geololgical engineering ppt演讲图文.ppt16
高教社Gngineering 土木工程地质教学课件2 第二章 Minerals and Rocks
Streak is a color of the mineral powder formed when a mineral is crushed on an unglazed porcelain tile (called as streak plate).
The form of halite crystal. (a) Model of the atomic structure of halite (modified from Carlson et al., 2011); (b) A hand sample of halite crystals with cubic form.
4 Metamorphic rocks
1 Minerals
A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic, crystalline solid that has a specific chemical composition. “Naturally occurring” tells that a mineral is naturally formed in geological processes. Synthetic quartz, similar as natural quartz, is not a true mineral because it is formed artificially. “Inorganic” means that a mineral cannot be the complex hydrocarbon molecules. “Crystalline solid” shows a mineral can only be the solid, and it has a regular and three-dimensional repeating pattern arranged by its atoms, ions, or molecules. A mineral has a specific chemical composition clearly showing its elements and chemical proportion generally described by a chemical formula.
地质工程专业英语
1地形地貌geographic and geomorphic工程地质条件engineering geological conditions地形地貌条件geographic and geomorphic conditions 地形land form地貌geomorphology, relief微地貌microrelief地貌单元landform unit, geomorphic unit坡度grade地形图relief map河谷river valley河道river course河床river bed(channel)冲沟gully, gulley, erosion gully,stream(brook)河漫滩floodplain(valley flat)阶地terrace冲积平原alluvial plain三角洲delta古河道fossil river course, fossil stream channel冲积扇alluvial fan洪积扇diluvial fan坡积裙talus apron分水岭divide盆地basin岩溶地貌karst land feature, karst landform溶洞solution cave, karst cave落水洞sinkhole土洞Karstic earth cave2地层岩性地层geostrome (stratum, strata)岩性lithologic character, rock property岩体rock mass岩层bed stratum岩层layer, rock stratum母岩matrix, parent rock相变facies change硬质岩strong rock, film软质岩weak rock硬质的competent软质的incompetent基岩bedrock岩组petrofabric覆盖层overburden交错层理cross bedding层面bedding plane片理schistosity层理bedding板理（叶理）foliation波痕ripple-mark泥痕mud crack雨痕raindrop imprints造岩矿物rock-forming minerals 粘土矿物clay mineral高岭土kaolinite蒙脱石montmorillonite伊利石illite云母mica白云母muscovite黑云母biotite石英quartz长石feldspar正长石orthoclase斜长石plagioclase辉石pyroxene, picrite角闪石hornblende方解石calcite构造structure结构texture组构fabric(tissue)矿物组成mineral composition结晶质crystalline非晶质amorphous产状attitude火成岩igneous岩浆岩magmatic rock火山岩（熔岩）lava火山volcano侵入岩intrusive(invade) rock 喷出岩effusive rock深成岩plutonic rock浅成岩pypabysal rock酸性岩acid rock中性岩inter-mediate rock基性岩basic rock超基性岩ultrabasic rock岩基rock base (batholith)岩脉（墙）dike岩株rock stock岩流rock flow岩盖rock laccolith (laccolite) 岩盆rock lopolith岩墙rock dike岩床rock sill岩脉vein dyke花岗岩granite斑岩porphyry玢岩porphyrite流纹岩rhyolite正长岩syenite粗面岩trachyte闪长岩diorite安山岩andesite辉长岩gabbro玄武岩basalt细晶岩aplite伟晶岩pegmatite煌斑岩lamprophyre辉绿岩diabase橄榄岩dunite黑曜岩obsidian浮岩pumice火山角砾岩vulcanic breccia火山集块岩volcanic agglomerate凝灰岩tuff沉积岩sedimentary rock碎屑岩clastic rock粘土岩clay rock粉砂质粘土岩silty claystone化学岩chemical rock生物岩biolith砾岩conglomerate角砾岩breccia砂岩sandstone石英砂岩quartz sandstone粉砂岩siltstone钙质粉砂岩calcareous siltstone泥岩mudstone页岩shale盐岩saline石灰岩limestone白云岩dolomite泥灰岩marl泥钙岩argillo-calcareous泥砂岩argillo-arenaceous砂质arenaceous泥质argillaceous硅质的siliceous有机质organic matter粗粒coarse grain中粒medium-grained沉积物sediment (deposit)漂石、顽石boulder卵石cobble砾石gravel砂sand粉土silt粘土clay粘粒clay grain砂质粘土sandy clay粘质砂土clayey sand壤土、亚粘土loam砂壤土、亚砂土轻亚粘土sandy loam浮土、表土regolith (topsoil)黄土loess红土laterite泥灰peat软泥ooze淤泥mire, oozed mud, sludge, warp clay 冲积物（层）alluvion冲积的alluvial 洪积物（层）proluvium, diluvium, diluvion洪积的 diluvial坡积物（层） deluvium残积物（层） eluvium残积的eluvial风积物（层） eolian deposits湖积物（层） lake deposits海积物（层） marine deposits冰川沉积物（层）glacier (drift)deposits崩积物（层）colluvial deposits, colluvium残积粘土residual clay变质岩metamorphic rock板岩slate千枚岩phyllite片岩schist片麻岩gneiss石英岩quartzite大理岩marble糜棱岩mylonite混合岩migmatite碎裂岩cataclasite3地质构造地质构造geologic structure结构构造structural texture大地构造geotectonic构造运动tectogenesis造山运动orogeny升降运动vertical movement水平运动horizontal movement完整性perfection(integrity)起伏度waviness尺寸效应size effect围压效应confining pressure effect产状要素elements of attitude产状attitude, orientation走向strike倾向dip倾角dip angle, angle of dip褶皱fold褶曲fold单斜monocline向斜syncline背斜anticline穹隆dome挤压squeeze上盘upper section下盘bottom wall, footwall, lower wall 断距separation相交intersect断层fault正断层normal fault逆断层reversed fault平移断层parallel fault层理bedding, stratification微层理light stratification地堑graben地垒horst, fault ridge断层泥gouge, pug, selvage, fault gouge 擦痕stria, striation断裂fracture破碎带fracture zone节理joint节理组joint set裂隙fissure, crack微裂隙fine fissure, microscopic fissure劈理cleavage原生裂隙original joint次生裂隙epigenetic joint张裂隙tension joint剪裂隙shear joint卸荷裂隙relief crack裂隙率fracture porosity结构类型structural pattern岩体结构rock mass structure岩块block mass结构体structural element块度blockness结构面structural plane软弱结构面weak plane临空面free face碎裂结构cataclastic texture板状结构platy structure薄板状lamellose块状的lumpy, massive层状的laminated巨厚层giant thick-laminated薄层状的finely laminated软弱夹层weak intercalated layer夹层inter bedding,intercalated bed, interlayer, intermediate layer 夹泥层clayey intercalation夹泥inter-clay连通性connectivity切层insequent影响带affecting zone完整性integrity n.Integrate v. & a.degree of integrality破碎crumble胶结cement泥化argillization尖灭taper-out错动diastrophism错动层面faulted bedding plane断续的intermittent破碎crumble共轭节理conjugated joint散状loose 透镜状的lens-shaped a.岩石碎片crag岩屑cuttings, debris薄膜membrane, film层理stratification高角度high dip angle缓倾角low dip angle反倾anti-dip互层interbed v.Interbedding n.起伏的unplanar波状起伏的undulate, undulating粒径particle size构造层tectonosphere挤压compression均一的homogeneous剪切错动面shear faulted, bedding zone切割dissection切割的dissected致密close, compact构造岩tectonite糜棱岩mylonite断层角砾岩fault breccia方解石脉calcite vein碎块岩clastic rock角砾breccia岩粉rock powder岩屑debris, debry固结consolidation定向排列oriented spread构造应力tectonic stress残余应力residual stress4水文地质条件hydrogeological conditions 水文循环hydrologic cycle大气圈atmosphere水圈hydrosphere岩石圈geosphere地表径流surface runoff地下径流subsurface runoff流域valley, drainage basin流域面积drainage area, river basin area 汇水面积catchment area地下水ground water, subsurface water 地表水surface water大气水atmospheric water气态水aqueous (vapour) water液态水liquid water固态水solid water上层滞水perched water潜水phreatic water承压水confined water吸着水hygroscopic (adsorptive) water 介质medium空隙void孔隙水压力pore water pressure渗透压力osmotic pressure, seepage force扬压力uplift pressure静水压力hydrostatic pressure外静水压力external hydrostatic pressure动水压力hydrodynamic pressure渗透力seepage pressure外水压力external water pressure内水压力internal water pressure水力联系hydraulic interrelation水力折减系数hydraulic reduction coefficient水头损失water head loss渗透途径filtration path, seepage path渗透系数penetration coefficient潜水位water table level水位water level, stage level水头water head含水层aquifer弱含水层（弱透水层）aquitard滞水层aquiclude透水层permeable layer, pervious layer不透水层（隔水层）aquifuge, impervious layer,impermeable layer, aquiclude潜水含水层phreatic aquifer承压含水层confined aquifer, artesian aquifer承压面bearing surface潜水面phreatic surface, water table浸润线phreatic curve不透水边界impervious boundary地下分水岭groundwater ridge粘滞性viscosity富水性abundance透水性（渗透性）permeability淋滤（溶滤作用）lixiviation, leaching反滤层inverted gravel filter水锈incrustation渗滴seep饱和saturation, saturated潜水位变化带zone of variable phreatic level气象因素meteorological factor饱水带zone of saturation包气带aeration zone, zone of aeration包气带水aeration zone water上层滞水perched water孔隙水pore water裂隙水fissure water岩溶水karstic water结合水bound water, combined water吸着水hydroscopic water薄膜水pellicular water毛细水capillary water重力水gravitational water凝结水condensation water地下水埋藏条件condition of groundwater occurrence 地下水埋藏深度depth of groundwater occurrence 压水试验packer permeability test抽水试验pumping test5物理力学性质物理力学physical mechanics n.Physico-mechanical a.屈服准则yield criteria米赛斯屈服准则Von Mises yield criteria朗肯土压力理论Ranking’s earth pressure theory 剑桥模型Cambridge model, Cam-model邓肯-张模型Duncan-chang model本构方程constitutive equation局部剪切破坏 local shear failure整体剪切破坏 general shear failure岩体完整性指数intactness index of rock mass安全系数factor of safety埋深embedment depth试件coupons挠度deflection里氏震级Richter scale设计烈度design intensity基本烈度basic intensity场地烈度site intensity地震烈度seismic intensity, intensity scale卓越周期predominant period持力层sustained yield超载surcharge围岩压力surrounding rock stress附加压力superimposed stress应力松弛stress relaxation应力路迳stress path卸荷unload渗透率specific permeability饱和度degree of saturation含水量moisture content平均粒径mean diameter颗粒grain, granule, particle颗粒级配distribution of grain-size,grain composition, size distribution级配graduation,grain-size distribution, gradation, grading 粒度coarseness grain size, granularity, lump不均匀系数coefficient of non-uniformity,variation coefficient, variation factor颗粒分级gradation, size grading孔隙水pore water孔隙比void ratio (ration)空隙率air voids孔隙率porosity裂隙率crackity溶隙率karstity密度density重度unit weight, bulk weight浮重度buoyant unit weight折减系数reduction factor压力消散dissipation of pressure抗力系数coefficient of resistance软化系数softening coefficient含水量water content稠度consistency塑限plastic limit液限liquid limit塑性指数plasticity index液性指数liquidity index流变rheological蠕变creep塑性plastic脆性brittleness(fragility)粘性stickness刚性rigidity弹性的elastic粘弹性viso-elasticity弹塑性elasto-plasticity压缩性compressibility均质性homogeneity非均质性nonhomogeneity (heterogeneity) 各向同性isotropy各向异性anisotropy总应力total stress有效应力effective stress超孔隙水压力excess pore pressure孔隙水压力pore water pressure抗压强度compressive strength抗拉强度tensile strength抗剪强度shear strength不排水抗剪强度undrained shear strenght峰值抗剪强度 peak share strength长期抗剪强度 long-term shear strength残余抗剪强度 residual shear strength负摩擦力negative skin friction, dragdown 摩擦角angle of friction内摩擦角angle of internal friction外摩擦角angle of external friction内聚力cohesion粘聚力cohesion假凝聚力pseudo-cohesion粘着力adhesion摩尔圆Mohr’s circle包络线envelope休止角angle of repose,angle of friction(repose, rest), repose angle峰值peak模量modulus弹性模量modulus of elasticity，Young’s modulus, elastic modulus压缩模量modulus of compressibility 变形模量modulus of deformation卸荷模量unloading modulus切线模量tangent modulus剪切模量shear modulus割线模量secant modulus旁压模量pressurmeter modulus泊松比poisson’s ration固结consolidation固结系数coefficient of consolidation固结度degree of consolidation超固结比over consolidation ration应变strain压缩比compressibility ratio压缩系数coefficient of compressibility压缩指数compression index初始曲线virgin curve正常固结土normally consolidated soil欠固结土under-consolidated soil超固结土over-consolidated soil被动土压力passive earth pressure主动土压力active earth pressure静止土压力earth pressure at rest覆盖压力overburden pressure初始应力initial stress地应力场ground(geostatic) stress field有效应力effective stress动应力dynamic stress动荷载dynamic load偏心荷载eccentric loads循环荷载inclined loads地应力ground stress, geostatic stress初始应力initial stress应力场stress field纵波longitudinal wave液化势liquefaction potential液化指数liquefaction index交角angular岩石抗力系数 coefficient of rock resistance容许承载力allowable bearing capacity临塑压力critical pressure接触压力contact pressure6工程地质问题工程地质问题engineering geological problem 定性评价qualitative estimate定量评价quantitative estimate极限平衡法limit equilibrium method不良地质现象unfavorable geological condition 风化weathering变形deformation位移displacement不均匀位移differential movement相对位移relative displacement沉陷settlement山崩avalanche, toppling崩塌toppling, toppling collapse滑坡、地滑creep, slide切层滑坡insequent landslide深层滑坡deep slide浅层滑坡shallow slide顺层滑坡consequent landslide滑动面sliding surface, sliding plane, slip surface滑动带sliding zone滑床slide bed滑坡体slide(sliding) mass古滑坡fossil landslide推移式滑坡slumping slide牵引式滑坡retrogressive slide管涌piping, internal erosion渗漏leakage流砂quicksand渗流seepage液化liquefaction7工程勘察engineering investigation工程地质勘察 engineering geology investigation岩土工程勘察 geotechnical investigation工程地质条件 engineering geological condition工程地质评价 engineering geological evaluation勘测survey岩芯采取率core recovery, core extraction岩芯获得率RQD（岩石质量指标）rock quality designation程序（步骤） procedure勘察阶段investigational stage选点踏勘reconnaissance初步设计primary design初步规划preliminary scheme初步勘探preliminary prospecting初步踏勘ground reconnaissance可行性研究阶段feasibility stage初步设计阶段 preliminary stage施工阶段construction sage踏勘reconnaissance, inspection地质测绘geological survey工程地质测绘 engineering geological mapping钻探borehole operation, boring物探geophysical exploration洞探exploratory adits钎探rod sounding坑探exploring mining槽探trenching天然建材调查natural materials surveying (examination)岩土工程勘察报告geotechnical investigation report 鉴定identification, appraisal鉴定书expertise report鉴定人identifier, surveyor 校核verification总监chief inspector比例proportion地形图geographic map地貌图geomorphological map地质图geological map工程地质图engineering geological map实测地质剖面图field-acquired geological profile(section) 构造地质图geological structure map第四纪地质图quarternary geological map地质详图detail map of geology地质柱状图geologic columnar section, geologic log钻孔柱状图logs of bore hole纵剖面图longitudinal section横剖面图cross section展示图reveal detail map节理玫瑰图rose of joints基岩等高线bed rock contour层底等高线contour of stratum bottom岩层界线strata boundary岩面高程elevation of bed rock surface坐标coordinate分层bed separation地质点geological observation point勘探点exploratory point (spot)勘探线exploratory line勘探孔exploration hole平洞adit竖井riser, shaft, vertical shaft探槽exploratory trench探井exploratory pit钻孔borehole, drill hole机钻孔ordinary drill hole套钻孔sleeve drill hole管钻孔pipe drill hole岩芯core岩芯钻探core drilling回转钻探（进）rotary drilling冲击钻探churn drilling, percussion drilling钢砂钻探shot drilling铁砂钻进iron shot drilling跟管钻进follow-down drilling振动钻进vibro-boring, vibro-drilling泥浆钻探mud flush drilling金刚石钻进diamond drilling单动式single acting双层double layer空气钻探air flush drilling钻机drilling rig钻头drill bit, drilling bit螺旋钻头auger勺钻spoon bit冲击钻头percussion bit, chopping bit桶式钻头bucket auger钻杆drill rod套管casing岩芯管core barrel冲洗掖flush fluid正循环冲洗direct circulation反循环冲洗reverse circulation泥浆mud, slurry泥皮mud cake护壁dado止水seal, water seal扫孔cleaning bottom of hole钻进drilling平硐adit竖井shaft钻探drilling boring8工程地质试验击实试验compaction test压缩试验compression test固结试验consolidation test单轴试验uniaxial compression test现场剪切试验in-situ shear test单剪试验simple shear test直剪试验direct shear test慢剪试验slow test单剪试验simple shear test快剪试验quick test三轴剪切试验triaxial shear test三轴压缩试验triaxial compression test动三轴试验dynamic triaxial test不固结不排水剪试验unconsolidated undrained test(quick test)固结不排水剪试验consolidated undrained test(consolidated quick test)固结排水试验consolidated drained test(slow test) 原位测试in-situ test现场监测on-site(in-site) monitoring现场检测on-site (in-site) inspection观测孔observation borehole静力触探试验cone penetration test,static penetration test, static cone test 标贯试验standard penetration test十字板剪切试验vane shear test, vane test检层法up-hole method, borehole method旁压试验pressuremeter test动力触探试验dynamic penetration test, dynamic sounding点荷载试验point load test岩石试验rock test应力解除法stress relief method应力恢复法stress recovery method 套孔法over-coring method9岩土体加固掌子面breast, driving face,heading face, tunnel face顶拱vault底拱invert洞室开挖excavation超挖overbreak风钻pneumatic drill开挖断面excavated section塌落slump细骨料混凝土 concrete made with fine aggregate细骨料fine aggregate, fine adjustment料场stock ground土料earth material矿渣cinder, mineral water residue, scoria, slag性能function, performance, property, nature凝结coagulate, congeal, congealment, coagulation 合格qualified, on test, up to standard初凝initial set初凝时间initial setting time终凝final set配合比mix proportion塌落度slump水化热heat of hydration,hydration heat, setting heat水灰比water-cement ratio粉煤灰fly ash梅花状quincuncial pattern喷射shotcrete浇注pouring钢筋网coiremesh加固reinforce锚杆anchored bar, rock bolt锚索anchored cable锚紧端anchor station锚桩anchored peg采石场rock quarry开挖excavation清基cleanup foundation明挖open-cut爆破explosion光面爆破smooth blasting预裂法presplitting10 水工概论坝址toe of dam坝踵heel坝段monolith坝顶crest坝肩shoulders左坝肩left dam abutment副坝saddle dam三坝址the third dam site标高height mark上游水位headwater正常库水位normal reservoir level地下洞室underground opening (tunnel)压力隧洞pressure tunnel无压隧洞gravity tunnel交通洞access tunnel灌浆洞grouting tunnel明流洞free-flow tunnel孔板洞orifice tunnel排砂洞sediment tunnel尾水洞tailrace tunnel排水洞drainage tunnel导流洞diversion tunnel隧道tunnel围岩surrounding rock, ambient rock围岩应力secondary stress static应力集中stress concentrate覆盖层over burden冒顶cave in, roof fall底鼓bottom heave回弹rebound岩爆rock burst冻结法freezing method超载over break衬砌lining围堰cofferdam堤dike近坝岸坡abutments施工（收缩）缝construction joint心墙core截水墙cutoff wall防渗墙diaphragm wall排水井drainage wells排水幕drainage curtain减压井relief wells反滤层filter zone灌浆材料grout水力劈裂hydraulic fracturing帷幔线curtain line上游围堰upstream cofferdam混凝土防渗墙 concrete cutoff wall截流interim completion导水墙channel training wall正常溢洪道渠首工程service spillway headwork 消力塘lined plunge pool隔墙divider walls混凝土护坦concrete apron副厂房auxiliary power house闸门室gate chamber中闸室mid gate chamber开关站switch yard电梯井elevator shaft尾水渠tail race非常溢洪道emergency spillway 11桥梁及基础工程江阴大桥Jiangyin Bridge悬索桥suspension bridge锚碇anchorage重力式嵌岩锚gravity socketed anchorage北锚碇前（后）锚面front(back) surface of northern anchorage 塔墩tower墩pier散索鞍splay saddle猫道footbridge主缆main cable索股cable strand主鞍main saddle, tower saddle主跨main span边跨side span引桥approach钢箱梁steel box main girder埋深embedment depth北塔墩基础north tower base基础foundation, footing浅基础shallow foundation深基础deep foundation联合基础combined footing筏形基础raft(mat) foundation钢模steel form桩pile基桩foundation pile群桩pile groups桩基础pile foundation桩承台pile cap高桩承台high-rise pile cap低桩承台buried pile cap摩擦桩friction pile端承桩end bearing pile嵌岩桩socketed pile板桩sheet pile旋喷桩jet-grouted pile灌注桩cast-in-place pile沉管灌注桩driven cast-in-place pile支护桩soldier piles, tangent piles刚性桩rigid pile柔性桩flexible pile侧向受荷桩laterally loaded pile轴向受荷桩axially loaded pile预制桩precast concrete pile振动打桩vibratory pile driving振动钻进vibratory drilling沉箱caisson沉井（沉箱） (open) caisson地下连续墙diaphragm wall, slurry wall支撑bracing超载surcharge接触应力contact pressure井点降水well-point dewatering桩极限承载力ultimate bearing capacity of pile承载力bearing capacity阻力resistance桩端阻力end resistance表面摩擦力skin friction粘着系数adhesion factor负摩擦力negative skin friction安全系数factor of safety压缩层compressed layer附加应力additional stress, superimposed stress 持力层bearing layer, sustaining layer地基土foundation soil, subsoil临塑压力critical pressure剪切破坏shear failure地基失效foundation failure冲剪破坏punching failure渐进破坏progressive failure容许荷载allowable load极限承载力ultimate bearing capacity沉降settlement沉降差differential settlement尾部倾斜angular distortion倾斜tilting坑底隆起bottom heave静止土压力earth pressure at rest稳定数stability number路堤embankment地基处理ground treatment soil improvement 垫层cushion加固stabilization注浆injection灌浆guniting帷幕curtain挡土墙retaining wall锚固anchoring喷浆guniting锚杆earth anchor盲沟French drain振冲法vibro jet12监测仪器观测孔observation bore/hole仪器观测instrumentation读数装置readout device传感器transducer探头probe压力盒pressure cell振弦式应变计vibrating wire strain gauge伸长计、变位计extension meter板式沉降仪foundation base/pate测斜仪inclinometer测压计，渗压计piezometer垂线plumb垂直度plumbness 13安全监控可靠性检查reliability checking监控模型monitoring and prediction model 监测monitoring资料datum, data可靠性reliability稳定性stability安全safety评估evaluation, appraise评定assessment, assess, rate评价准则criterion灾害hazard, calamity确定性方法论Deterministic methodology应急行动计划EAP(emergency action plan)事故accident紧急状态emergency紧急检查emergency inspection灾情等级hazard classification灾害评价hazard evaluation风险评估risk assessment静力（Static Analysis）动力（Dynamic Analysis）蠕变（Creep Material Model）渗流（Fluid-mechanical Interaction）热力学（Thermal Option）headward erosion溯源侵蚀scouring of levee or bank淘刷strongly weathered siliceous rock mass with quasi-lamellarweakly weathered siliceous rock mass withquasi-lamellarof continually aftershocks of 7 or 8-degree intensityEvidently 明显的Correspondingly adv. ?相应地; 相关地; 相同地the hanging wall of triggering seismic fault oblique~bedding bank slope。
价值工程分析培训讲义
对国际名声影响大（航空发动机）、产 量高（家电）、工艺复杂（芯片）、工艺 落后（三通管接头）、原材料消耗大（重 型自由锻钢件）、废品率高（异形注塑件） 的产品。
PPT文档演模板
价值工程分析培训讲义
1．价值工程对象选择原则
1.2 从设计角度考虑： 结构复杂（钟、表）、性能差（橡胶
3.2功能不变，成本降低。 F→ —— ＝V↑ C↓
如：彩电功能不变，成本降低。空调功能不 变，成本降低。
PPT文档演模板
价值工程分析培训讲义
三．什么是价值工程的基本原理？
3.4 成本略有提高，功能大幅度提高。 ↑ F↑ —— ＝V↑ C↑
如：摩托车增加转向灯、里程表、电喇 叭、油量计，成本略有增加，但产 品增加4项功能，顾客欢迎。
2001年2月，台湾价值管理协（VMIT）
PPT文档演模板
价值工程分析培训讲义
二．什么是价值工程？什么是价值工程三要素？
1．价值工程——VE、VA及VEA是价值工程 在不同发展时期的名称，本讲义选用VE。价 值工程是二十一世纪四大质量工程技术之 一，属于技术经济学范畴，定义之一为：
以最低的总成本，可靠地实现产品或作 业的必要功能，着重于功能分析的有组织的 活动。
考察团赴美考察，开始知道并向日本产业 界介绍价值工程。
1960年，日本经济不景气，产业界才 开始注重并推行价值工程。
PPT文档演模板
价值工程分析培训讲义
2．普及和发展
1975年，据调查，企业价值工程普及率 达84.5％。企业中，专职价值工程师外，大 多数工程技术人员会应用价值工程方法。松 下公司甚至达到80％。
2．为什么说从价值形成时就进行价值分析活动， 才可以获得最大的经济效益？
高等土力学l课件剑桥模型课件
总结与展望
1 应用前景
剑桥模型ppt课件将会在教育、企业培训等领 域得到广泛应用。
2 发展趋势
剑桥模型ppt课件将更加注重移动端适配、用 户体验和数据可视化等方面的发展。
感谢致辞
感谢各位参与本次剑桥模型ppt课件的学习，希望能够为您提t课件的使用技巧
引人入胜
使用生动的图像和动画，吸 引受众的注意力。
简短扼要
文字内容要简洁明了，结合 图像进行信息展示。
互动体验
增加互动元素，引导受众积 极参与，并提供反馈机制。
案例展示
1
成功案例分享
展示使用剑桥模型ppt课件取得成功的案例，分析其设计要点和效果。
2
错误案例分析
分析使用剑桥模型ppt课件出现的错误和不当设计，并提出改进建议。
2 舒适阅读
剑桥模型ppt课件应选择适合的字体和颜色，提供良好的阅读体验。
3 重点突出
剑桥模型ppt课件应通过排版、颜色等手段，突出重点和关键信息。
剑桥模型ppt课件的制作步骤
准备
明确目标和受众，收集素材和 数据。
设计
选择合适的模板，排版内容， 添加图像和动画。
编辑
优化内容表达，精细调整动画 效果。
剑桥模型ppt课件的特点
生动性
剑桥模型ppt课件能够利用图像和动画等元素，提高课件内容的生动性。
互动性
剑桥模型ppt课件可以增加互动元素，使受众积极参与和互动。
可视化
剑桥模型ppt课件以图像和动画等可视化元素为主要表现形式，增强了信息的传达效果。
剑桥模型ppt课件的设计原则
1 简洁明了
剑桥模型ppt课件应简洁明了，突出主题，避免信息过载。
高等土力学课件剑桥模型ppt 课件
土木工程专业英语PPT课件
also determine the combination of appropriate materials: steel,
最终版高等土力学(李广信)3.1-概述.ppt
.精品课件.
3
3.1.1 研究历史
c tg f
1.1776年，库仑（Coulomb)公式：
2.1900年，莫尔(Mohr):
f ( )
f
n
3.土的抗剪强度f是作用在其破坏面 上的正应力n的单值函数
4.广义密塞斯（Mises）和广义屈雷斯卡（Tresca）
5.现代的强度理论：破坏是应力应变关系的最后 状态：包括在本构关系模型之内
8
厚壁筒内压破坏（内压为
面力pi>p0 ）
内壁点a与外壁点b必须同时达
到强度线，试样才会破坏-部分
土体达到强度（屈服），并不
一定整体破坏。
弹－完全塑性模型 弹塑性模型计
计算的应课扩件. 张的受力与应力路径 9
分布
随 着
土的应变软化
内
p
筒
的
压
力
增
加
v 压力与内筒的体变
第3章 土的强度
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第3章 土的强度
3.1 概述 3.2 土的抗剪强度的机理 3.3 土的强度与土的物理性质 3.4 影响土的强度外部因素 3.5 土的排水与不排水强度 3.6 土的强度理论 3.7 粘性土的抗拉强度
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3.1 概述
3.1.1 研究历史 3.1.2 土的强度的特点 3.1.3 土的屈服、强度和土体破坏 3.1.4 测定土强度的试验方法
1）破坏是应力体变过程的最后阶段，这时微小 的应力增量将会引起很大的，或者不可控制的 应变增量；
2）土的破坏主要是剪切破坏； 3）有时用应力比和应力差判断破坏是不一致的。
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断裂 峰值强度
道路工程双语课件于玲
第一章总论(Introduction)How fast time flies, now you are the third year university students (junior college student)! Is that right?I have the honor to be your road engineering teacher in this term, our task is to study road engineering. I wish that we can successfully finish the study of this course through our joint efforts and cooperation.As we know, the road engineering is one of the mains course of the road engineering direction of civil engineering. Because the concept of civil engineering has been widely broadened , it is necessary for the students of building engineering to understand this courses.In fact, the road engineering in our country has been developed rapidly in recent years, our country need a large number of scientific researcher, engineering designers, construction and management engineering technicians. So, in terms of market demands, road engineering is also a very important course.§1-1道路工程发展概况(the road engineering developing conditions)1 发展历史 (history)** beginning with the Shang Dynasty (开始于商代)（natural-soil road for carriage or walking for human）** initial developing stage20世纪—1949（公路13万公里）--初步发展阶段**stable developing stage1949—1980---稳定发展阶段**high speed developing stage1980---现在---高速公路飞速发展阶段2 道路工程的概念涉及道路工程（公路、城市道路、机场道路）的设计，道路材料，道路的施工养护管理的一门科学。