader/writer) foreach vehicle at the time of manufacturing. The tag,hereafter called vehicle tag should contain all thenecessary information in ITS. Further more such tag should be secured and allow role base accessing methods to open up a large array of applications from manufacturing to recycling. Since there is no such tag, we designed a vehicle Radio Frequency (RF) tag which could fulfill above requirement. A vehicle tag design supports various applications on intelligent transportation systems (ITS) including intelligent parking management system. It has role base accessing systems and almost all the required information in ITSs. Information stored on the tag can only be accessed by the authorized readers. Novel tag hasfour roles: public, friendly, protected and private. Each role protects the accessible information. Logical structure of the vehicle RF tag is illustrates in figure 1. Figure 1. also illustrates the memory types, access modifiers, and respective keys of each role. Encryption algorithm used hers is AES-128 stream cipher. Vehicle tag contains methods, data “Initial”, AES-128 algorithm and processing module. A, B, C, and D represents the access modifier private, protected, friendly, and public areas. Four areas of the vehicle tag can be used as follows.Fig. 1. Illustrate the logical structure of the vehicle tag.Information stored in the public area can be read by any reader whereas the friendly, protected and private areas are secured with reading and writing permission. Only the vehicle owner who is granted with private role can, write in public area. Private role is also granted to read any attribute value of own vehicle’s tag though the writings of protected attributes are restricted. The protected area is used by a government authority such as department of motor vehicle registration. Attributes in friendly area can be read or written only with the friendly key. The owner of the vehicle has to manage the friendly area in addition to private area. Therefore the owner of a vehicle needs to keep private key, friendly key and PIN with him. Private key and PIN are used to secure the ownership of the vehicle. If the owner needs to change some attribute value in friendly area such as his “WalletID”, he must use the friendly key.Vehicle tag generates nonce N I whereas the reader generates three nonce values N T , ID I , and ID T to carry out proper mutual authentication. In addition that three role keys and PIN are stored to ensure the security of data. Four areas of four roles are marked with A, B, C and D. Each area is used by different agents throughout the lifecycle of the vehicle.Public area stores the object class name, type, anonymous ID, intention and customizable attribute called PblAttrib01. Information stored in this area can be used to understand object and its movements. Identifying those public information leads to create applications like collision avoidance, traffic signal management, vehicle to vehicle communication, road congestion management, road rule enforcements, driving assistant systems, etc.Protected area stores the color, model, manufactured year, frame number and type, engine, capacity, weight, size, license plate number, date of first registration, inspection validity, and tax payment status. Additionally it also has got two customizable attributes named as “PrtcdAttrib01” and “PrtcdAttrib02”. Information stored in this area is devoted to the vehicle governing authority. Therefore, after first registration the data stored in this area can only be manipulated by government authority. Protected information can be read only by the owner or police. Inspection validity, insurance, tax, etc. help to identify the current status of the vehicle. Recognizing illegal, fake, clone, stolen or altered vehicles, issuing fines for inspection expired vehicles, verification of tax payments, management of carrying garage, temporary and brand new vehicles are some of the main applications using this area.Friendly modifier allows several services to be catered to the user in effective manner. This area stores the pay ID or wallet ID, rider mode, two customizable attributes named as “FrndAttrib01” and “FrndAttrib02”. Information stored in this area can be used to subscribe variety of services provided by companies. Any registered service provider can use this information to provide the comfortable service to the vehicle user. Electronic fee collection systems like toll collection and parking can use “WalletID” to collect the fee only after prior registration with relevant authorities. Furthermore, the emergency vehicles like ambulances can use this area to prioritize traffic signals by using the value of “RiderMode” attribute.Private area stores owner name, address and one customizable attribute named as “PvtAttrib01”. Information stored in this area is to prove the ownership of the vehicle. No one can read or write data into this area without the permission of the owner. When the vehicle is sold the ownership information will be changed.Unlike conventional RFID tag, vehicle tag can manage its access depending on four roles: public, friendly, protected and private. Thus it provides role base access control mechanism. Additionally, vehicle tag eliminates the necessity of accessing database by keeping its own data with it and thereby guarantees the stand alonecapability. Similarly such tag assures ability of self-describing using the characteristics and behaviors of RF technology. Furthermore the interoperability is guaranteed by providing the common communication interface. Therefore the plug and playability is supported using the above three main points allowing any actor in ITS to communicate with vehicle tag.2.1 Communication ProtocolsVehicle tag has five main protocols: non-secure reading, non-secure writing, secure reading, secure writing and key updating. Transferring ownership of vehicle tag is a combination of above protocols. It is only used in authorized centers with the specific readers. Since the page limitation the details of the protocol passes are omitted here.2.1.1 Non-secured (public) reading protocol.Non-secure reading protocol is used for public reading. Any reader can query the public attribute values by passing the attribute name to the vehicle tag. For that attribute names of the given object class must be available for the reader to query the attribute value. For instance, attribute name list of vehicle class should be available with the interested readers, which can query “Type” attribute value from vehicle tag. Then the vehicle tag will answer with value “CAR”.2.1.2 Secured (private, protected and friendly) reading and writing protocol.Each role attribute value should be managed securely. Only successful mutual authentication allows reading. Reading is only granted for authorized parties and they can only read the data which belong to them. To ensure security of each reading messages are encrypted with authorization key.2.1.3 Secure Key Updating.Unlike secure writing, it is necessary to confirm the keys to be updated before actual key updating because the communication will be impossible if a wrong key is set. Therefore, there are two more passes in this protocol other than secure writing.2.1.4 Transferring the Ownership.This process will be carried out by specific readers after deleting all the personal information of the predecessor and updating the ownership to successor without creating any security and privacy issues. 2.2 Lifecycle of Vehicle TagVery first step of tag lifecycle is creating fresh vehicle tag. Vehicle tag contains the vehicle class attributes. At the time of fresh tag creation only the “OName” and “AnonymousID” attribute values are filled with values. In vehicle class “OName” is “VEHICLE” and “AnonymousID” is a random unique number. Next the vehicle tag is passed to the vehicle manufacturer. Once the vehicle manufacturer receives the fresh vehicle tag instances, other relevant attribute values are filled according to the instance characteristics. For example Toyota may request 1000 vehicle tags to attached in brand new vehicles and then feed the instance attribute values such as vehicle type, frame number, engine etc. Additionally, three role keys and the PIN are set to manufactures secrets. Finally the tagged vehicles are passed to the dealers after transferring the ownership to them by changing those three role keys and PIN to deals own secrets.When a customer bought a brand new vehicle from a dealer, first registration will be carried out. By that time the protected role key will be handed over to the vehicle governing authority while friendly, and private role keys with PIN will be changed to the customers’ secrets by transferring the ownership. Since the customer has the friendly key to allow secure communication between desired service providers and his own vehicle, services like electronic toll collection, parking payments, gasoline payments, etc. can be subscribed easily.During the usage of the vehicle customer may extend the validity of inspection period, pay taxes, etc. Then the relevant vehicle tag attribute values will be updated. When the customer needs to sell the vehicle to someone, ownership should be transferred by visiting the authorized centers’ readers by protecting the predecessors and successors secrets.When the customer decides to throw away the vehicle, cancellation of registration can be done visiting an authorized center and then pass the vehicle for recycling company. By the time of de-registration only the minimum required information will be kept and other information including personal data will be deleted to protect security and privacy of users. Then the recycling company also can use RF communication to improve their process of gathering information on recycling units. Note that each user’s ability of writing is also controlled by using three memory types: ROM, EPROM and EEPROM throughout the lifecycle.2.3 Expressing Intended Movement of a VehicleUsing the above mentioned composition it is possible to detect the intended movements of a vehicle. This can be achieved only by retrieving the value of “Intention” public attribute on the vehicle tag. For this each vehicle shouldFig. 2. Illustrate the identification layout of intended movements of vehicles.express their intended movements to others at least within a given block or time slot. The following section explains how a vehicle can express its intention using a tag and interrogator.Assume that there is another type of tag called Informer. Informer instances are positioned in the center line of the road in a way that can be read by vehicles running towards the both directions. Those tags contained the next target, current position, current route, and next crossing lane, etc. as shown in Figure 2. Once the immediate previous 16.1 Informer tag position is passed by a vehicle, intended action “16.1GF” of that vehicle is sent to the 16.2 Informer tag via the vehicle reader requesting the next target information. Then the Informer tag sends the next target information to the vehicle. If there is no previous Informer, the reader in the vehicle requests “yourPosition” attribute of first Informer tag to understand the current position.When a vehicle passes the very first Informer, the interrogator in the vehicle gets to know the next immediate target. After that, the interrogator writes that information with intended action, running speed, and expected reach time of current immediate target and lane number if it exists, to the public area of the vehicle tag. If there is no lane number, or previous position information before the Informer, the predefined not applicable dummy values will be used to compose the intention attribute. Once the vehicle tag is filled with intention, it will start expressing the intended movements as shown in Figure 2. This process continues until the no Informer tag is found. Whenever changes happened to the values relevant to the parameters used to compose above message, recalculation is done and vehicle tag starts retransmitting the new message. For instance, if the speed is changed the recalculation is done and retransmission starts. A target message interpretation is represented in Figure 3.Here the intended action is divided to eight categories: Turn Left (TL), Turn Right (TR), Go Forward (GF), Go Backward (GB), U-Turn (UT), Hazard Stop (HS), Emergency Accident (EA) and Parked (PK).Fig. 3. Target message expressed by moving vehicle.The message in Figure 3. is interpreted as a vehicle is moving over the route number 16 by passing the Informer position 16.0 and heading forward (GF) to 16.1. Current estimated reach time to the 16.1 is 12:02:23:122 and the vehicle is running at a speed of 60kmph in lane 0. Here the lane 0 means that the road 16 has only one lane for one side. Therefore as explained in the above message, one vehicle can understand the intended movements of surrounding vehicles and thereby collisions avoidance can be achieved when crossing an intersection and merging lanes.3. Parking Management SystemOnce the vehicle tag and interrogator is installed into vehicles, optimal automation could be achieved in parking management system while providing better services to the customers.Our aim was to develop a parking management system which works on both free entrance and controlled entranceparking lots. To enable such parking management system it is necessary to identify the arriving and departing vehicles, detect the idling parking lots, support navigation towards the idling or reserved parking lot, bill parked vehicles, allow inquiring availability and reserve parkinglot and enable enforcing of parking rules and regulations. Fig. 4. Illustrate controlled entrance parking block numbers represents theLot tags installed in each lot.Figure 4 and 5 explained controlled entrance parking area and free entrance parking area respectively. Both of them should be equipped with Lot tag instances and Readers. Each Lot tag on each parking block is uniquely named. Since it is necessary to cope with the vehicles which do not have installed a vehicle tag and interrogator, sensing system is used to detect the occupancy of the parking lot. When a vehicle is parked to a parking lot, the sensor will check the occupancy and informed the controlsystem that there is a car in its lot.Fig. 5. Illustrate free parking area and the numbers represents the Lot tagsinstalled in each lot. 3.1 Structure of the Lot TagLot tag contains the following attributes to identify the lot number, occupancy and reservation information. Figure 6.Illustrate some of the key attributes of Lot tag.Fig. 6. Illustrate key attributes of Lot Tag.3.2 Identification of Arriving and Departing Vehicles Automatic Vehicle Identification (AVI) is the solution to secure and convenient hands-free access control. In parking AVI is used to automatic identification of vehicles for safe access control and correct billing of parking fees.There can be two main types of vehicles entering to the parking premises: pre-registered vehicles (service subscribers) and other vehicles. To subscribe the services provided by the park operator, vehicle must be equipped with a vehicle tag and interrogator. Such vehicles become service subscribers when they are registered with the park operators. On the other hand, vehicles that are not subscribed but installed with above composition can use most of the services other than automated parking fee payment. Pre-registered vehicles can enter and leave the parking lot without any hassle whereas others need to pick a ticket at the entrance to enter the premises and made the payment when leaving the premises by inserting theparking ticket like in existing systems.Fig. 7. Illustrate the flow chart of entering controlled entrance parking lotA vehicle enter to the controlled entrance parking premises will first identify by its “AnonymousID” and check for the validation of the subscription and allowed to enter smoothly like in automated toll collection gates. Ifthe vehicle is not a service subscriber, parking ticket will be issued before opening the entering gate. Similarly the vehicles that are not embedded with vehicle tag and readers are also issued such ticket to enter the premises as shown in figure 7.When pre-registered vehicle leaves the parking premises fee will be collected automatically and allowed to pass the gate smoothly. When charging the fee, pre-registered vehicle tag’s “WalletID” will be read securely by using the friendly key and request the confirmation from the driver. Once the confirmation is given the credit limit will be checked and charged accordingly. Note that the “WalletID” attribute value will be taken from a credit card or debit card. Therefore drivers are advised to insert the card to vehicle tag system just before the payment to keep high security.In free entrance parking lots, pre-registered vehicles are charged then and there by requesting confirmation whereas the others have to pay the money to nearby control box. If they neglect the payment fine can be issued as it is possible to identify the vehicle using “anonymousID” and “type” attribute values. Vehicles that are not embedded with such tag are still allowed to use the parking lot but need to make the payment manually.3.3 Detecting Idling Parking LotsDetection should be possible in both free entrance and controlled entrance parking lots. As shown in figure 4 and 5. each parking lot should be tagged with a Lot tag with a infrared sensor. Both the free and controlled entrance parking lots have to have a sensor to detect the unregistered subscribers or untagged vehicles. Whenever a vehicle is parked to the parking lot LotStatus attribute value will be changed to occupied status by the sensor asshown in figure 8.Fig. 8. Illustrate flow chart of sensing the occupancy of a parking lot.When a tagged vehicle is parked to a lot, the reader in the vehicle read the Lot tag and writes its position to the intended movement message for expressing its action as explained in the section 2.3 and the figure 3. Here the last pass Informer, route number, next Informer may be blankas shown in the figure 4 and 5 messages. Then the control system can identify the vehicle in that particular parking lot as shown in figure 9.The message in figure 5, “X-X-X-PK-12:02:23:122-L06” means that the car is parked (PK) in lot 6 and starttime is 12:02:23:122.Fig. 9. Illustrate flow chart of identifying occupied lot number.Then the interrogator in the center of the parking lot start reading the vehicle tag at the occupied parking lot and writes the start time to relevant Lot tag after verifying the vehicles identity by reading the “AnonymousID” as shown in figure 10. Same way when the customer leaves the parking lot, end time of the Lane tag is updated by the interrogator in the parking block. Just after leaving theplace, billing will be started.Fig. 10. Illustrate flow chart of identifying the parked vehicle.Using the sensor installed in the parking lot and Lot tag, it is possible to detect the occupancy of the lot and thereby the idling lots can be identified in both free and controlled entrance parking lots.。