语言学C9-1

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语言学概论[1].打印。题库--含答案汇编

语言学概论题库（胡吉成版）（含答案）第一次作业导言、第一章、第二章一、名词解释（10分，每小题2分）1．语言学语言学是以人类语言作为研究对象的学科，研究人类语言的性质、结构、发展等。

2．语言语言是人类最重要的交际工具，同时也是思维工具。

3．符号符号，就是指代某种事物的标记，记号，它是由一个社会的全体成员共同约定用来表示某种意义的标记和记号。

4．组合关系组合关系就是两个同一性质的结构单位（如音位与音位、词与词等等）按照线性的顺序组合起来的关系。

5．聚合关系聚合关系就是语言结构某一位置上能够互相替换的具有某种相同作用的单位（如音位、词）之间的关系，简单说就是符号与符号之间的替换关系。

二、填空（20分，每空0.5分）1．（中国）、（印度）、（古罗马－希腊）具有悠久的历史文化传统，是语言学的三大发源地。

2．（文言）是我国古代的书面语，用它写成的文章称为（文言文）。

3．结构主义语言学内部又分（哥本哈根学派）、（布拉格学派）、（美国描写主义学派）三大学派，其中（美国描写主义学派）的代表人物是布龙菲尔德，其著作（语言论）是这一学派的奠基性著作。

4．（历史比较语言学）语言学是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，它是语言学走上独立发展道路的标志。

5．（索绪尔）被称为现代语言学之父，他的代表性著作是《普通语言学教程》。

6．语言是人类社会的（交际工具），而且也是思维的（工具），这是语言的两大功能。

7．人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的（左）半球控制语言活动，右半球掌管不需要语言的感性（直观思维）。

8．汉语的“哥哥”、“弟弟”，英语用（brother）表示，汉语的“舅舅、姨父、姑父、叔叔、伯伯”，英语（uncle）表示。

9．英语可以直接用数词修饰名词，汉语数词修饰名词一般要加上一个（量词）。

10．儿童最早的智力活动就是学习（语言）。

11．任何符号，都是由（形式）和（内容）两个方面构成的。

12．一个符号，如果没有（内容），就失去了存在的必要，如果没有（形式），我们就无法感知，符号也就失去了存在的物质基础。

语言学概论知到章节答案智慧树2023年广西师范大学

语言学概论知到章节测试答案智慧树2023年最新广西师范大学绪论单元测试1.语言学作为一门独立学科诞生的标志是（）。

参考答案:历史比较语言学的产生2.被称为“现代语言学之父”的语言学家是（）。

参考答案:索绪尔3.汉语国际教育属于教育学学科（）。

参考答案:错4.语言是语言学的研究对象，语言学是对语言规律、特点的概括、解释（）。

参考答案:对5.语言学概论课程的目标是（）。

参考答案:掌握语言学的基本知识、基本理论和基本技能;具有感悟、辨析、鉴赏、探究语言现象的能力;培养对语言学的兴趣，为语言学储备人才第一章测试1.人类最重要的交际工具是（）。

参考答案:有声语言2.语言的文化“雕塑”功能是指（）。

参考答案:蕴含在语言中的文化对思维方式、行为习惯等的影响3.人类语言功能区主要在左脑和右脑（）。

参考答案:错4.语言思维是指以语言为工具所进行的思维（）。

参考答案:对5.思维所凭借的工具主要有（）。

参考答案:有声语言;心理表象;内部语言6.语言最本质的功能是（）。

参考答案:交际功能7.下面各选项中，属于语言社会功能的是（）。

参考答案:文化雕塑功能;人际互动功能;信息传递功能8.位于人类大脑左半球的布洛卡区专门负责（）。

参考答案:口头表达9.位于人类大脑左半球的韦尼克区如果受损，则（）。

参考答案:听力理解能力将受损10.天生的聋哑人没有语言能力，但是他们也有一定的思维能力，这说明语言和思维是可以分离的。

参考答案:对第二章测试1.语音符号层级性的核心是( )。

参考答案:以少驭多2.鹦鹉会模仿人说话，这说明( )。

参考答案:鹦鹉等一些鸟类的说话，只是对人类语言的一种机械模仿3.关于“语言”的定义，下列说法不正确的一项是( )。

参考答案:语言就是人们说出来的话4.区分“语言”和“言语”的主要目的是( )。

参考答案:明确语言学的研究对象5.语言符号具有任意性的特点，我们平时说话用什么声音表示什么意义是自由的，不受任何约束。

语言学选择题(附答案)

语言学A__ is the study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation.A. PhonologyB. LexicographyC. LexicologyD. MorphologyC2. ___C_ is defined as the scientific study of language, studying language in general.A. PsycholinguisticsB. NeurolinguisticsC. LinguisticsD. PhoneticsB3. Which of the linguistic items listed below is best described as the smallest unit of meaningA. the wordB. the morphemeC. the phonemeD. the clauseB4. A prefix is an affix which appears ____.A. after the stemB. before the stemC. in the middle of the stemD. below the stemC 5. Which of the following is true ____A. Phonetics is the study of pronunciation.B. Phonetics is the scientific study of the movement of sound waves.C. Phonetics is the scientific study of the sounds of language.D. Phonetics is the scientific study of the organs of speech.D6. “What’s in a name That which we call a roseBy any other name would smell as sweetSo Romeo would, were he not Romeo called,” (Romeo and Juliet, Act 2, Scene 2, 43~5)To what characteristic of language dose Shakespeare refer ___A. CreativityB. ProductivityC. DualityD. ArbitrarinessA7. Language, as a system, consists of two sets of structures or two levels, which is known as ____, one of a design features of human language.A. DualityB. DisplacementC. ProductivityD. ArbitrarinessD8. The different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make one word different from another in meaning, are ____.A. phonemesB. phonesC. soundsD. allophonesA9. What is complementary distribution ____A. Different places of occurrence of allophones within a word.B. When a phone can only occur at the end of a word.C. When an allophone occurs at the beginning of a word.D. Contrastive distribution of allophonesD10. ___ deals with the analysis and creation of words, idioms and collocations.A. MorphemeB. VocabularyC. RootD. LexiconB1. Cold and hot are called ____ antonyms.A. complementaryB. gradableC. reversalD. converseC2. “I regret that I can’t help you.” This is an example of __ _.A. representativesB. directivesC. expressivesD. commissivesD. What is the duality of the language ____A. Letters and soundsB. Sounds and symbolsC. Symbols and meaningD. sounds and meaningA4. “I bought some roses” ___ “I bought some flowers”.A. entailsB. presupposesC. is inconsistent withD. is synonymous withC5. Of the following linguists, ____ should be grouped into Prague School.A. BloomfieldB. SaussureC. JakobsonD. FirthC6. Damage in and around the angular gyrus of the parietal lobe often causes the impairment of reading and writing ability, which is often referred to as acquired ____.A. diglossiaB. aphasiaC. dyslexiaD. dysgraphiaA7. ____ A Dictionary of the English Language established a uniform standard for the spelling and word use.A. Samuel Johnson’sB. Bishop Lowth’sC. Firth’sD. Samuel John’sB8. What is phonology ____A. The study of how speech sounds are made, transmitted and receivedB. The study of the function, behavior and organization of speech sounds as linguistic items.C. The study of the International Phonetic Alphabet.D. The study of all possible speech sounds.D9. The morpheme “cast” in the common word “telecast” is a (n) ____.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morphemeD10. A phoneme is ____.A. a set of different realization of a phoneB. a set of contrastive allophones in free variationC. a set of phones in complementary distributionD. a set of phonetically similar noncontrastive phonesA1. Firstly, to which of these language groups dose English belong ____A. GermanicB. SlavonicC. romanceD. BalticD2. What is defined as “the study of sentence structure” ___A. MorphologyB. SemanticsC. PhonologyD. SyntaxD3. According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A. learningB. competenceC. performanceD. acquisitionC4. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed” in the word “learned” is known as a(n) ____.A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free formC5. ____ studies the total stock of morphemes of a language, especially those items which have clear semantic references.A. PhonologyB. LexicologyC. MorphologyD. LexicographyA6. As a type of linguistic system in L2 learning, ____ is a product of L2 training, mother tongue interference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner. A. interlanguage B. interferenceC. language transferD. linguistic relativityA7. ____ means the lack of a logical connection between the form of something and its expression in sounds. A. Arbitrariness B. AbstractnessC. AmbiguityD. FuzzinessB8. The term ___ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparativeD9. When a speech sound changes and becomes more like another sound that follows or precedes it, it is said to be ____.A. nasalizedB. voicedC. aspiratedD. assimilatedC10. F. de Saussure is a (n) ____ linguist.A. AmericanB. BritishC. SwissD. RussianA1. N. Chomsky is a (n) ____ linguist.A. AmericanB. CanadaC. SwissD. FrenchB2. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis has two thrusts: ___ and ____.A. Linguistic description, Linguistic determinismB. Linguistic determinism, Linguistic relativityC. Linguistic relativity, Linguistic descriptionD. Linguistic determinism, Linguistic performanceA3. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and used by people who speak different language for restricted purpose is ____.A. pidiginB. creoleC. dialectD. blendsB4. By ____, we refer to word forms which differ from each other only by one sound, . “pin” and “bin”.A. complementally distributionB. minimal pairC. Adjacency pairD. code—switchingA5. When two sounds never occur in the same environment they said to be in ___.A. complementary distributionB. free variationC. co-occurrenceD. minimal pairD6. ___ century is considered to be the beginning of Modern English.A. 18thB. 17thC. 19thD. 16thB7. Conventionally a __ __ is put in slashes.A. allophoneB. phonemeC. phoneD. morphemeD8. __ __ is a principle of scientific method, based on the belief that the only things valid enough to confirm or refute o scientific theory are interpersonally observable phenomena, rather than people’s introspections or intuitions.A. MentalismB. Functional grammarC. Case grammarD. BehaviorismC9. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called __C.A. expressivesB. directivesC. commisivesD. declaratives*C 10. A __ _ is often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.A. morphemeB. wordC. rootD. phonemeD1. Linguistics is the scientific study of ___.A. a particular languageB. the English languageC. human language in generalD. the system of a particular languageA2. __ __ is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA.A. InterlanguageB. IdeologyC. DialectD. InterferenceB3. Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called __ _ rule.A. DeletionB. SequentialC. superasegmentalD. AssimilationB 4. “There is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to”. This is the __ view concerning the study of meaning.A. naming theoryB. conceptualistC. contextualistD. behavioristA5. English consonants can be classified into stops, fricatives, nasals, etc. , in terms of _.A. manner of articulationB. openness of mouthC. place of articulationD. voicingA6. According to Chomsky, _ __ is the ideal user’s internalized knowledge of his language.A. competenceB. paroleC. performanceD. langueA7. __ is not a suprasegmental feature.A. AspirationB. IntonationC. StressD. ToneA8 __ is a phenomenon that L2 learners subconsciously use their L1language in their learning process.A. Language transferB. BlendingC. InterferenceD. CooperativeC9. _ are affixes added to an existing form to create a new word, . in-,-er.A. inflectional morphemeB. free morphemeC. derivational morphemeD. rootB10. Writing is the secondary language form based on ___.A. soundB. speechC. gestureD. signC1. ____ covers the study of language use in relation to context, and in particular the study of linguistic communication.A. SemanticsB. SociolinguisticsC. PragmaticsD. LinguisticsA2. Morphemes that represent “tense”, “number”, “gender”, “case” and so on are called ____ morphemes.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivationalC3. Which of the following is not a compound word ___A. clearwayB. rainbowC. scarcityD. withoutA4. The fact that ability to speak a language is transmitted from generation to generation by process of learning, and not genetically is referred to as ____.A. culture transmissionB. performanceC. competenceD. acquisitionC5. ____ is the language of Angles, Saxons and Jutes who invaded Britain after AD 450.A. Old NorseB. CleticC. Old EnglishD. Middle EnglishC6. A group of two or more consonants together in a syllable is called a (n) ____.A. arresting clusterB. releasing clusterC. consonant clusterD. syllableC7. The semantic features of the word “woman” can be expressed as ____.A. +ANIMATE, -- HUMAN, +ADULT, +MALEB. + ANIMATE, + HUMAN, -- ADULT, + MALEC. + ANIMATE, + HUMAN, + ADULT, -- MALED. + ANIMATE, -- HUMAN, -- ADULT, -- MALEA8. ____ is to refer to an auxiliary language used to enable routine communication to take place between groups of people who speak different native languages.A. Lingua francaB. DialectC. PidginD. Ethnic dialectA9. ____ is the study of the relationship between brain and language, including research into how the structure of the brain influences language learning.A. NeurolinguisticsB. PsyhcholingisticsC. Applied LinguisticsD. SociolinguisticsB10. Modern synchronic linguistics traditionally dates from the ____ of Swiss scholar Ferdinand de Saussure.A. Syntactic structureB. Cours de Linguitique GeneralC. De Lingua LatinaD. Language and MindA1. According to the strong version of the ____ hypothesis, language determines speakers’ perceptions and patterns their way of life.A. Sapir WhorfB. inputC. GrimD.InnatenessD2. Which of the following is true ____A. In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.B. A compound is the combination of only two words.C. The division of English into old English, Middle English, and Modern English is nonconventional and notarbitrary.D. If a child is deprived of linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully lateron.D3. Which of the following statements is not true ____A. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.B. Language is human specificC. Language is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraintsfirst language was invented by Adam, the first man.B 4. A group of people who do in fact have the opportunity to interact with each other and who share not just a single language with its related varieties but also attitudes to- ward linguistic norms are defined as ____.A. speech varietyB. speech communityC. registerD. sociolectC5. “Your money or your life” is an example of ___.A. representativeB. expressiveC. directivesmissivesD6. Which of the following distinctive features can be used to separate [p] and [b] __A. stopB. fricativesC. bilabialD.voicedD7. ____ studies the total stock of morphemes of a language particularly those items which have clear semantic references.A. LexicographyB. PhonologyC. LexicologyD.MorphologyC8. ____ theorized that acquisition of language is an innate process determined by biological factors which limit the important period for acquisition of a language from roughly two years of age to puberty.A. Input hypothesisB. Interaction hypothesisC. Critical period hypothesisD.Sapir-Whorf HypothesisC9. An example of ___ would be the change in meaning undergone by the OE word, docga, modern day dog. In OE docga referred to a particular breed of dog, while in modern usage it refers to the class of dogs as a whole.A. semantic degradationsB. semantic reductionsC. semantic extensionsD. semantic elevationC10. According to Chomsky, the child is born with a built – in set of rules, which have the specific function of enabling her to construct the grammar of her mother tongue. This view is to be seen as ____.A. Input hypothesisB. X-theoryC. Language acquisition deviceD.Universal grammarD1. “Old” and “Young” are a pair of ____ opposites.A. complementaryB. relationalC. converseD. gradableB2. Systemic-Functional Grammar, one of the most influential linguistic theories in the 20th century, is put forward by ____.A. ChomskyB. HallidayC. FirthD.MalinowskiD3. Vowels that are produced between the positions for a front and back vowel are called ____ vowel.A. backB. frontC. unroundedD.centralD4. From Halliday’s viewpoint, language is a form of realization of ____ rather than a form of realizationof______.A. knowing, doingB. thinking, knowingC. doing, thinkingD.doing, knowingC5. ___ believes that language learning is simply a matter of imitation and habit formation.A. The innatistB. The interactionistC. The behavioristD.The mentalistthe physical properties of speech sound, as transmitted between mouth and ear.A. Articulatory phoneticsB. Physiological phoneticsC Acoustic phonetics D. Auditory phoneticsB7. Creativity refers to ____.A. the unconscious knowledge that language users have in their mindsB. the capacity of language users to produce and understand an indefinitely large number of sentencesC. a property claimed to be characteristic of all languagesD. animals’ capacity to learn more than one human languageA8. Fossilization is a process _ _.A. in which incorrect linguistic features beca me a permanent part of a learner’s competenceB. in which incorrect as well as correct linguistic features beca me a permanent part of a learner’s competence,but the correct items gradually delete the incorrect itemsC. which can happen as a result of teachers’ disapproval of an incorrect itemand C are correctB9. “Competence” refers to ____.A. knowledge of meaning of words and sentencesB. a speaker’s unconscious knowledge about his/her languageC. the actual use of a speaker’s unconscious knowledge about his/her languageD. the laws that pertain to all languages throughout the worldA10. ___ refers to unintentionally deviation from the adult grammar of a native speaker.A. An errorB. A mistakeC. A slip of the tongueD. FossilizationC1. ____ is a multiword construction that is a semantic unit whose meaning cannot be deduced from the meanings of its constituents.A. semantic componentB. collocationC. idiomD. referenceB2. The distinction between langue and parole is similar to that between ____.A. prescriptive and descriptiveB. competence and performanceC. speech and writingD. synchronic and diachronicA3. Nouns, verbs, and adjectives can be classified as ____.A. open class wordsB. grammatical wordsC. closed class wordsD. function wordsB4. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “furniture/bed” ____A. polysemyB. hyponymyC. homonymyD. antonymyB5. Which description of componential analysis for the word “woman” is right ____A. +human,-adult, -maleB. +human, + adult, -maleC. +human, + adult, +maleD. +human, -adult, +maleB6. The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a ____.A. regional dialectB. registerC. fieldD. repertoireD7. In structural grammar, distributional analysis is used to define ____, which are taken as the basic building blocks.A. morphemesB. wordsC. syllableD. phonemesD8. “Speech Act Theory” was proposed by ____ in 1962.A. SaussureB. ChomskyC. Jane AustinD. John AustinD9. The major new development in linguistics in 20th century was ____ grammar.A. speculativeB. traditionalC. structuralD. transformational-generativeA10. ____ refers to the tendency of many learners to stop developing their inter-language grammar in the direction of the target language.A. FossilizationB. Error analysisC. OvergeneralizationD. InterferenceD1. The most recognizable difference between American English and British English are in ____ and vocabulary.A. structureB. grammarC. usageD. pronunciationC2. The study of how we do things with utterance is the study of ____, the nature of which is determined by context.A. contextB. pragmaticsC. speech actD. semanticsA3. A(n) ___ is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, . “pass away” for “die”.A. euphemismsB. deleteC. coinageD. tabooB4. In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies, ____ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.A. transferB. bilingualismC. diglossiaD. inter-languageD5. Pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that it studies meaning not in isolation, but in ____.A. relationshipB. dependenceC. sentenceD. contextis a design feature of human language that enables speakers to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and space.A. cultural transmissionB. dualityC. displacementD. productivityB7. Traditional grammarians begin with ____ definition of the sentence and components.A. structuralB. notionalC. descriptiveD. prescriptiveA8. ____ is defined as any regionally or socially definable human group identified by shared linguistic system.A. Speech communityB. A raceC. A societyD. A countryA9. ___ invasions established three major groups in England: Saxons, Angles and Jutes.A. GermanicB. NormanC. FrenchD. RomanD10. Japanese is the only major language that uses ___ writing system.A. a word-writingB. a logographicC. an alphabeticD. a syllabicC1. ____ is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, . a word or group of words, which serves as a definable “center” or “head”.A. Exocentric constructionB. CoordinationC. Endocentric constructionD. CollocationA2. Of the following linguists, ____ should not be grouped into American school.A. FirthB. SapirC. BloomfieldD. BoasD3. When people learn a foreign language for external goals such as passing exams, financial rewards or furthering a career, we say they learn a foreign language with a (n) ___.A. intrinsic motivationB. resultative motivationC. integrative motivationD. instrumental motivationB4. What is the sense relation in the sentence “M y unmarried sister is married to a bachelor.” ____A. PresupposeB. ContradictionC. EntailmentD. InconsistentB5. ---TRUTH.---Do not say what you believe to be false.---Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.Those can be defined as the features of ____ of Gricean maxims.A. maxim of quantityB. maxim of qualityC. maxim of relationD. maxim of mannerC6. ____ caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords refers to the use of pitch in language to distinguish words.A. IntonationB. StressC. ToneD.AspirationC7. ____ is a socially prestigious dialect that is supported by institutions.A. Ethnic dialectB. IdeolectC. Standard dialectD. CreoleD8. Which of the following country are those loanwords “garage, champion, beauty, parliament” borrowed from ____.A. LatinB. DutchC. GermanD.FrenchB9. In the sentence “The angry man went furiously through the rooms.” The first division into immediate constitute should be between ____.A. angry and manB. man and wentC. furiously and throughD. The and angryC10. ____ refers to the effect of the utterance.A. Illocutionary actB. Locutionary actC. Perlocutionary actD. Speech actA1. The consonant sound /p/ is described as ___.A. voiceless bilabial stopB. voiceless alveolar stopC. voiced bilabial stopD.voiced alveolar stopC2. A new word created by cutting the final part or cutting the initial part is referred to as ____.A. acronymB. borrowingC. clippingD.blendingC3. According to the author our brain is divided into two hemispheres. Language functions are mainly located in ____.A. right hemispheresB. front hemispheresC. left hemispheresD.back hemispheresC4. “A language pattern which occurs in all known language” is called ____.A. a phonemic representationB. a phonetic representationC. a language universalD. language changeC5. In the sentence-------“The child found the puppy”, ____ is not a constituent.A. The childB. found the puppyC. found theD. the puppyA6. A ____ is a word or phrase which people use in place of terms which they consider to be more disagreeable or offensive to themselves and /or to their audience.A. EuphemismB. metaphorC. denotationD.jargonC7. ____ is the learner’s process of adapting to the culture and value system of the target language community.A. AcquisitionB. AssimilationC. AcculturationD. ArticulationC8. What is the relationship between the two words “flower / rose” ____A. HomonymyB. AntonymyC. hyponymyD. PolysemyD9. The function of the sentence “How are you” ____A. directiveB. informativeC. performativeD. phaticC10. Homonyms ____.A. are words that share the same phonetic features and the same semantic featuresB. are words that share the same semantic features but have different sets of phonetic featuresC. are words that share the same phonetic features but have different sets of semantic featuresD. are two words that all but one of semantic features in commonB1. The distinction between language and parole is proposed by ____.A. HallidayB. SaussureC. ChomskyD. FirthC2. In the following dialogue, the maxim of ____ is not observed.A. What time is itB. It’s terribly cold in here.A. qualityB. quantityC. relevanceD. mannerB3. ____ are linguistic units larger than sentences.A. MovesB. DiscoursesC. TopicsD. TendenciesA4. Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementarity __A. single/marriedB. big/smallC. hot / coldD. old /youngA5. Usually ____ refers to the use of linguistic research in language teaching, but linguistics is used in other areas, as well.A. applied linguisticsB. theoretical linguisticsC. contextual linguisticsD. general linguisticsD6. Two words that are differentiated by one phoneme, such as “cat” and “rat”, are known as a ____.A. distinctive featureB. argumentC. codeD. minimal pairD7. ____ is often regarded as the founder of the study of sociolinguistics.A. SaussureB. HallidayC. ChomskyD. LabovC8. ____ is the academic discipline concerned with the study of the processes by which people learn languages in addition to their native tongue.A. IPAB. IC AnalysisC. SLAD. TGC9. The ____ is the primary lexical unit of a word, which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents.A. bound morphemeB. affixC. rootD. prefixA10. In terms of S earle’s classification system of illocutionary acts, the sentence “Ten bucks say that The Yankee will win the game.” used to bet belongs to ____.A. representativeB. commissiveC. directiveD. declarationB1. Three factors involved in describing vowels are ____.A. place of articulation / part of the tongue raised / voicingB. tongue height / part of the tongue raised / lip roundingC. articulators / extreme vowel positions / tongue positionD. teeth position / alveolar ridge position / voicingC2. In ____ the structure of words is studied.A. phoneticsB. phonologyC. morphologyD. syntaxD3. Which one is not a source of error ____A the native language B. the target languageC. learner’s style of thinkingD. noneC4. “Love” and “hate” are ____.A. binary antonymsB. complementary pairsC. gradable antonymsD. relational oppositesA5. ___ refers to sentences not only describe or report information, but also help speakers accomplish things.A. Speech actB. DiscourseC. ContextD. CommunicationB6. The feature th at distinguishes “hotdog” and “hot dog” is ____.A. toneB. stressC. intonationD. aspirationA7. ____ deals with how language is acquired, understood and produced.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. NeurolinguistcsD. Anthropological linguisticsD8. The study of language at some point of time is generally termed as ____ linguistics.A. appliedB. diachronicC. comparativeD. synchronicA9. Of the following linguists, ____ should be grouped into London school.A. FirthB. BloomfieldC. BoasD. TrubetzkoyC10. ____ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A. Lingua francaB. CreoleC. PidginD. Standard languageD1. The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the ____ period for the first language acquisition.A. initialB. one-word stageC. pubertyD. criticalA2. The study of the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called ____.A. semanticsB. pragmaticsC. syntaxD. language changeD3. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the ____ principle proposed by J. Grice.A. comprehensiveB. generativeC. discourseD. cooperativeC4. ___ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.A. referenceB. lexical meaningC. senseD. wordB5. “Autumn” and “fall” are used respectively in Britain and America, but refer to the same thing. The words are ___ synonyms.A. collocationalB. dialectalC. completeD. stylisticD6. ____ is the abstract syntactic representation of a sentence, namely, the underlying level of structural organization which specifies all the factors governing the way the sentence should be interpreted.A. surface structureB. syntactic ambiguityC. syntactic componentD. deep structureC7. London speech that was illustrated by Shakespeare’s writing was generally termed ____.A. Old EnglishB. Middle EnglishC. Early Modern EnglishD. Late ModernA8. If we begin interpretation of a sentence spontaneously and automatically on the basis of whatever information is available to us, that is called ____.A. top-down processingB. bottom-up processingC. inductive analysisD. comparative analysisB9. ____ is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations.A. DialectB. IdiolectC. Ethnic dialectD. Linguistic repertoireA10. Of the following words, ____ is an initialism.A. UNB. NATOC. BASICD. UNESCO。

语言学概论考试练习

伯母[＋人＋亲属＋长辈－男＋父系＋姻亲＋比父大]
舅父[＋人＋亲属＋长辈＋男－父系－姻亲＋比父大]
舅母[＋人＋亲属＋长辈－男－父系＋姻亲＋比父大]
5.简要说明义素分析的程序。
解答:
程序大致如下：
首先，确定分析对比词群的范围，必须是同一民族语言、同一时代、同语义场的同一层次、同样性质义位的词。
其次，确定共同义素。
第三，确定区别义素，观察义位与义位之间的共同义素与区别义素。
第四，形式化描写，即按照一定的方式加以描写，把分析的结果形式化地表达出来，有两种方法：矩阵式和方括号横排式。
伯父、伯母、舅父、舅母
附：参考答案
1.对下列词进行义素分析。
煎炒烹炸
解答:
煎[-油量大+不断翻动+长时间]
炒[-油量大+不断翻动-长时间]
烹[-油量大-不断翻动+长时间]
炸[+油量大-不断翻动-长时间]
2.用层次分析法分析下列句子。
①雷锋的战友都赞成他的意见
②我和我的同学在饭店撮了一顿
解答:
3.指出下列各词中的语素类型。
（4）据语素在构词中的位置，可以分为定位语素、不定位语素，如"子"总是后置，"体"既可前置又可后置。
三运用题
1．对下列词进行义素分析。
煎炒烹炸
2．用层次分析法分析下列句子。
①雷锋的战友都赞成他的意见
②我和我的同学在饭店撮了一顿
3．指出下列各词中的语素类型。
呆子瓜子鱼子百事可乐木头舌头
4．用直接成分分析法和树形图分析下列结构。
6.举例说明语素按照不同的标准可以分为几类。
解答:
（1）根据语素能否独立运用，可以分为成词语素、不成词语素。如"灯、笔"是成词语素。"桌子"的"子"是不成词语素。

语言学相关的书籍

语言学相关的书籍
语言学是一门关于语言的科学研究，涉及语音、语法、语义、文化和社会等方面。

以下是一些与语言学相关的书籍：
1.《语言学导论》：这本书是对语言学的入门介绍，包括语言的定义、语言的研究方法、语音、语法、语义等内容。

2.《语音学》：这本书介绍了语音学的基本概念和方法，包括音素、音变、音系等。

3.《语法学》：这本书介绍了语法学的基本概念和方法，包括词汇、句子结构、语法功能等。

4.《语义学》：这本书介绍了语义学的基本概念和方法，包括词义、句义、语用等。

5.《跨文化交际》：这本书介绍了跨文化交际的概念和方法，包括文化差异、跨文化交际策略等。

6.《语言与思维》：这本书介绍了语言与思维的关系，包括语言对思维的影响、思维对语言的影响等。

7.《语言与社会》：这本书介绍了语言与社会的关系，包括语言的社会功能、语言的社会变化等。

以上是一些语言学相关的书籍，它们可以帮助读者更好地了解语言学的知识和方法，提高语言学习的效果。

- 1 -。

语言学一级学科

语言学一级学科
《语言学一级学科》
一、语言学的定义
语言学是一门研究语言系统的学科，是研究人类语言的结构特征、发展变化历程以及语言在社会文化中的作用的学科。

它不仅是一门独立的学科，而且是其它学科的基础性学科，如教育、心理、翻译、社会学、计算机等等。

二、语言学的内容
语言学的内容分为语言系统学、语言史学、应用语言学等。

1、语言系统学
语言系统学研究人类语言系统的结构特征，主要有音韵学、语法学、词汇学三大分支。

（1）音韵学：主要研究语音的形态和规律性，如音位、声母、韵母、音节、发音、弱读等。

（2）语法学：主要研究指导认识和使用语言的规范和规律，如词义、句法、篇章结构、语病等。

（3）词汇学：主要研究词语词义、构词方法、词形变化规律等。

2、语言史学
语言史学研究语言在历史中的发展演变规律，如改变的音系、同源词语之间的变化、语言的拓展与演变等。

3、应用语言学
应用语言学研究语言在日常生活中的具体应用，如教学、跨文化交际、翻译等。

另外，语言学还有哲学、认知学、社会学、历史学、心理学等科学方面的分支学科，如哲学语言学、认知语言学、社会语言学、翻译学等等。

三、语言学的研究方法
语言学采用实验法、调查法、分析法、比较法、历史推演法、实证法、经验法等。

同时，也采取定量的研究方法，如统计、回归、因子分析、贝叶斯网络等，以探究某一语言的系统性、个性特征。

《语言学概论》练习题库参考答案

《语言学概论》练习测试题库一、单项选择题1、“人有人言，兽有兽语”中的“言”属于：A. 语言。

B. 言语。

C. 言语行为。

D. 言语作品。

2、人运用语言可以说出无限多的句子，这反映了语言的：(C)A. 民族性。

B. 符号性。

C. 生成性。

D. 系统性。

3、被社团作为母语使用和学习的语言是：A. 人工语言。

B. 自然语言。

C. 共同语。

D. 世界语。

4、从语言学分科来看，《语言学概论》课属于：A. 一般语言学。

B. 具体语言学。

C. 共时语言学。

D. 历时语言学。

5、“我爱家乡”中“爱”和“家乡”：A. 是聚合关系。

B. 是组合关系。

C. 既是聚合关系又是组合关系。

D. 既非聚合关系又非组合关系。

6、汉语南方方言比北方方言更接近于古汉语，这反映了语言发展的：A. 渐变性。

B. 相关性。

C. 规律性。

D. 不平衡性。

7、下列说法正确的是：A.义项是最小的语义单位。

B.义素是最小的语义单位。

C.词义的主要内容是语法意义。

D.词义不包括语法意义。

8、有人说语言是古代文化的“活化石”，这说明语言具有：A. 交际功能。

B. 思维功能。

C. 文化录传功能。

D. 认知功能。

9、“衣领”是“衣服”的：A. 上义词。

B. 下义词。

C. 总义词。

D. 分义词。

10、转换生成语言学的代表人物是：A. 乔姆斯基。

B. 菲尔默。

C. 皮亚杰。

D. 韩礼德。

11、下列说法正确的是A.语言是无限的，言语是有限的。

B.语言是个人的，言语是社会的。

C.语言是一般的，言语是个别的。

D.语言是具体的，言语是抽象的。

12、人类最重要的交际工具是A.文字。

B.语言。

C.书面语。

D.手势语。

13、下列说法正确的是A.所有的符号都有任意性。

B.有些符号有任意性。

C.只有语言符号有任意性。

D.语言符号没有任意性。

14、词汇变化比语音语法快，这体现了语言发展的A.渐变性。

B.稳固性。

C.相关性。

D.不平衡性。

15、“小王喜欢小李”中“喜欢”和“小李”A.是组合关系。

新编简明英语语言学教程(完整资料)

新编简明英语语言学教程Chapter one Introduction一、定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.语言languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。

4.识别特征Design FeaturesIt refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。

Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递⑴arbitrarinessThere is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions⑵ProductivityAnimals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.⑶DualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels.⑷DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.⑸Cultural transmissionHuman capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.5.语言能力CompetenceCompetence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of h is language.6.语言运用performancePerformance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。

语言学概论

语言学概论导言一、语言学的学科发展（一）传统语言学1.语文学：指公元前4至3世纪到公元19世纪20年代的语言研究，主要是为了继承前人的文化遗产，专门对古人留下的经典著作进行语言上的注释。

中国、印度、希腊-罗马是语文学的三大发源地。

2.历史比较语言学（二）现代语言学二、语言学学科分类（一）个别语言学和普通语言学（研究对象）个别语言学:又叫专语语言学，以一种或几种语言为研究对象的语言学。

普通语言学: 也叫一般语言学,以人类所有的语言为研究对象的语言学。

（二）共时语言学与历时语言学共时语言学: 也叫描写语言学历时语言学:又叫历史语言学（三）微观语言学（内部语言学）与宏观语言学（外部语言学）微观语言学：是以语言系统内部各个构成要素为研究对象的语言学宏观语言学是以语言的社会功能为研究对象的语言学，如跟社会、文化、人种、政治、历史有关的社会语言学、人类语言学、文化语言学等。

（四）理论语言学和应用语言学（理论与应用角度）应用语言学：1.狭义：狭义的和最早的应用语言学指以语言教学的理论与方法为研究对象的语言学，即语言教学法。

2.广义：广义应用语言学是把语言学的研究成果同有关学科的某些实用研究结合起来，着重解决有关学科及语言学本身所涉及的应用方面的问题练习：一、填空题1．中国、印度、希腊-罗马具有悠久的历史文化传统，是语言学的三大发源地。

2．现代语言学的标志性著作是“现代语言学之父”瑞士语言学家索绪尔的《普通语言学教程》。

3．文字、音韵、训诂是我国传统“小学”的主要研究内容。

4．研究语言的结构，主要是研究语音、语法、语汇三个部分。

5．印度最早的经典所使用的语言是_梵语_。

6.语言学是19世纪成为独立的学科的，其标志是历史比较语言学的出现。

7.布龙菲尔德的代表著作是1933年出版的《语言论》，是美国结构主义语言学的奠基性著作，对美国结构主义语言学的形成、发展有重要和深远的影响。

二、问答：1.语文学研究有哪些特征？2.语言学有哪些分支学科？分类的依据是什么？第一章语言的社会功能第一节语言是人类最重要的交际工具一、判断题1．语言是人类最重要的交际工具。

语言学学习方法

语言学的学习方法语言理论研究的对象是语言，和其他学科一样，它是由对语言的认识及基于这种认识对语言进行研究的一系列具体方法和相关概念交织在一起的理论体系。

语言学又是一个动态的学科，人们对于语言的认识还远远没有完成，因而关于语言的许多问题并没有直接的答案，还需要我们不断地去思考和探索。

在学习本课程的过程中，有这样几个方面的问题值得注意：首先是术语这个"拦路虎"。

作为一门科学，语言学需要运用一套术语来建立一些科学的概念。

学习语言学就不可避免地要掌握这些概念并能够用科学的语言进行表述。

掌握术语和概念的根本方法在于理解，包括每个概念的定义和所指的语言现象，以及各个概念在语言学理论体系中所处的地位。

只有充分理解了这些基本概念，才能对语言有比较理性的认识，用于指导语言实践。

其次是语言的理论问题。

由于语言自身的复杂性和人们对于语言的了解还不够深入，有关语言的理论非常繁杂。

尽管本科阶段的教材不可能包括全部的语言理论，但在学习过程中学生仍然会遇到考察同一语言现象的不同方法。

比如对于发音中的同化现象，语音学和音系学就有不同的考察方法；句子的意义问题也有语义和语用两种看法；语法的研究方法在本教材中就介绍了多种，等等。

这些不同的理论和方法不过是从不同角度去考察语言的现象，比如，that's an interesting hat这句话，从语义的角度，我们只需要解释其字面的意义，而从语用的角度我们就要考虑说话人的场合、语气和态度，并据此判断这句话是称赞还是贬斥。

学习和接受不同的理论能够训练我们看问题的全面性，帮助我们提高思辨能力。

第三是语言研究的方法问题。

方法的根基是理论，有什么样的理论就有什么样的方法。

作为科学，语言学理论必须具有穷尽性、一致性和简洁性。

研究语言的方法无外乎有两种：一是演绎，二是推理。

我们可以通过收集语言事实找出语言的规律，也可以通过建立某种假设再用语言事实进行验证。

不论使用哪一种方法，都必须以语言事实为依据。

语言学概论(汉语言文学)-习题集(含答案)

一、名词解释题1.国际音标2。

语言融合3.亲属语言4。

形态5。

语言能力6.“洋泾浜”7。

语言符号8.社会方言9.组合关系10.谱系分类11。

语言学12。

基本词汇13.词的理性意义14.符号15。

孤立语16.音标17.混合语18.思维19。

仿译词20。

屈折语21.音素22.聚合关系23.语言24。

国语25。

说话二、简答题26.举例说明地域方言在词汇上的差别。

27。

为什么说机器不能思维？28。

聋哑人不会言语，那么聋哑人能思维吗？29.语法范畴有何特点?30.举例说明语流音变中的“弱化"现象。

31。

举例说明借词过程中往返借用的现象.32.地域方言的形成原因。

33。

语言融合的意义。

34。

语言和说话的异同。

35。

人类语言语法结构的普遍特征？36.社会方言与共同语的关系.37.举例说明共同语形成的条件.38.举例说明语言发展的不平衡性。

39.汉藏语系诸语言在结构类型上的共同特点。

40。

语言与思维的关系。

三、填空题41。

一种语言能否成为全社会共同交际工具的条件，关键在：（）、（)。

42.语言的分化主要表现在( )、( ）。

43。

文字是建立在（)基础之上的一种最重要的（)交际工具。

44。

词的词汇意义可分为:（)、（）45.语言融合的过程大体是：先出现（）、最后导致一种语言（)另一种语言而完成语言的统一。

46.语言发展的原因主要有:（）、（）的相互影响47.语言学的基本任务是：（)，（）。

48。

语言的上层是音义结合的符号和符号的系列，它又可以分以下三级：它们是：( )、词、（）。

49。

语言融合的方式主要有两种：（）、（)。

50.语言符号的特征主要有( ），（）。

51.语言发展的特点主要有（）、（).52。

我国语言学研究的现状、趋势与展望

我国语言学研究的现状、趋势与展望目录一、内容简述 (2)1.1 语言学的重要性 (3)1.2 我国语言学研究的背景与意义 (3)二、我国语言学研究现状 (5)2.1 语言学各分支学科的发展概况 (6)2.1.1 音韵学 (7)2.1.2 句法学 (8)2.1.3 语义学 (10)2.1.4 语用学 (11)2.1.5 社会语言学 (12)2.1.6 心理语言学 (13)2.1.7 计算语言学 (15)2.2 我国语言学研究的代表性成果与贡献 (15)2.2.1 重大科研项目与成果 (17)2.2.2 学术论文与专著 (18)2.2.3 国际合作与交流 (19)三、我国语言学研究趋势 (21)3.1 科技创新与语言学研究融合 (22)3.2 跨学科研究方法的运用 (23)3.3 语言资源保护与利用 (24)3.4 语言智能与自然语言处理技术的发展 (25)3.5 全球化背景下的汉语研究 (26)四、我国语言学研究展望 (27)4.1 未来语言学研究的方向与重点 (29)4.2 语言学与其他学科的交叉融合前景 (30)4.3 语言学研究的社会服务功能与应用 (32)五、结论 (33)5.1 我国语言学研究的总结 (34)5.2 对未来发展的建议与思考 (36)一、内容简述随着我国经济的快速发展和科技的不断进步，语言学研究在国内外的地位日益重要。

本文将对我国语言学研究的现状、趋势与展望进行分析，以期为我国语言学领域的发展提供有益的参考。

我国语言学研究仍然面临一些挑战和问题，理论研究方面，虽然取得了一定的成果，但仍存在许多未解之谜，需要进一步深化探讨。

应用研究方面，虽然在某些领域取得了显著的成果，但与国际先进水平相比仍有较大差距，需要加强基础研究和技术创新。

跨学科研究方面，虽然取得了一定进展，但仍需加强与其他学科的交流与合作，形成合力。

人才培养方面，我国语言学界需要进一步加强人才培养，提高整体素质，培养更多具有国际视野和创新能力的优秀人才。

刘润清《新编语言学教程》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解

目录第1章导言 (6)1.1复习笔记 (6)1.2课后习题详解 (10)1.3考研真题与典型题详解 (13)第2章语音 (23)2.1复习笔记 (23)2.2课后习题详解 (28)2.3考研真题与典型题详解 (30)第3章形态学 (39)3.1复习笔记 (39)3.2课后习题详解 (41)3.3考研真题与典型题详解 (44)第4章句法 (52)4.1复习笔记 (52)4.2课后习题详解 (55)4.3考研真题与典型题详解 (58)第5章语义学 (67)5.1复习笔记 (67)5.2课后习题详解 (72)5.3考研真题与典型题详解 (76)第6章语用学 (87)6.1复习笔记 (87)6.2课后习题详解 (91)6.3考研真题与典型题详解 (93)第7章语篇分析 (101)7.1复习笔记 (101)7.2课后习题详解 (104)7.3考研真题与典型题详解 (106)第8章社会语言学 (110)8.1复习笔记 (110)8.2课后习题详解 (112)8.3考研真题与典型题详解 (115)第9章心理语言学 (123)9.1复习笔记 (123)9.2课后习题详解 (125)9.3考研真题与典型题详解 (127)第10章认知语言学 (131)10.1复习笔记 (131)10.2课后习题详解 (134)10.3考研真题与典型题详解 (136)第11章语言习得 (138)11.1复习笔记 (138)11.2课后习题详解 (142)11.3考研真题及真题详解 (144)12.1复习笔记 (153)12.2课后习题详解 (156)12.3考研真题与典型题详解 (158)第1章导言1.1复习笔记本章要点：1. The definition and main branches of linguistics study语言学的定义和研究的范围2. The definition and the origins of language语言的定义与起源3. The design feature and the function of language语言的特征和功能4. Some major concepts in linguistics语言学中重要的概念本章考点：1. 有关语言学的常考考点(1) 语言学的定义，现代语言学与传统语法学研究的区别。

语言学一级二级三级学科

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徐通锵《语言学基础概论》考研必备资料

徐通锵《语言学基础概论》考研必备资料
本文档旨在为考研学生提供《语言学基础概论》的必备资料，作者为叶蜚声教授和徐通锵教授。

以下将介绍该资料的主要内容和研究建议。

1. 资料概述
- 《语言学基础概论》考研必备资料是叶蜚声教授和徐通锵教授合作编写的研究参考资料。

- 本资料涵盖了语言学的基本概念、理论、方法等内容，适用于考研阶段的研究。

2. 内容简介
- 词汇与构词法：介绍了词汇的构成和分类，探讨了构词法的理论与实践。

- 语法与句法分析：介绍了语法理论的基本概念，讲解了句法分析的方法和技巧。

- 语音学与音系：详细说明了语音学的基本知识，涵盖了音素、音节和语音规则等内容。

- 语义与语用学：探讨了语义和语用学的基本原理，介绍了词义、句义和语用规则的分析方法。

3. 研究建议
- 阅读理解：建议考生在使用该资料时注重理解，通过对内容
的深入理解，能够更好地应对考试中的阅读理解题型。

- 注重实践：语言学是一门理论与实践相结合的学科，建议考
生在研究过程中注重实践，通过案例分析和题练提高对知识的应用
能力。

- 多角度思考：语言学具有多维度的特点，建议考生从不同的
角度思考问题，拓宽思维广度，培养综合分析能力。

该资料是《语言学基础概论》考研研究中的重要参考资料，通
过深入研究和实践，考生能够更好地掌握语言学的基本概念和方法，提升语言学考试的应试能力。

> 注意: 该资料为学术参考资料，不可抄袭或进行非法传播。

请遵守学术诚信原则，在引用资料时注明出处，并遵守所在学校/考试机构的相关规定。

语言学C9-2

2002.12.1
Linguistics Chapter 9
14
YAR CAUC
Speech presentation
• Charles Dicjebs’s The Old Curiosity Shop Can be used to illustrate most types of speech representations. • 1) He thanked her many times, and said that the old dame who usually did such offices for him had gone to nurse the little scholar whom he had told her of. (NRSA) • 2) The child asked how he was, and hoped he was better. (IS) • 3) “No,” rejoined the schoolmaster, shaking his head sorrowfully, “No better. • 4) They even say he is worse.”
2002.12.1
Linguistics Chapter 9
7
Байду номын сангаас
YAR CAUC
I-narrators
• In this case the critics call the narrator a FIRSTPERSON NARRATOR or I-NARRATOR because when the narrator refers to himself or herself in the story the first person pronoun “I” is used. • First-person narrators are often said to be "limited" because they don' t know all the facts or unreliable" because they trick the reader by withholding information or telling untruths. This often happens in murder and mystery stories.

语言学课后题目

填空：1、语言学的三大发源地：中国、印度、希腊—罗马2、小学是我国古代语文学的统称，由文字学、音韵学、训诂学三部分组成3、语言的结构：对它的研究大致可以分为语音、词汇、语法三个部分。

4、语言学是基础学科诞生了许多新的学科，如社会语言学、心理语言学、数理语言学、模糊语言学、实验语音学5、语言的交际过程：运用语言传递信息的过程，可以分为“编码——发送——传递——接收——解码”6、语言学的地位：既与社会科学有密切的关系，也与自然科学有密切的关系7、结构语言学：现代语言学的创始人索绪尔的代表著作《普通语言学教程》8、1933年布龙菲尔德的《语言论》出版，对美国结构主义语言学的形成和发展产生重大影响，是这一学派的奠基性著作。

9、1957年乔姆斯基的《句法结构》出版，标志着“转换-生成语法”的诞生10、语言演变的两大特点是渐变性和不平衡性11、汉语的七大方言是指：北方方言（2）吴方言（3）湘方言（4）赣方言(5）客家方言（6）闽方言（7）粤方言黑话是一种特殊的社会方言，它有强烈的排他性。

12、语言谱系结构的层次一般有语系语族语支语群13、汉藏语系_和_印欧语系_是世界上使用人数最多的两个语系。

14、按谱系分类，英语属于_印欧______语系_日尔曼_语族。

15、汉语和侗台语、苗瑶语、藏缅语四个语族属于_汉藏语系。

1、（语法规则）是大家说话的时候必须遵守的习惯，不是语言学家规定的。

2、语法的（组合规则）和（聚合规则）构成一种语言的语法规则。

3、语法单位主要有句子、词组、词、语素。

4、句子按其语气可以分为陈述、疑问、祈使、感叹等不同的类型，例如"什么书他都喜欢看"是（陈述句）。

5．从意义和作用看，词可以分为（实词）和（虚词）两大类。

6．语法研究通常以词为界，词以上的规则叫（句法），词以下的规则叫（词法）。

7．根据在词中的不同作用，一般把语素分成（词根）、（词缀）、（词尾）三类，例如"学习"中的两个语素是（词根）， "being"中的ing是（词尾），"reader"中的er是（词缀）。

语言学习知识概论试题及其规范标准答案下载

语言学概论试题及答案下载第一部分选择题一、单项选择题1．关于“语言”的定义，下列说法不正确的一项是BA．语言是一种社会现象B．语言就是人们说出来的话C．语言的客观存在形式首先是有声的口头语言D．语言是一个符号系统2．关于“言语活动”、“语言”和“言语”三者之间的关系，下列说法不正确的一项是C A．“语言”等于“言语活动”减去“言语”B．“语言”是主要的，而“言语”是次要的C．“言语”是“言语活动”中的社会部分D．“语言”是从“言语活动”抽象出来的一个均质的系统3．索绪尔创立的语言学可以称为CA．传统语言学B．历史比较语言学C．结构主义语言学D．社会语言学4．从音质角度划分出来的最小语音单位是BA．音渡B．音素C．音位D．音节5．[p‘]的发音特征是AA．双唇送气清塞音B．双唇不送气清塞音C．舌尖前送气清塞音D．舌尖前不送气清塞音6．下列各项中，都是不圆唇元音的一组是DA．[i，u]B．[e，o]C．[A，y]D．[?，a]7．说话人根据表达需要有意识地加上去的句重音是DA．节律重音B．语法重音C．固定重音D．强调重音8．下列关于语汇的表述中，正确的一项是DA．语汇是有意义的能独立使用的语言单位B．语汇是最小的有意义的语言单位C．语汇是固定词组和熟语的总汇D．语汇是一种语言中词和语的总和9．从词的构造方式看，汉语“健儿”一词属于CA.单纯词B．派生词C．复合词D．简缩词10．下列各个汉语词语中的“子”是词根语素的是CA．笼子B．鸽子C．瓜子D．日子11．下列关于语法的表述中，不正确的一项是CA．语法是关于词的构成变化和词构成词组和句子的规则B．语法是说本族语的人的直觉知识和约定习惯C.语法是与语音、语汇等要素互不相关的规则D．语法是与语音、语汇等相比变化较慢的现象12．在“这些书我看过了”这个语言片段中，“这些书”和“我看过了”的性质是A．既是成分也是组合B．是成分，不是组合C．是组合，不是成分D．不是成分也不是组合13．下列关于词义模糊性的表述中，正确的一项是AA．词义所指范围边缘区域模糊，中心区域明确B．词义所指范围边缘区域明确，中心区域模糊C．词义所指范围边缘区域、中心区域都模糊D．词义所指范围边缘区域可能模糊14．“哈巴狗”和“狮子狗”指的是同一种狗，二者在词义上的主要差别是C A．理性意义不同B．语体色彩不同C．形象色彩不同D．语气意义不同15．下列各项中，含有降级述谓结构的是CA．他申请去北京进修B．你去请他比较好C．他取下了挂在墙上的地图D．他害怕老师批评他16．下列各项中，甲和乙之间是预设关系的是BA．(甲)他有一件西服——(乙)他有一件衣服B．(甲)他的西服破了——(乙)他有一件西服C．(甲)那个学生借给他一本《红楼梦》——(乙)那个人借给他一本《红楼梦》D．(甲)那个学生借给他一本《红楼梦》——(乙)那个学生借给他一本书17．1956年我国推行汉字简化方案，将繁体字改成简体字，这属于AA．正字法改革B．字符类型改革C．文字类型改革D．字符类型和文字类型改革18．汉语中的“基因”来自英语的gene，从该词产生的方式看，“基因”属于B A．纯粹音译词B．音译兼意译词C．意译词D．仿译词19.从语言的发展演变来看，语汇系统中最不易发生变化的是CA．通用语汇B.常用语汇C．基本语汇D．专用语汇20．关于社会方言的形成，下列说法不正确的一项是CA．社会方言大多是在语言的相互接触中形成的B．社会方言是随着社会的社群分化而产生的C．一种语言的内部有可能形成社会方言D．一种方言的内部有可能形成社会方言21．关于共同语的形成，下列说法不正确的一项是CA.并不意味着方言分歧已经消失B．并不意味着方言分歧将会扩大C.并不意味着方言最终将被取代D．并不意味着语言已经实现统一22．关于语言规范化的推行，下列说法不正确的一项是BA．主要由权威机构提出具体的规范意见B．主要由权威机构强制推行C．主要通过教育机构、大众传媒等渠道向社会推行D．主要是一个积极引导社会公众自觉遵守的过程23．关于语言获得的原因，下列学说中偏重于内部条件解释的是BA．模仿说B．天赋说C．强化说D．刺激反应说24．基本上不能说话，但仍能听懂别人说话，这种症状的失语症是BA．失读症B.布洛卡失语症C．失名症D．维尔尼克失语症25．关于“中介语”现象，下列说法不正确的一项是CA．“中介语”既不同于母语又不同于外语B．“中介语”是不断地从母语向外语靠近的语言形式C．即使是较高级的“中介语”也不能用于交际D．“中介语”越到外语学习后期发展就越慢26．词典最常见的分类是DA．语言词典和历史词典B．描写词典和历史词典C．百科词典和历史词典D．百科词典和语言词典二、多项选择题27．语流中有些音在发音上变弱，这种现象叫弱化。

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2002.12.1
Chapter 9 Stylistics
13Βιβλιοθήκη YAR CAUC9.2.3 The analysis of literary language
• Literary texts can be analyzed in various ways. • Some of the following procedures may be of help in analyzing the grammatical structure and meaning of the text. • 1) Foregrounding on the level of lexis (word) • 2) Foregrounding on the level of word order and syntax • 3) On the grammatical level, analyze the structure of sentences • 4) In all cases, be aware of the systems of the language, identify the more "deviant”，“marked" or literary structures.
•
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1) Simile (明喻)
• A SIMILE is a way of comparing one thing with another.
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2) Metaphor (隐喻)
• A METAPHOR also makes a comparison between two unlike elements; but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated.
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Chapter 9 Language and Literature
• 9.1 Theoretical background • 9.2 Some general features of the literary language • 9.3 The language in poetry • 9.4 The language in fiction • 9.5 The language in drama
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3) Metonymy (换喻)
• METONYMY means a change of name.
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4) Synecdoche (借代)
• SYNECDOCHE is usually classed as a type of metonymy. • Synecdoche refers to using the name of part of an object to talk about the whole thing, and vice versa.
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9.3.2 Different forms of sound patterning
• The following poetical lines from Christopher Marlowe’s "The Passionate Shepherd to His Love" can serve to identify several different kinds of sound patterning. • Come live with me and be my love • And we will all the pleasures prove • Rhyme (押韵) • Alliteration (头韵) • Assonance (准押韵)
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9.2 Some general features of the literary language
• What seems to distinguish literary from non-literary usage may be the extent to which the phonological, grammatical and semantic features of the language are salient (显著的), or foregrounded in some way. • The grammatical and semantic aspects are briefly discussed.
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Main Points
• • • • • • • stylistics Simile Metaphor Metonymy Synecdoche sound patterning stress and metrical patterning
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9.1 Theoretical background
• “Style”, the phenomenon, has been recognized since the days of ancient rhetoric (修辞学); "stylistic", the adjective, has been with us since 1860. • The most recent trends of development in stylistics are characterized by two major features. • 1) The socio-historical and socio-cultural stylistic studies are gaining momentum (趋势). • 2) There is a trend of "plural-heads development", i.e. different schools of stylistics compete for development and new schools emerge every now and then.
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9.2.1 Foregrounding and grammatical form
• Consider the following examples, both of which describe inner city decay in the U. S. • 1) The 1960 dream of high rise living soon turned into a nightmare. • In this sentence, there is nothing grammatically unusual or "deviant" (不正常的) in the way the words of the sentence are put together.
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9.2.2 Literal language and figurative language
• The first meaning for a word that a dictionary definition gives is usually its LITERAL meaning. • E.g. tree --- 1) a large plant (the literal meaning) 2) an organism which has bark, branches and leaves • a family tree --- an ancestry (家系) (a FIGURATIVE meaning)
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9.2 Some general features of the literary language
• 9.2.1 Foregrounding (突出) and grammatical form • 9.2.2 Literal language and figurative language • 9.2.3 The analysis of literary language
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Different forms of sound patterning
Consonance（辅音韵） Reverse rhyme （反陨 Pararhyme （变韵） Repetition
• • • •
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