sci写作经典课程

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4.Choosing a topic that should have practical value: coming from practice and back to practice. 5. Choosing a topic that free from the author’s personal bias or preference. e.g. Albert Einstein---My Favorite Scientist It’s a good topic for a general essay but not suitable for objective academic writing in a research field.
Steps to successful writing:
Step1. Preparation: choosing a topic
Part A: steps to successful writing of a research paper
Step2. Research: collecting information
Step 1:
Step3. Organization: analyzing the information, organizing ideas, and working out an outline Step4. Writing the first draft Step5. Revision: revising the draft and finalizing it.
3. Formal grammar
• •
• Avoid contractions • Limit the use of “and so forth” and “etc”
These special tax laws have been enacted in six states: Illinois, Iowa, Ohio, etc. These special tax laws have been enacted in six states, including Illinois, Iowa and Ohio. （better） Small animals (e.g. rats, gerbils) were used in the study.
Formal
commence profound fortunate terminate proceed
Common begin deep lucky end continue
elevate gratuitous explicit identical erudite endeavor eccentric
set up----establish push into---insert think about---consider take away---remove join together---combine use up---consume/exhaust push away—repel look into---investigate go up and down—fluctuate go up---increase
Part B: the style of academic writing
Definition of style : In a research paper or legal document, most sentences are long, with special terms difficult for ordinary people to understand. The special feature like this in language is a matter of style.
2011/1/24
Unit One : An Overview of Effective writing
Academic Writing
Part A: steps to successful writing of a research paper Part B: the style of academic writing Objectivity: Helping students know the five steps of writing a research paper successfully and the style of academic writing.
raise unnecessary clear same learned try strange, queer
* formal adjectives and adverbs e.g. a lot of----many-------several, various, numerous (informal) (less informal) (formal) without---in the absence of not as good as----inferior to sometimes---occasionally before this---previously in the end---eventually a little---slightly today---nowadays/at present all right for---suitable for without stopping---unceasingly
Step 3: Step 4: Step 5:
Organization writing the first draft Revision:
* check your draft for accuracy and completeness * check your draft for unity, coherence and transition * check your draft for clarity * check your draft for style
• Use the more appropriate formal negative forms
not…much- - little not…many- - few e.g. The analysis did not yield any new results. The analysis yielded no new results. not…any--no
Neutral or Average work
small exploratory traditional preliminary modest simple
Poor work
flawed unsatisfactory restricted thin sloppy
2. Active and Passive Voice e.g. I carried out an experiment to investigate the effect of light on plant growth. An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of light on plant growth.
choosing a topic
Some suggestions for choosing a topic: 1. Choosing a topic that interests you. 2. Choosing a topic on which you can find sufficient materials. 3. Choosing a topic that is neither too general nor too narrow. e.g. US Foreign Policy ——> Bush’s China Policy ——> Bush’s China Policy in Economy Elizabethan’s Drama ——>Shakespeare’s Tragedies — —>Hamlet ——>On Hamlet’s Insanity
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speed up----accelerate throw back---reflect breathe in---inhale find out----discover hang up---suspend spread out—diffuse get rid of---eliminate pass on---transmit/transfer cut down---reduce help out---assist
Some formal adjectives in research papers:
Positive work
important innovative careful significant interesting elegant rigorous unusual impressive remarkable accurate
Step Two :
Finding and Evaluating Material
Finding materials: locating/gathering the most promising sources Evaluating materials: evaluating then to determine which ones are useful, eliminating those that are out of date, unreliable, or that lead away from the topic
Five sources of information are available to you: 1. websites on Internet 2. libraries 3. personal interviews 4. written questionnaires 5. your own background knowledge and current magazine ,newspaper articles.