Transfer function based equivalent modeling method for wind farm
电源专业英语词汇
电源专业英语词汇2009-05-31 12:23电源专业词汇(一)背板 backplane带隙电压参考 Band gap voltage reference工作台电源 benchtop supply方块图 Block Diagram波特图 Bode Plot自举 Bootstrap桶形电容 bucket capcitor机架 chassis恒流源 constant current source铁芯饱和 Core Sataration交叉频率 crossover frequency纹波电流 current ripple逐周期 Cycle by Cycle周期跳步 cycle skipping死区时间 Dead Time核心温度 DIE Temperature非使能,无效,禁用,关断 Disable主极点 dominant pole 主极点使能,有效,启用 Enable额定值 ESD Rating ESD评估板 Evaluation Board超过下面的规格使用可能引起永久的设备损害或设备故障.建议不要工作在电特性表规定的参数范围以外. Exceeding the specifications below may result in permanent damage to the device, or device malfunction. Operation outside of the parameters specified in the Electrical Characteristics section is not implied.下降沿 Failling edge品质因数 figure of merit浮充电压 float charge voltage反驰式功率级 flyback power stage前向压降 orward voltage drop自由运行 free-running续流二极管 Freewheel diode满负载 Full load栅极驱动 gate drive栅极驱动级 gate drive stage 图 gerber plot Gerber接地层 ground plane电感单位(亨利) Henry人体模式 Human Body Model滞回 Hysteresis涌入电流 inrush current反相 Inverting抖动 jittery结点 Junction开尔文连接 Kelvin connection引脚框架 Lead Frame无铅 Lead Free电平移动 level-shift电源调整率 Line regulation负载调整率 load regulation批号 Lot Number低压差 Low Dropout密勒 Miller节点 node非反相 Non-Inverting新颖的 novel关断状态 off state电源工作电压 Operating supplyvoltage输出驱动级 out drive stage异相 Out of Phase产品型号 Part NumberP沟道MOSFET P-channel MOSFET相位裕度 Phase margin开关节点 Phase Node便携式电子设备 portable electronics掉电 power down电源正常 Power Good功率地 Power Groud节电模式 Power Save Mode上电 Power up下拉 pull down上拉 pull up逐脉冲 Pulse by Pulse推挽转换器 push pull converter斜降 ramp down斜升 ramp up冗余二极管 redundant diode电阻分压器 resistive divider振铃 ringing纹波电流 ripple current上升沿 rising edge检测电阻 sense resistor序列电源 Sequenced Power Sup plys直通,同时导通 shoot-through杂散电感 stray inductances子电路 sub-circuit基板 substrate电信 Telecom热性能信息 Thermal Information散热片 thermal slug阈值 Threshold振荡电阻 timing resistor线路,走线,引线 Trace传递函数Transfer function跳变点 Trip Point 跳变点匝数比(初级匝数/次级匝数)turns ratio(Np / Ns)欠压锁定 Under Voltage Lock Out (UVLO)电压参考 Voltage Reference伏秒积 voltage-second product零极点频率补偿 zero-pole frequencycompensation拍频 beat frequency单击电路 one shots缩放 scaling等效串联电阻 ESR地电位 Ground平衡带隙 trimmed bandgap压差 dropout voltage大容量电容 large bulk capacitance断路器 circuit breaker电荷泵 charge pump过冲 overshoot元件设备三绕组变压器:three-column transformerThrClnTrans双绕组变压器:double-columntransformer DblClmnTrans电容器:Capacitor并联电容器:shunt capacitor电抗器:Reactor母线:Busbar输电线:TransmissionLine发电厂:power plant断路器:Breaker刀闸(隔离开关):Isolator分接头:tap电动机:motor状态参数有功:active power无功:reactive power电流:current容量:capacity电压:voltage档位:tap position有功损耗:reactive loss无功损耗:active loss功率因数:power-factor功率:power功角:power-angle电压等级:voltage grade空载损耗:no-load loss铁损:iron loss铜损:copper loss空载电流:no-load current阻抗:impedance正序阻抗:positive sequence impedance 负序阻抗:negative sequence impedance 零序阻抗:zero sequence impedance电阻:resistor电抗:reactance电导:conductance电纳:susceptance无功负载:reactive load 或者QLoad有功负载: active load PLoad遥测:YC(telemetering)遥信:YX励磁电流(转子电流):magnetizing current定子:stator功角:power-angle上限:upper limit下限:lower limit并列的:apposable高压: high voltage 低压:low voltage中压:middle voltage电力系统 power system发电机 generator励磁 excitation励磁器 excitor电压 voltage电流 current母线 bus变压器 transformer升压变压器 step-up transformer高压侧 high side输电系统 power transmission system输电线 transmission line固定串联电容补偿fixed series capacitorcompensation稳定 stability电压稳定 voltage stability功角稳定 angle stability暂态稳定 transient stability电厂 power plant能量输送 power transfer交流 AC装机容量 installed capacity电网 power system落点 drop point开关站 switch station双回同杆并架 double-circuit lines onthe same tower变电站 transformer substation补偿度 degree of compensation高抗 high voltage shunt reactor无功补偿 reactive power compensation故障 fault调节 regulation裕度 magin三相故障 three phase fault故障切除时间 fault clearing time极限切除时间 critical clearing time切机 generator triping高顶值 high limited value强行励磁 reinforced excitation线路补偿器 LDC(line drop compensation)机端 generator terminal静态 static (state)动态 dynamic (state)单机无穷大系统 one machine - infinitybus system机端电压控制 AVR电抗 reactance电阻 resistance功角 power angle有功(功率) active power无功(功率) reactive power功率因数 power factor无功电流 reactive current下降特性 droop characteristics斜率 slope额定 rating变比 ratio参考值 reference value电压互感器 PT分接头 tap下降率 droop rate仿真分析 simulation analysis传递函数 transfer function框图 block diagram受端 receive-side裕度 margin同步 synchronization失去同步 loss of synchronization阻尼 damping摇摆 swing保护断路器 circuit breaker电阻:resistance电抗:reactance阻抗:impedance电导:conductance电纳:susceptance导纳:admittance电感:inductance电容: capacitance电源专业词汇(二)coupling 耦合 intermittent 周期的 dislocation 错位propeller 螺旋桨 switchgear 配电装置 dispersion 差量flange 法兰盘 dielectric 介电的 binder 胶合剂alignment 定位 elastomer 合成橡胶 corollary 必然的结果rabbet 插槽 vent 通风孔 subtle 敏感的gearbox 变速箱 plate 电镀 crucial 决定性的flexible 柔性的 technics 工艺 ultimate 最终的resilience 弹性 vendor 自动售货机 partition 分类rigid 刚性的 prototype 样机 diagram 特性曲线interfere 干涉 compatible 兼容的 simulation 模拟clutch 离合器 refinement 精加工 fixture 夹具torque 扭矩 responsive 敏感的 tensile 拉伸cushion 减震器 rib肋 strength 强度packing 包装 metallized 金属化 stress 应力mitigate 减轻 trade off 折衷方案 yield 屈伸line shaft 中间轴 matrix 母体 inherent 固有的spindle 主轴 aperture 孔径 conformance 适应性axle 心轴 turbulence 扰动 specification 规范semipermanent 半永久性的 enclosure 机壳 specialization 规范化bolt 螺栓 oscillation 振幅 calling 职业nut 螺母 anneal 退火 vitalize 激发screw 螺丝 polymer 聚合体 revelation 揭示fastner 紧固件 bind 凝固 dissemination 分发rivit 铆钉 mount 支架 booster推进器hub 轴套 distortion 变形 contractual 契约的coaxial 同心的 module 模块 verdict 裁决crank 曲柄 slide 滑块 malfunction 故障inertia 惰性 medium 介质 allegedly 假定active 活性的 dissipation 损耗 controversy 辩论lubrication 润滑 assembly 总装 dictate 支配graphite 石墨 encapsulate 封装 incumbent 义不容辞的derivative 派生物 adhesive 粘合剂 validation 使生效contaminate 沾染 turbine 涡轮 procurement 收购asperity 粗糙 bearing 支撑架 mortality 失败率metalworking 金属加工 isostatic均衡的 shed light on 阐明viscous 粘稠的 osculate 接触 adversely 有害的grinding 研磨 i mperative 强制的 consistency 连续性corrosin 侵蚀 lattice 晶格 fitness 适应性flush 冲洗 fracture 断裂 warrant 保证inhibitor 防腐剂 diffusivity 扩散率 turning 车工dispersant 分散剂 vice versa 反之亦然 ways 导轨deteriorate 降低 tribological 摩擦的 hybrid 混合物neutralize 平衡 screen 屏蔽 ID=inside diameterpulley 滑轮 exclusion 隔绝 OD=outside diameterhydraulic 液压的 insulation 绝缘 reciprocate 往复运动delicate 精密的 elaborate 加工 dress 精整dampen 阻尼 incontrovertible 无可争议的 by and large 大体上pivotal 中枢的 luminous 发光的 plastic 塑胶utilitarian 功利主义 out of round失园 organic 有机的grass root 基层 premature 过早的 film 薄膜state-of-the -art 技术发展水平 guard 防护罩 polyester 聚酯blade 托板 permeate 渗入 epoxy 环氧的carrier 载体 spillage 溢出 polypropylene 聚丙烯chuck 卡盘 erosion 浸蚀 photoconductive 光敏的infeed 横向进给 routine 程序 miniaturization 小型化lapping 抛光 postprocess 后置处理 asynchronism 异步milling 洗削 solder-bump 焊点 synchronization 同步speciality 专业 grid 栅格 respond 响应stroke 行程 impedance 阻抗 feedback 反馈attachment 备件 approximately 大约 aberrance 畸变tapered 楔形的 purported 据说 steady 稳态的casting 铸件 consumable 消费品 dynamic 动态的index 换档 inductance 电感 transient 瞬态的stop 挡块 capacitance 电容 coordinate 坐标contour 轮廓 resistance 电容 curve 曲线machine center 加工中心 audion 三极管 diagram 特性曲线capitalize 投资 diode 二极管 history 关系曲线potentiometer 电位器 transistor 晶体管 gradient 斜率know-how 实践知识 choker 扼流圈 parabola 抛物线potted 封装的 filter 滤波器 root 根mechatronics 机电一体化 transformer 变压器 eigenvalue 特征值stem from 起源于 fuse 保险丝 function 函数rule-based 基于规则的 annular core 磁环 vector 向量consolidation 巩固 radiator 散热器 reciprocal 倒数energize 激发 regulator 稳压器 virtual value 有效值synchronous 同时发生 bobbin 骨架 square root 平方根socket 插孔 tape 胶带 cube 立方polarity 极性 ceramic capacitor 瓷片电容 integral 积分armature 电枢 electrolytic C 电解电容 differential 微分installment 分期付款 self-tapping screw 自攻螺丝 hisgram 直方图lobe 凸起 footprint 封装 ratio 比率plunge 钻入 resin 松香 grade down 成比例降低servo 伺服机构 solderability 可焊性 proportion 比例dedicated 专用的 shock 机械冲击 inverse ratio 反比interpolation 插补 endurance 耐久性 direct ratio 正比compensation 校正 initial value 初始值 plus 加upload 加载 flashing 飞弧 subtract 减overload 过载 canned 千篇一律的 multiply 乘lightload 轻载 lot 抽签 divide 除stagger 交错排列 parallel 并联 impedance 阻抗traverse 横向 in series 串联 damp 阻尼longitudinal 纵向的 equivalent 等效的 reactance 电抗latitudinal 横向的 terminal 终端 admittance 导纳restrain 约束 creep 蠕动 susceptance 电纳square 平方 Hyperlink 超级连接 spring 触发memo 备忘录 wastage 损耗presentation 陈述 principle 原理binder 打包 planer 刨床source program 源程序 Client-Server Model客户机server 服务器 table 表 query查询form 表单 report 报表 macro宏 module 模块field 字段 record 记录电源专业词汇(三)printed circuit 印制电路printed wiring 印制线路printed board 印制板printed circuit board 印制板电路printed wiring board 印制线路板printed component 印制元件printed contact 印制接点printed board assembly 印制板装配board 板rigid printed board 刚性印制板flexible printed circuit 挠性印制电路flexible printed wiring 挠性印制线路flush printed board 齐平印制板metal core printed board 金属芯印制板metal base printed board 金属基印制板mulit-wiring printed board 多重布线印制板molded circuit board 模塑电路板discrete wiring board 散线印制板micro wire board 微线印制板buile-up printed board 积层印制板surface laminar circuit 表面层合电路板B2it printed board 埋入凸块连印制板chip on board 载芯片板buried resistance board 埋电阻板mother board 母板daughter board 子板backplane 背板bare board 裸板copper-invar-copper board 键盘板夹心板dynamic flex board 动态挠性板static flex board 静态挠性板break-away planel 可断拼板cable 电缆flexible flat cable (FFC) 挠性扁平电缆membrane switch 薄膜开关hybrid circuit 混合电路thick film 厚膜thick film circuit 厚膜电路thin film 薄膜thin film hybrid circuit 薄膜混合电路interconnection 互连conductor trace line 导线flush conductor 齐平导线transmission line 传输线crossover 跨交edge-board contact 板边插头stiffener 增强板substrate 基底real estate 基板面conductor side 导线面component side 元件面solder side 焊接面printing 印制grid 网格pattern 图形conductive pattern 导电图形non-conductive pattern 非导电图形legend 字符mark 标志base material 基材laminate 层压板metal-clad bade material 覆金属箔基材copper-clad laminate (CCL) 覆铜箔层压板composite laminate 复合层压板thin laminate 薄层压板basis material 基体材料prepreg 预浸材料bonding sheet 粘结片preimpregnated bonding sheer 预浸粘结片epoxy glass substrate 环氧玻璃基板mass lamination panel 预制内层覆箔板core material 内层芯板bonding layer 粘结层film adhesive 粘结膜unsupported adhesive film 无支撑胶粘剂膜cover layer (cover lay) 覆盖层stiffener material 增强板材copper-clad surface 铜箔面foil removal surface 去铜箔面unclad laminate surface 层压板面base film surface 基膜面adhesive faec 胶粘剂面plate finish 原始光洁面matt finish 粗面length wise direction 纵向cross wise direction 模向cut to size panel 剪切板ultra thin laminate 超薄型层压板A-stage resin A阶树脂B-stage resin B阶树脂C-stage resin C阶树脂epoxy resin 环氧树脂phenolic resin 酚醛树脂polyester resin 聚酯树脂polyimide resin 聚酰亚胺树脂bismaleimide-triazine resin 双马来酰亚胺三嗪树脂acrylic resin 丙烯酸树脂melamine formaldehyde resin 三聚氰胺甲醛树脂polyfunctional epoxy resin 多官能环氧树脂brominated epoxy resin 溴化环氧树脂epoxy novolac 环氧酚醛fluroresin 氟树脂silicone resin 硅树脂silane 硅烷 polymer 聚合物amorphous polymer 无定形聚合物crystalline polamer 结晶现象dimorphism 双晶现象copolymer 共聚物synthetic 合成树脂thermosetting resin 热固性树脂thermoplastic resin 热塑性树脂photosensitive resin 感光性树脂epoxy value 环氧值dicyandiamide 双氰胺binder 粘结剂adesive 胶粘剂curing agent 固化剂flame retardant 阻燃剂opaquer 遮光剂plasticizers 增塑剂unsatuiated polyester 不饱和聚酯polyester 聚酯薄膜polyimide film (PI) 聚酰亚胺薄膜polytetrafluoetylene (PTFE) 聚四氟乙烯reinforcing material 增强材料glass fiber 玻璃纤维E-glass fibre E玻璃纤维D-glass fibre D玻璃纤维S-glass fibre S玻璃纤维glass fabric 玻璃布non-woven fabric 非织布glass mats 玻璃纤维垫yarn 纱线filament 单丝strand 绞股weft yarn 纬纱warp yarn 经纱denier 但尼尔warp-wise 经向thread count 织物经纬密度weave structure 织物组织plain structure 平纹组织grey fabric 坏布woven scrim 稀松织物bow of weave 弓纬end missing 断经mis-picks 缺纬bias 纬斜crease 折痕waviness 云织fish eye 鱼眼feather length 毛圈长mark 厚薄段split 裂缝twist of yarn 捻度size content 浸润剂含量size residue 浸润剂残留量finish level 处理剂含量size 浸润剂couplint agent 偶联剂finished fabric 处理织物polyarmide fiber 聚酰胺纤维aromatic polyamide paper 聚芳酰胺纤维纸breaking length 断裂长height of capillary rise 吸水高度wet strength retention 湿强度保留率whitenness 白度 ceramics 陶瓷conductive foil 导电箔copper foil 铜箔rolled copper foil 压延铜箔annealed copper foil 退火铜箔thin copper foil 薄铜箔adhesive coated foil 涂胶铜箔resin coated copper foil 涂胶脂铜箔composite metallic material 复合金属箔carrier foil 载体箔invar 殷瓦foil profile 箔(剖面)轮廓shiny side 光面matte side 粗糙面treated side 处理面stain proofing 防锈处理double treated foil 双面处理铜箔shematic diagram 原理图logic diagram 逻辑图printed wire layout 印制线路布设master drawing 布设总图computer aided drawing 计算机辅助制图computer controlled display 计算机控制显示placement 布局routing 布线layout 布图设计rerouting 重布simulation 模拟logic simulation 逻辑模拟circit simulation 电路模拟timing simulation 时序模拟modularization 模块化layout effeciency 布线完成率MDF databse 机器描述格式数据库design database 设计数据库design origin 设计原点optimization (design) 优化(设计) predominant axis 供设计优化坐标轴table origin 表格原点mirroring 镜像drive file 驱动文件intermediate file 中间文件manufacturing documentation 制造文件queue support database 队列支撑数据库component positioning 元件安置graphics dispaly 图形显示scaling factor 比例因子scan filling 扫描填充rectangle filling 矩形填充region filling 填充域physical design 实体设计logic design 逻辑设计logic circuit 逻辑电路hierarchical design 层次设计top-down design 自顶向下设计bottom-up design 自底向上设计net 线网digitzing 数字化design rule checking 设计规则检查router (CAD) 走(布)线器net list 网络表subnet 子线网objective function 目标函数post design processing (PDP) 设计后处理interactive drawing design 交互式制图设计cost metrix 费用矩阵engineering drawing 工程图block diagram 方块框图moze 迷宫component density 元件密度traveling salesman problem 回售货员问题degrees freedom 自由度out going degree 入度incoming degree 出度manhatton distance 曼哈顿距离euclidean distance 欧几里德距离network 网络array 阵列segment 段logic 逻辑logic design automation 逻辑设计自动化separated time 分线separated layer 分层definite sequence 定顺序conduction (track) 导线(通道)conductor width 导线(体)宽度conductor spacing 导线距离conductor layer 导线层conductor line/space 导线宽度/间距conductor layer No.1 第一导线层round pad 圆形盘square pad 方形盘diamond pad 菱形盘oblong pad 长方形焊盘bullet pad 子弹形盘teardrop pad 泪滴盘snowman pad 雪人盘V-shaped pad V形盘annular pad 环形盘non-circular pad 非圆形盘isolation pad 隔离盘monfunctional pad 非功能连接盘offset land 偏置连接盘back-bard land 腹(背)裸盘anchoring spaur 盘址land pattern 连接盘图形land grid array 连接盘网格阵列annular ring 孔环component hole 元件孔mounting hole 安装孔supported hole 支撑孔unsupported hole 非支撑孔via 导通孔plated through hole (PTH) 镀通孔access hole 余隙孔blind via (hole) 盲孔buried via hole 埋孔buried blind via 埋,盲孔any layer inner via hole 任意层内部导通孔all drilled hole 全部钻孔toaling hole 定位孔landless hole 无连接盘孔interstitial hole 中间孔landless via hole 无连接盘导通孔pilot hole 引导孔terminal clearomee hole 端接全隙孔dimensioned hole 准尺寸孔via-in-pad 在连接盘中导通孔hole location 孔位hole density 孔密度hole pattern 孔图drill drawing 钻孔图assembly drawing 装配图datum referan 参考基准。
_Modulation_Transfer_Function
Figure 2. (courtesy of Schneider Optics)
DALSA Inc.
03-32-00444-00
Application Note: Pixel Pitch Vs. Lenses
4
In order to understand MTF as it applies to a specific lens, the following graphic depicts an MTF datasheet from Rodenstock. The MTF has been plotted at different resolutions (or lp/mm). Notice how as the detail increases (in lp/mm) the MTF decreases.
DALSA Inc.
03-32-00444-00
Application Note: Pixel Pitch Vs. Lenses
6
Scenario Conclusion:
The above information details the relationship between lenses and MTF, but how does this relate to the pixel pitch of a sensor and camera? Returning to our original shootout scenario: the lens used in the system is the same for both camera A and B, so should it not be resolving the same quality image? To explain this discrepancy we need to understand how the pixel pitch relates to MTF. This can be easily done through the following method:
基于改进调制的两级式单相光伏并网逆变器前级二次谐波抑制
第51卷第17期电力系统保护与控制Vol.51 No.17 2023年9月1日Power System Protection and Control Sept. 1, 2023 DOI: 10.19783/ki.pspc.230157基于改进调制的两级式单相光伏并网逆变器前级二次谐波抑制张鸿博，熊军华, 李继方(华北水利水电大学电气工程学院，河南 郑州 450045)摘要：为抑制两级式单相光伏并网逆变器前级电路中的二次谐波电流，利用开关周期平均模型对前级电路中二次谐波电流产生的原因进行了分析，基于此提出了抑制二次谐波电流的改进调制方法。
该方法根据实时采样得到的母线电压修正占空比，无需复杂的运算处理，易于实现。
进一步分析了改进调制方法下前级Boost电路的小信号传递函数，提出了欠阻尼条件下基于微分先行PID算法的光伏电池最大功率点电压跟踪方法。
仿真表明，改进后的两级式单相光伏并网逆变器最大功率点跟踪过程振荡小，光伏电池输出电流平稳，二次谐波电流抑制效果显著。
关键词：并网逆变器；二次谐波；抑制；开关周期平均；调制Front-stage second harmonic suppression of a two-stage single-phase photovoltaicgrid-connected inverter based on improved modulationZHANG Hongbo, XIONG Junhua, LI Jifang(College of Electrical Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China)Abstract: To suppress the second harmonic current in the front-stage circuit of a two-stage single-phase photovoltaic grid-connected inverter, the causes of the second harmonic current in the front-stage circuit are analyzed using a switching period average model, and based on this an improved modulation method for suppressing the second harmonic current is proposed. This method corrects the duty ratio according to the bus voltage obtained by real-time sampling. This is easy to realize without complicated processing. The small signal transfer function of the front-stage Boost circuit using an improved modulation method is analyzed, and a voltage tracking method of the maximum power point of photovoltaic cells based on a differential ahead PID control algorithm in an under-damped condition is proposed. The simulation results show that the improved two-stage single-phase photovoltaic grid-connected inverter has little oscillation in the maximum power point tracking process, the output current of photovoltaic cells is stable, and the second harmonic current suppression effect is remarkable.This work is supported by the Key Science and Technology Project of Henan Province (No. 222102240072).Key words: grid-connected inverter; second harmonic; suppression; switching period averaging; modulation0 引言单相逆变器输出瞬时功率含有2倍工频的波动，导致直流母线电压叠加大量2倍工频纹波(简称2次纹波)[1]。
最小可探测温差
• 光学系统的调制传递函数MTF0
• 探测器的MTFd • 电子线路的MTFe • 显示器的MTFm • 大气扰动的MTFom • 人眼调制传递函数MTFeye
• 人眼能发现的能量起伏为0.05，即最大能量 为1，最低能量是0.95时也能发现，所以人 眼能接收感知的极限调制度为0.026
Mo
b1 bo
I b1 b0
o
x
• 光学系统对某一频率的调制传递函数MTF：
MTF
(
fx
)
Mi Mo
2 红外成像过程中各个环节的调制传递 函数
• 红外成像系统模型如前所述，根据线性滤 波理论，对于由一系列具有一定频率特性 （空间的或时间的）的分系统所组成的红 外成像系统，只要逐个求出分系统的传递 函数，其乘积就是整个系统的传递函数
• 红外成像系统的特性就表现为它对各种物
体结构频率的反应：透过特性、对比变化 和位相推移。
• 空间频率——定
义为周期量在单 位空间上变化的 周期数：
线性周期 Tx
f x 1/ Tx
线对/毫米，lp/mm
x 观察距离R(m)
fx 1/ x R / Tx
O 观察点
• 物体的调制度（对比度）定义：
• NETD具有概念明确、测量容易的优点，在 系统设计阶段，采用NETD作为对系统诸参 数进行选择的权衡标准是有用的
三、最小可分辨温差（MRTD）
• MRTD是景物空间频率的函数，是表征系统 受视在信噪比限制的温度分辨率的量度
• MRTD的测试图案
TT
TB
fx=f1
fx=f2
fx=f3 fx=f4
• 给红外成像系统输入一个正弦信号（即给出 一个光强正弦分布的目标），输出仍然是同 一频率的正弦信号（即目标成的像仍然是同 一空间频率的正弦分布），只不过像的对比 有所降低，位相发生移动。
GSM相关的词汇中英对照
GSM相关的词汇中英对照数字、英文1/4比特数 quarter bit numberAGC恢复时间 AGC recovery timeAGC启动时间 AGC attack timeATM技术 asynchronous transfer technics, 异步转移模式，为多种速率信息的情况下研究的一种合适的传输与交换方式。
GSM 泛欧数字蜂窝移动通信系统GSM PLMN接入能力 GSM PLMN access capabilityGSM PLMN连接类型属性 GSM PLMN connection type attributeGSM公共陆地移动网 GSM PLMN用户身份模块：SIMJ-K触发器 J-K flip-flopM-序列 M-sequenceN进制数字信号 n-ary digital systemRS-232总线 RS-232 busA安全地线 safe ground wire安全特性 security feature安装线 hook-up wire按半周进行的多周期控制 multicycle controlled by half-cycle按键电话机 push-button telephone set按需分配多地址 demand assignment multiple access(DAMA)按要求的电信业务 demand telecommunication service按组编码 encode by groupB八木天线 Yagi antenna白噪声 white Gaussian noise白噪声发生器 white noise generator半波偶极子 halfwave dipole半导体存储器 semiconductor memory半导体集成电路 semiconductor integrated circuit半双工操作 semi-duplex operation半字节 Nib包络负反馈 peak envelop negative feed-back包络延时失真 envelop delay distortion薄膜 thin film薄膜混合集成电路 thin film hybrid integrated circuit 保护比（射频） protection ratio (RF)保护时段 guard period保密通信 secure communication报头 header报文分组 packet报文优先等级 message priority报讯 alarm备用工作方式 spare mode背景躁声 background noise倍频 frequency multiplication倍频程 actave倍频程滤波器 octave filter被呼地址修改通知 called address modified notification 被呼用户优先 priority for called subscriber本地PLMN local PLMN本地交换机 local exchange本地移动用户身份 local mobile station identity ( LMSI) 本地震荡器 local oscillator比功率(功率密度) specific power比特 bit比特并行 bit parallel比特号码 bit number (BN)比特流 bit stream比特率 bit rate比特误码率 bit error rate比特序列独立性 bit sequence independence必要带宽 necessary bandwidth闭环电压增益 closed loop voltage gain闭环控制 closed loop control闭路电压 closed circuit voltage边瓣抑制 side lobe suppression边带 sideband边带非线性串扰 sideband non-linear crosstalk边带线性串扰 sideband linear crosstalk边带抑制度 sideband suppression边角辐射 boundary radiation编号制度 numbering plan编解码器 codec编码 encode编码律 encoding law编码器 encoder编码器输出 encoder output编码器总工作时间 encoder overall operate time编码效率 coding efficiency编码信号 coded signal编码约束长度 encoding constraint length编码增益 coding gain编译程序 compiler鞭状天线 whip antenna变频器 converter变频损耗 converter conversion loss变容二极管 variable capacitance diode变形交替传号反转 modified alternate mark inversion便携电台 portable station便携设备 portable equipment便携式载体设备 portable vehicle equipment标称调整率（标称塞入率） nominal justification rate (nominal stuffing rate) 标称值 nominal value标称呼通概率 nominal calling probability标准码实验信号 standard code test signal (SCTS)标准模拟天线 standard artificial antenna标准频率 standard frequency标准时间信号发射 standard-time-signal emission标准实验调制 standard test modulation标准输出功率 standard power output标准输入信号 standard input signal标准输入信号电平 standard input-signal level标准输入信号频率 standard input-signal frequency标准信躁比 standard signal to noise表面安装 surface mounting表示层 presentation layer并串变换器 parallel-serial converter (serializer)并馈垂直天线 shunt-fed vertical antenna并行传输 parallel transmission并行终端 parallel terminal拨号错误概率 dialing mistake probability拨号后延迟 post-dialing delay拨号交换机 dial exchange拨号线路 dial-up line拨号音 dialing tone拨号终端 dial-up terminal波动强度（在给定方向上的） cymomotive force (c. m. f)波段覆盖 wave coverage波峰焊 wave soldering波特 baud泊送过程 Poisson process补充业务 supplementary service (of GSM)补充业务登记 supplementary service registration补充业务询问 supplementary service interrogation补充业务互连 supplementary service interworking捕捉区（一个地面接收台） capture area (of a terrestrial receiving station) 捕捉带 pull-in range捕捉带宽 pull-in banwidth捕捉时间 pull-in time不连续发送 discontinuous transmission (DTX)不连续干扰 discontinuous interference不连续接收 discontinuous reception (DRX)不确定度 uncertainty步谈机 portable mobile stationC采样定理 sampling theorem采样频率 sampling frequency采样周期 sampling period参考边带功率 reference side band power参考差错率 reference error ratio参考当量 reference equivalent参考点 reference point参考结构 reference configuration参考可用场强 reference usable fiend-strength参考灵敏度 reference sensibility参考频率 reference frequency参考时钟 reference clock参考输出功率 reference output power残余边带调制 vestigial sideband modulation残余边带发射 vestigial-sideband emission操作维护中心 operation maintenance center (OMC)操作系统 operation system (OS)侧音消耗 sidetone loss层2转发 layer 2 relay (L2R)插入组装 through hole pachnology插入损耗 insertion loss查号台 information desk差错控制编码 error control coding差错漏检率 residual error rate差分脉冲编码调制（差分脉码调制） differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) 差分四相相移键控 differential quadrature phase keying (DQPSK)差分相移键控 differential phase keying (DPSK)差模电压，平衡电压 differential mode voltage, symmetrical voltage差拍干扰 beat jamming差频失真 difference frequency distortion长期抖动指示器 long-term flicker indicator长期频率稳定度 long-term frequency stability场强灵敏度 field intensity sensibility场效应晶体管 field effect transistor (FET)超长波通信 myriametric wave communication超地平对流层传播 transhorizon tropospheric超地平无线接力系统 transhorizon radio-relay system超高帧 hyperframe超帧 superframe超大规模集成电路 very-large scale integrated circuit (VLSI) 超再生接收机 super-regenerator receiver车载电台 vehicle station撤消 withdrawal成对不等性码（交替码、交变码）paired-disparity code (alternative code, alternating code) 承载业务 bearer service城市交通管制系统 urban traffic control system程序设计技术 programming technique程序设计环境 programming environment程序优化 program optimization程序指令 program command充电 charge充电率 charge rate充电效率 charge efficiency充电终止电压 end-of charge voltage抽样 sampling抽样率 sample rate初级分布线路 primary distribution link初始化 initialization处理增益 processing gain传播时延 propagation delay传播系数 propagation coefficient传导干扰 conducted interference传导杂散发射 conducted spurious emission传递函数 transfer function传递时间 transfer time传声器 microphone传输保密 transmission security传输层协议 transport layer protocol传输集群 transmission trunking传输结束字符 end of transmission character传输媒体 transmission medium传输损耗 transmission loss传输损耗（无线线路的） transmission loss (of a radio link)传输通道 transmission path传输信道 transmission channel传真 facsimile, FAX船舶地球站 ship earth station船舶电台 ship station船舶移动业务 ship movement service船上通信电台 on-board communication station ,ship communication station 船用收音机 ship radio串并变换机 serial to parallel (deserializer)串并行变换 serial-parallel conversion串话 crosstalk垂直方向性图 vertical directivity pattern唇式传声器 lip microphone磁屏蔽 magnetic shielding次级分布线路 secondary distribution link猝发差错 burst error猝发点火控制 burst firing control存储程序控制交换机 stored program controlled switching system\D大规模集成电路 large scale integrated circuit (LSI)大信号信躁比 signal-to-noise ratio of strong signal带成功结果的常规操作 normal operation with successful outcome带宽 bandwidth带内导频单边带 pilot tone-in-band single sideband带内谐波 in-band harmonic带内信令 in-band signalling带内躁声 in-band noise带通滤波器 band-pass filter带外发射 out-of-band emission带外功率 out-of-band power带外衰减 attenuation outside a channel带外信令 out-band signalling带状线 stripline单边带发射 single sideband (SSB) emission单边带发射机 single side-band (SSB) transmitter单边带调制 single side band modulation单边带解调 single side band demodulation单边带信号发生器 single side band signal generaltor单端同步 single-ended synchronization单工、双半工 simplex, halfduplex单工操作 simplex operation单工无线电话机 simplex radio telephone单呼 single call单频双工 single frequency duplex单频信令 single frequency signalling单相对称控制 symmetrical control (single phase)单相非对称控制 asymmetrical control (single phase)单向 one-way单向的 unidirectional单向控制 unidirectional control单信道地面和机载无线电分系统 SINCGARS单信道无绳电话机 single channel cordless telephone单信号方法 single-signal method单音 tone单音脉冲 tone pulse单音脉冲持续时间 tone pulse duration单音脉冲的单音频率 tone frequency of tone pulse单音脉冲上升时间 tone pulse rise time单音脉冲下降时间 tone pulse decay time单音制 individual tone system单元电缆段（中继段） elementary cable section (repeater section)单元再生段 elementary regenerator section (regenerator section)单元增音段，单元中继段 elementary repeater section当被呼移动用户不回答时的呼叫转移 call forwarding on no reply (CFNRy)当被呼移动用户忙时的呼叫转 calling forwarding on mobile subscriber busy (CFB) 当漫游到原籍PLMN国家以外时禁止所有入呼 barring of incoming calls when roaming outside the home PLMN country (BIC-Roam)当前服务的基站 current serving BS当无线信道拥挤时的呼叫转移calling forward on mobile subscriber not reachable (CENRc)刀型天线 blade antenna导频 pilot frequency导频跌落pilot fall down倒L型天线 inverted-L antenna等步的 isochronous等幅电报 continuous wave telegraph等权网（互同步网） democratic network (mutually synchronized network) 等效比特率 equivalent bit rate等效地球半径 equivalent earth radius等效二进制数 equivalent binary content等效全向辐射功率 equivalent isotropically radiated power (e. i. r. p.) 等效卫星线路躁声温度 equivalent satellite link noise temperature低轨道卫星系统 LEO satellite mobile communication system低气压实验 low atmospheric pressure test低时延码激励线性预测编码 low delay CELP (LD-CELP)低通滤波器 low pass filter低温实验 low temperature test低躁声放大器 low noise amplifier地-空路径传播 earth-space path propagation地-空通信设备 ground/air communication equipment地波 ground wave地面连线用户 land line subscriber地面无线电通信 terrestrial radio communication地面站（电台） terrestrial station第N次谐波比 nth harmonic ratio第二代无绳电话系统 cordless telephone system second generation (CT-2) 第三代移动通信系统 third generation mobile systems点波束天线 spot beam antenna点对地区通信 point-area communication点对点通信 point-point communication点至点的GSM PLMN连接 point to point GSM PLMN电报 telegraphy电报电码 telegraph code电波衰落 radio wave fading电池功率 power of battery电池能量 energy capacity of battery电池容量 battery capacity电池组 battery电磁波 electromagnetic wave电磁波反射 reflection of electromagnetic wave电磁波饶射 diffraction of electromagnetic wave电磁波散射 scattering of electromagnetic wave电磁波色射 dispersion of electromagnetic wave电磁波吸收 absorption of electromagnetic wave电磁波折射 refraction of electromagnetic wave电磁场 electromagnetic field电磁发射 electromagnetic field电磁辐射 electromagnetic emission电磁干扰 electromagnetic interference (EMI)电磁感应 electromagnetic induction电磁环境 electromagnetic environment电磁兼容性 electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)电磁兼容性电平 electromagnetic compatibility level 电磁兼容性余量 electromagnetic compatibility margin 电磁脉冲 electromagnetic pulse (EMP)电磁脉冲干扰 electromagnetic pulse jamming电磁敏感度 electromagnetic susceptibility电磁能 electromagnetic energy电磁耦合 electromagnetic coupling电磁屏蔽 electromagnetic shielding电磁屏蔽装置 electromagnetic screen电磁骚扰 electromagnetic disturbance电磁噪声 electromagnetic noise电磁污染 electromagnetic pollution电动势 electromotive force (e. m. f.)电话机 telephone set电话局容量 capacity of telephone exchange电话型电路 telephone-type circuit电话型信道 telephone-type channel电离层 ionosphere电离层波 ionosphere wave电离层传播 ionosphere propagation电离层反射 ionosphere reflection电离层反射传播 ionosphere reflection propagation电离层散射传播 ionosphere scatter propagation电离层折射 ionosphere refraction电离层吸收 ionosphere absorption电离层骚扰 ionosphere disturbance电流探头 current probe电路交换 circuit switching电屏蔽 electric shielding电视电话 video-telephone, viewphone, visual telephone 电台磁方位 magnetic bearing of station电台方位 bearing of station电台航向 heading of station电文编号 message numbering电文队列 message queue电文格式 message format电文交换 message switching电文交换网络 message switching network电文结束代码 end-of-message code电文路由选择 message routing电小天线 electronically small antenna电信管理网络 telecommunication management network (TMN) 电信会议 teleconferencing电压变化 voltage change电压变化持续时间 duration of a voltage change电压变化的发生率 rate of occurrence of voltage changes 电压变化时间间隔 voltage change interval电压波动 voltage fluctuation电压波动波形 voltage fluctuation waveform电压波动量 magnitude of a voltage fluctuation电压不平衡 voltage imbalance, voltage unbalance电压浪涌 voltage surge电压骤降 voltage dip电源 power supply电源电压调整率 line regulation电源抗扰性 mains immunity电源持续工作能力 continuous operation ability of the power supply 电源去耦系数 mains decoupling factor电源骚扰 mains disturbance电子干扰 electronic jamming电子工业协会 Electronic Industries Association (EIA)电子系统工程 electronic system engineering电子自动调谐 electronic automatic tuning电子组装 electronic packaging电阻温度计 resistance thermometer跌落试验 fall down test顶部加载垂直天线 top-loaded vertical antenna定长编码 block code定期频率预报 periodical frequency forecast定时 clocking定时超前 timing advance定时电路 timing circuit定时恢复（定时抽取） timing recovery (timing extration)定时截尾试验 fixed time test定时信号 timing signal定数截尾试验 fixed failure number test定向天线 directional antenna定型试验 type test动态频率分配 dynamic frequency allocation动态信道分配 dynamic channel allocation动态重组 dynamic regrouping动态自动增益控制特性 dynamic AGC characteristic抖动 jitter独立边带 independent sideband独立故障 independent fault端到端业务 teleservice短波传播 short wave propagation短波通信 short wave communication短路保护 short-circuit protection短期抖动指示器 short-term flicker indicator短期频率稳定度 short-term frequency stability短时间中断（供电电压） short interruption (of supply voltage)段终端 section termination对称二元码 symmetrical binary code对地静止卫星 geostationary satellite对地静止卫星轨道 geostationary satellite orbit对地同步卫星 geosynchronous satellite对讲电话机 intercommunicating telephone set对空台 aeronautical station对流层 troposphere对流层波道 troposphere duct对流层传播 troposphere propagation对流层散射传播 troposphere scatter propagation多次调制 multiple modulation多点接入 multipoint access多电平正交调幅 multi-level quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) 多分转站网 multidrop network多服务器队列 multiserver queue多工 multiplexing多工器 nultiplexer多功能系统 MRS多级处理 multilevel processing多级互连网络 multistage interconnecting network多级卫星线路 multi-satellite link多径 multipath多径传播 multipath propagation多径传播函数 nultipath propagation function多径分集 multipath diversity多径时延 multipath delay多径衰落 multipath fading多径效应 multipath effect多路复接 multiplexing多路接入 multiple access多路信道 multiplexor channel多脉冲线性预测编码 multi-pulse LPC (MPLC)多频信令 multifrequency signalling多普勒频移 Doppler shift多跳路径 multihop path多信道选取 multichannel access (MCA)多信道自动拨号移动通信系统multiple-channel mobile communication system with automatic dialing 多优先级 multiple priority levels多帧 multiframe多址呼叫 multiaddress call多址联接 multiple access多重时帧 multiple timeframe多用户信道 multi-user channelE额定带宽 rated bandwidth额定射频输出功率 rated radio frequency output power额定使用范围 rated operating range额定音频输出功率 rated audio-frequency output power额定值 rated value爱尔兰 erlang恶意呼叫识别 malicious call identification (MCI)耳机（受话器） earphone耳机额定阻抗 rated impedance of earphone二十进制码 binary-coded decimal (BCD) code二十进制转换 binary-to-decimal conversion二十六进制转换 binary-to-hexadecimal conversion二进制码 binary code二进制频移键控 binary frequency shift keying (BFSK)二进制数 binary figure二频制位 binary digit(bit)二频制 two-frequency system二维奇偶验码 horizontal and vertical parity check code二线制 two-wire system二相差分相移键控 binary different phase shift keying (BDPSK)二相相移键控 binary phase shift keying (BPSK)F发报机 telegraph transmitter发射 emisssion发射（或信号）带宽 bandwidth of an emission (or a signal) 发射机 transmitter发射机边带频谱 transmitter sideband spectrum发射机额定输出功率 rated output power of transmitter发射机合路器 transmitter combiner发射机冷却系统 cooling system of transmitter发射机启动时间 transmitter attack time发射机效率 transmitter frequency发射机杂散躁声 spurious transmitter noise发射机之间的互调 iner-transmitter intermodulation发射机对答允许频（相）偏transmitter maximum permissible frequency(phase) deviation 发射类别 class of emission发射频段 transmit frequency band发射余量 emission margin发送 sending发送响度评定值 send loudness rating (SLR)繁忙排队/自动回叫 busy queuing/ callback反馈控制系统 feedback control system反射功率 reflection power反射卫星 reflection satellite反向话音通道 reverse voice channel (RVC)反向控制信道 reverse control channel (RECC)泛欧数字无绳电话系统 digital European cordless telephone 方舱 shelter方向性系数 directivity of an antenna防爆电话机 explosion-proof telephone set防潮 moisture protection防腐蚀 corrosion protection防霉 mould proof仿真头 artificial head仿真耳 artificial ear仿真嘴 artificial mouth仿真天线 dummy antenna放大器 amplifier放大器线性动态范围 linear dynamic range of amplifier放电 discharge放电电压 discharge voltage放电深度 depth of discharge放电率 discharge rate放电特性曲线 discharge character curve非等步的 anisochronous非归零码 nonreturn to zero code (NRZ)非均匀编码 nonuniform encoding非均匀量化 nonuniform quantizing非连续干扰 discontinuous disturbance“非”门 NOT gate非强占优先规则 non-preemptive priority queuing discipline非受控滑动 uncontrolled slip非线性电路 nonlinear circuit非线性失真 nonliear distortion非线性数字调制 nonlinear digital modulation非占空呼叫建立 off-air-call-set-up (OACSU)非专用控制信道 non-dedicated control channel非阻塞互连网络 non-blocking interconnection network分贝 decibel (dB)分辨力 resolution分布参数网络 distributed parameter network分布式功能 distributed function分布式数据库 distributed database分别于是微波通信系统 distributed microwave communication system 分布式移动通信系统 distributed mobile communication system分布路线 distribution link分段加载天线 sectional loaded antenna分机 extension分集 diversity分集改善系数 diversity improvement factor分集间隔 diversity separation分集增益 diversity gain分集接收 diversity reception分接器 demultiplexer分频 frequency division分散定位 distributed channel assignment分散控制方式 decentralized control分散式帧定位信号 distributed frame alignment signal分同步（超同步）卫星 sub-synchronous (super-synchronous) satellite 分谐波 subharmonic分组交换 packet switching分组码 block code分组无线网 packet radio network分组循环分散定位 block cyclic distributed channel assigment分组组装与拆卸 packet assembly and disassembly封闭用户群 closed user group (CUG)峰包功率 peak envelop power峰值 peak value峰值-波纹系数 peak-ripple factor峰值包络检波 peak envelop detection峰值功率 peak power峰值功率等级（移动台的） peak power class (of MS)峰值检波器 peak detector峰值限制 peak limiting蜂窝手持机 cellular handset蜂窝系统 cellular system缝隙天线 slot antenna服务基站 serving BS服务访问点 service access point (SAP)服务弧 service arc服务可保持性 service retainability服务可得到性 service accessibility服务提供部门 service provider服务完善性 service integrity服务小区 serving cell服务易行性 service operability服务支持性 service supportability服务质量 quality of service服务准备时间 service provisioning time符号率 symbol rate幅度检波 amplitude detection幅度量化控制 amplitude quantized cntrol幅度失真 amplitude distortion幅度调制 amplitude modulation (AM)幅频响应 amplitude-frequency response幅相键控 amplitude phase keying (APK)辐射 radiation辐射单元 radiating element辐射方向图 radiation pattern辐射干扰 radiated interference辐射近场区 radiating near-field region辐射能 radiant energy辐射强度 radiation intensity辐射区 radiated area辐射实验场地 radiation test site辐射效率 radiation efficiency辐射源（电磁干扰） emitter (of electromagnetic disturbance)辐射杂散发射 radiated spurious emission辐射阻抗 radiation impedance俯仰角 pitch angle负极 negative electrode负离子 negative ion负荷容量（过荷点） load capacity (overload point)负逻辑 negative logic负码速调整（负脉冲塞入） negative justification (negative pulse stuffing) 负载调整率 load regulation负阻放大器 negative resistance amplifier负阻效应 negative resistance effect负阻振荡 negative resistance oscillation附加符号 additional character附加位 overhead bit复合音 complex sound复接器 multiplexer复节-分接器 muldex复接制 multiple connection system复位 reset复用转接器 transmultiplexer复帧 multiframe副瓣 minor lobe副瓣电平 minor level覆盖区（一个地面发射台的） coverage area (of a terrestrial transmitting station)G概率 probability概率分布 probability distribution概率信息 probabilistic information概率译码 probabilistic decoding干扰 interference干扰参数 interference parameter干扰限值 limit of interference干扰信号 interfering signal干扰抑制 interfering suppression干扰源 interfering resource干线 trunk line感应近场区 reactive near-field region港口操作业务 port operation service港口电台 port station港口管理系统 harbor management system港口交通管理系统 harbor traffic control system高[低]电平输出电流 high (low)-level output current高[低]电平输出电压 high (low)-level output voltage高波 high-angle ray高层功能 high layer function高层协议 high layer protocol高级数据链路控制规程 high level data link control (HDLC) procedure高级通信业务 advanced communication service高级研究计划署 Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)高级移动电话系统 Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)高频放大器 high frequency amplifier高频提升 high frequency boost高频增益控制 high frequency gain control高斯信道 Gauss channel (AWG)高斯最小频移键控 Guassian minimum shift keying (GMSK)高频制频率时的发射频偏 transmitting frequency deviation of high frequency 高通滤波器 highpass filter高温高湿偏置试验 high temperature high humidity biased testing (HHBT)高温功率老化 burning高温试验 high temperature test告警接收机 warning receiver告警指示信号 alarm indication signal (AIS)戈莱码 Golay code戈帕码 Goppa codes格码调制 trellis codes modulation schemes (TCM)隔离放大器 isolation amplifier个人数字助理 personal digital assistant (PDA)个人电台 personal station (PS)个人电台系统 personal radio system个人识别号码 personal identification number (PIN)个人通信 personal communications个人通信网 personal communication networks (PCN)个人携带电话 personal handy phone (PHP)个人移动性 personal mobility个体接收（在卫星广播业务中） individual reception跟踪保持电路 track and hold circuit跟踪带宽 tracking bandwidth更改地址插入 changed address interception工科医用（的） ISM工科医用频段 ISM frequency band工业干扰 industrial interference工作最高可用频率 operational MUF工作比 duty cycle工作范围 working range工作频率范围 operating frequency range工作站 work station (WS)工作周期 cycle of operation公共分组交换网 public packet switched network公共耦合点 point of common coupling (PCC)公开密匙体制 public key system公路交通管制系统 highway traffic control system公用数据网 public data network公众陆地移动电话网 public land mobile network (PLMN)功能键 function key功能群，功能群令 function group, function grouping功率合成 power synthesis功能控制报文 power control message功率控制电平 power control level功率谱密度 power spectrum density功率损耗 power loss功率因子 power factor供电系统阻抗 supply system impedance共道抑制 co-channel suppression共道信令 co-channel signalling共模电压，不平衡电压 common mode voltage, asymmetrical voltage 共模电流 common mode current共模转换 common code conversion共模干扰 common code interference共模抑制比 common code rejection ratio (CMRR)共模增益 common mode gain共模阻抗 common code impedance共信道再用距离 co-channel re-use distance贡献路线 contribution link固定电台 fixed station固定基地电台 fixed base station固定信道指配 fixed channel assignment固态发射机 solidstate transmitter固有可靠性 inherent reliability固有频差 inherent frequency error故障 fault故障安全 fault safe故障保护 fault protection故障弱化 failsoft故障修复 fault correcting故障原因 fault cause故障准则 fault criteria挂机信号 hang-up signal管理中心 administration center (ADC)广播控制信道（BCCH）划分 BCCH allocation (BA)广播寻呼系统 broadcast paging system广域网 wide area network (WAN)归零码 return to zero code (RZ)归一化的偏置 normalized offset规程 protocol规范 specification规则脉冲激励编码 regular-pulse excitation (RPE)规则脉冲激励长时预测编码 regular-pulse excitation LPC (RPE-LPC)轨道 orbit国际标准 international standard国际单位制 international system of units国际电报电话咨询委员会 CCITT国际电工委员会 IEC国际电信联盟 ITU国际互连网 Internet国际民航组织 ICAO , international civil aviation organization国际通信卫星组织 INTERAT国际海事卫星组织 INMAR-SAT国际无线电干扰特别委员会 CISPR国际无线电干扰委员会 CCIR国际移动识别码 international mobile station equipment identity (IMEI) 国际移动用户识别码 international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI)国际原子时间 international automatic time (TAI)国家标准 national standard国家信息基础结构 national information infrastructure (NII)过充电 overcharge过滤带 transition band过放电 overdischarge过荷保护电路 overload protecting circuit过荷分级控制 overload control category过荷控制 overload control过调制 overmodulation过流保护 overcurrent protection过压保护 overvoltage protectionH海岸地球站 coast earth station海岸电台 coast station海事卫星通信 maritime satellite communications汉明距离 Hamming distance汉明码 Hamming code汉明重量 Hamming weight航空地球站 aeronautical earth station航空电台 aeronautical station航空器地球站 aircraft earth station航空器电台 aircraft station航空移动业务 aeronautical mobile service航天器（宇宙飞船） spacecraft毫米波 millimeter wave黑格巴哥码 Hagelbarger code恒比码 constant ratio code恒步的 homochronous恒流电源 constant current power supply恒温恒湿试验 constant temperature and humid test恒压充电 constant voltage charge恒压电源 constant voltage power supply恒电磁波小室 transverse electromagnetic wave cell (TEM cell) 喉式传声器 throat microphone后瓣 back hole厚模电路 thick-film circuit呼叫 call呼叫支持 call hold (HOLD)呼叫存储 call store呼叫等待 call waiting (CW)呼叫改发 call redirection呼叫建立 call establishment呼叫建立时间 call set-up time呼叫接通率 percept of call completed呼叫控制信号 call control signal呼叫清除延时 call clearing delay呼叫释放 call release呼叫序列 calling sequence呼叫转移 call transfer (CT)呼救 distress call呼救系统 distress system呼损率 percept of call lost呼通概率 calling probability互补金属氧化物半导体集成电路complementary MOS integrated circuit (COMOS-IC)互连 interworking互连的考虑 interworking consideration互连功能 interworking function (IWF)互调 intermodulation互调产物（一个发射台的） intermodulation products (of a transmitting stastion) 互调抗扰性 intermodulation immunity互调失真 intermodulation distortion互通性 interoperability互同步网 mutually synchronized network话路输入电平 voice circuit input level话路输入电平差异 voice circuit input level difference话务量 telephone traffic话音活动检测 voice activity detection (VAD)话音激活 voice exciting话音激活率 speech activity话音数字信令 speech digit signalling话音突发 speech spurt环境试验 environment test环境系数 environment factor环境应力筛选 environment stress screening (ESS)环境躁声 ambient noise环路传输 loop transmission环路高频总增益 loop RF overall gain环路可锁定最底（最高）界限角频率loop lockable minimum (maximum) margin angular frequency环路滤波器比例系数 loop filter proportion coefficient环路躁声带宽 loop noise bandwidth环路增益 loop gain环路直流总增益 loop DC overall gain环路自然谐振角频率 loop natural resonant angular frequency环形波 ring wave环形混频器 ring mixer环行器 circulator环行延迟 rounding relay恢复 recovery恢复规程 restoration procedure汇接交换 tandem switching汇接局 tandem office会话（在电信中） conversation (in telecommunication)会话层 session layer会议电话 conference telephone混合ARQ hybrid ARQ混合差错控制 hybrid error control (HEC)混合分集 hybrid diversity混合集成电路 hybrid integrated circuit混合扩频 hybrid spread spectrum混合路径传播 mixed-path propagation混合信道指配 hybrid channel assignment混频器 mixer混频器的寄生响应 mixer spurious response活动模式 active mode“或”门 OR gate“或非”门 NOR gateJ机壳辐射 cabinet radiation机载电台 aircraft station基本传输损耗（无线线路的） basic transmission loss (of a radio link) 基本接入 basic access基本业务（GSM的） basic service (of GSM)基本越区切换规程 basic handover procedure基本最高可用频率 basic maximun usable frequency基波（分量） fundamental (component)基波系数 fundamental factor基带 baseband基地（海岸）（航空）设备 base (coast)(aeronautical) equipment 基地电台 base station (BS)基站控制器 base station controller (BSC)基站识别码 base station identity code (BSIC)基站收发信台 base transceiver station (BTS)基站系统 base station system (BSS)基站区 base station area基准条件 reference condition基准阻抗 reference impedance奇偶校验码 parity check code奇偶校验位 parity bit激活 activation吉尔伯特码 Gilbert code级联码 concatenated code即时业务 demand service急充电 boost charge急剧衰落 flutter fading集成电路 integrated circuit集成电路卡 integrated circuit card集群电话互连 trunked telephone connect集群电话互连器 trunked telephone connector集群基站 trunked base station集群效率 trunking efficiency集群移动电话系统 trunked mobile communication system集体呼叫 group call集体接收（在卫星广播业务中） community reception集中控制方式 centralized control集中式帧定位信号 bunched frame alignment signal计费信息 advice of charge计算机病毒 computer virus计算机辅助测试 computer-aided test (CAT)计算机辅助工程 computer-aided engineering (CAE)计算机辅助管理 computer-aided management (CAM)计算机辅助教学 computer-aided instruction (CAU)。
压电陶瓷换能器收发系统幅频特性建模与分析验证
压电陶瓷换能器收发系统幅频特性建模与分析验证∗胡志钢;尹钦;许姝菡【摘要】压电陶瓷超声波系统是实现物体探测的重要方法。
本文基于压电陶瓷换能器收发系统的等效电路模型，通过引入声波衰减系数建立了发射换能器激励电压与接收换能器输出电压间的关系，并求解出了该等效电路模型的传递函数。
实测数据与传递函数仿真数据对比表明，收发系统幅频特性的仿真曲线与实测曲线基本一致，验证了所给等效电路模型与传递函数的正确性。
%Piezoelectric ceramic ultrasonic system( PCUS) is an important method for object detection. According to the equivalent circuit model of PCUS,the attenuation coefficient from transmitting excitation voltage to receiving sig-nal voltage is analyzed in detail. And,transfer function of the given equivalent circuit model for PCUS is presented in this paper. The experiment shows that amplitude-frequency curve of the simulated data and measured data for transceiver system are almost the same. That proved the correction of the given equivalent circuit model and transfer function of PCUS.【期刊名称】《传感技术学报》【年(卷),期】2015(000)005【总页数】7页(P641-647)【关键词】压电陶瓷换能器;幅频特性;收发系统模型;等效电路【作者】胡志钢;尹钦;许姝菡【作者单位】宁波大学海运学院，浙江宁波315211;宁波大学海运学院，浙江宁波315211;中国计量学院材料科学与工程学院，杭州310018【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TP212.1根据压电陶瓷材料的晶体结构、介电性质、弹性性质等物理特性,利用机-电类比、等效网络法等手段[1]构建的等效电路模型在现代压电陶瓷应用研究中得到广泛应用,是研究压电陶瓷特性常用分析方法,通过建立等效电路模型,可以揭示换能器工作原理并指导提高换能器的工作效率[2],早期典型代表有:Sherrit模型[3],Van Dyke 模型、Guan模型[4]与复参数模型[5]等,主要研究等效电路对压电陶瓷换能器器件的各项物理性能的描述,使之更符合实际情况。
[华盛顿大学]+Geotechnical+Earthquake+Engineeringchapter7
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5
Ground Response Analysis
Definitions: Rock outcropping motion - the motion that would occur where rock outcrops at a free surface
Rock outcropping motion
Wave Equation
Transfer Function Evaluation
Uniform Undamped Soil on Rigid Rock H
z u
Aei (wt + kz )
Be
i ( wt − kz )
ρ
∂ 2u ∂ 2u = G ∂t 2 ∂z 2
Assume harmonic base motion Then, response should also be harmonic
Ground Response Analysis
Two basic approaches: τ τ
γ
γ
Linear (viscoelastic)
Nonlinear (elasto-plastic)
9
Linear Analysis
• A known time history of bedrock (input) motion is represented as a Fourier series, usually using the FFT. • Each term in the Fourier series of the bedrock (input) motion is then multiplied by the transfer function to produce the Fourier series of the ground surface (output) motion. • The ground surface (output) motion can then be expressed in the time domain using the inverse FFT.
变压器试验技术全面介绍
变压器试验技术经过以往的岁月得到了很大的发展。
其发展经历了这样的过程：从早先的仅仅判断变压器是否能通过耐压试验，到后来的对变压器众多参数的详尽测试。
新的成熟性试验技术的应用，为厂内试验的故障诊断提供了极大的方便。
1.试验分类与试验标准1.1变压器的试验分类：按场地划分：现场试验、工厂试验按制造过程划分：半成品试验、成品试验半成品试验包括型式性半成品试验与例行性半成品试验。
例行性半成品试验：每台半成品均要进行的试验项目，如套管CT试验、电压比测量与联接组标号检定、绕组电阻测量等。
型式性半成品试验：新产品研制过程中要进行的试验项目，如铁心叠装完后，缠绕临时绕组，进行铁心损耗测量等。
成品试验包括：例行试验、型式试验、特殊试验。
例行试验：每台产品出厂前都要进行的试验项目。
型式试验：新产品要进行的试验项目；一般周期为5年；或者没到5年，而原设计产品的制造场地、制造人员、产品原材料、生产设备……，发生了重大变化，也应进行型式试验。
特殊试验：标准规定的特殊项目，以及标准中没有规定，用户与制造厂协商达成一致的试验项目。
1.2试验标准变压器试验应按照一定的标准来进行，这些标准包括：国际标准、国家标准、行业标准、工厂标准。
国际标准→国家标准→行业标准→工厂标准，程度上逐渐严格。
国际标准国际标准公认的有：IEC标准，如IEC60076-XXIEEE标准，如IEEEStdC57.12.xx国家标准GB1094系列，如GB1094.xx行业标准常见的由DL、DL/T、JB、JB/T打头，均为行业标准。
工厂标准有些试验项目的具体数值，国际标准、国家标准、行业标准没有规定或无法规定，需要制定工厂标准(或者称企业标准)做补充规定。
如绝缘电阻、介损等的具体数值需要在工厂标准中给予规定。
2.我国的试验技术水平与特高压输电线路概况2.1我国的变压器试验技术水平我国的变压器试验技术处于国际一流水平，主要表现在以下三个方面：(1)我国输变电工程的快速发展，使试验工程师在超高压、特高压产品的试验方面积累了较为丰富的经验；(2)随着特高压交直流输变电设备的制造，促进了国内相关试验设备、测量仪器的突破性发展；(3)国内建造了许多无与伦比的特高压试验大厅。
连续系统与离散系统的互转(s域与z域互转)
Convert model from discrete to continuous timed2cSyntaxsysc = d2c(sysd)sysc = d2c(sysd,method)sysc = d2c(sysd,opts)[sysc,G] = d2c(sysd,method,opts)Descriptionsysc = d2c(sysd) produces a continuous-time model sysc that is equivalent to the discrete-time dynamic system model sysd using zero-order hold on the inputs.sysc = d2c(sysd,method) uses the specified conversion method method.sysc = d2c(sysd,opts) converts sysd using the option set opts, specified using the d2cOptions command.[sysc,G] = d2c(sysd,method,opts) returns a matrix G that maps the states xd[k] of the state-space model sysd to the states xc(t) of sysc.Input Argumentssysd Discrete-time dynamic system modelYou cannot directly use an idgrey model with FcnType='d' with d2c.Convert the model into idss form first.method String specifying a discrete-to-continuous time conversion method:◾'zoh' — Zero-order hold on the inputs. Assumes the control inputs arepiecewise constant over the sampling period.◾'foh' — Linear interpolation of the inputs (modified first-order hold). Assumesthe control inputs are piecewise linear over the sampling period.◾'tustin' — Bilinear (Tustin) approximation to the derivative.◾'matched' — Zero-pole matching method of [1] (for SISO systems only).Default: 'zoh'opts Discrete-to-continuous time conversion options, created using d2cOptions. Output Argumentssysc Continuous-time model of the same type as the input system sysd.When sysd is an identified (IDLTI) model, sysc:◾Includes both the measured and noise components of sysd. If the noisevariance is λ in sysd, then the continuous-time model sysc has an indicatedlevel of noise spectral density equal to Ts*λ.◾Does not include the estimated parameter covariance of sysd. If you want totranslate the covariance while converting the model, use translatecov.G Matrix mapping the states xd[k] of the state-space model sysd to the states xc(t) of sysc:x c (k Ts)=G24xd[k]u[k]35.Given an initial condition x0 for sysd and an initial input u0 = u[0], thecorresponding initial condition for sysc (assuming u[k] = 0 for k< 0 is givenby:ExamplesExample 1Consider the following discrete-time transfer function:Suppose the model has sample time T s = 0.1 s. You can derive a continuous-time zero-order-hold equivalent model with the following commands:H = tf([1 -1], [1 1 0.3], 0.1);Hc = d2c(H)Hc =121.7 s + 3.026e-12---------------------s^2 + 12.04 s + 776.7Continuous-time transfer function.Discretizing the resulting model Hc with the default zero-order hold method and sampling time T s = 0.1s returns the original discrete model H (z ):c2d(Hc,0.1)ans =z - 1-------------z^2 + z + 0.3Sample time: 0.1 secondsDiscrete-time transfer function.To use the Tustin approximation instead of zero-order hold, typeHc = d2c(H,'tustin');As with zero-order hold, the inverse discretization operationc2d(Hc,0.1,'tustin');gives back the original H (z ).Example 2Convert an identified transfer function and compare its performance against a directly estimated continuous-time model.load iddata1sys1d = tfest(z1,2,'Ts',0.1);x c (0)=G 24x 0u 035.H (z )=z −1z 2+z +0.3sys1c = d2c(sys1d,'zoh');sys2c = tfest(z1,2);compare(z1,sys1c,sys2c)The two systems are virtually identical.Example 3Analyze the effect of parameter uncertainty on frequency response across d2c operation on an identified model.load iddata1sysd = tfest(z1, 2, 'Ts', 0.1);sysc = d2c(sysd, 'zoh');sys1c has no covariance information. Regenerate it using a zero iteration update with the same estimation command and estimation data:opt = tfestOptions;opt.SearchOption.MaxIter = 0;sys1c = tfest(z1, sysc, opt);h = bodeplot(sysd, sysc);showConfidence(h)The uncertainties of sysc and sysd are comparable up to the Nyquist frequency. However, sysc exhibits large uncertainty in the frequency range for which the estimation data does not provide any information.If you do not have access to the estimation data, use translatecov which is a Gauss-approximation formula based translation of covariance across model type conversion operations.LimitationsThe Tustin approximation is not defined for systems with poles at z = –1 and is ill-conditioned for systems with poles near z = –1.expand allThe zero-order hold method cannot handle systems with poles at z = 0. In addition, the 'zoh' conversion increases the model order for systems with negative real poles, [2]. The model order increases because the matrix logarithm maps real negative poles to complex poles. Single complex poles are not physically meaningful because of their complex time response.Instead, to ensure that all complex poles of the continuous model come in conjugate pairs, d2c replaces negative real poles z = –α with a pair of complex conjugate poles near –α. The conversion then yields a continuous model with higher order. For example, to convert the discrete-time transfer functiontype:Ts = 0.1 % sample time 0.1 sH = zpk(-0.2,-0.5,1,Ts) * tf(1,[1 1 0.4],Ts)Hc = d2c(H)These commands produce the following result.Warning: System order was increased to handle real negative poles.Zero/pole/gain:-33.6556 (s-6.273) (s^2 + 28.29s + 1041)--------------------------------------------(s^2 + 9.163s + 637.3) (s^2 + 13.86s + 1035)To convert Hc back to discrete time, type:c2d(Hc,Ts)yieldingZero/pole/gain:(z+0.5) (z+0.2)-------------------------(z+0.5)^2 (z^2 + z + 0.4)Sampling time: 0.1This discrete model coincides with H (z ) after canceling the pole/zero pair at z = –0.5.More AboutTipsAlgorithms References[1] Franklin, G.F., Powell,D.J., and Workman, M.L., Digital Control of Dynamic Systems (3rd Edition), Prentice Hall, 1997..[2] Kollár, I., G.F. Franklin, and R. Pintelon, "On the Equivalence of z-domain and s-domain Models in SystemIdentification," Proceedings of the IEEE ® Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, Brussels, Belgium, June, 1996, Vol. 1, pp. 14-19.See Alsoc2d | d2cOptions | d2d | logm | translatecov H (z )=z +0.2(z +0.5)(z 2+z +0.4)。
化工原理英文教材-传热 无相变传热Heat transfer to fluids without phase change
A recognized empirical correlation, for long tubes with sharp-edged entrances, is the Dittus-Boelter equation
Nu hid 0.023Re0.8 Prn k
Where n is 0.4 when the fluid is being heated and 0.3 when it is being cooled.
A better relationship for turbulent flow is known as the Sieder-Tate equation
Nu 0.023 Re0.8 P(r112/-33(2) )0.14 w
Equation(12-32) should not be used for Reynolds numbers below 6000 or for molten metals, which have abnormally low Prandtl number.
Estimation of wall temperature tw
The estimation of tw requires an iterative calculation based on the resistance equation
tm To tw ti 1 1 b do 1 do U o h o k dm hi di
At ordinary velocities the heat generated from fluid friction is negligible in comparison with the heat transferred between the fluids.
基于脉冲分裂的宽带雷达系统通道误差校正方法
基于脉冲分裂的宽带雷达系统通道误差校正方法陈曙暄;姜丽敏;向茂生【摘要】在不改动宽带雷达系统校准通道硬件的前提下,该文提出一种校正宽带雷达系统传递函数误差及正交解调误差的新方法.该方法通过对通道误差特征的分析,结合宽带线性调频信号的时频关系,根据分裂脉冲方法以分离通道误差造成的镜频干扰和传递函数非理想,得到宽带雷达系统传递函数的完全表征,由此构建相应的雷达回波校正函数,实现接收回波的误差校正.针对500 MHz有效带宽的实际雷达系统的通道误差校正实验,验证了该文方法的有效性,且与传统的方法相比,该文方法显现出适用性强的特点.%A novel method is developed to calibrate the non-ideal transfer function and I/Q imbalances in quadraturemodulate/demodulate systems which occur frequently in wideband radar systems, without changing the hardware of the radar calibration system. Based on analyzing channel errors in radar systems and taking account of time-frequency relationship of chirp signal, split-pulse method called is adopted to separate image frequency component due to I/Q channel error. Then, the complete description of channel error is got and the calibration function is constructed which is used to correct the raw radar echo in frequency domain. The effectiveness of this method is verified by the experiment of channel error correction in wideband radar system with 500 MHz effective band width. Results show that the method proposed is characterized by high feasibility and performance.【期刊名称】《电子与信息学报》【年(卷),期】2011(033)008【总页数】6页(P1858-1863)【关键词】宽带雷达;通道误差;分裂脉冲;通道误差校正函数【作者】陈曙暄;姜丽敏;向茂生【作者单位】中国科学院电子学研究所微波成像技术国家重点实验室北京100190;中国科学院研究生院北京100190;中国科学院电子学研究所微波成像技术国家重点实验室北京100190;中国科学院研究生院北京100190;中国科学院电子学研究所微波成像技术国家重点实验室北京100190【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TN957.511 引言宽带雷达发射机和接收机通常难以实现带内传递函数的严格一致性，此外，采用非数字下变频结构的宽带雷达系统也难以实现正交解调系统的 I/Q严格一致性，因此雷达系统的发射信号和接收信号均受通道特性的调制。
电源电子方面的专业术语
电压：voltage
档位：tap position
有功损耗：reactive loss
无功损耗：active loss
功率因数：power-factor
功率：power
功角：power-angle
电压等级：voltage grade
空载损耗：no-load loss
100 voltage-second product 伏秒积
101 zero-pole frequency compensation 零极点频率补偿
102 beat frequency 拍频
103 one shots 单击电路
104 scaling 缩放
105 ESR 等效串联电阻
61 pass transistor pass transistor
62 P-channel MOSFET P沟道MOSFET
63 Phase margin 相位裕度
64 Phase Node 开关节点
65 portable electronics 便携式电子设备
66 power down 掉电
电抗 reactance
电阻 resistance
功角 power angle
有功（功率） active power
无功（功率） reactive power
功率因数 power factor
无功电流 reactive current
25 Failof merit 品质因数
27 float charge voltage 浮充电压
28 flyback power stage 反驰式功率级
电子信息科学与技术专业主干课程简介
1．本课程需要的先修课程：
电路分析、模拟电子线路、数字信号处理、信号与系统
2．本课程的后续课程
计算机控制原理
3．本课程的其它知识点说明
本课程中的可选知识点：拉普拉氏变换、后续可开《现代控制理论》选修课。
五、教材
1．推荐教材：《自动控制原理》西安电子科技大学出版社薛安克等编
2．参考书：1’《自动控制原理》西安电子科技大学出版社杨庚辰等编
习题课（参考学时：2）
第六章：控制系统的设计与校正（参考学时：7）
Course Description
Class Hours: 54（48 in class + 6 in lab）
Credits: 3
Categorization: Disciplinary course
Semester: 5th
Course Code: 182301
2.Objectives
To master the rendering of system block diagrams and fully understand the negative feedback control principles;
To master the concept, definition, and features of transfer function as well as its solution in a system; to be able to do equivalent transfer of structure charts and get transfer function of a system by using Mason formula;
Affiliated Department: Department of Electronic Science
电力系统常用英文词汇
电力专业英语词汇(较全)1、元件设备三绕组变压器three—column transformer ThrClnTrans 双绕组变压器double-column transformer DblClmnTrans电容器Capacitor并联电容器shunt capacitor电抗器Reactor母线Busbar输电线TransmissionLine发电厂power plant断路器Breaker刀闸（隔离开关)Isolator分接头tap电动机motor2状态参数有功active power无功reactive power电流current容量capacity电压voltage档位tap position有功损耗reactive loss无功损耗active loss空载损耗no-load loss铁损iron loss铜损copper loss空载电流no-load current阻抗impedance正序阻抗positive sequence impedance负序阻抗negative sequence impedance零序阻抗zero sequence impedance无功负载reactive load 或者QLoad有功负载: active load PLoad遥测YC（telemetering）遥信YX 励磁电流(转子电流)magnetizing current定子stator功角power-angle 上限：upper limit下限lower limit并列的apposable高压: high voltage低压low voltage中压middle voltage电力系统power system发电机generator励磁excitation励磁器excitor电压voltage电流current母线bus变压器transformer升压变压器step-up transformer高压侧high side输电系统power transmission system输电线transmission line固定串联电容补偿fixed series capacitor compensation 稳定stability电压稳定voltage stability功角稳定angle stability暂态稳定transient stability电厂power plant能量输送power transfer交流AC装机容量installed capacity电网power system落点drop point开关站switch station双回同杆并架double-circuit lines on the same tower 变电站transformer substation补偿度degree of compensation高抗high voltage shunt reactor无功补偿reactive power compensation故障fault调节regulation裕度magin三相故障three phase fault故障切除时间fault clearing time极限切除时间critical clearing time切机generator triping 高顶值high limited value强行励磁reinforced excitation线路补偿器LDC(line drop compensation）机端generator terminal静态static （state)动态dynamic （state)单机无穷大系统one machine —infinity bus system 机端电压控制AVR 功角power angle有功功率active power无功功率reactive power功率因数power factor无功电流reactive current下降特性droop characteristics斜率slope额定rating变比ratio参考值reference value电压互感器PT分接头tap下降率droop rate仿真分析simulation analysis传递函数transfer function框图block diagram受端receive—side裕度margin同步synchronization失去同步loss of synchronization 阻尼damping摇摆swing保护断路器circuit breaker电阻resistance电抗reactance阻抗impedance电导conductance电纳susceptance导纳admittance电感inductance电容：capacitanceAGC Automatic Generation Control自动发电控制AMR Automatic Message Recording 自动抄表ASS Automatic Synchronized System 自动准同期装置ATS Automatic Transform System 厂用电源快速切换装置AVR Automatic Voltage Regulator 自动电压调节器BCS Burner Control System 燃烧器控制系统BMS Burner Management System 燃烧器管理系统CCS Coordinated Control System 协调控制系统CRMS Control Room Management System 控制室管理系统CRT Cathode Ray Tube 阴极射线管DAS Data Acquisition System 数据采集与处理系统DCS Distributed Control System 分散控制系统DDC Direct Digital Control 直接数字控制系统DEH Digital Electronic Hydraulic Control 数字电液（调节系统）DPU Distributed Processing Unit 分布式处理单元EMS Energy Management System 能量管理系统ETS Emergency Trip System 汽轮机紧急跳闸系统EWS Engineering Working Station 工程师工作站FA Feeder Automation 馈线自动化FCS Field bus Control System 现场总线控制系统FSS Fuel Safety System 燃料安全系统FSSS Furnace Safeguard Supervisory System 炉膛安全监控系统GIS Gas Insulated Switchgear 气体绝缘开关设备GPS Global Position System 全球定位系统HCS Hierarchical Control System 分级控制系统LCD Liquid Crystal Display 液晶显示屏LCP Local Control Panel 就地控制柜MCC Motor Control Center 电动机马达控制中心MCS Modulating Control System 模拟量控制系统MEH Micro Electro Hydraulic Control System 给水泵汽轮机电液控制系统MIS Management Information System 管理信息系统NCS Net Control System 网络监控系统OIS Operator Interface Station 操作员接口站OMS Outage Management System 停电管理系统PID Proportion Integration Differentiation 比例积分微分PIO Process Output 过程输入输出通道PLC Programmable Logical Controller 可编程逻辑控制器PSS Power System Stabilizator 电力系统稳定器SCADA Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition 数据采集与监控系统SCC Supervisory Computer Control 监督控制系统SCS Sequence Control System 顺序(程序)控制系统SIS Supervisory Information System 监控信息系统TDCS TDC Total Direct Digital Control 集散控制系统TSI Turbine Supervisory Instrumentation 汽轮机监测仪表UPS Uninterrupted Power Supply 不间断供电标准的机组数据显示（Standard Measurement And Display Data）负载电流百分比显示Percentage of Current load（％）单相/三相电压Voltage by One/Three Phase (Volt。
标准中MOD、IDT、EQV、NEQ的含义
关于尺度中的”MOD、IDT、EQV、NEQ“的具体含义宇文皓月MOD：修改采取modifiedIDT：等同采取indenticalEQV：等效采取equivalentNEQ：非等效采取no equivalent1. 等同采取：国家尺度等同于国际尺度，仅有或没有编辑性修改。
编辑性修改。
根据ISO/IEC导则21的定义，是指不改变尺度技术的内容的修改。
如纠正排版或印刷错误；标点符号的改变；增加不改变技术内容的说明、指示，等等。
可见，等同采取就是指国家尺度与国际尺度相同，不做或稍做编辑性修改。
2. 等效采取：国家尺度等效于国际尺度，技术上只有很小差别。
可见，等效采取就是技术内容上有小的差别、编辑上不完全相同。
所谓技术上的很小的差别，1SO/IEC导则21中定义为：国家尺度与国际尺度之间的小的技术差别是指，一种技术上的差别在国家尺度中不克不及不必，而在国际尺度中也可被接受，反之亦然。
如，奥地利尺度ONORMS 5022内河船舶噪声丈量尺度中，包含一份试验陈述的推荐格式，而相应的国际尺度ISO 2922中没有此内容。
3. 非等效采取。
国家尺度不等效于国际尺度。
这是ISO/1EC导则21中规定的第三种等效程度。
非等效采取时，国家尺度与国际尺度在技术上有重大差别。
什么是国家尺度与国际尺度在技术上的重大差别?在ISO/IEC导则21的弥补件《国家尺度与国际尺度之间等效程度的标识表记标帜》中，都明确规定了重大技术差别或不等效于国际尺度所包含的几种情况：ISO／1EC导则21中指出，国家尺度与国际尺度间的重大技术差别，指国家尺度中有国际尺度不克不及接受的条款，或者在国际尺度中有国家尺度不克不及接受的条款。
导则中同时指出，在技术上有重大差别的情况下，虽然国家尺度制定时是以国际尺度为基础，并在很大程度上与国际尺度相适应，但不克不及使用"等效"这个术语。
在1SO/1EC导则21的弥补件中指出，包含以下3种情况：①"国家尺度包含的内容比国际尺度少"，国家尺度较国际要求低或选国际尺度中部分内容。
matlab_transfer_分子符号系数_概述及解释说明
matlab transfer 分子符号系数概述及解释说明1. 引言1.1 概述本文旨在介绍MATLAB中关于Transfer函数中的分子符号系数的概念、重要性及其解释说明。
Transfer函数是信号处理和控制系统设计中的重要概念，它描述了系统输出对输入的响应。
而分子符号系数作为Transfer函数中的一个关键组成部分，对系统性能和特性具有重要影响。
因此，深入理解和掌握分子符号系数的含义、计算方法以及在系统分析和设计中的实际应用显得尤为重要。
1.2 文章结构本文共分为五个内容章节，包括引言、MATLAB Transfer函数的基础知识、分子符号系数的解释说明、实例分析与案例展示以及结论和展望。
在第二章中，我们将讨论Transfer函数的定义和作用，以及介绍MATLAB中处理Transfer函数所使用到的方法与工具。
第三章将详细阐述分子符号系数的含义，并介绍如何计算这些系数。
同时还将探究这些系数在系统分析和设计中所起到的实际应用作用。
第四章将通过具体实例展示分子符号系数在滤波器设计和控制系统设计中的应用，并介绍其他领域中这些系数的应用案例。
最后一章将对全文进行总结，强调本文的主要内容和发现，并对未来关于分子符号系数研究的趋势进行展望和讨论。
1.3 目的本文旨在提供一个详细且清晰的解释说明关于MATLAB中Transfer函数中分子符号系数的相关知识。
通过阅读本文，读者可以了解到分子符号系数在系统分析和设计中的重要性，并能够掌握计算这些系数的方法。
同时，通过实例分析和案例展示，读者还可以进一步理解分子符号系数在滤波器设计、控制系统设计以及其他领域中所起到的实际应用作用。
最后，在文章结尾处，我们对于该研究领域未来发展进行了展望和讨论，希望能够为相关研究者提供一定参考和启发。
2. MATLAB Transfer函数的基础知识2.1 Transfer函数的定义和作用Transfer函数是描述线性时不变系统输入输出关系的数学工具，它可以将复杂系统表示为简化的代数表达式。
An 8.1 mW, 82 dB Delta-Sigma ADC With 1.9 MHz BW
An 8.1mW,82dB Delta-Sigma ADC With1.9MHz BW and 98dB THDKyehyung Lee ,Member,IEEE ,Matthew ler ,Member,IEEE ,and Gabor C.Temes ,Life Fellow,IEEEAbstract—A switched-capacitor low-distortion 15-level delta-sigma ADC is described.It achieves third-order noise shaping with only two integrators by using quantization noise coupling.Realized in a0.18m CMOS technology,it provides 81dB SNDR,82dB dynamic range,and 98dB THD in a signal bandwidth of 1.9MHz.It dissipates 8.1mW with a 1.5V power supply (analog power 4.4mW,digital power 3.7mW).Its figure-of-merit is 0.25pJ/conversion-step,which is among the best reported for discrete-time delta-sigma ADCs in wideband applications.Index Terms—Delta-sigma ADC,low-distortion ADC,quantiza-tion noise coupling.I.I NTRODUCTIONWITH an increasing demand for wideband low-power data converters in many wired and wireless appli-cations,both the proper selection of ADC topology and the efficient circuit realization to meet stringent specifications are becoming important.Discrete-time delta-sigma ADCs can provide more than 80dB signal-to-noise-and-distortion-ratio (SNDR)for MHz-range signals with low power consumption.For given bandwidths,dynamic range and resolution,the power dissipation can be minimized through the choice of power-ef-ficient modulator architecture and circuit implementation.A low-distortion delta-sigma ADC topology greatly relaxes the linearity requirements for its loop filter by reducing the internal signal swing [1],[2].This is achieved by adding to a conven-tional modulator shown in Fig.1(a)a direct feedforward path from the input to the quantizer,as illustrated in Fig.1(b).This makes the signal transfer function (STF)equal to 1,and hence cancels the input signal at the input of the loop filter,so that the loop filter processes the quantization noise only.Therefore,the circuit requirements of the loop filter,such as operational transconductance amplifier (OTA)dc gain and output signal swing,are significantly relaxed.However,there are two major issues to be addressed in realizing this modulator topology.One is the need for a signal summation at the quantizer input,the other is the reduced signal processing time for the dynamicManuscript received November 30,2008;revised February 07,2009.Cur-rent version published July 22,2009.This work was supported by the National Science Foundation Center for Design of Analog/Digital Integrated Circuits (CDADIC),Analog Devices,Broadcom,and Texas Instruments.K.Lee is with Conexant Systems,Inc.,Newport Beach,CA 92660USA (e-mail:Kyehyung.Lee@).ler is with Freescale Semiconductor,Lake Zurich,IL 60047USA.G.C.Temes is with the School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sci-ence,Oregon State University,Corvallis,OR 97331USA.Digital Object Identifier10.1109/JSSC.2009.2022298Fig.1.Steps to get an improved low-distortion modulator architecture:(a)Conventional 16modulator.(b)Low-distortion 16modulator.(c)Proposed improved low-distortion 16modulator with shaped quantization noise injec-tion.element matching (DEM)for DAC linearization in a multi-bit modulator ADC.The summation of signals at the quantizer input may be performed by either a passive adder or an active one.Passive summation can be done with a capacitive adder,which does not require an extra opamp.But the signal swing and the step in the quantizer threshold voltages are attenuated due to parasitics associated with the passive summation.This results in increased power dissipation and mismatch effects at the quantizer.It is also susceptible to the kick-back noise from the quantizer.On the other hand,active summation requires an extra opamp and additional time for its settling,which slows down the subsequent quantizer operation.Neither of the two approaches is thus power-efficient.Concerning the DEM timing issue with low-distortion modulator,it is due to the additional time slot or phase needed to perform the signal summation at the input of the quantizer.The linearity of a main feedback DAC in a multi-bit modulator is critical since it typically limits the overall linearity of the modulator.The DEM technique provides a simple,but effective solution to the DAC non-linearity,and is commonly used in a multi-bit modulator unless calibration techniques are applied.In a conventional0018-9200/$26.00©2009IEEEdiscrete-time modulator where each delayed integrator has atransferfunction,the DEM timing is not an issue because a complete phase is usually available for the quantizer and DEM circuitry.This relaxed timing is normally achieved by injecting the feedback DAC charge during the integration (charge transfer)phase instead of an input charge sampling phase.However,in a low-distortion discrete-time modulator,the additional time slot required for signal summation at the quantizer input reduces this time interval,so that the DEM signal processing in the logarithmic or barrel shifter should be completed within the nonoverlapping time period between two clock phases to avoid performance degradation.In this paper,an improved low-distortion delta-sigma ADC is described.It is based on the injection of shaped quantization noise into the loop to boost the noise-shaping performance from second to third order [3]–[7].This is achieved without changing the original modulator coefficients and without degrading the loop stability.The result is a power-efficient approach to wide-bandADC design.This paper is organized as follows.An architectural improve-ment for the classic low-distortion delta-sigma modulator is pro-posed in Section II.A detailed description of the design of a prototype ADC follows in Section III.Section IV presents the measured results that verify the usefulness of the proposed mod-ulator topology.Finally,conclusions are drawn in Section V.II.P ROPOSED M ODULATOR A RCHITECTUREThe proposed improvedlow-distortionmodulator archi-tecture is shown in Fig.1(c).Here,a linearized model is used where the nonlinear quantizer block is replaced by a simple adder based on an assumption that the quantization noise is random and is decorrelated with the input signal.This assump-tion is usually valid when a multi-bit quantizer is used and the quantizer input signal is sufficiently busy.In the proposed mod-ulator architecture,a high-pass-filtered quantization noise is in-jected instead of a white quantization noise.This is achievedvia noise coupling within the loop.Ifis the signal transfer functionandis the noise transfer function without noise coupling,then the output of the proposed modulatoris(1)It is clear that the effective noise-shaping order is increased by one,due to the injection of the shaped quantization noise.Note that the architectures of Fig.1are single-path ones,and use internal noise coupling (self coupling),as opposed to the cross-coupled multi-cell ones reported in [6].An advantage of this structure is that no specific conditions are required for thepropertiesofand in deriving (1).On the other hand,if there are any mismatches amongthesand s for the quantization noise cross-coupled (QNCC)multi-cell mod-ulator,this results in quantization noise leakage.However,this leakage is much less than that of a cascaded or MASH mod-ulator due to the additionalfactor ,which signifi-cantly reduces in-band quantization noise power.Therefore,it can be ignored in most cases.The quantization noise self-cou-pled (QNSC)modulator,where the noise is coupled withintheFig.2.(a)Block diagram of the proposed modulator with shaped quantization noise injected via noise coupling and (b)its equivalent block diagram.modulator loop,is free of this issue since it has a single loop.This leads to better tolerance to opamp imperfections than in a QNCC one.Thus,if the dc gains of the integrator opamps are reduced,the performance degradation begins to show up ear-lier for QNCC modulator than for QNSC one,although both exhibit much more robust operation than a cascaded modulator [3],[4].In addition,even though splitting the modulator into cells is nearly free,and further performance improvement can be achieved by introducing a time-interleaved operation between cells [5],[6],the QNSC modulator realized in a single cell has a simpler structure.The shaped quantizationnoisein the pro-posed architecture is obtained from the conventional modulator topology by including an additional branch,where the quanti-zation noise is delayed by one clock cycle and subtracted at the summing node before the quantizer,as illustrated in Fig.2(a).The injected quantization noise effectively raises the modulator order by one,without changing its signal transfer function [3]–[7].Thus,the reduced signal swing and low-distortion property are preserved,and the modulator’s performance and its power efficiency are significantly improved.The sampling frequency and oversampling ratio (OSR)can be reduced for the same bandwidth (BW)and SNDR performance by applying this technique.Alternatively,either the BW or the SNDR can be increased for the same sampling frequency.The use of an extra opamp to realize the active signal summation at the input of quantizer is now justified,since it provides the virtual ground for both active addition and noise coupling.Concerning the stability of the noise-coupled modulator,the noise coupling branch does not change the loop gain of the mod-ulator,and therefore,it does not affect the linear loop stabilityand .This can be verified by manual calculations or can be readily recognized by inspection based on Mason’s rule.The original modulator coefficients do not need to be changed withnoise coupling.Referring to the modulator shown in Fig.1(c), noise coupling injects a shaped quantization noise instead of a plain quantization noise as in a conventional modulator.The in-jected shaped quantization noise is further high-passfiltered by the loopfilter and the overall noise shaping performance of the modulator is improved,while the loop dynamics of the original modulator is preserved.Since the noise coupling branch pro-cesses only the quantization noise but no signal energy,its pres-ence is transparent to input signals,although it seems to form additional loops inside the modulator.(Note,however,that the mean-square value of the injected noise is doubled,and hence the maximum allowable input signal is somewhat reduced.) Fig.2(b)shows the block diagram of the proposed architec-ture.The extra branch is comparable to a delay-free integrator with a delayed DAC at its input.Unlike the loop of a conven-tional low-distortion modulator,the summing node is located at the input of the last integrator rather than of the quantizer. This obviates the need for the signal summation at the quan-tizer input,which is one of the disadvantages in realizing a traditional low-distortion architecture.As a simple example,a second-order low-distortion modulator architecture can be de-rived by applying this concept to afirst-order modulator with aloopfilter transferfunction.The noisecoupling within a modulator loop is applicable to any modulator architecture,and it can be extended to higher-order enhance-ment[3]–[7].On the other hand,the DEM signal processing time is not relaxed in the proposed architecture since the last integrator is delay-free.It is relaxed when a complete phase is available for the quantizer and DEM circuitry.This is usually achieved in a conventional modulator without input feedforward path by borrowing the period from the integrator with delayed DAC charge injection,and by advancing the enable timing for the quantizer latch with the delayed last integrator.In a low-dis-tortion architecture,it can be implemented by delaying the inputsignal at the input of the loopfilter.By enhancing the order of the NTF,noise coupling is equiv-alent to adding one more integrator to the loopfilter.However,it retains stability,and provides reduced tone generation andharmonic distortion(THD).It also uses a reduced number ofamplifiers by moving the signal summation from the input ofthe quantizer.The additional advantage of this modulator ar-chitecture comes from the fact that the injected quantizationnoise works as a random dither signal.Thus,idle tones andharmonic spurs are reduced and the modulator linearity is im-proved,as will be demonstrated by the simulation results.Therole of an injected quantization noise as a random dither is moreclearly visualized by observing its time-domain autocorrelationsequence with a one clock cycle delay.Fig.3shows the timeevolution of the autocorrelation between the quantization noiseand its replica delayed by one clock cycle in the modulator inFig.2(a).This plot was obtained for the simulated modulatorwith a6dB input,and by evaluating theautocorrelationof the quantization noise at each time step afterpower-up.was definedas(2)Fig.3.Time evolution of the autocorrelation of the quantization noise with aone clock period lag for the system of Fig.2.It illustrates a fast decorrelation process of the quantizationnoise sequence in the proposed noise-coupled modulator.Thisdemonstrates the similarity of the quantization error to whitenoise,and justifies the linearized model shown in Fig.1.Thequantization noise of the modulator gets more randomized forthe same input signal condition with multi-bit quantization andnoise coupling.The improvement of the modulator linearity as aresult of the injection of the quantization noise is demonstratedin Fig.4.Thefigure illustrates the simulated power spectraldensity of the proposed modulator in the presence of practicalcircuit errors before and after noise coupling is applied.Thegraphs show that the harmonic spurs are reduced by more than12dB.Since the injected quantization noise increases the signalswings at the internal nodes of the loop,a proper selectionof the number of quantization levels will achieve improveddynamic range.The stability of the noise-coupled modulatoris comparable to that of the original modulator with dither,butits dynamic range is improved.The use of a multi-bit quantizerand DAC reduces the signal swings at the internal nodes of theloopfilter further,and improves the modulator stability[8].More specifically,under the condition that the same dynamicrange scaling is applied acrosseach th-order single-loopmodulator with feedforward low-distortion topology,the in-ternal signal swings and the stability of the modulator loop arepreserved when the quantizerresolution is selected suchthat.Here,the quantizerresolution of the modulatoris definedas,where is the number of quantizationlevels.For instance,both a second-order9-level modulator anda third-order17-level modulator show similar internal signalswings and an input signal saturation level causing quantizeroverload.Using a more sophisticated couplingfilter instead of a simpledelay in the coupling path,the modulator order can be increasedby two or more[3]–[7].It can be shown that the transfer func-tion of a second-order enhancement couplingfilter shouldbe.Generally,canFig.4.Simulated power spectral density (PSD)of the modulator including re-alistic circuit errors (a)without noise coupling and (b)with noise coupling.be used fora th-order enhancement coupling filter.Since the proposed noise-coupled modulator contains the coupling branch following the loop filter,its circuit errors will be attenuated by the preceding loop filter,and hence the related performance im-provement is insensitive to these circuit errors.For example,the SNDR is within 1dB of the ideal with realistic errors in the prototype design.More detailed simulation results for the ef-fect of non-idealities of the coupling branch,such as capacitor mismatch and finite gain error of this capacitive feedback cir-cuit,will be provided at the end of this section.These results imply that the proposed technique is effective under various cir-cuit conditions and applicable to a practical modulator.A feedforward second-order low-distortion modulator used to verify the proposed concept is shown in Fig.5.The noise coupling improves the noise shaping from second order to third order.The system was validated in simulation with a realistic nonideal delta-sigma ADC model in Matlab and Simulink.As illustrated in Fig.4(b),the noise shaping curve of the noise-cou-pled modulator exhibits a 60dB/decade slope.The SNDR of the proposed modulator was compared with that of the conventional feedforward third-order low-distortion modulator illustrated in Fig.6.As expected,both modulators in Fig.5and Fig.6pro-vide nominally identical performance shown in Fig.8.The noise coupling in Fig.5allows over 13dB SNDR improvementwithFig.5.Block diagram of the proposed modulator with shaped quantization noise injected via noisecoupling.Fig.6.Conventional third-order feedforward low-distortion modulator.an OSR of 16before the input signal power reaches the satura-tion level.The input signal saturation level of the noise-coupled third-order modulator is 3dBFS,which is similar to that of the conventional third-order one.However,the saturation levels for both third-order modulators (noise-coupled or conventional)are 2dB lower than that of the second-order modulator.This can be explained by considering the maximum signal ampli-tude of the summing node in front of the quantizer in a feed-forward low-distortion modulator.This summing node has the maximum internal signal swing in this class of modulators.Gen-erally,for aconventional th-order low-distortion modulator withan -bit quantizer,the worst-case maximum signal swing at the summing nodeis(3)Here,is the quantizer thresholdstep(4)whereand are the positive and negative reference voltages,respectively.The worst-case signal swing is obtained by assuming complete decorrelation among shaped or delayed quantization noises and an input signal.Then,(5)results and it indicates that the signal swing and the stability of the low-distortion single-loop modulator can be maintained by selecting its quantizer resolution appropriately.As mentionedearlier,one canchoose.Since the same quantizerresolution is assumed in the three modulators in the simulations for Fig.8,the signal swing of the summing node in a third-order modulator is larger than that in a second-Fig.7.Block diagram of third-order low-distortion modulator with second-order noisecoupling.Fig.8.Simulated SNDR variation with input signal power:top lines for circuits of Figs.5–7,bottom line for circuit of Fig.5without noise coupling.order one according to (5).This causes a reduced input signal saturation level for the third-order modulator.Fig.8also illustrates the equivalent performance of third-order low-distortion modulator using second-order noise cou-pling shown in Fig.7.The SNDR performance and input signal saturation level of this modulator are similar to those of the other two third-order modulators.However,the input signal experi-ences first-order loop dynamics only and a second-order shaped quantization noise is injected,which results in third-order noise shaping by the first-order loop.The realization of the modu-lator of Fig.7requires three opamps as in Fig.5;two for the integrator and the active adder,and one for the noise couplingbranch to realize theblock.This additional block can be realized with unswitched capacitors.Any errors associated with the noise-coupling branch will be first-order high-pass fil-tered by the preceding loop filter in Fig.7,while these errors are second-order shaped in Fig.5.Therefore,more accurate re-alization of the noise-coupling branch is required in Fig.7.The-oretically,there is no upper limit in achieving high-order noise shaping with high-order noise coupling in a modulator if its in-ternal signal swing is preserved.This is attained by increasingthe quantizerresolutionalong with the noise shapingorder ,suchthat is maintained.However,there exists an upper limit in practical implementation,since the complexity of multi-bit quantization grows exponentially with.Fig.9.Simulated SNDR variation with gain errors in the noise-coupling path due to the associated capacitor mismatch and with rms offset errors in the quan-tizer for the modulator shown in Fig.5.Fig.10.Block diagram of the realized prototype delta-sigma ADC.Fig.9shows the simulated SNDR variation with gain errors in the noise-coupling branch caused by capacitor mismatch,and with offset errors in the quantizer,for the modulator shown in Fig.5when a 6dBFS input signal is applied.Since the noise-coupling capacitor mismatch is typically much less than 5%,and the quantizer offsets can be reduced by input offset sampling scheme,the SNDR degradation due to these errors is within 1dB.The SNDR variation with finite dc gain of active adder opamp is negligible when the gain is higher than 35dB.III.C IRCUIT I MPLEMENTATIONA prototype ADC was implemented in a0.18m 2P4M CMOS process.The block diagram of the realized delta-sigma ADC is illustrated in Fig.10;its simplified switched-capacitor (SC)circuit diagram in Fig.11.The detailed input branch for the first integrator is shown in Fig.12.Here,the input sampling and DAC capacitors are separated to avoid detri-mental reference errors caused by signal-dependent loading of the reference driver [9].However,the separation of the input sampling and DAC capacitors slows down the settling of the opamp,due to a reduction of the feedback factor of the opamp.The input sampling and DAC capacitors were reduced by half to preserve the feedback factor,and the signal swings for input and DAC reference are also doubled to keep the same SNR using cross-coupled switches between positive and negative rails,as illustrated in Fig.12.Fig.11.SC circuit implementation of the prototype noise-coupledmodulator.Fig.12.Detailed diagram of the input branch of the modulator with separate input and DAC capacitors.The signal swing of the loop filter is significantly reduced,thanks to the low-distortion modulator architecture and multi-bit quantization.As a result,the limited output signal swing of the opamp was not an issue for this prototype design,even when using a 1.5V supply.This allows the use of the power-efficient telescopic cascode opamp with a SC common-mode feedback circuitry,as illustrated in Fig.13,for the integrators and the active adder.The differential output signal swing of the de-signed opampis 0.72V using a power supply of 1.5V.The slew rate requirement for the opamp is also greatly relaxed by using the low-distortion topology and multi-bit quantization.The required low GBW and slew rate requirements of the opamp were confirmed by system-level simulation with Matlab and Simulink before its circuit realization.The noise contri-Fig.13.Telescopic cascode opamp with SC common-mode feedback.butions from the two top pMOS transistors controlled by the common-mode feedback voltage were minimized by making their transconductances much smaller than those of the input differential pair.This was achieved by assigning them larger overdrive voltages for the given output swing requirements.Similar but scaled opamps were used for the other integrator and the active adder.An offset compensation scheme was employed in the delay-free active adder.Bootstrapped clock signals are applied to ensure linear sam-pling at the critical input switches,as illustrated in Fig.14[10].Each comparator contains a two-stage preamplifier,to prevent kick-back noise and to speed up signal amplification,followed by a track-and-latch and a set-and-reset (SR)latch [11],[12].Input offset sampling scheme is employed in the two-stage preamplifier to minimize the effects of offset errors.The threshold voltages of the quantizer are generated by a resistor string.Data-weighted averaging (DW A)was applied to shape the mismatch errors of the 15-level DAC [13].The transistors in the quantizer and in the four-stage logarithmic shifter on the critical path were optimized in size to meet the critical timing specifications.The essential timing parameters are digitally programmable via a three-wire serial interface to get optimum performance reliably under process,voltage,and temperature variations.More details of the circuit implementation can be found in [6].IV .E XPERIMENTAL R ESULTSThe prototype device was fabricated in a0.18m 2P4M CMOS process.The die micrograph is shown in Fig.15.It uses a 1.5V power supply for the analog circuitry and a 1.45V supply for the digital stages.A somewhat lower level of digital power supply was chosen,to reduce the power dissipation of the digital section without degrading the overallmodulatorFig.14.Bootstrapped clock signal generator:(a)simplified diagram;(b)de-tailed circuit realization [10].performance.The fabricated modulator was tested with a single-tone input sine wave at frequencies from 10kHz to 1MHz.A fully-differential input signal up to 200kHz was obtained from an Audio Precision signal generator,and a single-ended input signal from 200kHz to 1MHz was ob-tained from an RF signal source followed by bandpass filters.The single-ended input signal was converted into a differen-tial signal via an on-board differential buffer.The prototype showed consistent performance with input signals in this rangeFig.15.Chip micrograph of the noise-coupledmodulator.Fig.16.Measured output spectrum at peak SNDR for a 01.13dBFS 100kHz input.with a 60MHz sampling clock.The measured output spectrum at peak SNDR is illustrated in Fig.16for a 1.13dBFS100kHz input signal.It shows an 81dBSNDR in the 1.9MHz signal band.The SFDR is over 100dB,demonstrating the improved linearity obtainable with noise coupling.The SNR and SNDR variations with input signal level are shown in Fig.17.They illustrate nearly identical SNR and SNDR performances for signal powers from 85dBFS up to 1dBFS,indicating highly linear modulator operation.The prototype achieves 81dB peak SNR and SNDR,82dB DR,and 98dB THD.The measured total power dissipation was 8.1mW (analog:4.4mW,digital:3.7mW).A more detailed power breakdown is illustrated in Fig.18.The measured per-formance is summarized in Table I.The figure-of-merit (FOM),definedby,is 0.25pJ/con-version-step,which is among the lowest published for such a wideband delta-sigma ADC.In Fig.19,the power efficiency of the prototype ADC was compared with recently published state-of-the-art discrete-time (DT)and continuous-time (CT)delta-sigma modulators [14]–[18].The modulators whose FOMs are bigger than 1.6are not shown here.For consistency,the effective number of bits for each modulator was calculatedas .V .C ONCLUSIONAn improved low-distortionADC architecture using a novel noise coupling technique was proposed.It requiresfewerFig.17.Measured SNR and SNDR variations with input signalpower.Fig.18.Power consumption breakdown for the prototype ADC.TABLE IM EASURED P ERFORMANCE SUMMARYopamps than a conventional low-distortion modulator of the same order,by sharing the active adder opamp in front of the quantizer with a noise coupling branch.The noise coupling en-hances the noise shaping performance of the modulator by in-creasing its order by one or more.The injected quantization error behaves as a dither and improves the linearity of the delta-parison with other state-of-the-art delta-sigma modulators.(The black and blue markers are used for DT and CT modulators,respectively.) sigma ADC–reducing its harmonic spurs and tones.The proto-type ADC shows highly linear data conversion(98dB THD)and state-of-the-art power efficiency(/con-version-step)over a1.9MHz signal band.The ADC’s power efficiency is among the best for recently reported DT and CT delta-sigma modulators,verifying the effectiveness of the pro-posed modulator architecture.A CKNOWLEDGMENTThe authors would like to thank Asahi Kasei EMD Corp.for providing prototype fabrication and for useful discussions.R EFERENCES[1]J.Silva,U.Moon,J.Steensgaard,and G.C.Temes,“Wideband low-distortion16ADC topology,”Electron.Lett.,vol.37,no.12,pp.737–738,Jun.2001.[2]A.A.Hamoui and K.W.Martin,“High-order multibit modulators andpseudo data-weighted-averaging in low-oversampling16ADCs forbroadband applications,”IEEE Trans.Circuits Syst.I,Reg.Papers,vol.51,no.1,pp.72–85,Jan.2004.[3]K.Lee,M.Bonu,and G.C.Temes,“Noise-coupled delta-sigmaADCs,”Electron.Lett.,vol.42,no.24,pp.1381–1382,Nov.2006.[4]K.Lee and G.C.Temes,“Enhanced split-architecture delta-sigmaADC,”in Proc.IEEE ICECS2006,Dec.2006,pp.427–430.[5]K.Lee,G.C.Temes,and F.Maloberti,“Noise-coupled multi-celldelta-sigma ADCs,”in Proc.IEEE ISCAS2007,May2007,pp.249–252.[6]K.Lee,J.Chae,M.Aniya,K.Hamashita,K.Takasuka,S.Takeuchi,and G.C.Temes,“A noise-coupled time-interleaved delta-sigma ADCwith4.2MHz bandwidth,098dB THD,and79dB SNDR,”IEEE J.Solid-State Circuits,vol.43,no.12,pp.2601–2612,Dec.2008.[7]K.Lee,ler,and G.C.Temes,“An8.1mW,82dB delta-sigmaADC with1.9MHz BW and098dB THD,”in Proc.IEEE CustomIntegrated Circuits Conf.(CICC),Sep.2008,pp.93–96.[8]R.Schreier and G.C.Temes,Understanding Delta-Sigma Data Con-verters.New York:Wiley,2004.[9]E.Fogleman,J.Welz,and I.Galton,“An audio ADC delta-sigma mod-ulator with100dB SINAD and102dB DR using a second-order mis-match-shaping DAC,”in Proc.IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conf.(CICC),Sep.2000,pp.17–20.[10]M.Dessouky and A.Kaiser,“Very low-voltage digital-audio16mod-ulator with88-dB dynamic range using local switch bootstrapping,”IEEE J.Solid-State Circuits,vol.36,no.3,pp.349–355,Mar.2001.[11]I.Mehr and D.Dalton,“A500-MSample/s,6-bit Nyquist-rate ADCfor disk-drive read-channel applications,”IEEE J.Solid-State Circuits,vol.34,no.7,pp.912–920,Jul.1999.[12]I.Mehr and L.Singer,“A55-mW,10-bit,40-Msample/s Nyquist-rateCMOS ADC,”IEEE J.Solid-State Circuits,vol.35,no.3,pp.318–325,Mar.2000.[13]R.T.Baird and T.S.Fiez,“Linearity enhancement of multibit16A/D and D/A converters using data weighted averaging,”IEEE Trans.Circuits Syst.II,Analog Digit.Signal.Process.,vol.42,pp.753–762,Dec.1995.[14]T.Christen,T.Burger,and Q.Huang,“A0.13 m CMOS EDGE/UMTS/WLAN tri-mode16ADC with092dB THD,”in Proc.IEEEISSCC Dig.Tech.Papers,Feb.2007,pp.240–241.[15]S.Kwon and F.Maloberti,“A14mW multi-bit16modulator with82dB SNR and86dB DR for ADSL2+,”in Proc.IEEE ISSCC Dig.Tech.Papers,Feb.2006,pp.161–162.[16]K.-S.Lee,S.Kwon,and F.Maloberti,“A5.4mW2-channel time-interleaved multi-bit16modulator with80dB SNR and85dB DRfor ADSL,”in Proc.IEEE ISSCC Dig.Tech.Papers,Feb.2006,pp.171–172.[17]Y.Fujimoto,Y.Kanazawa,P.Lo Re,and M.Miyamoto,“An80/100MS/s76.3/70.1dB SNDR16ADC for digital TV receivers,”in Proc.IEEE ISSCC Dig.Tech.Papers,Feb.2006,pp.76–77.[18]Y.Kanazawa,Y.Fujimoto,P.Lo Re,and M.Miyamoto,“A100-MS/s4-MHz bandwidth77.3-dB SNDR16ADC with a triple samplingtechnique,”in Proc.IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conf.(CICC),Sep.2006,pp.53–56.Kyehyung Lee(S’02–M’09)received the B.S.and M.S.degrees in physics from Seoul NationalUniversity,Seoul,Korea,in1991and1993,respec-tively.He received the Ph.D.degree in electricalengineering from Oregon State University,Corvallis,OR,in2008.From1993to1999,he was a Design Engineer atLG Semicon,Seoul,Korea,working on the devel-opment of16Mb to256Mb SDRAM.From2000to2002,he was a Senior Design Engineer at StelsysTelecom,where he was engaged in the transceiver de-sign for very high speed digital subscriber line(VDSL).During the summer of 2003,he was with Intel Circuit Research Labs,Hillsboro,OR,where he inves-tigated clocking scheme withfine tuning.In2008,he joined Conexant Systems, Newport Beach,CA,as a Senior Staff Engineer.His research interests include wideband low-power16data converters and mixed-signal integrated circuits for communication and signal processing.Dr.Lee received the Analog Devices Outstanding Student Designer Award in2008and was a recipient of the2008CGS/UMI Distinguished Dissertation Award at Oregon StateUniversity.Matthew ler(M’94)received the B.S.degreein electrical engineering from Purdue University,West Lafayette,IN,in1987and the M.S.degreein electrical engineering from Walden University(formerly NTU)in1996.He joined Motorola in1988as a member of theSecure Communications Division,where he workedon the development of custom integrated circuits foruse in encrypted voice radio products.In1994,hejoined Motorola’s Communications Research Labs,and since that time has been involved in the research and design of mixed-signal and RF integrated circuits with emphasis on data conversion and RF transceivers.He is currently a Senior Member of the Tech-nical Staff and manager in the Cellular Products Group of Freescale Semicon-ductor.He holds14patents,has several patents pending,and is the coauthor of a number of IEEE papers and one AES paper.。
用matlab建立传递函数模型
用matlab建立传递函数模型
建立传递函数模型是控制系统设计中的重要步骤之一。
在matlab 中，我们可以使用Transfer Function模块来建立传递函数模型。
本文将介绍如何使用matlab建立传递函数模型。
我们需要打开matlab软件，并在命令窗口中输入“tf”命令，即可打开Transfer Function模块。
在Transfer Function模块中，我们可以输入传递函数的分子和分母多项式系数，以建立传递函数模型。
例如，假设我们要建立一个传递函数模型为：
G(s) = (s+1)/(s^2+2s+1)
其中，s为复变量。
我们可以将分子和分母多项式系数输入到matlab中，如下所示：
num = [1 1];
den = [1 2 1];
其中，num表示分子多项式系数，den表示分母多项式系数。
输入完毕后，我们可以使用“tf”命令来建立传递函数模型，如下所示： G = tf(num, den);
建立完传递函数模型后，我们可以使用“step”命令来绘制系统的阶跃响应曲线，如下所示：
step(G);
绘制出的阶跃响应曲线如下图所示：
从图中可以看出，系统的阶跃响应曲线呈现出一定的超调量和振荡现象，这是由于系统的极点位置导致的。
如果需要改善系统的性能，我们可以通过调整传递函数的分子和分母多项式系数来改变系统的极点位置，从而达到优化系统性能的目的。
使用matlab建立传递函数模型是控制系统设计中的重要步骤之一。
通过建立传递函数模型，我们可以分析系统的性能特点，并通过调整传递函数的分子和分母多项式系数来改善系统的性能。
基岩版等价交换模组文件
基岩版等价交换模组文件【原创实用版】目录1.基岩版等价交换模组的概念2.模组的功能与特点3.模组的应用场景4.如何使用和安装模组文件5.模组文件的优缺点正文一、基岩版等价交换模组的概念基岩版等价交换模组（Equivalent Exchange Mod，简称 EEM）是一款基于 Minecraft 基岩版平台的模组，主要功能是实现物品的等价交换。
通过使用该模组，玩家可以轻松地在游戏中实现各种物品之间的自动兑换，为玩家提供便利的购物体验。
二、模组的功能与特点1.自动兑换：EEM 模组可以实现物品的自动兑换，当玩家在游戏中购买物品时，模组会自动查找玩家所需的兑换物品，并完成兑换。
2.物品价值平衡：模组内置了物品价值平衡功能，当某个物品的价值发生波动时，模组会自动调整物品的兑换比例，以保持物品价值的平衡。
3.支持多种交易方式：EEM 模组支持多种交易方式，如单向交易、双向交易、寄售等，满足玩家不同的交易需求。
4.灵活的配置选项：模组提供了丰富的配置选项，玩家可以根据自己的需求进行设置，以实现更加个性化的交易体验。
三、模组的应用场景1.商店：通过 EEM 模组，玩家可以在商店中设置自动兑换物品，为玩家提供便捷的购物体验。
2.交易广场：在交易广场中，玩家可以使用 EEM 模组实现快速、公平的物品交换。
3.服务器经济系统：模组可以应用于服务器的经济系统中，实现物品价值的自动平衡，维护服务器经济的稳定。
四、如何使用和安装模组文件1.准备工具：在安装 EEM 模组之前，需要先安装 Minecraft 基岩版游戏，并准备好适用于基岩版的模组管理器，如 BDS（Blockly Dungeons Server）。
2.下载模组文件：在模组作者的官网或 Minecraft 社区论坛等地下载 EEM 模组的 JAR 文件。
3.安装模组：打开 BDS 或其他模组管理器，将下载好的 EEM 模组JAR 文件导入到管理器中，然后启动游戏。
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Ping JU pju@
Xiaoping ZHANG x.p.zhang@
Yuqing JIN jyq16@
Dan XU 1303859514@
Michael STERLING mike@
J. Mod. Power Syst. Clean Energy (2019) 7(3):549–557 https:///10.1007/s40565-018-0410-8
Transfer function based equivalent modeling method for wind farm
1 College of Energy and Electrical Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
2 Department of Electronic, Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmideling method for the WF is proposed. During modeling, the detailed structure and parameters of the WF are not required. The objective of the method is reproducing the output dynamics of the WF under the variation of the wind speed and power grid faults. A decoupled parameter-estimation strategy is also developed to estimate the parameters of the equivalent model. A WF that consists of 16 WTs is used to test the proposed equivalent model. Additionally, the proposed equivalent modeling method is applied to build the equivalent model for a real WF in Northwest China. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by the real measurement data.
Feng WU1 , Junxia QIAN1, Ping JU1, Xiaoping ZHANG2, Yuqing JIN1, Dan XU1, Michael STERLING2
Abstract To effectively study the dynamics of power systems with large-scale wind farms (WFs), an equivalent model needs to be developed. It is well known that back-toback converters and their controllers are important for the dynamic responses of the wind turbine (WT) under disturbances. However, the detailed structure and parameters of the back-to-back converters and their controllers are usually unknown to power grid operators. Hence, it is difficult to build an accurate equivalent model for the WF using the component model-based equivalent modeling method. In this paper, a transfer function based equivalent
Keywords Wind farm, Equivalent modeling, Transfer function, Parameter estimation, Particle swarm optimization
1 Introduction
Wind energy generation is developing very quickly. Many large-scale wind farms (WFs) have been integrated into the power grid, and they have had significant impact on the operation of the power grid [1]. The model of the WF is a major factor in evaluation; however, it has been widely recognized that it is inefficient to model each wind turbine (WT) in the WF in the dynamic simulation of the power grid integrated with large-scale WFs. Hence, the equivalent model of the WF needs to be built to improve the efficiency of the simulation [2].
CrossCheck date: 12 March 2018
Received: 28 July 2017 / Accepted: 12 March 2018 / Published online: 7 May 2018 Ó The Author(s) 2018 & Feng WU
wufeng@