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生态语言学研究中几个值得商榷的问题

生态语言学研究中几个值得商榷的问题

成, 内生态环境 是指语言 的各构成要素 ( 音、 语 语义、 词汇、 语 差, 认识世界的深度不够,目光短浅 , 不知道保护生物的多样
法) 以及 它们 之 间 的有 机 组合 。 ”
性、 持 生 态 平 衡 对 于地 球 、 于人类 的 生存 具 有多 么深 远和 保 对
Ha gn 为 “ ne认 语言一 般 只存 在 于使 用者 的 大 脑 中, 只有 在 重大 的意义。 如果命名者当初 没有给这类袋 目小动物改名, 是 语 言使 用 者相 互 之 间产 生 关 系 并 与周 围 的 自然 社 会 环 境 相 关 否它们 就 不 会 处于 今 天 这 种 濒 危状 态 了呢 ? 命 名 的原 因还是 是
学 相 互 依存 和 作 用 的环 境 构成 了语 言 的生 态 系 统 。 i 认 为 生 态 也 就 是说 , 者们 对 语言生 态 的 概 念 还 没有达 成 共 识 。 Fl l
语言学 “ 研究语言在可能改善或解决生态环境 问题中所起的作
用 ; 态语 言学 家使 用生 态 系 统 隐 喻 来 描 述语 言世 界系 统 , 生 并
如果说生态语言学家只是专 门研究语言与 自然环境 的关
系 问题 , 么 事 实也并 非 如此 简 单 。 那 生态 语 言学 自建 立 以来 , 些 语 言学 家试 图 从纯 粹 的 生态 有
语 言现 象 本 身就 是 一 个 非 常复 杂 的 问题 , 它与 大 多数 学 科 学角度 证 明生物 的多样 性 与语 言 的多 样性 有 着 直接 的关 系 。 如 都 有 着 千 丝 万缕 的联 系 , 以, 态 语 言学 家 要 重 新 考虑 他 们 W iim uh r n 在 《 所 生 la S tel d l a 自然 》杂志 上 发 表 文 章 指 出:“ 有 高 具 是要 专 门研 究语 言与 自然 生 态 的 关 系 问题 ? 是 借 用生 态 学 有 度 语 言 多样 性 的地 区也 同 时 拥有 高度 的鸟 类 和 哺乳 动 物 的多 还

泛读教程-第三册单词整理(全)

泛读教程-第三册单词整理(全)

《泛读教程》第三册词汇表(全)Unit1 absorbent 能吸收的academically 学术地alert 警惕的assigned 分配assimilate 吸收assumption 假设autobiography 自传best-seller畅销书boundaries 边界brochure小册子cling to 坚持clinic研修班columnist专栏作家complexion 使增色comprehension理解conjunction 结合conscious 意识到context环境,上下文contributor投稿人correspondent通讯员cosmopolitan世界主义者decreased 减少的deliberately 故意地disturbed干扰elaboration苦心经营elimination 消除ensure 确保entail 引起extreme极端eyestrain 眼睛疲劳fiction 小说figure 计算gossip-writer八卦作者grasp 理解,抓住habitual 习惯的evaluation 评价hardback硬皮书highlight突出,强调hypocrite 伪君子imaginative 虚构的inattention 不注意inference 推理institution 制度intelligence智力internal 内在的journal 杂志日志layman 门外汉mane 马的鬃毛memoirs 回忆录obstacle 障碍pamphlet小册子paperback平装书paralleled 平行的perceptual 知觉的periodical期刊杂志plod along 慢读potential潜力quarterly一年四季的recognition 识别regressing 退化repetitive 重复的savor享受scant 减少selective有选择的sheriff 州长shrift 认罪simulating 模拟struggle尽力,使劲synonymous同义的tales 故事Unit 2addled 头脑混乱的;腐坏的administration 管理;行政aforementioned上述的;前面提及的alumna 女毕业生;女校友aptitude. 天资;自然倾向;适宜assembly 装配;集会attic 阁楼auto-education 自我教育beatnik n 奇装异服言行怪僻的人checker 检验员;收银员controversy 争论;论战cradle 摇篮;发源地crude 粗糙的;天然的crush 压碎;弄皱curriculum 课程discipline 学科;纪律disgrace 耻辱;丢脸的人事divinity 神;神性doctorate 博士学位drugstore 药房elevation高地;海拔eminence 显赫;卓越enlargement 放大的照片faculty 科,系fascinating迷人的;吸引人的flaunt 炫耀;飘扬;招展formative 形成的;造型的forum 论坛foundation 基础;地基grant 授予;允许hasten 加速hill of beans 小事琐碎事物humanistic 人文主义indecision优柔寡断;犹豫不决ineptitude 不适当,不合适infuriate 激怒;使大怒intellectual 智力的intelligence 智力;情报工作interacted 互相作用的interfere 干涉maturity 成熟;到期medieval 中世纪的modernized 现代化的nightshirt 衬衫式长睡衣obscure 昏暗的,朦胧的occasion 时机,机会plead 借口;为...辩护populace 大众;平民postdoctoral博士后的postgraduate研究生postmaster 邮件管理员practical 实用性的preschool 幼儿园prodigy 奇迹,奇事prodigy 奇迹,奇事renaissance 新生;再生rendered 已渲染的retard 延迟;阻止revival 复兴revolutionize发动革命;彻底改革riot 暴乱ruffled 气恼的shilling 先令ship 运送,乘船smooth 顺利的;光滑的stretch 伸张surgeon外科医生symphony交响乐;谐声,和声tradesmen 商人tribute 礼物tutor 辅导;约束unskilled 不熟练的untangle清理upheaval剧变;隆起Unit3acquaint v. 使熟悉;使认识adolescent adj. 青春期的n.青少年aggressive adj. 侵略性的;好斗的;进取的ambition n. 雄心抱负,志向annoy v. 骚扰;惹恼;打搅v. 惹恼;令人讨厌;打搅antipathy n. 反感;厌恶;antiquity n.古物;古代遗物architecture n. 建筑学;aspiration n. 渴望;抱负;呼气;aspire v. 渴望;立志;追求assume v. 承担;假定;badge n. 徽章;证章;basis n. 基础;底部;主要成分;behavioral adj. 行为的belief n. 相信,信赖;信仰;教义briefcase n. 公文包campaign n. 运动;活动;战役v. 作战characteristic n. 特征;特性;chatter v/n.. 唠叨;喋喋不休clap on the shoulders拍肩膀clasp n. 扣子,钩子;握手v.紧扣clenched fist紧握拳头contemporary n. 同时代的人或物adj. 当代的;conviction n. 定罪;确信correlation n. 相关,关联;depict vt. 描述;描画drum n. 鼓;鼓声drumming one’s fingers有节奏地拍击enthusiasm n. 热心,热情evidence n. 证据证明迹象;eyebrow n. 眉毛eyelid n. 眼睑;眼皮fingernail n. 手指甲flicker of the eyelash眨动睫毛frown 皱眉fugitive adj. 逃亡的;无常的;易变的n. 逃亡者;难捕捉之物gesture n. 姿态;手势glance 一瞥;粗略地看gnashing one’s teeth咬牙切齿grimace 怪相,鬼脸gritting one’s teeth咬牙;咬紧牙关hasty adj. 轻率的;匆忙的;impressionistic adj. 印象派的indicator n. 指示器intellectual adj. 才智出众的;聪明的;理智的n. 知识分子;intertwine v. 纠缠;编结kinetics n. 动力学leer 斜睨;一瞥linguistic adj. 语言的;look in one’s eye 直视某人managerial adj. 管理的;经理的medal n. 勋章,奖章;nudge 用肘轻推occasional adj. 偶然的;ornament n. 装饰物overestimate n./v. 估计过高;评价过高perceive v. 感到,感知;persuasion n.说服力;pout 噘嘴;板脸predictable adj. 可预言的preference n. 偏爱,倾向;provocative adj. 刺激的,挑拨的;reference n. 参考,参照reliable adj. 可靠的;resentful adj.厌恶的rigid adj. 严格的;scowl 皱眉,愁容segment v. 分割n. 段;部分shrug n./v.耸肩sign language 手语signal n. 信号significant adj. 重大的snap adj. 突然的squeeze of the hand握手stamp of the foot 跺脚stance n. 立场;姿态;位置;subordination n. 从属附属;sympathy n. 同情;慰问;tension v. 使紧张;使拉紧token n. 表征;记号adj. 象征的;表意的;v. 象征;tone of one’s voice 语调touch upon简单涉及trait n. 特性,特点;品质;trivial n. /v.抽搐;抽动;twitch n./v. 抽搐;抽动;痉挛;阵痛unsound adj. 不健全的;不健康的;谬误的;腐烂的;不牢靠的wag of the head 摇头wave of the hand 挥手wink 眨眼wringing one’s hand紧握某人的手Unit 4acculturate适应文化antelope 羚羊aviary 大型鸟舍beaver 海狸cage 兽笼canyon 峡谷cicada 蝉consummate完美的coyote 小狼decoy诱饵demonstration 示威游行discard 抛弃ditch 沟渠emblem 象征eradicate根除erect 建造exaggerate扩大exclusively唯一地flock 群forage 饲料frustration 挫折genetically 基因地grandeur 壮丽habitat 栖息地haunt常去的地方hedgehog 刺猬hippopotamus 河马hook 挂钩humane 仁慈的hyena鬣狗ingenuity独创性intriguing 有趣的jackdaw 寒鸦leathery 皮质leopard 美洲豹liberty 许可magnetism磁力magpie 喜鹊meet halfway达成妥协moat 护城河mole 鼹鼠motif 动机natal 分娩的nocturnal夜间发生的nutcracker 星鸦occupant 居住者ostrich 鸵鸟outrage 愤怒outwit欺瞒Palaeolithic旧石器时代pelt皮毛pinion 翅膀pond 池塘predator 捕食者primate 灵长类raccoon浣熊rake 靶子reindeer 驯鹿rendezvous约会地点rifle 步枪royalty 皇室saddleback 鞍背鸟seal 海豹skunk 臭鼬snipper 狙击手sodium cyanide 氰化钠squawk 抗议squirrel 松鼠stream 溪流stub 存根subtle 微妙的suburban 郊区居民telescopic眼力好的tortoise 乌龟trace痕迹trim 修剪triumph 凯旋trout 鳟鱼twig 小枝urine 尿vacancy 空白vacuum 真空versatility多功能性vigorously 活泼地vulture 秃鹫walnut 胡桃wildfowl 野禽woodpecker啄木鸟Unit 5allegation主张assertion断言attorney律师Babylonian巴比伦的Bronze Age青铜时代burial埋葬category种类coherence一致conceal隐瞒constitution宪法corrupt腐败的cottager乡下人covenant盟约covenant契约credibility可信度damn诅咒Dark Age黑暗时代deduction扣除deteriorate恶化dictator独裁者discern看清楚discern识别dissemble掩饰electoral选举的elementary基本的Elizabethan Age16ADfragmentary碎片的fulfillment履行garb装扮gateway门grand宏伟的grim冷酷的hesitating犹豫humblest谦卑的hurl用力投掷implication暗示inevitable必然的inquiry探究investigate调查labor劳动Macedonian马其顿人megalith巨石monologue独白omission疏忽order制度parallel平行的ponder仔细考虑prehistoric史前的presume假定prevalence流行prior在先的prophecy预言reassure使安心reconstruct重建rejection抛弃resemble类似riddle谜语saga传说scatter分散scope范围scratch擦伤Scripture圣经scrutiny详细审查senator参议员shawl 披巾shed 摆脱shed小屋sophisticate久经世故的人statesmanship政治才能statue雕像Stone Age 石器时代subscribe赞成suspicion怀疑tension 紧张toga宽外袍tribulation 苦难tyrant暴君underlying在…的下面unified统一的venturing投机vertical垂直的voyager航海者weary 疲倦的Unit 6acquisition语言习得alien外国的Americanism美国腔Anglicism英式英语assimilate吸收available有效的awkward尴尬的bilingual双语的byword俗语ceremonial礼节上的cockney伦敦腔colloquialism口语compound混合的conqueror征服者conquer战胜conquest征服construction解释cosmetics化妆品definition定义deluxe高级的distinction区别doublet成对物duke公爵ensemble全体etymology语源学euphemism委婉语evolve发展exotic外来的exploit开发extinct灭绝的facility设施generalization一般化generic一般的hysterical歇斯底里的intimate亲密的intonation声调jargon术语lexicographer词典编纂者linguistics语言学luxury奢侈march行军masculine男性的numerous许多的obligation职责occurrence出现OED牛津英语词典parallel对比particular特别的peculiar独特的pervasive普遍的phonetic语音的phonological音韵学的pidgin English洋泾浜英语polysyllabic多音节的predominant主要的prejudice偏见problematic问题的Queen’s English标准英语quotation引用语receivedpronunciation标准发音resistance反抗resort诉诸rouge口红roundabout迂回的semantics语义的sensitive敏感的siege围攻source来源species物种suede山羊皮superiority优越syllable音节syntactic句法的technical term技术术语tribal部落的vernacular本地语vulgarism粗俗语living language活用语Unit 7aeronautics航空学arid干旱的assassination暗杀asteroid小行星astronomer 天文学家astronomy天文学back on track重回轨道baffling令人困惑black hole黑洞blue-ribbon头等的budget预算capsule太空舱celestial body天体celestial 天空的centigrade摄氏challenger挑战者civilian平民cluster丛生cluster星团commission委员会compatible兼容的competitiveness竞争力constellation 星座cosmos宇宙countdown倒数计秒delta三角洲elliptical椭圆的exceptional异常的extraterrestrial地球外的fabric构造flight宇宙航行galaxy星系groove凹槽headquarter设立总部launch pad发射台launch发射Mercury 水星meridian子午线molecule分子Mother Earth大地nebula星云Neptune海王星particle颗粒planetary行星的pledge保证Pluto冥王星probe航天探测器reservoir蓄水池rivulet 小溪rotate旋转satellite卫星Saturn土星shooting star流星shuttle航天飞机signature署名startling令人吃惊sting 刺痛sublimate升华supernovae超行星surveyor测量员sustain 维持system太阳系the comet彗星the Milky way银河unanimous全体一致的unmanned无人操控Venus金星voyager航海者Unit8academy 学院;学会;专科学校Amazon [ˈæməzən] 亚马逊河(南美洲大河)assigned to 被分配到bachelor girl [ˈbætʃələɡə:l] 经济独立的未婚女be traced to 追溯到bouffant 鼓起的;蓬松的career woman职业妇女consensus 共识coordination 协调desertion 开小差;遗弃discontent 不满的disillusion 幻觉distrustfully 怀疑的dominant 占优势的dowager[ˈdaʊədʒə(r)]继承亡夫爵位(或遗产的)遗孀,贵妇dramatically 引人注目地electoral 选举的elimination 消除enforce 执行enlist 入伍参加federal 同盟的feminine gender 阴性femininity [ˌfeməˈnɪnəti]女性气质;娇弱feminism [ˈfemənɪzəm] 女权主义gear 使适应hen party [hen ˈpɑ:ti] 妇女聚会illiteracy 文盲injurious 有害innate 与生俱来的institute 制定lass 少女小女孩liberation 解放运动licensed 得到许可的maidenly ['meɪdnlɪ] 处女般的,适合于少女的,柔和的marital status 婚姻状况matriarch [ˈmeɪtriɑ:k]女家长高贵的老妇人matriarchy ['meɪtrɪɑ:kɪ]女性统治的社会组织形态matron ['meɪtrən] 夫人女警卫matron age主妇的身份主妇们mechanics 机械学militant 好战monstrosity巨大而丑陋之物motion 动作;打手势mystique 神秘new woman 新女性nontraditional非传统的nymph女神permission 许可perseverance 毅力petticoat [ˈpetɪkəʊt] 衬裙portray 描绘prohibited被禁止queer <俚>同性恋者radical 激进的;彻底的ratification 批准;认可reinforce增强revolt 叛乱segregated 分开的sentimentality 多愁善感sex discrimination 性别歧视spectator 观众旁观者specter 凶兆幽灵spinster [ˈspɪnstə(r)] 未婚女人stereotyped 老一套的suffrage 选举权suffragette [ˌsʌfrəˈdʒet]妇女参政权论者superficial 肤浅的一知半解的superintendent 监督人supremacy 主权tactics 战术策略testimony 证言the fair sex 女性;红粉the gentle sex 女性tremendous 惊人的turn one’s back on 不理睬virago [vɪ'rɑ:ɡəʊ] 泼妇visibility 能见度welfare 福利wench [went ] 乡下姑娘withhold 抑制womanhood 女子成年期womanliness 女性气质woman's liberation 妇女的解放womenfolk 女性妇女们Unit 9abbey大寺院abdication辞职accredit授权adjacent邻近的aide助手antique古董appraise鉴定arc形成电弧artifact手工艺品astound使震惊Atlanta亚特兰大(美)beckon召唤Belfast贝尔法斯特(英)Birmingham伯明翰(英)bombard轰炸briefcase公交包Buddhist佛教徒bustle喧闹Canberra堪培拉(澳大利亚)cavernous洞穴状的cedar雪松chamber会所cobble修;鹅卵石congee告别cosmopolitan世界性的countless无数的craftsman工匠crisscross十字形Detroit底特律(美)dilemma困境discotheque迪斯科舞厅dome圆屋顶dot圆点;嫁妆double-decker双层公共汽车dwarf变矮小Edinburgh爱丁堡(英)eel鳝鱼effigy雕像elaborate精致的envelop包围;信封exotic异国的ferry渡船flawless完美无瑕的fortification防御gourmet美食家grave重大的graze放牧,擦伤hell地狱herbalist草药医生heritage遗产Honolulu檀香山(美)hustle催促incense香;焚香intricate错综复杂的Johannesburg约翰尼斯堡(南非)Las Vegas拉斯维加斯(美)laureate桂冠诗人Lexington列克星敦市(美)Liver Pool利物浦(英)mania狂热Melbourne墨尔本(澳大利亚)Montreal蒙特利尔(加拿大)mute沉默的mystical神秘的neon霓虹灯paddler涉水者pajamas睡衣peerless出类拔萃的perpendicular垂直的Philadelphia费城(美)porcelain瓷器prestigious有名望的racetrack赛马场ramble漫游recital朗诵reign统治sacrifice牺牲sampan小船San Diego圣地亚哥(美)scatter分散seafaring航海的sheer绝对的shrimp虾sinister阴险的skyline地平线sophisticated复杂的stumble蹒跚supreme至高无上的surreal超现实主义的toast干杯tram煤车tray托盘tropic热带ultramodern最新的unassailable不容置疑的vibrant充满生气的ware陶器yacht乘游艇yearn渴望Unit10clash争论;冲突isolate孤立,分离的poke 刺,戳glance一瞥cue暗示intrusion干扰,干涉stake股份,桩threshold门槛causeway公路valid有法律效力的convert转变conform符合humiliate 羞辱seminar 研讨班identify识别ultimate极端的proxemic 空间关系学的uneasiness担心peculiar 奇怪的refuge躲避,避难rejection拒绝significant 重要的portion一部分sophisticate 见多识广的人invisible 无形的privacy隐私door-jamb门边框spatial 空间的territory领土conflict 冲突carriage运输tenant房客Prussian普鲁士人unconsciously未意识到地permission允许fishmonger鱼贩readiness 乐意demand要求upper-class 上层社会的nursery 幼儿园intervening介于中间的architectural 建筑学的contact接触jail拘留所interrelated 相互关联的lobby 门厅customized定制的presence 出席mannerism习性Arab阿拉伯人psychologist心理学家observation 观察力involved 表明emphasize强调extrovert 外向appropriate 适当的nonetheless 但是economical经济的intelligence 智力dumb沉默的represent表明biological生物学的ceremony典礼communicate交流approach接近participate参加concept观念definition定义gender性别broadly大体上etiquette 礼仪extroverts外向的人introverts 内向的人cultural identity 文化识别conservatism保守定义protocol礼仪courtesy礼貌gentility有风度formality礼节decency正直cultural norms 文化准则cultural values文化价值ethnocentric种族civilized文明的ethnic少数名族beaten track熟路second nature第二天性decorum体统good taste大雅immersion洗礼segregation分离conventions ofsociety社会公约Unit 11Access to 接近;通向…的入口cumulative 累积的transaction 交易;事务;办理;学报flourish 兴旺laborious 勤劳的advent 到来;出现;基督降临dues 会费;手续费makeshift 权宜之计;凑合;临时措施duplicate 副本;复制品recreational 娱乐的,消遣的;休养的warehouse 仓库;货栈;大商店commerce 商业elementary 基本的classification 分类;类别,等级category 种类bibliographic 书目的;著书目录的publication 出版;出版物pamphlet 小册子papyrus 纸莎草;纸莎草纸Ashurbanipal 亚述巴尼帕(亚述末代国王)inscribe 题写;题献narrative 叙事体的manuscript 手稿;原稿scroll 卷轴,画卷monastery 修道院;僧侣cathedral 大教堂laboriously 辛苦地;费力地;sheepskin 羊皮纸assemble 集合,聚集Confucian 儒家的thereafter 其后;从那时以后extremist 极端主义者legislate 用立法规定magnificence 壮丽federal 联邦的departmental 部门的;各县的;分科的respectively分别地;各自地plague 瘟疫;灾祸volume 量;体积;卷proposed 被提议的;所推荐的embody 体现,使具体化ambiguous 模糊不清的;引起歧义的caterpillar 无脊椎] 毛虫;履带车faraway 遥远的;恍惚的The Canterbury TalesCulliver’s Travels 坎特伯雷故事集Culliver的旅行Pygmalion 卖花女(英国萧伯纳之作品人物)Sister Carrie 嘉莉妹妹(书名)Native Son Romance of theThree Kingdoms三国演义A Dream of Red Mansions红楼梦Ulysses 尤里西斯The Great Gatsby了不起的盖茨比(美国小说)Light in August 八月之光(书名)Water Margin Paradise Lost水浒传Tess of the D’Urbervilles德伯家的苔丝The Scarlet Letter 红字Pilgrimage to the West 西游记ascertain 确定;查明aptitude 天资;自然倾向;适宜equivalent 等价的,相等的verifiability 可验证性;能证明profile 侧面;轮廓;revolutionary 革命者engrave 雕刻;铭记currency 货币;通货lithography 平版印刷术,石印术foundation 基础;基金会;根据;创立illustrator 插图画家;说明者;图解者supervise 监督,管理;指导synthesize 合成;综合mistakenly 错误地;被误解地relevance 关联;适当pedagogy 教育;教育学frustration 挫折intuitive 直觉的anonymous 匿名的evaluate 评价;估价filter 滤波器dubious 可疑的;暧昧的epitomize 摘要;概括beware 注意,当心criteria 标准,条件authorship 原创作者affiliation 友好关系credential 证书;凭据;国书verify 核实;查证update 更新;现代化neutral 中立国;中立者format 格式allude 暗指,转弯抹角地说到Unit12accessible可得到的alarm 警告biochemistry 生物化学biochemistry 生物起源的botany 植物学civilization 文明clad 覆盖的cleanse 净化congeal 凝结;凝固contamination 污染deforestation 采伐森林detergent清洁剂dirty 肮脏的disease 疾病ecology 生态学effluent 污水;流出物废气emergence 出现emergency 紧急emission 发射endangeredspecies 濒临灭绝物种expectancy 期待extinct species灭绝物种famine 饥荒fauna 动物群fetid 恶臭的flattened 没精打彩的fleet 飞逝flora 植物群fuel 能源fume 冒烟genetics 遗传学graph 曲线图Greenpeace绿色和平组织gunboat 炮艇;小炮舰hemisphere半球holocaust大屠杀;毁灭hydrogen 氢hydroxyl 羟基,氢氧基insecticide 杀虫剂isolation隔离janitor守卫land erosion 土地侵蚀materialize使具体化microbiology微生物学molecule微小颗粒,微粒naturalist 自然主义折者nature study自然课neutralize 中和nitrogen 氮obscure 朦胧的occupy占据oxide 氧化物oxygen 氧气ozone damage 臭氧破坏pall 覆盖looming v. 逼近;隐约可见panic 恐慌penny 便士periodically 周期性地planet 行星planetary行星的Pollution 污染pre-industrial 工业化以前的purity 纯洁的reactive 反应的reappearance 再现savage 野蛮的sedan 轿车shield遮蔽;包庇smog 烟雾soluble 可溶解的spray 喷雾spread 传播stain 污染stratosphere 同温层sulfur 硫磺sunscreen 遮光剂sustainabledevelopment 可持续发展thimbleful 极少量threaten 恐吓trigger引发trillion 万亿的ultraviolet 紫外线的undigested 未经整理的utility 实用的vehicle 工具volume 体积Unit13manifestation表现remedy治疗alternate交替tap轻敲subconsciously潜意识地unintentionally无意地convey传达convert转变conceal 隐藏elaborate精心制作的harshest 刺耳的condemnation 谴责interaction相互作用soma身体psychosomatic身心的occurrence发生psychological 心理的emotional情绪的treatment 治疗aspirin阿司匹林eczema湿疹colitis结肠炎asthma哮喘palpitation心悸sweat 出汗diarrhea 腹泻malingerer装病逃差者pneumonia肺炎influenza 流行性感冒bronchitis 支气管炎tuberculosis肺结核scarlet fever 猩红热cholera霍乱syphilis梅毒allergy过敏症insomnia失眠dyspepsia消化不良migraine偏头痛jaundice 黄疸ulcer溃烂rabies狂犬病leprosy麻疯病anemia贫血hemorrhage出血apoplexy中风rheumatism风湿病arthritis关节炎rickets佝偻病coma昏迷obesity肥胖cholesterol 胆固醇acute急性的impetus动力hormonal激素的lenses 柔性焦距透镜组ophthalmologist眼科医师excimer激态原子trauma 创伤blurriness 模糊强度enhancement改善quack江湖医生charlatan冒充内行者disreputable名誉不好的chronic慢性的sympathetic同情的opt 选择diagnose诊断wart 疣narcotic麻醉的intoxication中毒ebb 衰退noxious 有害的insert插入numbness麻木cocaine可卡因fatigue 疲劳invigorate 生气勃勃的peppermint薄荷papyrus纸莎草congestion充血broad-spectrum 用途广泛的genetic 遗传的resistance抵抗antimicrobial 抗菌剂stethoscope 听诊器malaria 疟疾antibiotic 抗生素meningitis 脑膜炎bloodstream血流penicillin青霉素bacteria 细菌infection 传染symptom症状viral 病毒的prescription药方misusing 滥用overuse 使用过度disorder 使失调Unit141.disposition 性情,性格,倾向2.protege 被保护者,门徒3.perpetuate 使永存,长存的4.sensation 感觉,知觉5.botanist 植物学家6.zealous 热心的,热情的7.untenable 站不住脚的;不能维持的8.indefensible 无法防御的,站不住脚的9.revolutionary 革命的;革命者10.prosperous 繁荣的,兴旺的11.amateur 业余爱好者;业余的12.advocate 提倡13.disgrace使丢脸;使丢脸14.voyage 旅行;航行15.reluctantly 不情愿地,勉强地16.reluctance 不愿意,勉强17.contradiction 矛盾;否认,反驳18.18.biblical 圣经的;依据圣经的19.chronology 年代学;年表20.catastrophic 灾难的;惨重的21.sketch 草图素描;梗概22.intervene 阻碍;出面;插嘴23.perpetuation 永存,不朽24.clergy 牧师25.outraged 引起…的义愤,激怒26.demythologize 除去…的神话色彩27.emerge 出现,浮现28.associate 联合;结交29.stir (使)移动;搅拌30.reluctance 不愿意,勉强31.doctrine教条;法律原则anism有机体;生物体33.evolve 使发展;使进化34.revolve 使旋转;反复考虑;使循环35.dismal 阴沉的,惨淡的36.dismay 使惊愕,使焦虑,使气馁37.attribute 认为…是;把…归于38.38.contribute 贡献出;捐赠(款项)anic matters 有机质40.living beings 生物41.biology 生物学42.biologist生物学家43.natural history 博物学44.anatomy 解剖分解分析45.physiology 生理学46.zoology 动物学47.zoologist 动物学家48. botanic garden 植物园49.evolution 演变,发生;进化论50.natural selection 自然选择,物竞天择说51.survival of the fittest 适者生存52.Darwinism 达尔文学说53.Neo-Darwinism新达尔文主义54.Darwinist进化论者,崇拜达尔文学说者55.evolutionist 进化论者的56.offspring 后代,子孙57.inherited 遗传的;继承权的58.mammal 哺乳动物59.reptile 爬行动物60.radical 根本的,基本的61.reliance 依靠,依赖62.extinct 灭绝的;绝种的63.sea-dwelling 海边住房64.flipper-like 脚蹼,鸭脚板65.aquatic 水生的;水产的66.predator 以掠夺为生的人67.marine 海的;海产的68.waterproof 不透水的,防水的69.Semiaquatic 半水生的,半水栖的70.spore 孢子;胚种71.resemble 与…相像,类似于72.anthropologist 人类学家73.ancestry 祖先;世家,名门74.mammalian 哺乳动物75.Ungulate 有蹄类动物76.hoofed蹄形状的77.Rodents 啮齿目动物78.gnawing 痛苦的,苦恼的79.Cetaceans 鲸目动物80.whales 鲸,鲸鱼81.foreshadow 预示,是…的先兆82.paleontologist 古生物学者83.sequencing 先后顺序;定序84.molecular clock 分子钟85.Fossil 福斯尔86.hypothetical 假设的,87.digging 挖掘;挖得寻找86.88.sand dunes 砂丘89.skull 颅骨,头盖骨90.chimpanzee 黑猩猩91.menagerie 小动物园92.hominid原人,类人动物93.forebear 祖先,祖宗94.controversial 有争议的,引起争议的95.inevitable 不可避免的96.brooding 孵卵97.ailing 生病的;不舒服的98.splendid 壮观的,豪华的99.longitude 经度,经线100.ashore 上岸;上陆Unit151.subtle微妙的2.formulate 使公式化3.polled无角的4.legislation 立法,法律5 commute通勤,乘车上下班 6.set in开始7.divert 转向8.limousine豪华轿车9. halt停止10.advocacy主张11.deceptive 欺诈的12.metaphor暗13unanimous全体一致的14.accelerator 油门,加速器15.engine引擎16.headlight(车)前头灯17 ignition 点火开关18.dashboard 汽车等的仪表板19inflation通货膨胀20liter (计量)公升21. mileage 英里数22.sedan 轿车23.taillight 车尾灯24.wiper擦拭之物25.penalty惩罚26.prohibition 禁止27pentagon五角形28.octagon八边形29.congestion 拥挤3o.subdivision 供出卖而分成的小块土地patible 和睦共处的32.contiguous互相接触的33.intercity城际列车mute 通勤35stem起源于36isolate(使)隔离v. 隔离的adj.37.federal 联邦的同盟的merce 贸易商业39smog烟雾40commercial商务代表41.notion 概念42.lobby 议院走廊n.进行游说v.43.bypass 路旁n.迂回v. 44.consign 托运,寄存45.geared 齿轮转动的adj.用齿轮连接v.46interstate (美)洲际公路n. 洲际的adj.47livability(家禽等的)存活率48utilize利用49 wholly完全地50 integrated 综合的adj.整合v. 51intermodal联运方式52formulate规划53.overtly明显的mission委员会55.bewildered 困惑的56.roz警察57.homogenizing均质化58neat 平滑的59transcontinental 横贯大陆的60Detroit底特律61.interchange互换62.era时代63prosper 繁荣v.64.Piccadilly皮卡迪利大街65.violation 违反66.maintenance维护67provoke 驱使68.corneas 角膜69.cargo 货物70.bumper缓冲器71.enslave束缚ne小港73.threshold门槛74.backlash反对75.superhighway(美)超级高速公路76.vice恶习77.recreation 娱乐78.yield屈服v.79.circle 循环80self-contented自满的81.involvement 牵连82.boast 自吹自擂83.intensify增强84.househood家喻户晓85.congestion拥挤86.Hibbing 希宾87.departure离开88.pastime消遣89.tract小册子90.transit过境91.mode模式92.inevitable必然的93.horizontal 水平的94.beltway环城公路95.convoy 护送96.raze夷为平地v.97.swamp沼泽98.airlift空运n./v.99.interstate 洲际的100.Chevrolet美国雪弗兰牌汽车Unit 16crude 未加工的principal 负责人,校长presume 假定modified 减轻缓和lunar 月球上的sponsored 担保decreed 颁布,判决calendar 历法prehistoric 史前的regions 范围,领域primitive 原始的recorded 记录regulate 规定,整顿periodic 周期的priests 神父revision 校正,复审observance 遵守,习惯supernatural 超自然的astronomers 天文学家constellations 星座,型cycles 循环,周期logical 逻辑上的annual 每年的accurate 准确的device 计划,意志impractical 不实用的measuring 测量的solar 太阳的arbitrarily 任意,擅自dictatorship 专政,独裁scattered 分散的authority 权威decreed 法令,天意exception 例外representation 表现presentation 赠送,提出base 基底basis 基础,基准millennium 千周年纪念era 纪元epoch 时代,时期nail 指甲,钉chiming 铁琴,钟乐mechanical 机械的dial 针盘,拨号盘sundial 日晷pendulum 摆,吊烛架circumference 四周meridiem 正午accuracy 正确timepieces 时钟,座钟digital 数字的maker 造物主landmark 界标illuminated 照明的session 开会期commissioner 专员委员incendiary 纵火的intact 完整无损的breach 破坏steam 蒸汽coordinated 同等的medieval 中世纪的multiple 多重的continental 大陆的meridian 子午圈observatory 瞭望台monarch 帝王eclipse 蚀personified 使人格化solstice 最高点celestial 天空的astronomical 天文学上的historians 历史学家hypothesize 假设twilight 黎明astrological 占星术的oscillation 振荡perpetual 永恒的wristwatches 手表compensating 赔偿diode 二极管margin 边缘element 要素crutches 拐杖radical 基本的forethought 深谋远虑armillary 环形的rotating 旋转automaton 自动装置incorporated 结合的atomic 原子的field 原野quartz 石英,水晶dominate 操纵compound 调和配合daylight 日光Unit17rampant 猖獗的credibility信用度spawn 菌丝bizarre奇异的exhilarating令人愉快的ignite 点燃disavow否定rein 驾驭highbrow 不切实际的contain 包含import 进口stupidity 愚蠢discourse 论述sensationalism 追求轰动效应trashy 没用的counterpart 副本reactionary 反动的scheme计划arena 舞台ideological思想的interaction 相互作用infuriating令人大怒的open-endedness开放性politicize 使具有证据性immobilizing 使不动quo说bruise擦伤woe 悲痛dormant 休眠的immerse 沉浸anchorman新闻主持人transmission传动装置seductive 有魄力的tragic 悲剧的illiteracy文盲dominant占优势的capitalism资本主义postwar 战后的crises危机visibility 能见度vocality 声乐impact影响multiculturalism多元化文化episode 插曲sitcom 情景喜剧circuit 电路telecast电视广播forgery伪造smuggle 走私inhibition 压抑provoke激怒stab 刺slap拍击circus 马戏团giggle傻笑feminism 女权主义contradictory 矛盾的democratic 民主的hierarchical 分居的enforce执行format 格式gender 性别blond金发的reddish微红的apparatus 装置mechanical 机械的wireless无线explode 爆炸launch发射transistor晶体管multinational跨国公司的commercial商业的clutter 杂乱pod 豆荚slot 位置hypnotize 使着迷tranquilize使…安静fascinate 使…着迷patron 赞助人remedial治疗的rhetoric 修辞superficiality浅薄render致使dreadful可怕的shred 碎片discernment识别devour吞食graphic 形象的interfere 干涉mouthpiece代言人variation 变化segregate使隔离denominator公分母insofar 在…范围docudrama 文献片disc圆盘Unit 18abstraction 抽象alliteration 头韵allowance 津贴alphabet 字母表alternately 交替地anapestic tetrameter 四步扬抑格anapestic 抑抑扬格的appetite 食欲ballad 歌谣blank verse 无韵诗bosom 胸怀childish 幼稚的comrade 同志,伙伴consecutive 连贯的consonant 辅音couplet 对联creep 爬行crimson 深红色curl 使…卷曲dactylic扬抑抑格的dectylic hexameter 六步格的诗determine 下决心devour 吞食dimeter line 二步格的行disgrace 耻辱emphasize 强调eternal 永久exemplify 例证feature 特色figurative language形fluttering 颤动的frequently 频繁地fret 使烦恼grieve 使悲伤gruesome 可怕的heroic 英雄的hexameter line六步格的行hyperbole 夸张的语句iambic pentameter抑扬格五音步iambic 抑扬格的illustrate 阐明impostor 骗子inanimate 无生命的initial 最初的irregular 不规则物jocund 快活的knave 无赖lark 云雀linger 徘徊lustrous 有光泽的mechanical 机械的mingle 混合monometer line 单音步诗行线mournful 悲哀的octave 八行诗pentameter line五音步线pentameter 五步格诗personification 人格化poem 诗preceding 在前的predominate 支配principal 主要的quatrain 四行诗reassure 使…心安recurrence 再发生,循环reinforce 加强reluctant 不情愿的renovate 更新reveal 显示rhythm 节奏,韵律rime 雾凇scansion 韵律节奏的分析scheme 计划scope 范围sensory 感觉的sestet 六重唱曲sinew 筋,肌腱sonnet 十四行诗spiritually 在精神上地splendid 辉煌的spontaneously 自发地stanza 演出期sullen 愠怒的syllable 音节tetrameter line 四音步的行tetrameter 四音步句transcend 胜过trimester 三个月trimeter line 三音步线triumph 胜利trochaic tetrameter 扬抑格四音步trochaic 长短格的untrimmed 未装饰的variation 变化verse 诗versification做诗韵律vowel 元音metaphor 暗喻====Word行业资料分享--可编辑版本--双击可删====源-于-网-络-收-集。

坚定不移地推行国家通用语言文字教育

坚定不移地推行国家通用语言文字教育

坚定不移地推行国家通用语言文字教育学习和掌握国家通用语言文字,是我国宪法的规定和要求,是树立中华民族共同体意识的重要特征,也是我国各民族交往交流交融、增进团结和睦的重要保障。

国内外敌对势力和三股势力出于其破坏民族团结、破坏祖国统一的罪恶目的,打着“民族”和“文化”的旗号,大肆攻击我国的双语教育政策,说什么双语教育政策是灭绝民族语言的政策,双语政策是灭绝民族文化的政策。

一些所谓的“民族文化精英”,跟风附和,雀噪一时,在意识形态领域指鹿为马,颠倒黑白,恶毒攻击中国共产党的语言政策,为三股势力的破坏活动提供所谓的理论根据。

一些教师对学习国家通用语言文字存在抵触情绪,有的教师甚至故意不使用国家通用语言文字授课,做教育领域的“两面人”,与三股势力遥相呼应。

作为高校的教育工作者我们必须理直气壮,发声亮剑,坚决反对,无情批驳。

新中国成立以来,自治区党委、自治区人民政府一直重视和支持国家通用语言文字教育。

2004年,自治区党委作出了大力推进双语教学工作的决定,国家通用语言文字教育迈入了新的发展阶段,少数民族学生国家通用语言文字水平明显进步,教师使用国家通用语言文字授课能力大幅度提升。

最近,自治区党委、自治区人民政府作出了决策部署,大力推进国家通用语言文字教学为主加授本民族语文课程的双语教育,这将从根本上解决国家通用语言文字的普及问题。

对自治区党委的决定,我坚决拥护,不折不扣的贯彻执行。

高等学校是意识形态领域主阵地,学习和掌握国家通用语言文字,不仅仅是严肃的学术问题,而且是重大的政治问题。

我们对此必须有充分的认识。

首先,学习和掌握国家通用语言文字,是提高教育质量的必由之路。

国家通用语言文字相对于本民族语言文字,教师、教材、信息等方面的资源非常丰富,丰富的教学资源有助于学校提高教育质量。

其次,学习和掌握国家通用语言文字,是提高自身素质、实现创新创业的必由之路。

中国的发展离不开新疆的发展,新疆的发展离不开少数民族的整体参与,而少数民族的整体参与的前提和条件则必须学习和掌握国家通用语言文字。

英语成为世界语言利弊英语作文

英语成为世界语言利弊英语作文

英语成为世界语言利弊英语作文English: Pros and Cons of English as a Global Language.The widespread adoption of English as a global language has sparked a significant debate, with arguments both for and against its dominance.Pros:Enhanced Communication: English facilitates international communication, breaking down languagebarriers and fostering understanding between diverse cultures. It enables people from different linguistic backgrounds to connect, collaborate, and exchange ideas effectively.Economic Advantages: Proficiency in English unlocks access to global markets, job opportunities, and educational resources. It empowers individuals to participate in international commerce, tourism, anddiplomacy, driving economic growth and prosperity.Educational Opportunities: English is the primary language of instruction in many prestigious universities and research institutions weltweit. Studying in English provides access to higher education, advanced knowledge, and cutting-edge research, fostering intellectual progress and innovation.Cultural Exchange: The use of English as a global lingua franca promotes cultural exchange and understanding. It enables people to explore different cultures, appreciate diverse perspectives, and build bridges between nations.Technological Advancements: English is the dominant language used in science, technology, and the internet. This facilitates the dissemination of knowledge, collaboration on research projects, and the development of new technologies.Cons:Linguistic Diversity Loss: The dominance of English may lead to the decline or even loss of indigenous languages. As people adopt English as their primary language, minority languages face the risk of extinction, eroding cultural heritage and linguistic diversity.Cultural Homogenization: As English becomes the lingua franca, it may inadvertently promote cultural homogenization. The widespread use of English media and entertainment can influence global perspectives, values, and identities, potentially diminishing local and regional cultural expression.Social Inequality: The lack of proficiency in English can create social and economic barriers. Individuals who are not fluent in English may face challenges in education, employment, and social participation, leading todisparities in opportunities and access to resources.Cultural Dominance: Some argue that the dominance of English reflects and reinforces power imbalances in the global arena. It may perpetuate the influence of English-speaking nations and their cultural perspectives, diminishing the voices and representations of other cultures.Cognitive Impacts: Research suggests that bilingualism can enhance cognitive abilities. When individuals are limited to using only English, they may experience disadvantages in areas such as problem-solving, memory, and attention.In conclusion, the global spread of English bringsforth both advantages and disadvantages. While itfacilitates communication, promotes economic growth, and enhances educational opportunities, it also raises concerns about linguistic diversity loss, cultural homogenization, social inequality, and cognitive impacts. Striking a balance between the benefits and drawbacks is crucial to ensure that English remains a tool for global interconnectedness while preserving linguistic and cultural diversity.中文回答:英语作为全球语言的利弊。

中国的语言濒危与语言消失

中国的语言濒危与语言消失
人变成不懂本民族语的人。
我们认同发展的权利,但是发展并非只是经济的发展,并非必须以文化的失落为代价。一
种语言的灭绝,一个民族文化的失落,都是全人类文化多样性悲剧个案的码积。
人类可持续发展的概念中,应该增加和强调文化的意义。
语言,二是注意到人口特少民族的语言。因为这两种情况很容易发现和认可。但是,实际
上,几乎每一个少数民族语言都面临着衰退的危机,只不过是程度不同而已。一般情况下
,有本民族文字的民族情况会稍好一些。
举个例子说,苗族算是少数民族中人口比较多的。但是,在全国看,它是一个中型民族。
苗族在1950年时,总人口约250余万,其中汉语为母语的人口大约十万,民族语言失落人口
中国的语言濒危与语言消失
关于中国的语言濒危研究,目前做得非常不够。几乎没有这方面的专门课题,也没有出版
过这方面的专著。
中国语言衰退的表现:
一、汉语的衰落;
二、汉语方言的衰落,其中以客家话为典型;
三、少数民族语言的消失。
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
少数民族语言在法律上有一定的保障,但是由于汉语的压力和族际生存竞争,一些民族语
言消失的势头目前仍不可逆转。
除了在历史上已经消失的显赫语言(均为少数民族语言)如西夏语、满语之外,土家语、
畲语正在消失之中。
另有一些是在1950年以后,才开始进入濒危处境的。其中,如鄂伦春族、仡佬族、毛南族
、等等。
第三、关于少数民族语言的衰退,我可能一是容易注意历史上就已经消失或者正在消失的
是,他们还算是懂本民族语言的人口(虽然事实上是以汉语为主要使用语言的双语人口)
,到其第二代、第三代,绝大部分将变成失落本民族语言的人口。所以说,在许多居住在

世界上18种将消失的语言

世界上18种将消失的语言

世界上18种将消失的语言The UN Atlas of Endangered Languages lists 18 languages with only one remaining speaker. With about one language disappearing every two weeks, some of these have probably already died off。

目前《联合国濒危语言图册》列出18种人们知道只有一个人在说的语言。

这些濒危语言大约每两周消失一个,现在有的语言可能永远消失了。

1. Apiaka, is spoken by the indigenous people of the same name who live in the northern state of Mato Grosso, in Brazil. The critically endangered language belongs to the Tupi language family. As of 2007, there was only one remaining speaker。

1. 阿皮亚卡语(Apiaka)是巴西北部马托格罗索州土著居民阿皮亚卡人说的语言。

这种严重濒危的语言属于图皮语系,截至2007年只剩下一个使用者。

2. Bikya, is spoken in the North-West Region of Cameroon, in western Africa. The last record of a speaker was in 1986, meaning the language could be extinct by now. This predicament resembles that of another Cameroonian language, Bishuo, whose last recorded speaker was also in 1986.2. 比基亚语(Bikya)是西非喀麦隆西北地区的一种语言。

CanEnglishbedethroned翻译译文word文本

CanEnglishbedethroned翻译译文word文本

Can English be dethroned?Roland J.-L. Breton, geolinguist and emeritus professor at the University of Paris VIII.Major languages other than English are spoken by over half the peopleon the planet. What can be done to give them more clout in international bodies?Back in 1919, U.S. President Woodrow W ilson managed t o have the Treaty of Versailles, which ended the First World War between Germany and the Allies, written in English as well as French. Since then, English has taken root in diplomacy and graduallyin economic relations and the media. The language now seems set to have a monopolyas the worldwide medium of communication.As the 21st century begins, faster economic globalization is going hand in hand with the growing use of English. More and more people are being encouraged to use or send messages in English rather than in their own language. Many do not mind. They seethis as part of the unavoidable trend towards worldwide uniformity and a meanswhereby a growing number of people can communicate directly with each other.From this point of view, the spread of English may be seen as a positive development which saves resources and makes cultural exchange easier. After all, it might besaid, the advance of English is not aimed at killing off local languages but is simply a means of reaching a wider audience.Perhaps. But accepting that as the last word ignores the deep-rooted ties betweenindividual freedom and political power, between the linguistic, social and economic mechanisms which in every society underpin relations between people and groups and between culture and communities. A person makes a mark through his or her abilityto use the most useful language or languages. And over several generations, the most useful language eliminates the others.Cultural imperialism is much more subtle than economic imperialism, which is itself less tangible and visible than political and military imperialism, whose excessesare obvious and easy to denounce. It would be wrong to say that the world domination of English is something deliberately organized and supported by the Anglo-Saxonpowers, hand in glove with political initiatives or the penetration of the worldeconomy by their transnational firms. The “language war” has very seldom been regarded as a war and has never, anywhere, been declared.The military, diplomatic, political and economic strategies of the major powers can be studied and criticized, but linguistic strategies seem to be inconspicuous andtacit, even innocent or non-existent. The history of the past century has obligedmany powers to take a more modest attitude to language, but has it taught them tostand up to domination by a single language?Many years after the founding in 1945 of the Arab League, whose current 22 memberstates have 250 million people, the countries which share a French linguisticheritage broke new ground by creating a joint policy. In order to promote linguistic, economic and political co-operation, they set up the International Organization of French-Speaking Countries, which (like the Commonwealth) embraces more than 50countries with over 500 million inhabitants.Since 1991, there have been conferences of Dutch-speakers from eight or more communities representing some 40 million people, as well as Ibero-American summits, which every two years bring together more than 20 countries (350 million inhabitants). Turkish-speaking summits have been held biennially since 1992, with delegates from six independent countries (120 million people) of Europe, Central Asia and smallethnic communities elsewhere. Since 1996, the Association of Portuguese-speakingcountries has brought together people from seven countries (200 million people).Pockets of resistanceWill unco-ordinated resistance by the world’s most widely-used languages be enough to cope with the threat of cultural uniformity? Perhaps not, since each languagehas its own geographical sphere in which it is used with varying degrees of competence. If you add up the number of speakers of the world’s dozen most-used languages, you come up with a figure of more than three billion—half of humanity—which easily surpasses the two billion for whom English is more or less the official language(the Commonwealth and the United States). Backed by a concerted strategy, these major languages would surely make headway in international institutions.It is not just the future of the world’s major languages that is at stake. Further down the scale are 100 or so tongues officially recognized by governments or sub-national regions, such as the constitutional languages of India and the languages of the Russian nationalities. These languages have their place and a right to defend it. At the bottom of the scale are thousands of sometimes strugglinglanguages variously called native, minority, communal or ethnic tongues. Most arein danger of disappearing. They are spoken by some 300 million people.Will minor languages die out, as some predict? Yes, because the best way to killoff a language is to teach another one. The monopoly that about 100 national languages have on education makes it inevitable that languages not taught in schools will be confined to the home and to folklore and eventually be pushed out of nurturingcultural environments.Language murder or “linguicide”, whether it is carried out intentionally or not, is one of the basic tools of ethnocide, of the deculturation of peoples which hasalways been perpetrated by colonization and is still the semi-official aim ofgovernments which do not recognize the rights of their native ethnic minorities.As local languages are increasingly excluded from education systems, “linguicide” is speeding up.The language issue in the 21st century raises two questions. How can widely-usedor national languages resist the encroachment of English? And how can minoritylanguages in danger of extinction be saved and gain access to development?可以被废黜英语?罗兰J.-L.布雷顿,geolinguist和名誉巴黎第八大学教授。

雅思英文作文语言消亡

雅思英文作文语言消亡

雅思英文作文语言消亡英文:Language extinction is a topic that has been discussed for a long time. As someone who speaks multiple languages, I find it concerning that some languages are disappearing at an alarming rate. In my opinion, language is an essential part of culture, and losing a language means losing a part of that culture.One of the reasons for language extinction is globalization. As the world becomes more connected, people tend to use a common language to communicate. For example, English has become the lingua franca of business and science, and many people around the world are learning it to advance their careers. As a result, some smaller languages are being neglected and eventually dying out.Another reason is the lack of interest or support from the government or the community. Without proper funding oreducation, a language cannot thrive. For instance, in some countries, the government only recognizes one official language and does not provide resources for the preservation of other indigenous languages. This leads to the loss of unique cultural identities and traditions.In my personal experience, I have seen the effects of language extinction in my own family. My grandparents spoke a dialect of Chinese that is now considered endangered. However, my parents did not pass down the language to me and my siblings, as they believed that learning Mandarin would be more practical. As a result, I feel disconnected from my cultural heritage and regret not being able to communicate with my grandparents in their native language.In conclusion, language extinction is a complex issue that requires attention and action. It is not just about preserving words and grammar, but also preserving cultural diversity and identity. We should celebrate and support the diversity of languages and cultures, rather than letting them disappear.中文:语言消亡是一个长期以来被讨论的话题。

语言的消失英文作文

语言的消失英文作文

语言的消失英文作文英文:Language is an important part of our cultural identity. It connects us to our history and helps us communicate with each other. However, many languages are disappearing at an alarming rate. This is a problem because when a language dies, we lose a part of our cultural heritage and a way of thinking that is unique to that language.There are many reasons why languages are disappearing. One reason is globalization. As the world becomes more interconnected, people are more likely to use a common language like English or Mandarin. This means that smaller languages are often ignored or forgotten. Another reason is that younger generations are not interested in learning their native language. They may see it as old-fashioned or not useful in today's world.It's important that we preserve our languages. One wayto do this is to promote language education. We need to encourage young people to learn their native language and to appreciate its value. We also need to support language revitalization efforts. This can involve creating language classes, publishing books in endangered languages, and providing funding for language preservation projects.中文:语言是我们文化身份的重要组成部分。

如何保护正在消失的语言英文作文

如何保护正在消失的语言英文作文

如何保护正在消失的语言英文作文Languages are the cornerstones of human civilization, serving as the primary means of communication, the repositories of cultural heritage, and the vehicles for intellectual and artistic expression. However, in the face of globalization, urbanization, and the dominance of a few major languages, many of the world's lesser-known languages are facing the threat of extinction. It is our responsibility to protect these endangered languages and ensure that they continue to thrive and enrich our global linguistic diversity.The importance of preserving endangered languages cannot be overstated. Each language is a unique and irreplaceable expression of a community's history, traditions, and worldview. The loss of a language means the loss of invaluable knowledge, traditional ecological wisdom, and diverse perspectives on the human experience. These languages often contain insights into the natural world, medicinal practices, and innovative solutions to local challenges that could benefit humanity as a whole. Furthermore, the extinction of a language represents the erosion of a community's cultural identity and the impoverishment of our collective intellectualand creative potential.To protect endangered languages, a multifaceted approach is necessary, involving collaboration between governments, language communities, linguists, and the general public. One of the key strategies is to empower and support the language communities themselves, as they are the rightful custodians and primary stakeholders in the preservation of their linguistic heritage.Firstly, it is crucial to establish language revitalization programs that prioritize the intergenerational transmission of endangered languages. This can involve implementing bilingual education systems, developing language immersion programs, and encouraging the use of the endangered language in daily life, media, and cultural events. By ensuring that children and youth have the opportunity to learn and use the language, we can help to maintain its vitality and prevent it from falling into disuse.Secondly, we must document and preserve the linguistic and cultural knowledge associated with endangered languages. This can be achieved through comprehensive language documentation efforts, which involve recording and archiving the language in various forms, such as audio and video recordings, written materials, and digital databases. These archives not only serve as valuable resources for language learners and researchers but also help to safeguard thelinguistic and cultural heritage for future generations.Thirdly, it is essential to promote the social, economic, and political empowerment of language communities. This can involve advocating for the official recognition and use of endangered languages in government, education, and public services, as well as supporting the development of economic opportunities and sustainable livelihoods that are compatible with the maintenance of the language and traditional way of life. By ensuring that speakers of endangered languages have a stake in the social and economic fabric of their communities, we can help to strengthen the perceived value and practical relevance of these languages.Furthermore, we must raise global awareness about the plight of endangered languages and foster a sense of shared responsibility for their preservation. This can be achieved through educational campaigns, media coverage, and international collaborations that highlight the cultural, linguistic, and environmental diversity of the world. By engaging the general public, we can cultivate a greater appreciation for linguistic diversity and a commitment to safeguarding the world's endangered languages.In addition, technological advancements can play a crucial role in the preservation of endangered languages. The development of digital tools, such as language-learning apps, online dictionaries, andmultimedia resources, can help to make these languages more accessible and engaging for a wider audience. Moreover, the use of social media and other digital platforms can facilitate the sharing of language-learning resources, the creation of virtual language communities, and the promotion of endangered languages on a global scale.It is also important to recognize that the preservation of endangered languages is closely linked to the protection of the natural environments and traditional livelihoods of the communities that speak them. Many endangered languages are spoken by indigenous and minority groups who have a deep connection to the land and its resources. Consequently, efforts to safeguard these languages must be accompanied by initiatives to support sustainable and eco-friendly development, as well as the recognition of the land rights and traditional knowledge of these communities.Finally, the protection of endangered languages requires a long-term, collaborative, and multidisciplinary approach. It is not a task that can be accomplished overnight, but rather a continuous process that requires the sustained commitment and coordination of various stakeholders, including language communities, linguists, policymakers, educators, and the general public. By working together and recognizing the inherent value of linguistic diversity, we can ensure that the world's endangered languages continue to thrive andenrich our shared human heritage.In conclusion, the preservation of endangered languages is a critical challenge that demands our attention and concerted action. By empowering language communities, documenting and preserving linguistic knowledge, promoting social and economic empowerment, raising global awareness, and leveraging technological advancements, we can work towards a future where the world's linguistic diversity is celebrated and safeguarded for generations to come. The loss of a language is the loss of a unique perspective, a valuable repository of knowledge, and a testament to the richness of human civilization. It is our responsibility to ensure that these endangered languages are protected and allowed to flourish, for the benefit of all humanity.。

语言文化的消失英语作文

语言文化的消失英语作文

语言文化的消失英语作文Title: The Disappearance of Language and Culture。

Language and culture are intertwined elements that shape our identities and societies. However, in the fast-paced globalized world, the disappearance of languages and cultures has become a concerning issue. This phenomenon not only results in the loss of linguistic diversity but also erodes the rich tapestry of human heritage and knowledge.One of the primary reasons for the disappearance of languages is globalization. English, as the dominant global language, often overshadows and suppresses smaller languages. With English being the lingua franca of international business, diplomacy, and entertainment, many languages struggle to survive in its shadow. As a result, younger generations are increasingly adopting English as their primary means of communication, leading to the gradual extinction of their native languages.Furthermore, the rapid advancement of technology playsa significant role in the erosion of languages and cultures. Social media platforms, movies, and television programs predominantly feature content in major languages such as English, further marginalizing smaller languages. The convenience of online translation tools also contributes to the neglect of native languages, as individuals opt for the easier option of communicating in a widely understood language rather than preserving their linguistic heritage.The consequences of language disappearance extend beyond mere linguistic loss; they also entail the erosionof cultural diversity. Language serves as a vessel for transmitting cultural values, traditions, and beliefs from one generation to another. When a language fades into oblivion, so too does the wealth of cultural knowledge it encapsulates. This loss deprives communities of theirunique identities and undermines their sense of belonging.Moreover, the disappearance of languages can have detrimental effects on intellectual diversity andscientific knowledge. Many indigenous languages, forinstance, contain invaluable insights into local ecosystems, medicinal plants, and traditional practices. As these languages vanish, so too does the profound wisdom they harbor, hindering our understanding of the natural worldand potentially impeding scientific progress.To mitigate the disappearance of languages and cultures, concerted efforts are required at both local and global levels. Governments should implement policies to preserve and promote linguistic diversity, including support for bilingual education programs and the documentation of endangered languages. Furthermore, initiatives to raise awareness about the importance of linguistic and cultural preservation are essential in fostering a sense of prideand ownership among communities.At the global level, collaboration among nations is crucial in safeguarding linguistic diversity. International organizations, such as UNESCO, play a vital role in raising awareness about endangered languages and coordinatingefforts to document and revitalize them. Throughinitiatives like the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languagesin Danger, valuable resources are provided to support endangered language communities in their preservation efforts.Individuals also have a role to play in preserving languages and cultures. By actively learning and using endangered languages, individuals can contribute to their revitalization and ensure their transmission to future generations. Additionally, supporting indigenous communities in their efforts to preserve their languages and cultures through cultural exchange programs and community engagement initiatives can make a meaningful difference.In conclusion, the disappearance of languages and cultures poses a significant threat to human heritage and knowledge. It is imperative that we recognize the value of linguistic diversity and take proactive measures to preserve and revitalize endangered languages. Only through collective action can we ensure that future generations inherit a world rich in linguistic and cultural diversity.。

正在消失的语言英语课文

正在消失的语言英语课文

正在消失的语言英语课文Many languages are endangeredWhen every known speaker of the language Amurdag gets together, there's still no one to talk to. Native Australian Charlie Mungulda is the only person alive known to speak that language, one of thousands around the world on the brink of extinction. From rural Australia to Siberia to Oklahoma, languages that embody the history and traditions of people are dying, researchers said Tuesday.While there are an estimated 7,000 languages spoken around the world today, one of them dies out about every two weeks, according to linguistic experts struggling to save at least some of them.Five hotspots where languages are most endangered were listed Tuesday in a briefing by the Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages and the National Geographic Society.In addition to northern Australia, eastern Siberia and Oklahoma and the U.S. Southwest, many native languages are endangered in South America — Ecuador, Colombia, Peru, Brazil and Bolivia — as well as the area including British Columbia, and the states of Washington and Oregon.Losing languages means losing knowledge, says K. DavidHarrison, an assistant professor of linguistics at Swarthmore College."When we lose a language, we lose centuries of human thinking about time, seasons, sea creatures, reindeer, edible flowers, mathematics, landscapes, myths, music, the unknown and the everyday."As many as half of the current languages have never been written down, he estimated.That means, if the last speaker of many of these vanished tomorrow, the language would be lost because there is no dictionary, no literature, no text of any kind, he said.。

雅思作文语言的消失利弊

雅思作文语言的消失利弊

雅思作文语言的消失利弊英文回答:The disappearance of languages can have both advantages and disadvantages. On the one hand, it can lead to a lossof cultural diversity and heritage. For example, when a language dies, so does the unique way of thinking and expressing ideas that it represents. This can result in a homogenization of global culture, where everyone speaks the same language and thinks in the same way. On the other hand, the disappearance of languages can also lead to greater communication and understanding among people. For instance, having a common global language such as English canfacilitate trade, diplomacy, and international cooperation.中文回答:语言的消失既有利也有弊。

一方面,它会导致文化多样性和遗产的流失。

例如,当一种语言消失时,它所代表的独特思维和表达方式也随之消失。

这可能导致全球文化的同质化,每个人都说着相同的语言,思维方式也趋于一致。

另一方面,语言的消失也可能导致人们更好地相互沟通和理解。

比如,拥有一种全球通用的语言,比如英语,可以促进贸易、外交和国际合作。

雅思作文语言的消失利弊

雅思作文语言的消失利弊

雅思作文语言的消失利弊英文回答:Language is a fundamental aspect of human communication and plays a crucial role in our daily lives. However, with the rapid advancement of technology and the increasing globalization, there is a concern that certain languages might disappear. In my opinion, the disappearance of languages has both advantages and disadvantages.On the one hand, the disappearance of languages can lead to a more efficient and unified global communication system. With fewer languages spoken, it would be easier for people from different countries to understand each other. For example, English has become a global lingua franca, enabling people from different linguistic backgrounds to communicate effectively. This facilitates international trade, diplomacy, and cultural exchange.Furthermore, the disappearance of languages can alsopromote cultural assimilation and unity. When people speak the same language, they are more likely to share similar values, beliefs, and traditions. This can foster a sense of belonging and bring communities together. For instance, in countries where a dominant language is spoken, people are more likely to have a common cultural identity and national unity.However, on the other hand, the disappearance of languages can also result in the loss of cultural diversity and heritage. Each language carries unique cultural knowledge and traditions that might be lost forever if the language becomes extinct. For example, indigenous languages often contain valuable information about local ecosystems, medicinal plants, and traditional practices. Losing these languages means losing valuable knowledge and wisdom.Moreover, language is closely tied to one's identity and sense of belonging. When a language disappears, the speakers of that language might experience a loss of cultural identity and a sense of disconnection from their heritage. This can lead to feelings of isolation andmarginalization. For instance, many indigenous communities around the world struggle to preserve their languages as they face pressure to adopt dominant languages.中文回答:语言是人类交流的基本方式,对我们的日常生活起着至关重要的作用。

保护濒危语言英语作文

保护濒危语言英语作文

保护濒危语言英语作文English Answer:The protection of endangered languages is an urgent and multifaceted issue that demands collective action. As the guardians of cultural diversity and invaluable repositories of knowledge, endangered languages require immediate attention to prevent their irreversible loss.One crucial aspect of language preservation involves the revitalization of endangered languages within their communities. This can be achieved through language immersion programs, where children are exposed to the language from a young age, as well as through community-based initiatives that promote the use of the language in daily life, such as storytelling, singing, and traditional practices.Efforts to document and archive endangered languages are equally important. Linguistic researchers and communitymembers can collaborate to create dictionaries, grammars, and other resources that preserve the structure and vocabulary of the language for future generations. These resources provide a foundation for future language revitalization efforts and allow scholars to study and understand the unique characteristics of endangered languages.Furthermore, raising awareness about the significance of endangered languages is essential for garnering support and resources for their preservation. International organizations such as UNESCO and the Endangered Languages Project play a vital role in advocating for the protection of endangered languages and promoting their value as linguistic and cultural heritage.Preserving endangered languages entails more than just maintaining linguistic diversity; it involves acknowledging the cultural heritage, traditions, and knowledge systems that are inextricably linked to them. By safeguarding endangered languages, we safeguard the cultural identities and histories of the communities that speak them, fosteringa sense of belonging and continuity.中文回答:濒危语言的保护是一个紧迫且多方面的议题,需要大家的共同行动。

英语作文对立观点

英语作文对立观点

英语作文对立观点Today, many people believe that learning English is essential for success in the modern world. They argue that English is the international language of business, science, and technology, and that learning English can open up many opportunities for personal and professional growth.今天,许多人认为学习英语对于在现代世界取得成功至关重要。

他们认为英语是国际商务、科学和技术的语言,学习英语可以为个人和职业成长开拓许多机会。

However, there are also those who argue that promoting English as the dominant global language is a form of linguistic imperialism. They believe that by promoting English, we are marginalizing the value of other languages and cultures, and contributing to the erosion of linguistic diversity.然而,也有人争论说将英语作为主导的全球语言是一种语言帝国主义。

他们认为,通过推动英语,我们边缘化了其他语言和文化的价值,并有助于语言多样性的侵蚀。

In addition, there are concerns about the impact of English as a global language on local languages and dialects. Many fear that the dominance of English may lead to the extinction of smaller, less widely spoken languages, and the loss of cultural heritage and identity.此外,人们也担心英语作为全球语言对当地语言和方言的影响。

盘点世界上那些逐渐消失的语言,看看有没有你熟悉的民族满语粤语灭绝广东话

盘点世界上那些逐渐消失的语言,看看有没有你熟悉的民族满语粤语灭绝广东话

盘点世界上那些逐渐消失的语言,看看有没有你熟悉的民族满语粤语灭绝广东话众所周知,我国有56个民族,而这些民族只在名单上,还有川庆民族不在名单上,几乎每个民族都有自己的语言。

目前,世界上现存的民族数量在2000个左右。

同样,这些民族也有自己的语言,但由于某些原因,一些民族的民族语言正在慢慢消失。

下面我们来介绍一下慢慢消失的语言。

第一种是阿伊努语,是日本的一种少数民族语言,也是现存最稀有的语言之一,直到上个世纪才由一小部分库里岛居民使用。

第二个,阿皮亚卡,这个名字太偏了,是巴西少数民族的语言,但是官方却认为它濒临灭绝,因为说这种语言的人不多,只有一种,可以可以说是难得一见,遗憾的是尽管进行了一些尝试,但很难实现。

第三个是Bikia,即喀麦隆的班托语。

一位语言学家无意中听到了一位老妇人的谈话,于是很多人开始寻找他,最后在上个世纪终于找到了几个。

舌头,但数量太少,它可能已经灭绝了。

第四,达什纳语,印度尼西亚的一种部落语言,很少有人会说这种语言,只能靠一只手来数,少数会说这种语言的人也会倒霉,洪水就是火山爆发。

第五,潘帕斯语,是阿根廷某地区的一种语言,和上面的兄弟一样,会这种语言的人非常少,有专家估计会说这种语言。

其中可能有五六个。

第六,美国土著部落语言托洛瓦语也极其危险,在本世纪2008年,似乎只有一个人会说,但现在可能不会了。

总体而言,北美仍有不少濒临灭绝的语言,因为美国的土著人仍然不少,几乎每个部落都有自己的语言。

在此期间,许多土著人的语言也慢慢濒临灭绝。

熟悉了外语后,再说说本土的,毕竟我国民族众多,但情况比其他国家好,下面就来介绍一下。

首先是澳门葡语,是澳门的母语。

这种语言是马来语、爪哇语和其他多民族语言的混合体,一个世纪前在澳门伴随着葡萄牙语。

它幸存下来,但随着时间的推移,这种语言现在正受到威胁。

第二种语言是八仔语,是台湾原住民的语言,曾经被认为在10年内灭绝,但后来发现这种语言仍然存在,而且越来越多的人会说它。

【英语作文】语言的流失 Loss of Language

【英语作文】语言的流失 Loss of Language

【英语作文】语言的流失 Loss of Language语言是人类最重要的工具之一,它不仅是交流的媒介,更是承载着文化、思想和历史的载体。

在当今社会,随着全球化和科技的发展,很多传统的语言正在面临流失的危险。

这种语言的流失对于一个民族、一个文化来说,都是一种不可挽回的损失。

那么,为什么会出现语言的流失现象?这种现象对我们有何影响?我们应该怎样去保护和传承我们的语言呢?语言的流失是一个全球性的问题,尤其是在少数民族地区和发展中国家地区更加严重。

这其中的原因主要包括全球化、现代科技和经济发展等多方面因素。

全球化使得一些主要语言成为了交流的主要工具,比如英语、西班牙语、汉语等。

由于这些主要语言的影响力,一些传统的语言逐渐被边缘化。

在全球化的浪潮下,人们更倾向于使用主流语言,而对于一些少数民族语言、方言等的使用逐渐减少,导致了这些语言的逐渐流失。

现代科技的发展也是导致语言流失的一个因素。

随着互联网的普及和数字化通讯的便捷,人们更喜欢使用一些通用的语言进行交流,比如英语。

很多年轻人在社交媒体上使用英语进行交流,而忽视了自己的传统语言。

这也是导致许多传统语言流失的原因之一。

经济发展也是导致语言流失的一个重要原因。

许多人为了谋生计,不得不离开自己的家乡去外地工作或者进城谋求更好的发展机会。

在这个过程中,他们也逐渐放弃了自己的方言或者少数民族语言,转而使用主流语言。

语言的流失对我们的影响是非常深远的。

语言是一个民族的精神支柱,语言的流失将导致我们失去一个重要的文化遗产。

很多语言中都包含了丰富的历史、传统和生活方式,它们都是我们民族的瑰宝。

如果这些语言失传了,我们就失去了一部分自己的根和灵魂。

语言的流失也会导致我们的文化多样性受到威胁。

语言是文化的一个载体,每一种语言都承载着不同的文化、思想和方式。

如果一种语言失去了,相应的文化也将受到威胁,多样性将减少。

这对于整个人类社会来说,都是一个巨大的损失。

语言的流失还会给我们带来沟通上的障碍。

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语言学家估计,在公元前8000年,大概存在2万种语言。

今天这个数字是6909种,并且还在急剧减少。

到了2100年,预计会只剩下一半,有一些语言也许会留下一些文字记载,但大多数将会灰飞烟灭。

导致这种情况出现的一个答案是全球化的一个含义——自由贸易与资本主义。

回顾历史,不同地区之间的贸易促成了地区之间通用语言的形成,但这种通用语言和本土语言的关系却是稳定而健康的。

只有政府把贸易语言确立为官方语言,并把它强加给人民的时候,贸易语言才成为了“语言杀手”。

事实上,大部分人并不会“抛弃”小时候所学的语言,除非死亡或身边再也没有人说这种语言,否则还是愿意一直使用的。

语言的丢失,其实是发生在语言跨代传承的过程中被干预或阻断。

要消灭一种语言,必须有某种力量侵入家庭,阻止父母向孩子教授母语。

一个好的答案是城市化。

在肯尼亚,两个来自不同地方的人在首都内罗毕相遇,他们不可能说各自的母语,他们会说肯尼亚的通用语言——英语或斯瓦希里语。

他们生下的孩子,也许会从他们的父母那里学到他们各自语言的一点皮毛,但到了第三代,这些残余也会很快荡然无存。

历史上的大部分时间,包括今天世界上的很多角落,居民说着一门使用人数少于500人的语言是很正常的,在部落的不断迁徙当中,语言不能保持稳定,很容易就会分离变成两种语言。

可长期定居的城市容纳的人口越来越多,可使同样的语言保持稳定,语言的数量因此减少。

语言灭亡的另外一个因素就是中央集权的政府。

传统方式是简单的屠杀或是驱赶原住民和少数群体。

近年来,政府有意无意地采取了较为隐蔽的方式,基本的途径便是公立义务教育。

对少数群体文化而言,没有什么冲击比标准化的义务教育带来的更大。

其意味着孩子远离家庭的社交活动,不得不使用官方语言,否则将可能受到惩罚。

它意味着学校重新定义价值观,贬抑族群,彰显国家。

国家的义务教育带来的最大冲击并不只这些,它还向少数族群的孩子们植入了他们的语言和文化没有价值,不适应现代教育和社会的想法。

本土或少数族群的语言对于使用者来讲有多方面的价值,不论是用于当地群体里面的交流,还是基于继承传统。

在没有政府指令的情况下,人们自然会选择最满足需要的语言。

相反,政权不会考虑这些因素。

它的目标是让每个人同质化,成为服从于同一个想象共同体的好市民。

因此,政府总是会采取政策,让原住民处于外来人口当中,使他们成为被看不起的少数,例如强制他们进入寄宿学校。

在家乡,操着一门本地的语言是社会交际、提高声望的重要一部分,可是在学校却会成为一个污点。

在封闭式的学校环境下,聪明的孩子们会选择尽可能快地与他们的文化传统分离。

结果便是,少数族群经过这种模式的教育后,整代人都会认同他们的语言是没有价值的,当他们有了孩子,便会开始抗拒传授自己的语言。

语言的濒临灭绝,正是100多年前至今政府一直推动的结果。

这并不是政府影响语言的唯一方式,国家主义同样也是语言多样性的敌人。

国家主义的想法,其基础是在历史上和种族上有亲缘的人们,应如同处一把大伞一样,接受一元的领导,而不管他们之间存在着多大的语言差异。

如果少数族群想获得政治上的地位,他们必须顺从外界的政治观点,他们必然要放弃他们的族群特征以及他们的语言。

世界各种语言的历程,大体上也是这样。

正如语言的灭亡过程,也是一段中央集权、大国家主义狂热,强迫同化的历史。

只有抛弃这些想法,语言灭亡的故事才会得以改变。

The extinction of languagesLinguists suggested that there were probably two thousandof languages before 8000BC. Today ,the number of the survival languages may be 6900 and reduce sharply. We areon a trajectory for linguistic extinction. Without changing our course,we will lose several more kinds of languages in the following decades. Linguists advised that half of the existing languages will disappear in 2100.Why are there so many languages dying? Maybe the answer is globalization. With the development of technology,transportation,and Internet,earth become more and moresmall day after day, a special kind of product is producedat the meantime. It is trade language. Maybe some peoplecall it common language. It is the trade between different regions that promote the creation of trade language. The trade language may become the killer of local language ifthe government stipulates a trade language as the universal language of the region.As we all know,people will not abandon the language which they learned when they were children. Unless he’s dead or no person use the language around he. If the progress of language across generations is interposed,this language may disappear. To eliminate a language,there must have some sort of power invade families,in order to prevent parents teach children mother language or local language. A perfect answer is unbanization. Let’s assume a situation,a couple live in a big city. Both the man and the woman are minority,but different races. The man is A race ,the woman is B race. Of course they can speak their mother language,and their mother language is endangered. Whenthey have a baby,they will not teach the baby their mother languages,instead of the common language of the region which they live in. when the baby grow up,he may know fewof his parents’ mother languages. In the third generation,the endangered languages are gone.Another reason of the extinction of language is a central government. For example,china has a strong,authoritarian central government, and my country, china have 56 races. China's constitution stipulate that Mandarin is the universal language of china. Every child of minority have to learn Mandarin if they began to accept compulsory education. When they grow up,in most case,they speak Mandarin. They have few opportunities to speak their mother language only when they communicate with their families. As time passed,more and more minorities speak Mandarin. After this model of education,most minorities would agree that their mother languages are worthless. So when they have children,they will resist to teach their mother language to their children.。

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