Variable_Speed_Constant_Frequency_Wind_Turbine_System论文
风电专业术语英文对照及解释
风电专业术语中英对照及解释经电气网小编整理，下面是有关风电的一些专业术语的英汉对照及解释，希望对各位有用哦。
1.风能 /wind energy 空气流动所具有的能量。
2.风能资源 /wind energy resources 大气沿地球表面流动而产生的动能资源。
3.空气的标准状态 /standard atmospheric state 空气的标准状态是指空气压力为101 325Pa，温度为15℃（或绝对288.15K），空气密度1.225kg/m 3 时的空气状态。
4.风速 /wind speed 空间特定点的风速为该点空气在单位时间内所流过的距离。
5.平均风速 /average wind speed 给定时间内瞬时风速的平均值。
6.年平均风速 /annual average wind speed 时间间隔为一整年的瞬时风速的平均值。
7.最大风速 /maximum wind speed 10分钟平均风速的最大值。
8.极大风速 /extreme wind speed 瞬时风速的最大值。
9.阵风 /gust 超过平均风速的突然和短暂的风速变化。
10.年际变化 /inter-annual variation 以30年为基数发生的变化。
风速年际变化是从第1年到第30年的年平均风速变化。
11.[风速或风功率密度]年变化 /annual variation 以年为基数发生的变化。
风速（或风功率变化）年变化是从1月到12月的月平均风速（或风功率密度）变化。
12.[风速或风功率密度]日变化 /diurnal variation 以日为基数发生的变化。
月或年的风速（或风功率密度）日变化是求出一个月或一年内，每日同一钟点风速（或风功率密度）的月平均值或年平均值，得到0点到23点的风速（或风功率密度）变化。
风切变 /wind shear 风速在垂直于风向平面内的变化。
13.风切变指数 /wind shear exponent 用于描述风速剖面线形状的幂定律指数。
风电专业术语
风电专业术语文件编码（008-TTIG-UTITD-GKBTT-PUUTI-WYTUI-8256）风电专业术语风能：wind energy 空气流动所具有的能量。
?[wind ?en?d?i]风能资源：wind energy resources 大气沿地球表面流动而产生的动能资源。
空气的标准状态：standard atmospheric state 空气的标准状态是指空气压力为101 325Pa，温度为15℃(或绝对，空气密度m 3 时的空气状态。
风速：wind speed 空间特定点的风速为该点空气在单位时间内所流过的距离。
平均风速：average wind speed 给定时间内瞬时风速的平均值。
年平均风速：annual average wind speed 时间间隔为一整年的瞬时风速的平均值。
最大风速：maximum wind speed 10分钟平均风速的最大值。
极大风速：extreme wind speed 瞬时风速的最大值。
阵风：gust 超过平均风速的突然和短暂的风速变化。
年际变化：inter-annual variation 以30年为基数发生的变化。
风速年际变化是从第1年到第30年的年平均风速变化。
[风速或风功率密度]：年变化：annual variation 以年为基数发生的变化。
风速(或风功率变化)年变化是从1月到12月的月平均风速(或风功率密度)变化。
[风速或风功率密度]：日变化：diurnal variation 以日为基数发生的变化。
月或年的风速(或风功率密度)日变化是求出一个月或一年内，每日同一钟点风速(或风功率密度)的月平均值或年平均值，得到0点到23点的风速(或风功率密度)变化。
风切变：wind shear 风速在垂直于风向平面内的变化。
风切变指数：wind shear exponent 用于描述风速剖面线形状的幂定律指数。
风速廓线：wind speed profile, wind shear law 又称“风切变律”，风速随离地面高度变化的数学表达式。
STM32固件库使用手册的中文翻译版
因为该固件库是通用的，并且包括了所有外设的功能，所以应用程序代码的大小和执行速度可能不是最优 的。对大多数应用程序来说，用户可以直接使用之，对于那些在代码大小和执行速度方面有严格要求的应 用程序，该固件库驱动程序可以作为如何设置外设的一份参考资料，根据实际需求对其进行调整。
1.3.1 变量 ................................................................................................................................................ 28 1.3.2 布尔型 ............................................................................................................................................ 28 1.3.3 标志位状态类型 ........................................................................................................................... 29 1.3.4 功能状态类型 .............................................................................................................
帆船术语英汉对照
帆船术语英汉对照帆船术语英汉对照2005-03-28 11:35:00 信息来源：华奥星空二、专业术语（一）规则用语帆船帆板竞赛规则非常每繁杂，在比赛中常执行的几项规则有：国际帆船竞赛规则: the Racing Rule of Sailing，英文简写为RRS.航行细则: the Sailing Instructions，英文简写为SIs.竞赛通则: the Notice of Race,英文简写为NoR.级别规则: the Class Rules.规则中所涉及到的术语也很多，下面将简要介绍一些常用词汇在前文中已经出现的就不再重复。
航行权：right of way 同舷风：same tack上风：windward 下风：leeward左舷：port 右舷：starboard改变航线：change course 两倍船长：two hull length推迟：postpone 放弃：abandon顺风换舷：gybing 障碍物：obstruction翻船：capsized 起航：start全部召回：general recall 个别召回：individual recall黑旗规则：black flag rule 碰标：touch the mark时间限制：time limit 摇帆：pumping补偿：redress 上诉：appeal（二）器材用语１、器材术语(Terms about equipment)船体：hull 板体：board稳向板：centerboard （帆板）稳向板：daggerboard尾鳍：fin 稳向板箱：centerboard case舵柄：rudder tiller 副舵柄：tiller extension桅杆：mast 帆杆：boom桅杆上截：upper mast 桅杆下截：lower mast前帆：jib 球形帆：spinnaker主缭绳：main sheet 前帆缭绳：jib sheet侧支索：shroud 侧支索撑臂：shroud spreader夹绳器：clam cleat 滑轮：block斜拉器：kicking strap 帆前角下拉索：cunningham后帆角（外拉）调整索：outhaul 后帆角（内拉）调整索：inhaul帆板前下角调整索：downhaul 桅杆加长杆：mast extension船艏：bow 船尾板：transom桅杆加长杆：mast extension 帆杆加长杆：boom extension万向节：universal joint 前甲板：fore deck后帆边：leach 前帆边：luff船底放水器：automatic bailer 风向线：tell tail２、其它器材及装备术语(Terms for other relevant equipment)干式保暧服：dry suit 湿式保暧服：wetsuit船拖车：trolley 船罩：boat cover防晒油：sun block 太阳镜：sun glass手套：glove 帽子：cap工具箱：tools box 冰简：ice box教练艇：coach boat 橡皮艇：rubber boat（三）其它专业用语１、有关航海的专业术语(Terms about sailing)罗径方位：compass bearing 潮汐表：tide table海图：chart 浪高：wave height方位线：lay-line 忽略地球曲度的目标间直连线：rhumb line潮汐流：tidal current 潮差：tidal differences退潮：ebb 涨潮：rising tide退潮流：ebb current 流向：current direction２、有关流体力学、风帆空气动力学的专业术语(Terms about hydrodynamic and sail-aerodynamic) 迎角：attack angle 风向角：wind angle帆角：sail angle 升力：lift前进阻力：forward resistance 侧向阻力：side resistance气动力中心：aerodynamic center 船体侧阻中心：hull side drag center诱导阻力：induce drag 兴波阻力：wave drag３、有关气象学的专业术语(Terms about meteorology)气象学：meteorology 气象预报：weather forecast梯度风：gradient wind 贸易风：trade wind地理风：geography wind 海风：sea wind季风：seasonal wind 海风：sea breeze高压：high pressure 低压：low pressure风力：wind velocity 风向：wind direction冷锋：cold front 暧锋：warm front气象图：weather chart 卫星云图：satellite image热带气旋：tropical circulation 热带风暴：tropical storm风级：beaufort 4级风：force 4４、有关协会及官员的术语(federation and officials)中国帆船帆板运动协会简称：CYA 国际帆联简称：ISAF亚洲帆船运动协会简称：AYF 国际激光级级别协会简称：ILCA国际芬兰人级级别协会简称：IFA 国际欧洲级级别协会简称：IECU国际米氏帆板级别协会简称：IMCO 国际翻波板级别协会简称：IFCA国际470级别协会：International 470 Class Association主席：Chairman 副主席：Vice Chairman秘书长：Secretary General 司库：Treasurer仲裁主任：Jury Chairman 总裁判长：Race Officer俱乐部主任：Commodore 技术代表：Technical Delegate水上工作人员：Water Staff 丈量长：Chief Measure裁判：Judge 现场裁判：Umpire干练船员AB (able-seaman)美国验船协会AB (or ABS, American Bureau of Shipping) 向后,逆帆,逆风aback在后abaft弃船abandon ship自动锅炉控制ABC (automatic boiler control)舷向,正横方向abeam不正常电压abnormal voltage在船上aboardA形架"A" bracket摩耗,摩损abrasion磨耗试验abrasion test齐驱abreast绝对误差absolute error绝对电位absolute potential绝对压力absolute pressure绝对横摇absolute rolling绝对温度absolute temperature绝对速度absolute velocity绝对零度absolute zero吸收剂,吸收器absorber吸收电路absorbing circuit吸收电流absorption current吸收率absorption factor吸收式冷冻机absorption machine吸收式冷冻机absorption refrigeration machine对接板abutting plate交流A.C. (alternating current)交流电[弧]焊A.C. arc welding自动燃烧控制A.C.C. (automatic combustion control)加速通风accelerated draught加速装置accelerating device加速器,促进剂,助触媒accelerator (or promotor)加速计accelerometer接收检查acceptace inspection出入口access出入门access door出入孔access hole可达性accessibility交通用梯子access ladder交通用人孔access manhole接近设备access mean交通用开口access opening附件,属具,附属品accessory出入用干道access trunk居住设备accommodation住舱甲板accommodation deck舷梯accommodation ladder居住设备布置图accommodation plan (or arrangement)住舱accommodation quarter (or space)储蓄,储压,聚集accumulation空气聚集air accumulation储压试验accumulation test)储蓄器)蓄压器)蓄电池accumulator精度,准确度accuracy精度管制accuracy control (A.C.)乙炔产生器acetylene gas generator (or producer)乙炔焊接,乙炔气焊acetylene welding酸液池acid bath酸脆性acid brittleness酸度acidity耐酸,抗酸acid proof耐酸漆acid resisting paint酸值acid value交流马达AC motor测听器acoumeter (or acousimeter, acoutemeter)音波放射acoustic emission (AE)音响渔法acoustic fishing声频acoustic frequency音响遥控acoustic remote control音响送受波器音压转换器acoustic transducer音响询答机acoustic transponder音速acoustic (or sound) velocity声波,音波acoustic wave丙烯酸树脂涂料acrylic resin paint作用面acting face作用面,压力面,推进面(螺桨) acting (or driving) surface (or face) 主动舵active rudder主动式声纳active sonar天灾act of god实际效率actual efficiency实际节距,实际螺距actual pitch实际喉深(焊接) actual throat实际推力actual thrust作动试验actuation test致动器actuator气垫船ACV (= air cushion vehicle)气垫驳运台(钻油设备) A.C.V. (= air cushion vehicle) platform 自动设计AD (= automated design)亚当逊接头(锅炉) Adamson's joint亚当逊环(锅炉) Adamson's ring转接器,接合器,接头adapter (or adaptor)适应控制adaptive control附加质量added mass附加惯性矩added moment of inertia[增]加重[量]计算法added weight method齿冠,齿顶,节在线齿addendum齿冠圆,齿顶圆addendum circle附加深纵桁additional girder附加强度,加强additional strength加强结构additional strengthening额外检验additional survey加力涡轮机additional turbine附加大肋骨additional web黏着力adhesion黏着剂adhesive (or adhesive paste)绝热变化adiabatic change绝热压缩;定热压缩adiabatic compression绝热效率adiabatic efficiency绝热引擎adiabatic engine绝热膨胀;定热膨胀adiabatic expansion可调[整]轴承adjustable bearing可调[变]电容器adjustable condenser (or variable condenser) 可调接触,可调触点adjustable contact可调偏心轮adjustable eccentric可调距螺桨adjustable pitch propeller变阻器adjustable resistance可调轴承adjustable shaft bearing可调推力轴承adjustable thrust block活动扳钳adjustable wrench调整用轴承adjusting block调整螺栓adjusting bolt调整装置adjusting device调整装置adjusting gear (or device)调整螺丝钉adjusting screw调准垫片adjusting shim调整弹簧adjusting spring调整柜adjusting tank可调推力[轴]承adjusting thrust bearing调整阀adjusting valve调整;校准;校正adjustment主管机关administration将官房舱admiral cabin将官旗admiral flag将官灯admiral lamp将官厅admiral saloon海军锚admiralty anchor海军黄铜admiralty brass海军常数admiralty coefficient (or constant)海军系数Admiralty constant (or coefficient)海军炮铜admiralty gun-metal进气,进汽admission进气消音器admission air silencer进入管系admission line进气口,进汽口admission port进气阀,进汽阀admission valve混合物;添加剂(水泥船) admixtures飘流adrift大气压潜水服ADS (= atmospheric diving suits) 前进距离(回旋圈) advance前进角advance angle前进常数advance coefficient (or constant)前进常数advance constant提前点火advanced ignition先期订料advanced material ordering前进率advance ratio前进速[率](螺桨) advance speed提前起动阀advance starting valve前置定时advance timing手斧,扁斧adze音泄AE (= acoustic emission)舵面充气,舵面空气侵入aeration of rudder天线aerial (or antenna)架空输送机aerial conveyer天线电流aerial current架空线;天线aerial line天线[桅]杆aerial mast航空发动机aerial motor空气推进器,空气螺桨aerial propeller空气[螺桨]推进船aerial propeller vessel高处工作台aerial work platform空气动力学aerodynamics气翼aerofoil翼形断面aerofoil section水上飞机aerohydro plane航空母舰aeroplane carrier空气螺桨aero-propeller (or aerial propeller) 空气螺桨船aero-propeller vessel航空[转用型气]涡轮机aero-turbine变质区域affected zoneA形构架"A" frame在后aft. (or after)艉部after-body后燃after-burning后冷凝器,后复水器after-condenser后冷却器after cooler后硬化after cure艉力材after-deadwood艉吃水after draught艉机舱船after engine ship (or engine aft) 延迟发生(电焊) after-generation后[部]货舱after (or aft) hold延迟点火after ignition帆后缘after leech后桅after-mast最后部轴承aftermost bearing艉尖舱after (or aft) peak tank)艉超出部)后斜afterrake后桅帆船after schooner艉索afterspring艉肋材after timbers后顶桅after-topmast后平衡柜(潜艇) after (or aft) trimming tank 后货舱aft (or after) hold后置喷射推进器aft jet thruster后缆aft line艉[尖]舱aft-peak艉尖舱壁aft (or after) peak bulkhead艉[尖]舱aft-peak tank后垂标aft-perpendicular (A.P.)艉托架(下水) aft-poppet后桅帆船aft schooner后舷弧高aft-sheer后平衡柜(潜艇) aft trimming tank自动回归AG (= auto regressive)顶风;逆风against wind时效硬化age hardening船龄age of vessel石子,碎石(水泥船) aggregate老化aging (or ageing)老化aging (or ageing) effect搁浅aground向前,前进,正砗ahead正砗凸轮ahead cam正砗平衡装置(汽旋机) ahead dummy正砗排气凸轮ahead exhaust cam艏向发射ahead firing正砗点火凸轮ahead ignition cam正砗喷油凸轮ahead injection cam正动力ahead power迎浪ahead sea正级(涡轮机) ahead stage正涡轮机ahead turbine人工智能AI (= artificial intelligence)空气air空气聚集air accumulation空气储蓄器air accumulator空气乙炔焊air acetylene (or gas) welding 通气注入两用管air and filling pipe通气及采光空间air and light space通气测深两用管air and sounding pipe鼓风,射气,气爆air blast鼓风雾化器air blast atomizer鼓风机air blower蓄气瓶air bottle气煞air (or pneumatic) brake气断开关air break switch (ABS)气夹层air casing空气室air chamber气路,气道air channel充气试验air charging test空气断路器air circuit breaker (ACB)空气循环系统air circulation system空气清洁器air cleaner气力离合器air clutch气旋塞air cock空[气]压[缩]机air compressor空[气]调[节]器air conditioner空气锥(燃油器) air cone空气储蓄器air container空气含量air content空气冷却串行[翼]片air-cooled cascade blade气冷[式]缸air cooled cylinder气冷引擎air cooled engine空气冷却器air cooler气冷air cooling气冷引擎air cooling engine气冷装置air cooling installation[空]气冷[却]机air cooling machine气冷系统air cooling system空心螺[线]管air-core solenoid空气道air course (or passage)航空母舰aircraft carrier飞机修理舰aircraft repair ship飞机勤务舰aircraft tender空气硬化性树脂air cure (or wax, or paraffin) type resin 气垫air cushion气垫压力air cushion pressure气垫运输艇air cushion transporter气垫船air cushion vehicle (ACV)气缸;风缸air cylinder空气阻板,空气挡板air damper水在线船高air draft空气干燥器air dryer空气干燥机air drying plant通风管,导气管air duct空气抽射器air ejector蓄气剂(水泥船) air entrainment agent逸气air escape逸气阀,泄气阀air escape valve抽气器air extractor空气滤器air filter储氧瓶air flask空气泡沫喷嘴air foam zoller空气燃料比air fuel ratio气道air funnel空隙[空]气[间]隙air gap气压表,空气量计air gauge气动磨轮air grinder[空]气锤air hammer风硬钢air hardening steel空气加热器air heater气暖装置air heating installation气孔air hole气笛air horn空气马力air horsepower空气导进阀air induction valve空气喷射air injection空气喷油柴油机air injection diesel engine空气喷油引擎air injection engine空气喷油压力air injection pressure空气喷油式air injection type空气喷射阀air injection valve进气口air inlet进气口air inlet port进气口消声器air inlet silencer进气阀air inlet valve进气消声器air intake silencer中间空气冷却器air inter cooler气套air jacket无[空]气喷射airless (or solid) injection无气喷油引擎airless (or solid) injection engine 无气式喷枪airless spray gun止气通路,气闸,气锁air lock (or locker)乳形通风口air louvre气动马达air motor气动马达阀air motor valve空气出口角air outlet angle通气道air passage空气管air pipe空气管头air pipe head飞机运输舰airplane transport气塞air plug气袋air pocket舷窗,通气口air port (or scuttle)空气预热器air preheater[空]气压[力]表air pressure gauge空气泵air pump空气泵臂air pump lever驱气air purge驱气式液面计air purge type level gauge空气淬火air quenching耗气率air rate集气器air receiver整风器,调风器air register空气泄压阀air relief valve空气瓶,蓄气器air reservoir空气阻力air resistance气动砂轮air sander[招]风斗air scoop空气分离器air separator飞船airship空气消音器air silencer气隙,空气空间air space空气起动凸轮air starting cam空气起动阀air starting valve贮气柜air storage tank空气吸入air suction吸气管air suction pipe吸气口air suction port吸气阀air suction valve空气箱(救生艇) air tank充气试验air test空气温度计air thermometer气密air tight (or airtight)气密舱壁air tight bulkhead气密接合air tight joint空气密性air tightness气密试验airtightness test气密环air tight ring气密工作air tight work气阱air trap通气干道,主风道air trunk风洞air (or wind) tunnel[空]气阀air valve通气孔,通气口air vent贮气器air vessel风量调节器air volume regulator空气清洗器air washer气笛air whistle艾氏波Airy wave警铃,警钟alarm bell警报侦检alarm monitoring警报信号alarm signal警报温度计alarm thermometer警报阀alarm valve自动负荷控制ALC (automatic load control) 铝护面层alclad酒精引擎alcohol engine酒精涂料alcohol paint酒精温度计alcohol thermometer算则(电算) algorithm校准alignment碱性液alkalies碱度alkalinity醇酸树脂涂料alkyd resin paint通道alley way全齿轮系统all gear system大舱口船all-hatch ship鳄口形冲床alligator punching machine鳄口形剪alligator shear鳄口形剪机alligator shearing machine全动舵allmovable rudder振动容许界限allowable limit of vibration最小限界角allowable minimum angle许用压力,容许压力allowable pressure容许强度allowable strength容许应力allowable stress容许值allowable value裕度,容许[公]差,配赋量allowance裕度试验allowance test合金元素alloying element合金钢alloy steel全姿势焊接all position welding全周灯all-round light全周逆转装置all round reversing gear总大小all size可变调速器all (or variable, or adjustable) speed governer 全波接收机all-wave receiver熔着金属试片all weld metal test specimen[天文]历almanac沿岸along shore交流发电机alternate current generator (or alternator)交互堆积法(焊接) alternate deposition交变负荷alternate (or alternating ) load交变应力alternate (or alternating ) stress交流电alternating current ( A.C.)交流发电机alternating current generator交流电动机alternating current motor交流装载法alternating loading交变应力alternating stress加改装规范alternation specification交流发电机alternator高度计altimeter高度altitude高度计altitude gauge铝青铜aluminium bronze铝合金aluminum alloy铝阳极aluminum anode铝青铜aluminum bronze铝护面钢板aluminum clad steel铝箔aluminum foil铝漆aluminum paint铝喷敷aluminum spray coating周围压力ambient pressure周围温度ambient temperature周围环境下试验ambient test修正图amendment plan美国验船协会American Bureau of Shipping (ABS)美国标准线规American standard gauge美国线规American wire gauge舯amidship电流表,安培计ammeter氨吸收式冷冻机ammonia absorption refrigerating machine 氨冷凝器ammonia condenser防氨面具ammonia helmet氨冷冻机ammonia machine净氨器ammonia purifier氨冷冻机ammonia refrigerating machine弹药艇ammunition boat弹药箱ammunition box弹药搬运室ammunition carrier room弹药室ammunition chamber弹药升降机ammunition hoist弹药接应室ammunition lobby弹药通路ammunition passage军火船;弹药舰ammunition ship非晶质石墨amorphous graphite安培ampere安[培小]时ampere-hour电流表;安培计ampere meter倍功器,旋转放大机(电) amplidyne扩大器;增幅器;放大器amplifier幅;振幅amplitude振幅失真;波幅畸变(电) amplitude distortion振幅函数amplitude function[振]幅调[变];调幅(电) amplitude modulation 模拟电算机analog computer分析analysis实测螺距analysis pitch分析仪analyzer锚anchor海军锚admiralty anchor锚[泊]池,碇泊费anchorage泊位anchorage space锚直立anchor apeak锚臂anchor arm锚球anchor ball锚床anchor bed (or board)锚指anchor bill锚位浮标anchor buoy锚缆,锚索anchor cable起锚绞盘anchor capstan锚链anchor chain锚链洗净喷嘴anchor chain wash nozzle锚座,锚架anchor chock吊锚杆anchor crane锚冠anchor crown吊锚杆anchor (or cat) davit锚眼anchor eye锚爪anchor fluke起锚装置,锚具anchor gear锚锤anchor hammer锚抓着力anchor holding power锚泊anchoring投扬锚装置anchoring gear碇泊灯,锚灯anchor lamp (or light)锚泊灯anchor light锚挡板anchor lining锚掌anchor palm锚纹anchor pattern嵌锚穴anchor recess锚环anchor ring锚索anchor rope锚接环anchor shackle锚干anchor shaft (or stack, or shank)锚工场anchor shop起落锚站anchor station锚杆anchor stock止锚器anchor stopper锚转环anchor swivel操锚通信器anchor telegragh锚试验anchor testing锚喉anchor throat无响室anechoic chamber调风型吹出口anemodiffuser风速计anemometer测风器anemoscope无液气压计aneroid barometer角[型]材,角铁,角钢angle (or angle bar)装配角材,连接角材attachment angle角;角度angle角[型]材,角铁,角钢angle bar (or angle)球缘角[型]材angle bulb搭接角[型]材angle butt strap角材圈,角材套环angle collar角材剪机angle cutter角度规angle gauge角铁剪机angle iron shear前进角angle of advance攻角angle of attack弯曲角angle of bend接触角angle of contact偏差角,自差角angle of deviation相遇角angle of encounter入水角(船型),入口角(机) angle of entrance [倾侧时]浸水角angle of flooding横倾角angle of heel入射角angle of incidence落后角(电) angle of lag前导角(电) angle of lead稳度最大倾侧角angle of maximum stabiliby 压力角(齿轮) angle of obliqrity倾斜角angle of rake息止角,安息角angle of repose出水角(船型) angle of run后倾角(螺桨) angle of skew back交错角angle of stagger稳度消失角angle of vanishing stability遇波角angle of wave encounter角材剪机angle shear (or shearing) machine 角材工angle smith加强角材,防挠角材angle stiffener支撑角材angle strut[折]角阀,肘阀angle valve角隅焊接angle welding角加速度angular acceleration前进角(电) angular advance角变形angular distortion角运动angular motion角速度angular velocity异方性材anisotropic materials异向性[平]板理论anisotropic plate theory 异方性anisotropy退火annealing退火炉annealing furnace年轮(木材) annual ring年度检验,岁验annual survey环形阀annular valve环形燃烧室chamber annulus combustion 环周曳力系数annulus drag coefficient环周损失annulus loss警示器annunciator阳极anode阳极防蚀anodic protection回答旗answering flag回答旗answering pendant预燃室ante chamber天线antenna天线偶合器antenna coupler天线加感线圈antenna loading coil天线反射器antenna reflector客厅anteroom无烟煤anthracite coal耐酸漆anti-acidic paint噪音消除器anti-clutter避碰雷达系统anti-collision radar system 避碰系统anti-collision system防蚀涂装anticorrosive coating防蚀剂anti-corrosive composition防漆,防蚀漆anti-corrosive paint (AC) 防蚀处理anti-corrosive treatment防爆燃料antidetonation (or antiknock) fuel 防污antifouling防污涂装antifouling coating防污剂anti-fouling composition防污漆anti-fouling paint (AF)防污系统anti-fouling system防冻液antifreeze solution抗摩剂anti-friction composition抗摩滑脂anti-friction grease抗摩金属anti-friction metal抗垢剂anti-incrostation material防爆振anti-knocking锑antimony减摇装置anti-motion device减纵摇装置anti-pitching device防[止汽水共]腾管anti-priming pipe反共振anti-resonance减[横]摇装置anti-rolling device减[横]摇水舱anti-rolling tank防腐剂antiseptics消侧音,防侧音(电) anti-side tone抗松装置anti-slack device (ASD)反潜舰anti-submarine ship抗摇装置anti-toppling device铁砧anvil铁砧anvil block后垂标A.P. (aft-perpen- dicular)螺桨拱,孔,口apertureA.P.I.比重计A.P.I. (American petroleum institute) hydrometer 美国石油协会A.P.I.API比重标准A.P.I. scale器具,仪器apparatus视弯曲强度apparent bending stress ( or modulus of rupture) 视螺距apparent pitch视横摇apparent rolling视滑流apparent slip视滑流比apparent slip ratio外观速度,视速度apparent velocity视波高apparent wave height视波长apparent wave length似波周期,视波周期apparent wave period视重apparent weight附属物appendage附属物阻力appendage resistance附属物尺度效应系数appendages scale effect factor用具appliance外施电压applied voltage学徒,实习生apprentice实习轮机员apprentice engineer实习航海员apprentice officer实习无线电员apprentice radio operator 接近速[率] approached speed认可approval认可厂家approved maker认可式样approved pattern认可图approved plan近似计算approximate calculation近似公式approximate formula近似法approximate method近似法则approximate rule副艏材(木船),护裙,护床apron氨水aqua ammonia仲裁arbitration仲裁人arbitrator电弧硬焊arc brazing电弧切断arc cutting电弧产生端(电焊条) arc end of electrode 拱形架arch framing艉拱形肘板arch knee拱形结构原理arch principle弧光灯arc lamp弧长arc length耐电弧材料arc resistant material电弧软焊arc soldering电弧稳定剂arc stabilizer电弧电压arc voltage电焊机arc welder电[弧]焊[接] arc welding面积,区域area面积系数area coefficient区域监视器area monitor翼板面积area of foil舯剖面积area of midship section平艉面积area of transom水线面积area of water plane浸水面积area of wetted surface面积比area ratio空气吸入扇areation fan氩[气电]弧焊argon arc welding臂,横杆,幅arm锚臂anchor arm电枢线圈armature coil电枢铁芯armature core电枢轴armature shaft电枢绕组armature winding扶手椅arm chair单臂系索桩arm cleat武装商船armed merchant ship武装船armed ship测锤孔arming hole双木连结桅arm mast装甲带armor belt铠装电缆,装甲电缆armored cable装甲软管armored hose装甲armour装甲背材armour backing装甲螺栓armour bolt装甲终板armour closing plate装甲门armour door装甲舱壁armoured bulkhead铠装电缆,装甲电缆armoured cable装甲巡洋舰armoured cruiser装甲甲板armoured deck防弹格子armoured grating铠装软管armoured hose装甲舰armoured ship装甲垫材armour packing穿甲弹armour piercing shell装甲用板armour plate舷侧装甲支撑材armour shelf鎗架arm rack明轮幅arms of paddle wheel转子幅arms of rotor陆军运输舰army transport自动测绘雷达ARPA (automatic radarplotting aid) 布置,安排arrangement布置图arrangement plan避雷器arrester抵港压舱水arrival ballast抵港船况arrival condition砷青铜arsenic bronze关节连接柱articulated column关节塔(钻油台) articulated tower仿真天线artificial antenna煤砖,煤球artificial coal (or brickbat)人工通风artificial draft人工智能artificial intelligence (AI)人工干燥artificial seasoning人工通风artificial ventilation板金家具art metal furniture石棉asbestos (or asbestus)石棉背垫(焊接) asbestos backing石棉板asbestos board石棉布asbestos cloth石棉绳asbestos cord石棉套衬asbestos lagging石棉衬套旋塞asbestos packed cock石棉迫紧asbestos packing石棉板asbestos plate石棉圈asbestos ring石棉片asbestos sheet石棉带asbestos tape浮上速度ascent rateA型示波器A-scope (or display)灰船ash boat灰桶,灰斗ash bucket灰槽ash chute排灰旋塞ash cock含灰量ash content灰坑挡板ash damper (or pit door)排灰装置ash discharging gear灰门ash door冲灰泵ash ejecting pump冲灰器ash ejector排灰器ash expeller无灰燃料ash-free fuel吹灰器ash gun灰处理装置ash handling equipment吊灰机ash hoist灰门ashpit door泄灰槽ash shoot展弦比,长宽比,纵横比,高宽比aspect ratio 沥青asphalt吸入,自然进气aspirate装配,组合assembly装配图,组合图assembly drawing组合接头assembly joint组合施工图assembly plan组合机器人assembly robot组合工场,装配工场assembly shop指定,勘划assignment缓冲缸assistant cylinder补助通风assisted draft辅助通风assisted draught倒,后退,在后astern倒拖力astern bollard pull倒凸轮astern cam倒排气凸轮astern exhaust cam艉向发射astern firing倒保护阀astern guardian valve倒点火凸轮astern ignition cam倒操纵阀astern maneuvering valve倒喷嘴astern nozzle倒出力astern output倒动力astern power倒级(涡轮机) astern stage倒涡轮机astern turbineA板列"A" strake起动气瓶atarting air reservoir横座板athwart横切,横向athwartship大气放出管atmosphere discharge pipe大气冷凝器atmospheric condenser耐候性钢atmospheric corrosion resistant steel 天电干扰atmospheric disturbance大气式潜水衣atmospheric diving suits (ADS) 大气压式排泄柜atmospheric drain tank大气引擎atmospheric engine大气排气atmospheric exhaust大气压力线atmospheric line大气压力atmospheric pressure原子能atomic energy原子氢焊atomic hydrogen welding原子[动力]船atomic powered ship原子推进atomic propulsion雾化atomization雾化器atomizer属件,连结,附件attachment装配角材,连接角材attachment angle差入式塞attachment plug攻角attack angle攻击舰attack ship人员运输舰attack transport减温器,调温器attemperator连体泵(引擎) attempted pump衰减attenuation衰减失真attenuation distortion可闻度audibility音响警报audible (or acoustic) alarm声示器audible indicator可闻信号,音响信号,听觉信号audible signal声频振荡器audio-frequency oscillator木螺钻auger增加阻力augmented resistance核定构造authorized construction自动警报器auto-alarm自动紧急受信机auto-alarm receiver自给偏压(电) auto-bias自动换流器auto converter自熔焊接autogenous welding自动测绘记录器autographic recorder紧急自动电键装置auto-keyer自动设计automated design (AD)自动警报器automatic alarm自动警报接收器automatic alarm receiver自动设定程序tool工具automatically programmed自动电弧焊automatic arc welding自动装垫装备(焊接) automatic backing equipment自动逆洗滤器automatic back wshing strainer (or filter) 自动锅炉控制automatic boiler control (ABC)锅炉自动控制系统automatic boiler control system自动燃烧器控制automatic burner control (ABC)自动清除信号automatic clearing signal自动闭锁装置automatic closing appliance自动燃烧控制automatic combustion (A.C.C.)自动控制automatic control自动控制器automatic controller自动控制阀automatic controlling valve自动螺丝起子automatic driver自动给油柜automatic feed oil reservoir自动给水调节器automatic feed water regulator自动频率控制automatic frequency control (A.F.C.)自动燃油调节室(引燃机) automatic fuel oil reservoir 自动增益控制(电) automatic gain control (A.G.C.)自动瓦斯切断automatic gas cutting自动装置automatic gear自动互锁装置automatic interlocking device自动按键(电) automatic keying自动负荷控制automatic load control (ALC)自动调[变]控[制](电) automatic modulation control自动监视automatic monitoring自动噪音遏止automatic noise suppression自动止回阀automatic non-return valve自动切板automatic plate cutting自动雷达测绘automatic radar plotting aids (ARPA)自动撞锤控制automatic ram control自动撞锤控制automatic ram control valve (ARCV)自动调整阀automatic regulation valve自动调整器automatic regulator自动复归automatic reset自动驱气阀automatic scavenging valve自动顺序吹灰系统automatic sequential soot blowing system 船舶自动控制automatic shipcontrol自动减速装置automatic slow down device自动喷水[灭火]装置automatic sprinkler system自动起动器automatic starter自动操舵装置automatic steering gear自动停止装置automatic stopping device自动温度记录计automatic temperature recorder自动张力机automatic tension engine自动张力系缆绞机automatic tension mooring winch自动定时开关automatic time switch自动追迹装置automatic tracking system自动发射机,自动传送机automatic transmitter自动阀automatic valve自动电压调整器automatic voltage regulator (A VR)自动音量控制automatic volume control (A.V.C.)自动焊接automatic welding自动化automation汽车渡轮automobile ferry自动操舵装置,自动导航auto-pilot自动硬度试验机auto punch (or hard tester)自动回归auto regressive (AG)自动遥控选择开关auto / remo. selector自动起动器auto-starter自动操舵装置auto steerer自动电话auto-telephone自耦变压器auto transformer副机,辅机auxilary machinery辅机auxiliaries辅空[气]压[缩]机auxiliary air compressor辅[助]压载柜(潜艇) auxiliary ballast tank辅锅炉auxiliary boiler辅锅炉舱auxiliary boiler room辅循环泵auxiliary circulating pump辅机冷凝器auxiliary condenser改装巡洋舰auxiliary cruiser辅柴油机auxiliary diesel engine辅能量auxiliary energy辅机,副机auxiliary engine辅机舱auxiliary engine room机帆船auxiliary engine sailer辅机排气auxiliary exhaust辅机排气系统auxiliary exhaust range辅助给水止回阀auxiliary feed check valve辅给水系统auxiliary feed line辅给水泵auxiliary feed pump辅助发电机auxiliary generator改装炮舰auxiliary gunboat辅助热auxiliary heat辅助软管设备auxiliary hose rigs辅机auxiliary machinery (or auxiliaries, or aux- iliary engine) 辅机舱auxiliary machinery room副舵auxiliary rudder副舵杆头auxiliary rudder head辅助舰auxiliary ship辅助起动阀auxiliary starting valve辅[助]蒸汽auxiliary steam辅蒸汽管auxiliary steam pipe辅[助]操舵装置auxiliary steering gear辅助停止阀auxiliary stop valve辅配电盘auxiliary (or sub) switchboard辅助船舶auxiliary vessel可用能量available energy有用热量,可用热量available heat海损(保险) average (or damage)平均误差average error平均比热average specific heat航空补给舰aviation supply ship美国线规AWG (= American wire gauge)天遮awning天遮杆awning boom遮盖甲板awning deck遮盖甲板船awning deck vessel天遮撑杆awning jackstay天遮主梁awning rafter (or ridge)天遮纵木awning ridge天遮边系索awning side stops天遮横木awning spar天遮柱awning stanchion天遮系索awning stops天遮撑awning stretcher美国焊接协会AWS (= American welding society) 轮叶轴向间隙axial blade clearance轴流鼓风机axial blower轴向间隙axial clearance轴流压缩机axial compressor轴流风扇axial fan轴流axial flow轴流式风扇axial flow fan轴流泵axial flow pump轴流涡轮机axial flow turbine轴向递增螺距(螺桨) axial increasing pitch轴油axial oil轴向节距axial pitch轴向推力axial thrust轴向速度axial velocity轴向速度比axial velocity ratio轴向减振器axial vibration damper轴线,坐标轴axis振荡轴,摆动轴axis of oscillation焊接线axis of weld轴箱axle (or journal) box轴负荷axle load方位罗经azimuth compass全向推力器azimuthing thruster方位镜azimuth mirror方位表azimuth table方位标azimuth vane抵港压舱水arrival ballast警铃,警钟alarm bell调整[用]轴承adjusting block铁砧anvil block鼓风机air blower灰船ash boat辅锅炉auxiliary boiler天遮杆awning boom气煞air (or pneumatic) brake酸脆性acid brittleness铝青铜aluminium bronze砷青铜arsenic bronze灰桶,灰斗ash bucket。
win2012r2paht变量
win2012r2paht变量Win2012R2PAHT变量是Windows Server 2012 R2操作系统中使用的环境变量之一。
环境变量是操作系统中的一种特殊变量，用于存储和传递操作系统和应用程序的信息。
Win2012R2PAHT变量是系统中用于配置搜索路径的变量。
它定义了操作系统在搜索可执行文件和动态链接库（DLL）时要遵循的路径。
这个变量的值包含了一系列用分号分隔的目录路径。
Win2012R2PAHT变量的值可以在系统级别配置，也可以在用户级别配置。
系统级别的配置将适用于所有用户，而用户级别的配置则仅适用于特定用户。
这使得管理员可以根据需要为不同的用户或组配置不同的路径。
使用Win2012R2PAHT变量，可以轻松地添加或删除搜索路径，以使系统能够正确地找到所需的文件。
通过配置PATH变量，可以有效地管理系统的资源使用和安全性。
下面将介绍Win2012R2PAHT变量的一些常见用途和配置方法。
1.系统路径配置：在Windows Server 2012 R2操作系统中，可以通过以下步骤配置系统级别的Win2012R2PAHT变量：-打开“控制面板”，选择“系统和安全”，然后选择“系统”。
-在左侧面板中，选择“高级系统设置”。
-在“系统属性”对话框中，选择“高级”选项卡，然后单击“环境变量”按钮。
-在“环境变量”对话框中，找到“系统变量”列表中的“PATH”变量，并单击“编辑”按钮。
-在“编辑环境变量”对话框中，可以添加或删除路径。
按照需要编辑变量的值，然后单击“确定”保存更改。
2.用户路径配置：除了系统级别的配置，可以为每个用户单独配置Win2012R2PAHT变量。
这对于管理多个用户和组非常有用。
在Windows Server 2012R2中，可以通过以下步骤配置用户级别的Win2012R2PAHT变量：-打开“控制面板”，选择“用户账户”，然后选择“用户账户”。
-在左侧面板中，选择“管理另一个账户”。
并联T型三电平储能变流器零序环流抑制
并联T型三电平储能变流器零序环流抑制陈刚;蒋顺平;丁勇;李旭;石祥建;刘为群【摘要】针对共享交、直流母线的T型三电平储能变流器并联系统零序环流问题,建立并联T型三电平储能系统零序环流等效模型,并根据激励源的不同,把零序环流分为通态零序环流、开关零序环流、混合零序环流3类.首先采用一种共享直流中点方案抑制通态零序环流,其次通过一种改进型LCL滤波器方案抑制开关零序环流和混合零序环流中的高频分量,然后提出一种基于比例谐振控制的零序调制波叠加控制方案抑制开关零序环流和混合零序环流中的低频分量,最后搭建500 kW的T 型三电平储能变流器并联仿真系统.仿真结果证明了文中提出的零序环流抑制策略的正确性.【期刊名称】《江苏电机工程》【年(卷),期】2017(036)005【总页数】7页(P52-58)【关键词】T型三电平;并联;储能变流器;零序环流;比例谐振控制【作者】陈刚;蒋顺平;丁勇;李旭;石祥建;刘为群【作者单位】国网江苏省电力公司徐州供电公司,江苏徐州221003;南京南瑞继保电气有限公司,江苏南京211102;南京南瑞继保电气有限公司,江苏南京211102;南京南瑞继保电气有限公司,江苏南京211102;南京南瑞继保电气有限公司,江苏南京211102;南京南瑞继保电气有限公司,江苏南京211102【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TM46随着可再生能源发电的快速增长，储能系统在缓解用电供需矛盾、提高电网安全、改善供电质量等方面发挥着重要作用[1，2]。
作为连接储能装置和电网的关键设备，储能变流器(PCS)受到了广泛的重视和研究。
T型三电平耐压等级高、谐波含量小、电压畸变率低[3]，T型三电平PCS可以在不增加功率半导体器件电流应力的情况下，通过并联增大系统容量，提高系统的运行效率。
并联系统中PCS之间共享交、直流母线，因此并联系统中存在环流问题。
环流分为零序环流[4]和非零序环流2种成分，采用LCL滤波器拓扑[5]且带有电流内环控制的系统环流主要为零序环流，非零序环流可以忽略不计。
威能极变频器
一个风力发电机的电系统 The electrical system of a wind turbine
具有最佳电网质量的优质风力发电机 High-quality wind turbines with optimal grid quality
Dynavert XL@ 变频器 和开关设备 各种优点
提供恒定的有功功率： 通过操作管理可以实现恒定输出功率或 恒定扭矩的恒定运作。在变频器控制系 统中储存了一个有功功率与转速关系的 表格。作为选项可以给出一个外部的扭 矩信号。 闪变效应小：
变频器 Inverters
采用变速传动系统进行发电
Current generation for the variable speed drive train
采用变速传动系统进行发电 Electric power generation for the variable-speed drive system
传动系统效率高： 与转速恒定的系统相比，此系统具有显 著改善了的局部负荷效率。
Low flicker values: The properties of the Dynavert XL® system prevent flicker effects almost completely. Very good efficiency of the electrical system: Compared with systems with full-load inverters, this system is superior in station efficiency, as the output of the inverter is only around 1/3 of the system output.
基于定子电压定向的双馈风力发电机功率控制
dq
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−
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−
输出功率计算
P Q
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∗ iq =0
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−
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LmU s Ls (ωe − ωr )
（3）
式中，usd，usq，urd，urq 分别为定子、转子电压的 d、q 轴分量；Ψsd，Ψsq，Ψrd，Ψrq 分别为定子、转子磁 链的 d、q 轴分量；isd，isq，ird，irq 分别为定子、转子 电流的 d、q 轴分量；Rs，Rr 分别为定子、转子的绕组 阻值；Ls，Lr，Lm，分别为定子自感、转子自感及互感； ωs，ωr，△ω 分别为定子同步角速度、转子角速度及 转差角速度。 双馈发电机定子侧有功、无功功率为： 3 Ps = (usd isd + usq isq ) 2 （4） 3 Qs = (usd isq − usq isd ) 2 当双馈发电机的定子接上电网后，定子电压的幅 值、频率可看作都是恒定的，即定子三相电压在同步 旋转坐标系下的电压矢量 US 是恒定的； 此时在同步旋 转坐标系下亦可以认为定子磁链是不变的。同时发电 机定子绕组的电阻压降相对于电网而言，是可以忽略 不计的，故 d d （5） ψ sd = 0 ， ψ sq = 0 ， Rs = 0 dt dt 当采用矢量控制将定子电压矢量定向在 d 轴时， （6） usd = U s ， usq = 0
仪表自动化英语
《化工仪表及自动化》课程部分“专业英语”词汇泵Pumps变速泵variable-speed Pumps定排量泵positive-displacement Pumps计量泵metering Pumps离心泵centrifugal Pumps闭合回路Closed loop反馈～feedback ～前馈～feedforward～比例带Proportional band比例控制(调节) Proportional control液位～～of liquid 1evel比例—时间控制Proportional-time control 比值单元Ratio station比值控制Ratio control燃料—空气～～of fuel and air变量配对Pairing variables精馏过程的～～in distillation变送器误差Transmitter error变送器增益Transmitter gain标准差Standard deviation波形Waves采样正弦波sampled sine～方波square～截顶正弦波clipped sinc锯齿波saw-tooth ～三角波triangular～正弦波sinc～补偿反馈complementary feedback(see M odel-based controller)不对称调节器Asymmetric controller不稳定过程Unstated processCv：阀门流量系数flow coeffi ci ent of val ve采样环节Sampling element采样间隔Sample interval采样调节器Sampling controller残差，偏差Offset比例～proportional～串级控制的～～in cascade control积分(累积)～integral批量过程的～～in batch processes前馈系统的～～in feed forward systems 数字控制的～～in digital control死区的～～in dead zone体积～volume～选择性控制的～～in selective control测试方法Test procedures 非线性环节的～～for nonlinear elements 批量过程的～～for batch processes适应性控制的～～in adaptive control差动间隙(见“滞环") Differential gap(see D ead band)差分方程Difference equations差压测量Differential-pressure measurement s精馏过程的～～in distillation流量的～～in flow压缩机的～～in compressors产品质量控制Product-quality control超驰(也见“选择性控制") Over rides(see Se lective contro1)超调，超调量Overshoot批量过程的～～in batch processes自整定调节器的～～with self-tuning contr ollers乘法器Multipliers比值控制的～～in ratio control解耦系统的～～in decoupling systems前馈系统的～～in feedforward systems 增益补偿～～for gain compensation成分控制Composition control迟延Dead time～补偿～compensat ion～与容积～and capacity等效～：effective～除法器Dividers比值控制的～～in ratio control过程模型的～～in process model适应性控制的～in adaptive control增益补偿～～for gain compensation串级控制Cascade control串级比值控制～of ratio串级阀位控制～of valve position串级流量控制～of flow串级温度控制～of temperature传热Heat transfer～系数coefficients for～反应器的～～in reactors直接接触～direct-contact～传输线Transmission lines穿越时间Cross o ver time催化剂CatalystDDC(直接数字控制) DDC(Direct Digital C ontro1)DMC(动态矩阵控制) DMC(Dynamic Matri x Contro1)单容过程Single-capacity process导前Lead导前—滞后补偿lead-lag compensation等百分比阀Equal-percentage valves电磁流量计Magnetic flow meter定时器Timer定位器，阀门～Positioners，Valve～动态补偿Dynamic compensation干燥器的～～for dryers锅炉燃烧的～～for boiler firing解耦的～～in decoupling精馏的～for distillation汽包水位控制的～～for drum-level contro l热交换器的～～for heat exchangers热流量计算的～～for heat-flow calculatio n优化器的～in optimizers蒸发器的～～for evaporators动态补偿器Dynamic compensators动态矩阵控制(DMC) Dynamic matrix cont rol动态增益Dynamic gain抖动Dither多变量过程Multivariable processes多变量调节器Multivariable controllers多变量系统的分解Decomposing multivaria te systems多容过程Multi-capacity processes多输出系统Multiple-output systems阀门Valves电磁～solenoid～电动～electric～气动～pneumatic～三通～three-way～调节阀control～阀门的可调范围Valve range ability阀门定位器Valve positioners阀门顺序动作Valve sequencing利用定位器实现～～using positioners利用选择器实现一～using selectors阀门特性Valve characteristics阀门响应Valve response阀门增益Valve gain阀位控制Valve-position control反馈Feedback串级系统的～～in cascade systems负～negative～干燥器控制系统的～～in dryer control sy stems关联系统的～～in interacting systems解耦系统的～～in decoupling systems 正～positive～反向响应Inverse response反应器Reactors反应速度Reaction rate非线性Nonlinearity变送器的～～in transmitters传热的～～in heat transfer阀门的～～in Valve非线性环节Nonlinear elements动态～dynamic～静态～steady-state～非线性调节器Nonlinear controllers非线性PID调节器PID～开关～on-off～三位～three-state～非自衡Non-self-regulation分布式控制Distributed control分析仪Analyzers采样～sampling～峰值位置Peak location浮动压力控制Floating pressure control负反馈Negative feedback符号Symbols负荷Load零～zero～负荷分布Load distribution负荷扰动(干扰) Load disturbances～的作用点point sofentry for～供应侧～supply-side需求侧～demand—side～负荷响应Load responsePI控制下的～～with PI controlPID控制下的～～with PID control副回路Secondary loop傅里叶序列Fourior series复式控制Dual-mode control干扰灵敏度Sensitivity tO disturbances周期性～periodic～干燥器Dryers功Work功率Power电～electric～热～thermal～水～hydraulic～关联，相互作用，相互干扰Interaction回路间的～～between loops回路间的局部～partial～between loops 控制作用之间的～～between control mod es惯性Inertia过程增益Process gain锅炉控制Boiler control～的干扰disturbances to～锅炉多变量控制multiple～回路增益Loop gain闭环～closed ～串级系统的～～in cascade systems非线性系统的～～in nonlinear systems开环～open～混合Mixing混合系统Blending systems火焰温度Flametem peratureIAE(绝对误差积分) IAE( Integrated absolu te error)IE(误差积分) Integrated ErrorISE(误差平方积分) Integral Square Error ITAE(时间绝对误差积分) Integral of Time and Absolute Error积分饱和Windup积分饱和防护，抗积分饱和Windup protec tion积分反馈Integral feedback积分过程Integrating process积分控制(调节) Integral control积分器Integrator积分调节器Integral controllers极限环Limit cycle热交换器heat exchangers基于矩阵的控制Matrix-based control基于模型的调节器Model—based controlle rs监控Supervisory control减温Attemperation间歇控制Batch control搅拌(见“混") Agitation(see Mixing)解耦Decoupling通过选择变量～～by choosing variables 适应性～adaptive～～的相对增益relative gain of ～绝对误差积分(1AE) Integrated Absolute Er ror均方根误差Root-mean-square(rms)error开方器Square-root extractor开关控制On-off control抗喘振控制Antis urge control抗积分饱和Anti windup可变结构Variable structuring可调范围Range ability变速泵的～～of variable-speed pumps阀门的～～of valves孔板流量计Orifice meter空气流量控制Air flow control控制的经济效益Economics of control 控制间隔Control interval控制难度Control difficulty控制算法Control algorithm冷凝器Condensers流量比Flow ratio～的调整manipulation of～～控制controlof～流量计Flow meter流量计的精度Accuracy of flow meter流量控制Flow control流阻Resistance to flow炉Furnace鲁棒性Robustness滤波器Filter非线性～nonlinear～数字～digital～马达Motor电动～：electric ～恒速电动～constant-speed ～变速电动～variable-speed气动～pneumatic～马力Horsepower模型Models动态～dynamic～能量平衡Energy balance前馈控制中的～～in feed forward control稳态～steady-state～能量转换Energy conversion耦合Coupling频率响应分析Frequency-response analysis平衡Equilibrium汽包锅炉假水位Shrink and swell in drum boilers气动调节器Pneumatic controllers前馈控制Feed forward control燃料—空气比控制Fuel-air ratio control 燃烧Combustion扰动，干扰Disturbances负荷～load～热力学Thermodynamics热流量计算Heat-flow calculation热流量控制Heat-flow control容积Capacity单容single～多容multiple～非自衡～non self-regulating～双容double～自衡～self-regulating～冗余仪表Redundant instrumentation三冲量水位控制Three-element level contr ol三位调节器Three-state controller设定值初始化Set-point initialization设定值响应Set-point response斜坡～ramp～湿度控制Moisture control时间常数Time constant等效～effective～时间迟后Time delay时间滞后Time lag时滞Lag传输～transport～多级～multiple～二阶～second-order～分布～distributed～负～negative～手动控制Manual control数字控制Digital control数字系统的分辨率Resolution in digital sy stems衰减Damping临界～critical～衰减比Decay ratio双容过程Two-capacity process速度控制Speed control速率限制Velocity limiting调节阀Control valves调节量Manipulated variable～的选择selection of～调节器Controllers调节器的饱和Saturation of controllers调节器的跟踪Tracking in controllers调节器的误差Error in controllers调节器动作Controller action调节器调整Controlleral adjustment调节器增益Controller gain调节作用，控制方式Control mode微分Derivative流量控制的～～in flow control微分方程Differential equations微分器Differentiators稳定性裕量Stability margin温度传感器Temperature sensor涡流流量计Vortex flow meter涡轮流量计Turbine meter限幅器Limiters相对干扰增益Relative disturbance gain相位裕量Phase margin斜坡补偿Ramp compensation斜坡扰动Ramp disturbances 信号选择器Signal selectors性能准则Performance crite rion压力补偿Pressure compensation压力控制Pressure control压缩机的喘振防护Surge protection of co mpressors烟道气体成分Flue-gas composition氧气分析仪Oxygen analyzer液面控制Level control液位控制Liquid-level control引风控制Draft control预热器Pre heaters增益补偿Gain compensation增益矩阵Gain matrix增益裕量Gain margin振荡Oscillation不衰减～undamped～等幅振荡Constant-amplitude～发散～expanding～衰减～damped ～振荡周期Period of oscillation整定Tuning蒸汽Steam过热～superheated～～加热heating with～～流量计～flow meter蒸汽压力Vapor pressure中值选择器Median selector自动—手动切换Auto/manual transfer自衡Self-regulation。
windfarm
风能/wind energy空气流动所具有的能量。
风能资源/wind energy resources 大气沿地球表面流动而产生的动能资源。
空气的标准状态/standard atmospheric state 空气的标准状态是指空气压力为101 325Pa，温度为15℃（或绝对288.15K），空气密度1.225kg/m 3 时的空气状态。
风速/wind speed 空间特定点的风速为该点空气在单位时间内所流过的距离。
平均风速/average wind speed 给定时间内瞬时风速的平均值。
年平均风速/annual average wind speed 时间间隔为一整年的瞬时风速的平均值。
最大风速/maximum wind speed 10分钟平均风速的最大值。
极大风速/extreme wind speed 瞬时风速的最大值。
阵风/gust 超过平均风速的突然和短暂的风速变化。
年际变化/inter-annual variation 以30年为基数发生的变化。
风速年际变化是从第1年到第30年的年平均风速变化。
[风速或风功率密度]年变化/annual variation 以年为基数发生的变化。
风速（或风功率变化）年变化是从1月到12月的月平均风速（或风功率密度）变化。
[风速或风功率密度]日变化/diurnal variation 以日为基数发生的变化。
月或年的风速（或风功率密度）日变化是求出一个月或一年内，每日同一钟点风速（或风功率密度）的月平均值或年平均值，得到0点到23点的风速（或风功率密度）变化。
风切变/wind shear 风速在垂直于风向平面内的变化。
风切变指数/wind shear exponent 用于描述风速剖面线形状的幂定律指数。
风速廓线/wind speed profile, wind shear law 又称“风切变律”，风速随离地面高度变化的数学表达式。
湍流强度/turbulence intensity 标准风速偏差与平均风速的比率。
风力发电词汇汇总
尺度为月、季、年、数年到数百年以上。气候以冷、暖、干、湿这些特征来衡 量，通常由某一时期的平均值和离差值表征。
海洋性气候：Ocean climate [EUSEn] [klaimit] 中文定义：海洋邻近区域的气候。 大陆性气候：Continental climate [kOntinentl] [klaimit] 中文定义：通常指处于中纬度大陆腹地的气候，一般也就是指温带大陆性气候。 露天气候：Open-air climate [klaimit] 室内气候：Indoor climate [indO ] [klaimit] 年最高：Annual maximum [QnjuEl] [mQksimEm] 年最高日平均温度：Annual extreme daily mean of temperature [tempritSE] 月平均温度：Mean monthly temperature [mi n] [mVnTLi] [tempritSE] 日平均值：Daily mean [deili] [mi n] 极端最高：Extreme maximum [ikstri m] [mQksimEm] 空气湿度：Air humidity [HJU Miditi] 中文定义：表示空气中水汽含量或干湿程度的物理量。
环境：Environment[invaiEREnmEnt] 中文定义：人们所在的周围地方与有关事物，一般分为自然环境与社会环境。 环境温度：Ambient temperature [QMbiEnt] [tempritSE] 中文定义：表示环境冷热程度的物理量。 工作环境：Operational environment [OpEReiSEnl] [invaiEREnmEnt] 中文定义：指对制造和产品质量有影响的过程周围的条件。 气候：Climate[klaimit] 中文定义：气候是长时间内气象要素和天气现象的平均或统计状态，时间
风力发电机用专业英语中文对照全
风力发电机用专业英语中文对照风力机wind turbine风电场wind power station wind farm风力发电机组wind turbine generator system WTGS水平轴风力机horizontal axis wind turbine垂直轴风力机vertical axis wind turbine轮毂（风力机）hub (for wind turbine)机舱nacelle支撑结构support structure for wind turbine关机shutdown for wind turbine正常关机normal shutdown for wind turbine紧急关机emergency shutdown for wind turbine空转idling锁定blocking停机parking静止standstill制动器brake停机制动parking brake风轮转速rotor speed控制系统control system保护系统protection system偏航yawing设计和安全参数design situation设计工况design situation载荷状况load case外部条件external conditions设计极限design limits极限状态limit state使用极限状态serviceability limit states极限限制状态ultimate limit state最大极限状态ultimate limit state安全寿命safe life严重故障catastrophic failure潜伏故障latent fault dormant failure风特性wind characteristic风速wind speed风矢量wind velocity旋转采样风矢量rotationally sampled wind velocity额定风速rated wind speed切入风速cut-in speed切出风速cut-out speed年平均annual average年平均风速annual average wind speed平均风速mean wind speed极端风速extreme wind speed安全风速survival wind speed参考风速reference wind speed风速分布wind speed distribution瑞利分布RayLeigh distribution威布尔分布Weibull distribution风切变wind shear风廓线风切变律wind profile wind shear law风切变指数wind shear exponent对数风切变律logarithmic wind shear law风切变幂律power law for wind shear下风向down wind上风向up wind阵风gust粗糙长度roughness length湍流强度turbulence intensity湍流尺度参数turbulence scale parameter湍流惯性负区inertial sub-range风场wind site测量参数measurement parameters测量位置measurement seat最大风速maximum wind speed风功率密度wind power density风能密度wind energy density日变化diurnal variation年变化annual variation轮毂高度hub height风能wind energy标准大气状态standard atmospheric state风切变影响influence by the wind shear阵风影响gust influence风速频率frequency of wind speed环境environment工作环境operational environment气候climate海洋性气候ocean climate大陆性气候continental climate露天气候open-air climate室内气候indoor climate极端extreme日平均值daily mean极端最高extreme maximum年最高annual maximum年最高日平均温度annual extreme daily mean of temperature月平均温度mean monthly temperature 空气湿度air humidity绝对湿度absolute humidity相对湿度relative humidity降水precipitation雨rain冻雨freezing rain霜淞rime雨淞glaze冰雹hail露dew雾fog盐雾salt fog雷暴thunderstorm雪载snow load标准大气压standard air pressure平均海平面mean sea level海拔altitude辐射通量radiant flux太阳辐射solar radiation直接太阳辐射direct solar radiation天空辐射sky radiation太阳常数solar constant太阳光谱solar spectrum黑体black body白体white body温室效应greenhouse effect环境温度ambient temperature表面温度surface temperature互联interconnection输出功率output power额定功率rated power最大功率maximum power电网连接点network connection point电力汇集系统power collection system风场电器设备site electrical facilities功率特性power performance静电功率输出net electric power output 功率系数power performance自由流风速free stream wind speed扫掠面积swept area轮毂高度hub height测量功率曲线measurement power curve 外推功率曲线extrapolated power curve 年发电量annual energy production可利用率availability数据组功率特性测试data set for power performance measurement 精度accuracy测量误差uncertainty in measurement分组方法method of bins测量周期measurement period测量扇区measurement sector日变化diurnal variations浆距角pitch angle距离常数distance constant试验场地test site气流畸变flow distortion障碍物obstacles复杂地形带complex terrain风障wind break声压级sound pressure level声级weighted sound pressure level; sound level视在声功率级apparent sound power level指向性directivity音值tonality声的基准面风速acoustic reference wind speed标准风速standardized wind speed基准高度reference height基准粗糙长度reference roughness length基准距离reference distance掠射角grazing angle风轮wind rotor风轮直径rotor diameter风轮扫掠面积rotor swept area风轮仰角tilt angle of rotor shaft风轮偏航角yawing angle of rotor shaft风轮额定转速rated turning speed of rotor风轮最高转速maximum turning speed of rotor风轮尾流rotor wake尾流损失wake losses风轮实度rotor solidity实度损失solidity losses叶片数number of blades叶片blade等截面叶片constant chord blade变截面叶片variable chord blade叶片投影面积projected area of blade叶片长度length of blade叶根root of blade叶尖tip of blade叶尖速度tip speed浆距角pitch angle翼型airfoil前缘leading edge后缘tailing edge几何弦长geometric chord of airfoil平均几何弦长mean geometric of airfoil气动弦线aerodynamic chord of airfoil翼型厚度thickness of airfoil翼型相对厚度relative thickness of airfoil厚度函数thickness function of airfoil中弧线mean line弯度degree of curvature翼型族the family of airfoil弯度函数curvature function of airfoil叶片根梢比ratio of tip-section chord to root-section chord叶片展弦比aspect ratio叶片安装角setting angle of blade叶片扭角twist of blade叶片几何攻角angle of attack of blade叶片损失blade losses叶尖损失tip losses颤振flutter迎风机构orientation mechanism调速机构regulating mechanism风轮偏测式调速机构regulating mechanism of turning wind rotor out of the wind sideward 变浆距调速机构regulating mechanism by adjusting the pitch of blade整流罩nose cone顺浆feathering阻尼板spoiling flap风轮空气动力特性aerodynamic characteristics of rotor叶尖速度比tip-speed ratio额定叶尖速度比rated tip-speed ratio升力系数lift coefficient阻力系数drag coefficient推或拉力系数thrust coefficient偏航系统滑动制动器sliding shoes偏航yawing主动偏航active yawing被动偏航passive yawing偏航驱动yawing driven解缆untwist塔架tower独立式塔架free stand tower拉索式塔架guyed tower塔影响效应influence by the tower shadow功率特性测试功率特性power performance净电功率输出net electric power output功率系数power coefficient自由流风速free stream wind speed扫掠面积swept area测量功率曲线measured power curve外推功率曲线extrapolated power curve年发电量annual energy production数据组data set可利用率availability精度accuracy测量误差uncertainty in measurement分组方法method of bins测量周期measurement period测量扇区measurement sector距离常数distance constant试验场地test site气流畸变flow distortion复杂地形地带complex terrain风障wind break声压级sound pressure level声级weighted sound pressure level视在声功率级apparent sound power level指向性directivity音值tonality声的基准风速acoustic reference wind speed标准风速standardized wind speed基准高度reference height基准粗糙长度reference roughness基准距离reference distance掠射角grazing angle比恩法method of bins标准误差standard uncertainty风能利用系数rotor power coefficient力矩系数torque coefficient额定力矩系数rated torque coefficient起动力矩系数starting torque coefficient最大力矩系数maximum torque coefficient过载度ratio of over load风力发电机组输出特性output characteristic of WTGS调节特性regulating characteristics平均噪声average noise level机组效率efficiency of WTGS使用寿命service life度电成本cost per kilowatt hour of the electricity generated by WTGS 发电机同步电机synchronous generator异步电机asynchronous generator感应电机induction generator转差率slip瞬态电流transient rotor笼型cage绕线转子wound rotor绕组系数winding factor换向器commutator集电环collector ring换向片commutator segment励磁响应excitation response制动系统制动系统braking制动机构brake mechanism正常制动系normal braking system紧急制动系emergency braking system空气制动系air braking system液压制动系hydraulic braking system电磁制动系electromagnetic braking system机械制动系mechanical braking system辅助装置auxiliary device制动器释放braking releasing制动器闭合brake setting液压缸hydraulic cylinder溢流阀relief valve泻油drain齿轮马达gear motor齿轮泵gear pump电磁阀solenoid液压过滤器hydraulic filter液压泵hydraulic pump液压系统hydraulic system油冷却器oil cooler压力控制器pressure control valve压力继电器pressure switch减压阀reducing valve安全阀safety valve设定压力setting pressure切换switching旋转接头rotating union压力表pressure gauge液压油hydraulic fluid液压马达hydraulic motor油封oil seal刹车盘brake disc闸垫brake pad刹车油brake fluid闸衬片brake lining传动比transmission ratio齿轮gear齿轮副gear pair平行轴齿轮副gear pair with parallel axes齿轮系train of gears行星齿轮系planetary gear train小齿轮pinion大齿轮wheel , gear主动齿轮driving, gear从动齿轮driven gear行星齿轮planet gear行星架planet carrier太阳轮sun gear内齿圈ring gear外齿轮external gear内齿轮internal内齿轮副internal gear pair增速齿轮副speed increasing gear增速齿轮系speed increasing gear train中心距center distance增速比speed increasing ratio齿面tooth flank工作齿面working flank非工作齿面non-working flank模数module齿数number of teeth啮合干涉meshing interference齿廓修行profile modification , profile correction 啮合engagement, mesh齿轮的变位addendum modification on gears变位齿轮gears with addendum modification圆柱齿轮cylindrical gear直齿圆柱齿轮spur gear斜齿圆柱齿轮helical gear single-helical gear节点pitch point节圆pitch circle齿顶圆tip circle齿根圆root circle直径和半径diameter and radius齿宽face width齿厚tooth thickness压力角pressure angle圆周侧隙circumferential backlash蜗杆worm蜗轮worm wheel联轴器coupling刚性联轴器rigid coupling万向联轴器universal coupling安全联轴器security coupling齿tooth齿槽tooth space斜齿轮helical gear人字齿轮double-helical gear齿距pitch法向齿距normal pitch轴向齿距axial pitch齿高tooth depth输入角input shaft输出角output shaft柱销pin柱销套roller行星齿轮传动机构planetary gear drive mechanism 中心轮center gear单级行星齿轮系single planetary gear train柔性齿轮flexible gear刚性齿轮rigidity gear柔性滚动轴承flexible rolling bearing输出联接output coupling刚度rigidity扭转刚度torsional rigidity弯曲刚度flexural rigidity扭转刚度系数coefficient of torsional起动力矩starting torque传动误差transmission error传动精度transmission accuracy固有频率natural frequency弹性联接elastic coupling刚性联接rigid coupling滑块联接Oldham coupling固定联接integrated coupling齿啮式联接dynamic coupling花键式联接splined coupling牙嵌式联接castellated coupling径向销联接radial pin coupling周期振动periodic vibration随机振动random vibration峰值peak value临界阻尼critical damping阻尼系数damping coefficient阻尼比damping ratio减震器vibration isolator振动频率vibration frequency幅值amplitude位移幅值displacement amplitude速度幅值velocity amplitude加速度幅值acceleration amplitude控制与监控系统远程监视telemonitoring协议protocol实时real time单向传输simplex transmission半双工传输half-duplex transmission双工传输duplex transmission前置机front end processor运输终端remote terminal unit调制解调器modulator-demodulator数据终端设备data terminal equipment接口interface数据电路data circuit信息information状态信息state information分接头位置信息tap position information监视信息monitored information设备故障信息equipment failure information告警alarm返回信息return information设定值set point value累积值integrated total integrated value瞬时测值instantaneous measured计量值counted measured metered measured metered reading 确认acknowledgement信号signal模拟信号analog signal命令command字节byte位bit地址address波特baud编码encode译码decode代码code集中控制centralized control可编程序控制programmable control微机程控minicomputer program模拟控制analogue control数字控制digital control强电控制strong current control弱电控制weak current control单元控制unit control就地控制local control联锁装置interlocker模拟盘analogue board配电盘switch board控制台control desk紧急停车按钮emergency stop push-button 限位开关limit switch限速开关limit speed switch有载指示器on-load indicator屏幕显示screen display指示灯display lamp起动信号starting signal公共供电点point of common coupling闪变flicker数据库data base硬件hardware硬件平台hardware platform层layer level class模型model响应时间response time软件software软件平台software platform系统软件system software自由脱扣trip-free基准误差basic error一对一控制方式one-to-one control mode 一次电流primary current一次电压primary voltage二次电流secondary current二次电压secondary voltage低压电器low voltage apparatus额定工作电压rated operational voltage额定工作电流rated operational current运行管理operation management安全方案safety concept外部条件external conditions失效failure故障fault控制柜control cabinet冗余技术redundancy正常关机normal shutdown失效-安全fail-safe排除故障clearance空转idling外部动力源external power supply锁定装置locking device运行转速范围operating rotational speed range 临界转速activation rotational speed最大转速maximum rotational speed过载功率over power临界功率activation power最大功率maximum power短时切出风速short-term cut-out wind speed外联机试验field test with turbine试验台test-bed台架试验test on bed防雷系统lighting protection system外部防雷系统external lighting protection system 内部防雷系统internal lighting protection system 等电位连接equipotential bonding接闪器air-termination system引下线down-conductor接地装置earth-termination system接地线earth conductor接地体earth electrode环形接地体ring earth external基础接地体foundation earth electrode等电位连接带bonding bar等电位连接导体bonding conductor保护等级protection lever防雷区lighting protection zone雷电流lighting current电涌保护器surge suppressor共用接地系统common earthing system接地基准点earthing reference points持续运行continuous operation持续运行的闪变系数flicker coefficient for continuous operation 闪变阶跃系数flicker step factor最大允许功率maximum permitted最大测量功率maximum measured power电网阻抗相角network impedance phase angle正常运行normal operation功率采集系统power collection system额定现在功率rated apparent power额定电流rated current额定无功功率rated reactive power停机standstill起动start-up切换运行switching operation扰动强度turbulence intensity电压变化系数voltage change factor风力机端口wind turbine terminals风力机最大功率maximum power of wind turbine风力机停机parked wind turbine安全系统safety system控制装置control device额定载荷rated load周期period相位phase频率frequency谐波harmonics瞬时值instantaneous value同步synchronism振荡oscillation共振resonance波wave辐射radiation衰减attenuation阻尼damping畸变distortion电electricity电的electric静电学electrostatics电荷electric charge电压降voltage drop电流electric current导电性conductivity电压voltage电磁感应electromagnetic induction励磁excitation电阻率resistivity导体conductor半导体semiconductor电路electric circuit串联电路series circuit电容capacitance电感inductance电阻resistance电抗reactance阻抗impedance传递比transfer ratio交流电压alternating voltage交流电流alternating current脉动电压pulsating voltage脉动电流pulsating current直流电压direct voltage直流电流direct current瞬时功率instantaneous power有功功率active power无功功率reactive power有功电流active current无功电流reactive current功率因数power factor中性点neutral point相序sequential order of the phase电气元件electrical device接线端子terminal电极electrode地earth接地电路earthed circuit接地电阻resistance of an earthed conductor 绝缘子insulator绝缘套管insulating bushing母线busbar线圈coil螺纹管solenoid绕组winding电阻器resistor电感器inductor电容器capacitor继电器relay电能转换器electric energy transducer电机electric machine发电机generator电动机motor变压器transformer变流器converter变频器frequency converter整流器rectifier逆变器inverter传感器sensor耦合器electric coupling放大器amplifier振荡器oscillator滤波器filter半导体器件semiconductor光电器件photoelectric device 触头contact开关设备switchgear控制设备control gear闭合电路closed circuit断开电路open circuit通断switching联结connection串联series connection并联parallel connection星形联结star connection三角形联结delta connection主电路main circuit辅助电路auxiliary circuit控制电路control circuit信号电路signal circuit保护电路protective circuit换接change-over circuit换向commutation输入功率input power输入input输出output负载load加载to load充电to charge放电to discharge有载运行on-load operation空载运行no-load operation开路运行open-circuit operation 短路运行short-circuit operation 满载full load效率efficiency损耗loss过电压over-voltage过电流over-current欠电压under-voltage特性characteristic绝缘物insulant隔离to isolate绝缘insulation绝缘电阻insulation resistance品质因数quality factor泄漏电流leakage current闪烙flashover短路short circuit噪声noise极限值limiting value额定值rated value额定rating环境条件environment condition 使用条件service condition工况operating condition额定工况rated condition负载比duty ratio绝缘比insulation ratio介质试验dielectric test常规试验routine test抽样试验sampling test验收试验acceptance test投运试验commissioning test维护试验maintenance test加速accelerating特性曲线characteristic额定电压rated voltage额定电流rated current额定频率rated frequency温升temperature rise温度系数temperature coefficient 端电压terminal voltage短路电流short circuit current可靠性reliability有效性availability耐久性durability维修maintenance维护preventive maintenance工作时间operating time待命时间standby time修复时间repair time寿命life使用寿命useful life平均寿命mean life耐久性试验endurance test寿命试验life test可靠性测定试验reliability determination test 现场可靠性试验field reliability test加速试验accelerated test安全性fail safe应力stress强度strength试验数据test data现场数据field data电触头electrical contact主触头main contact击穿breakdown耐电压proof voltage放电electrical discharge透气性air permeability电线电缆electric wire and cable电力电缆power cable通信电缆telecommunication cable油浸式变压器oil-immersed type transformer 干式变压器dry-type transformer自耦变压器auto-transformer有载调压变压器transformer fitted with OLTC 空载电流non-load current阻抗电压impedance voltage电抗电压reactance voltage电阻电压resistance voltage分接tapping配电电器distributing apparatus控制电器control apparatus开关switch熔断器fuse断路器circuit breaker控制器controller接触器contactor机械寿命mechanical endurance电气寿命electrical endurance旋转电机electrical rotating machine直流电机direct current machine交流电机alternating current machine同步电机synchronous machine异步电机asynchronous machine感应电机induction machine励磁机exciter饱和特性saturation characteristic开路特性open-circuit characteristic负载特性load characteristic短路特性short-circuit characteristic额定转矩rated load torque规定的最初起动转矩specifies breakaway torque交流电动机的最初起动电流breakaway starting current if an a.c. 同步转速synchronous speed转差率slip短路比short-circuit ratio同步系数synchronous coefficient空载no-load系统system触电；电击electric block正常状态normal condition接触电压touch voltage跨步电压step voltage对地电压voltage to earth触电电流shock current残余电流residual current安全阻抗safety impedance安全距离safety distance安全标志safety marking安全色safety color中性点有效接地系统system with effectively earthed neutral检修接地inspection earthing工作接地working earthing保护接地protective earthing重复接地iterative earth故障接地fault earthing过电压保护over-voltage protection过电流保护over-current protection断相保护open-phase protection防尘dust-protected防溅protected against splashing防滴protected against dropping water防浸水protected against the effects of immersion过电流保护装置over-current protective device保护继电器protective relay接地开关earthing switch漏电断路器residual current circuit-breaker灭弧装置arc-control device安全隔离变压器safety isolating transformer避雷器surge attester ; lightning arrester保护电容器capacitor for voltage protection安全开关safety switch限流电路limited current circuit振动vibration腐蚀corrosion点腐蚀spot corrosion金属腐蚀corrosion of metals化学腐蚀chemical corrosion贮存storage贮存条件storage condition运输条件transportation condition空载最大加速度maximum bare table acceletation 电力金具悬垂线夹suspension clamp耐张线夹strain clamp挂环link挂板clevis球头挂环ball-eye球头挂钩ball-hookU型挂环shackleU型挂钩U-bolt联板yoke plate牵引板towing plate挂钩hook吊架hanger调整板adjusting plate花篮螺栓turn buckle接续管splicing sleeve补修管repair sleeve调线线夹jumper clamp防振锤damper均压环grading ring屏蔽环shielding ring间隔棒spacer重锤counter weight线卡子guy clip心形环thimble设备线夹terminal connectorT形线夹T-connector硬母线固定金具bus-bar support母线间隔垫bus-bar separetor母线伸缩节bus-bar expansion外光检查visual ins振动试验vibration tests老化试验ageing tests冲击动载荷试验impulse load tests 耐腐试验corrosion resistance tests 棘轮扳手ratchet spanner专用扳手special purpose spanner 万向套筒扳手flexible pliers可调钳adjustable pliers夹线器conductor holder电缆剪cable cutter卡线钳conductor clamp单卡头single clamp双卡头double clamp安全帽safety helmet安全带safety belt绝缘手套insulating glove绝缘靴insulating boots护目镜protection spectacles缝焊机seam welding machine。
基于Matlab_Simulink的永磁直驱风力发电机组建模和仿真研究-2
基于Matlab_Simulink的永磁直驱风⼒发电机组建模和仿真研究-2发电机参数：极对数42；d 轴电抗1.704mL ；q轴电抗1.216mL ；转⼦磁通4.7442Wb ；转动惯量11258J 。
PI 参数：⽹侧电流内环d 轴（1.5、1），q 轴（0.5、37）；⽹侧功率外环（0.0002、0.05）；直流侧电压（2、120）；机侧电流内环d 轴（-3、-24），q 轴（-3、-80）；机侧功率外环（-3、-60）。
本仿真中风速由6m/s 变化到9m/s ，最后变化到12m/s 。
在最⼤风能捕获控制情况下，随着风速的变化，转⼦转速不断调整，以保持最佳叶尖速⽐，从⽽达到最⼤风能利⽤，图8为风速、转⼦转速、机械和电磁转矩变化曲线。
机侧电压电流变化如图9所⽰，在最⼤风能捕获模式下，电压和电流频率随着风速的增⼤⽽增⼤，电压幅值从260V 变化到400V 、540V ，电流幅值变化为380A 、850A 、1500A 。
电⽹侧及直流侧电压电流变化如图10所⽰，电⽹电压保持恒定，电流幅值随着风速的增⼤⽽增⼤变化范围为：168A 、580A 、1290A 。
直流侧电压在风速突变时有⼀个充电过程，电压升⾼，最⾼达到1320V ，经过⼤约0.1s的暂态过程后恢复到额定值1200V 。
永磁直驱发电机输⼊电⽹有功及⽆功功率如图11所⽰，有功功率随着风速的升⾼⽽不断变化，最后维持在1.1MW ，⽆功功率基本保持为零，波动幅值为5kW 。
实际输出有功功率与参考功率的⽐较如图12所⽰，在风速突变后参考功率⼤于实际输出功率，经过⼤约0.1s 的暂态过程后基本吻合。
永磁直驱发电系统机侧及⽹侧电压电流的d 、q 轴分量的变化如图13、14所⽰。
机侧电压d 、q 轴分量随着风速变化⽽变化，机侧电流采⽤零d 轴控制策略，所以d 轴分量维持为零，q 轴分量反映功率的变化。
⽹侧电压保持恒定，因为⽆功参考值为零，所以图11输⼊电⽹有功及⽆功功率Fig.11Active and reactive power input togrid图12输⼊电⽹有功功率与参考功率图Fig.12Active power input to grid and it ’sreference第27卷第9期电⽹与清洁能源图10电⽹侧及直流侧电压电流变化Fig.10Variation of voltage and current of grid and DC side 图9机侧电压电流变化Fig.9Variation of generator-side voltage andcurrent图8风速、转⼦转速、转矩变化Fig.8Variation of wind speed,rotor speed andtorqueClean Energy97电流q 轴分量为零。
风力发电及其技术发展综述_李军军
第32卷第8期2011年8月电力建设Electric Power ConstructionVol.32，No.8Aug，2011中图分类号：TM614文献标志码：A文章编号：1000-7229（2011）08-0064-09风力发电及其技术发展综述李军军1，吴政球2，谭勋琼3，陈波2（1．湖南工业大学电气与信息工程学院，湖南省株洲市，412007；2．湖南大学电气与信息工程学院，长沙市，410082；3．长沙理工大学物理与电子科学学院，长沙市，410004）Review of Wind Power Generation and Relative Technology DevelopmentLI Junjun1，WU Zhengqiu2，TAN Xunqiong3，CHEN Bo2（1．College of Electrical and Information Engineering，Hunan University of Technology，Zhuzhou412007，Hunan Province，China；2．College of Electrical and Information Engineering，Hunan University，Changsha410082，China；3．School of Physics and Electronic Science，Changsha University of Science and Technology，Changsha410004，China）ABSTRACT：Wind energy is widely developed and applied as one of the most commercial prospect renewable energy，as a result that significant advancement of wind power generation and its relative technology are achieved．In the paper，the wind power generation and its relative technology are reviewed，including the types of wind power generation system，performance and feature of generators applied in wind power generation system，and development tendency of future wind power generation technology，which providing references for well learning about the present status and development tendency of wind power generation at home and abroad．KEYWORDS：wind energy；renewable energy；wind power generation；generator；wind power grid integration摘要：风能作为最具商业化前景的可再生能源，正得到大规模的开发和利用，风力发电相关技术也取得了显著的进步。
Variable Frequency Drive（VFD）说明书
1st and 2nd environments
I
m
C1 ≤ 1 m
10/05/2015
169322 - HPL-ED2015 V15.0 EN
1/5
Mounting position Altitude
Degree of Protection Protection against direct contact
Radio interference suppression filter Brake chopper OLED display Local controls
FS3
with SmartWire-DT module DX-NET-SWD2
Technicaldata
General
Standards
Certifications Production quality Climatic proofing Ambient temperature
Overload cycle for 60 s every 600 s
for normal internally and externally ventilated 4 pole, three-phase asynchronous motors with 1500 rpm-1 at 50 Hz or 1800 min-1 at 60 Hz
新能源常用语中英文对照
新能源常用语中英文对照新能源常用语对照英文传统能源Conventional energy source可再生能源Renewable energy sources高能效技术Energy-efficient technology环境友好型Environmentally friendly可持续性发展Sustainable development生态平衡系统Balanced ecological system生物燃料Biofuel矿物燃料Fossil fuel绿色电力Green power温室气体Greenhouse gases (GHG)温室气体减排GHG emission reduction生态系统Ecosystem全球变暖Global warming京都议定书Kyoto Protocol风力发电场Wind power plant地热发电厂Geothermal power plant光伏发电Photovoltaic power generation水力发电Hydroelectric generation潮汐发电厂Tidal power station核电站Nuclear power plant垃圾电厂Refuse power plant国际固体废物协会International Solid Waste Association (ISWA)0．风力发电Wind Power Generation风力机、风轮机Wind turbine风力发电机Wind-driven generator风力发电机组Wind turbine generator system (WTGS) 风能发电机集群Wind farm风能利用率Utilization rate of wind energy风矢量Wind velocity海上风力发电场Offshore wind farm标准大气压Standard/normal atmospheric pressure 标准风速Standardized wind speed风场布置Wind farm layout风地图Wind atlas电力汇集系统（风力发电机组）Power collection system (for WTGS)电网连接点（风力发电机组）Network connection point ( for WTGS) 电网阻抗相角Network impedance phase angle风力机端口Wind turbine terminal马格努斯效应式风力机Magnus effect type wind turbine风车Windmill风轮实度Rotor solidity风轮尾流Rotor wake风轮偏侧式调速机构Regulating mechanism of turning wind rotor out of the wind sideward尾翼Tail fins顺桨Feathering桨距角Pitch angle节圆Pitch circle, nodal circle节点Pitch point, nodal point变速箱Gearbox旋转采样风矢量Rotationally sampled wind velocity 变速风力发电机Variable speed wind turbine变桨距调节机构Regulating mechanism by adjusting the pitch of blade定桨距失速调节型Constant pitch stall regulated type 变桨距调节型Variable pitch regulated type主动失速调节型Active stall regulated type双馈型风力发电机Double-fed wind turbine generator永磁直驱风力发电机Permanent magnetic direct-driven wind turbine generator恒速恒频Constant speed and frequency变速恒频Variable speed constant frequency 节距角Pitch angle叶尖速比Tip speed ratio叶轮Blade整流罩Spinner, nose cone叶片数Number of blades叶片安装角Blade angle, setting angle of blade 齿数Number of teeth齿市Tooth depth齿面Tooth flank工作齿面Work flank齿槽Tooth space齿根圆Root circle齿顶圆Tip circle柱销套Roller叶根Blade root蜗轮Worm wheel叶片展弦比Aspect ratio叶片根梢比Ratio of tip section chord to root section chord等截面叶片Constant chord blade变截面叶片Variable chord blade叶片扭角Twist of blade增强型玻璃钢翼型叶片Enhanced GRP/FRP airfoil blade叶片几何攻角Angle of attack of blade叶片投影面积Projected area of blade瑞利分布Rayleigh distribution威布尔分布Weibull distribution平均几何弦长Mean geometric chord of airfoil机械寿命Mechanical endurance啮合干涉Meshing interference比恩法Method of bins滑块联接Oldham coupling前缘Leading edge弯度Degree of curvature弯度函数Curvature function of airfoil弯曲刚度Flexural rigidity升力系数Lift coefficient背风Leeward软并网Soft cut-in自动/人工解缆Automatic /manual cable untwisting 停车机构Halt gear风电场Wind farm, wind field, wind power station 风力气象站Wind synoptic station气流Wind stream, airflow气流畸变Flow distortion颤振Flutter外部动力源External power source外推功率曲线Extrapolated power curve自由流风速Free stream wind speed风气候Wind climate风玫瑰图、风向图Wind rose风系、风况Wind regime横向风Cross wind风能潜势Wind energy potential风能密度Wind energy density风功率密度Wind power density风能利用率Utilization rate of wind energy 风资源评估Wind resource assessment启动风速Start-up wind speed切入风速Cut-in wind speed切出风速Cut-out wind speed短时切出风速Short term cut-out wind speed 极端风速Extreme wind speed额定风速Rated wind velocity距离常数Distance constant位移幅值Displacement amplitude对数风切变律Logarithmic wind shear law风廓线风切变律Wind profile wind shear law 对数变幂律Power low for wind shear声的基准风速Acoustic reference wind speed 视在声功率级Apparent sound power level 衰减Attenuation齿啮式联接Dynamic coupling齿宽Face width, tooth width齿廓修形Profile modification齿向修形Axial modification径向销联接Radial pin coupling支撑结构Support structure下风向Downwind direction上风向Upwind direction指向性Directivity (for WTGS)风轮扫掠面积Rotor swept area风剪切Wind shear塔影效应Tower-shadow effect三维旋转效应Three-dimensional (3-D) rotational effect非定常空气动力特征Unsteady aerodynamic characteristic风切变影响Influence by the wind shear风切变指数Wind shear exponent大风安全保护Security protection against gale (strong wind) 迎风机构Orientation mechanism, windward rudder风速表、风速计Anemometer，anemograph风速测定站Anemometry station安全风速Survival wind speed极端风速Extreme wind speed参考风速Reference wind speed水平轴风力机Horizontal axis wind turbine垂直轴风力机Vertical axis wind turbine翼型族The family of airfoil可变几何翼型风力机Variable geometry type wind turbine文丘里管式风力机Venturi tube wind turbine风机控制器Controller for wind turbine全永磁悬浮风力发电机All-permanent magnet suspension wind power generator风场电气设备Site electrical facilities湍流强度、扰动强度、紊流强度Turbulence intensity湍流尺度参数Turbulence scale parameter湍流惯性负区Inertial sub range环境温度Ambient temperature空气动力学Aerodynamics空气制动系统Air braking system室内气候Indoor climate透气性Air permeability防滴Protected against dropping water防溅Protected against splashing防浸水Protected against the effect of immersion 风轮空气动力特性Aerodynamic characteristics of rotor基准粗糙长度Reference roughness length容量可信度Capacity confidence level光电器件Photoelectric device太阳轮Sun gear内齿圈Annulus gear，ring gear内齿轮副Internal gear pair圆柱齿轮Cylindrical gear人字齿轮Double helical gear柔性齿轮Flexible gear刚性齿轮Rigid gear从动齿轮Driven gear主动齿轮Driving gear变位齿轮Gear with addendum modification 小齿轮Pinion大齿轮Gearwheel, main gear行星齿轮Planet gear单级行星齿轮系Single planetary gear train多级行星齿轮系Multiple stage planetary gear train 行星齿轮传动机构Planetary gear drive mechanism 增速齿轮副Speed increasing gear pair非工作齿轮Non working flank齿轮扳手Ratcher spanner柔性滚动试验Flexible rolling bearing空载最大加速度Maximum bare table acceleration 过载度Ratio of overload风力机最大功率Maximum power of wind turbine 最大转速Maximum rotational speed最大系数Maximum torque coefficient风轮最高转速Maximum turning speed of rotor 风轮仰角Angle of rotor shaft空转Idling锁定blocking停机Parking静止Standstill尾迹损失Wake loss轮毂高度Hub height变桨系统Pitch system变桨调节Pitch regulation活动桨Active pitch调向系统Yaw system静音离网型Silent off-network主动偏航Active yawing被动偏航Passive yawing风轮偏航角Yawing angle of rotor shaft气动弦线Aerodynamic chord of airfoil轴向齿距Axial pitch球头挂环Ball eye球头挂钩Ball hook可调钳Adjustable pliers联板Yoke plate接闪器Air termination system发动机舱Engine nacelle微观选址Micro-siting集网风能Central-grid wind energy孤网风能Isolated-grid wind energy 离网风能Off-grid wind energy风柴混合互补系统Wind-diesel hybrid system 潜伏故障Latent fault, dormant failure 严重故障Catastrophic failure使用极限状态Serviceability limit state最大极限状态Ultimate limit state。
双馈式变速恒频风力发电机的空载及负载并网策略
双馈式变速恒频风力发电机的空载及负载并网策略刘其辉;谢孟丽【摘要】双馈式变速恒频（DFVSCF）风力发电机在转子侧施加交流励磁,快速调节定子电压,以满足并网条件。
本文利用这一柔性连接特性,采用磁场定向矢量控制技术,研究了双馈式变速恒频风力发电机的空载、负载两种并网控制原理,建立了基于定子磁链定向矢量控制下的两种并网策略,给出了两种策略下的转子电流控制模型,并设计了不依赖于发电机参数的u-ω型磁链观测器,实现了变速情况下DFVSCF 风力发电机的安全并网。
最后进行了实验研究,证明了两种并网策略的正确性及有效性。
%In the situation of doubly-fed variable-speed constant-frequency(DFVSCF) wind power generator using AC excitation applied to rotor,the stator voltage can be regulated quickly to meet the condition of grid-connection.With this flexible connectivity,the method of field-oriented vector control was adopted in this paper,and then the control principles of grid-connection with no-load and with load of DFVSCF wind power generator was investigated.Two strategies of grid-connection,together with their corresponding rotor current control models were established based on stator flux oriented vector control technology,and one u-ω stator flux linkage observer independent of generator parameters was put forward.With the proposed control schem,the DFVSCF wind power generator can be safely connected to grid at variable speed.At last,the experimental research was conducted,and experimental result verifies the correctness and feasibility of the strategies proposed by this paper.【期刊名称】《电工技术学报》【年(卷),期】2012(027)010【总页数】9页(P60-67,78)【关键词】双馈变速恒频;风力发电;并网;磁场定向矢量控制;u-ω型磁链观测器【作者】刘其辉;谢孟丽【作者单位】华北电力大学电气与电子工程学院,北京102206;华北电力大学电气与电子工程学院,北京102206【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TM3101 引言并网是风力发电机安全、高效运行的重要前提和条件。
丹弗斯变频器说明书VLT2900
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Available literature
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Supplied with the unit
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Index
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MG.29.A3.02 - VLT® is a registered Danfoss trademark
Quick Setup General warning Using this Quick Setup, you can carry out quick and EMC-correct installation of the frequency converter in five steps. The Operating Instructions, which are also enclosed, give other examples of installation and describe all functions in detail.
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Electrical installation
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Pre-fuses
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Mains connection
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Motor connection
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Direction of motor rotation
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Parallel connection of motors
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Earth connection
3
Motor start
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Safety regulations
4
Warning against unintended start
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Introduction to VLT 2900
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Sofning
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These rules concern your safety
风机专业英语
风力发电机用专业英语中文对照风力发电机wind turbine风电场wind power station wind farm风力发电机组wind turbine generator system WTGS 水平轴风力发电机horizontal axis wind turbine垂直轴风力发电机vertical axis wind turbine轮毂（风力发电机）hub (for wind turbine)机舱nacelle支撑结构support structure for wind turbine关机shutdown for wind turbine正常关机normal shutdown for wind turbine紧急关机emergency shutdown for wind turbine空转idling锁定blocking停机parking静止standstill制动器brake停机制动parking brake风轮转速rotor speed控制系统control system保护系统protection system偏航yawing设计和安全参数design situation设计工况design situation载荷状况load case外部条件external conditions设计极限design limits极限状态limit state使用极限状态serviceability limit states极限限制状态ultimate limit state最大极限状态ultimate limit state安全寿命safe life严重故障catastrophic failure潜伏故障latent fault dormant failure风特性wind characteristic风速wind speed风矢量wind velocity旋转采样风矢量rotationally sampled wind velocity 额定风速rated wind speed切入风速cut-in speed切出风速cut-out speed年平均annual average年平均风速annual average wind speed平均风速mean wind speed极端风速extreme wind speed安全风速survival wind speed参考风速reference wind speed风速分布wind speed distribution瑞利分布RayLeigh distribution威布尔分布Weibull distribution风切变wind shear风廓线风切变律wind profile wind shear law风切变指数wind shear exponent对数风切变律logarithmic wind shear law风切变幂律power law for wind shear下风向down wind上风向up wind阵风gust粗糙长度roughness length湍流强度turbulence intensity湍流尺度参数turbulence scale parameter湍流惯性负区inertial sub-range风场wind site测量参数measurement parameters测量位置measurement seat最大风速maximum wind speed风功率密度wind power density风能密度wind energy density日变化diurnal variation年变化annual variation轮毂高度hub height风能wind energy标准大气状态standard atmospheric state风切变影响influence by the wind shear阵风影响gust influence风速频率frequency of wind speed环境environment工作环境operational environment气候climate海洋性气候ocean climate大陆性气候continental climate露天气候open-air climate室内气候indoor climate极端extreme日平均值daily mean极端最高extreme maximum年最高annual maximum年最高日平均温度annual extreme daily mean of temperature月平均温度mean monthly temperature 空气湿度air humidity绝对湿度absolute humidity相对湿度relative humidity降水precipitation雨rain冻雨freezing rain霜淞rime雨淞glaze冰雹hail露dew雾fog盐雾salt fog雷暴thunderstorm雪载snow load标准大气压standard air pressure平均海平面mean sea level海拔altitude辐射通量radiant flux太阳辐射solar radiation直接太阳辐射direct solar radiation天空辐射sky radiation太阳常数solar constant太阳光谱solar spectrum黑体black body白体white body温室效应greenhouse effect环境温度ambient temperature表面温度surface temperature互联interconnection输出功率output power额定功率rated power最大功率maximum power电网连接点network connection point电力汇集系统power collection system风场电器设备site electrical facilities功率特性power performance静电功率输出net electric power output 功率系数power performance自由流风速free stream wind speed扫掠面积swept area轮毂高度hub height测量功率曲线measurement power curve 外推功率曲线extrapolated power curve年发电量annual energy production可利用率availability数据组功率特性测试data set for power performance measurement 精度accuracy测量误差uncertainty in measurement分组方法method of bins测量周期measurement period测量扇区measurement sector日变化diurnal variations浆距角pitch angle距离常数distance constant试验场地test site气流畸变flow distortion障碍物obstacles复杂地形带complex terrain风障wind break声压级sound pressure level声级weighted sound pressure level; sound level视在声功率级apparent sound power level指向性directivity音值tonality声的基准面风速acoustic reference wind speed标准风速standardized wind speed基准高度reference height基准粗糙长度reference roughness length基准距离reference distance掠射角grazing angle风轮风轮wind rotor风轮直径rotor diameter风轮扫掠面积rotor swept area风轮仰角tilt angle of rotor shaft风轮偏航角yawing angle of rotor shaft风轮额定转速rated turning speed of rotor风轮最高转速maximum turning speed of rotor风轮尾流rotor wake尾流损失wake losses风轮实度rotor solidity实度损失solidity losses叶片数number of blades叶片blade等截面叶片constant chord blade变截面叶片variable chord blade叶片投影面积projected area of blade叶片长度length of blade叶根root of blade叶尖tip of blade叶尖速度tip speed浆距角pitch angle翼型airfoil前缘leading edge后缘tailing edge几何弦长geometric chord of airfoil平均几何弦长mean geometric of airfoil气动弦线aerodynamic chord of airfoil翼型厚度thickness of airfoil翼型相对厚度relative thickness of airfoil厚度函数thickness function of airfoil中弧线mean line弯度degree of curvature翼型族the family of airfoil弯度函数curvature function of airfoil叶片根梢比ratio of tip-section chord to root-section chord叶片展弦比aspect ratio叶片安装角setting angle of blade叶片扭角twist of blade叶片几何攻角angle of attack of blade叶片损失blade losses叶尖损失tip losses颤振flutter迎风机构orientation mechanism调速机构regulating mechanism风轮偏测式调速机构regulating mechanism of turning wind rotor out of the wind sideward 变浆距调速机构regulating mechanism by adjusting the pitch of blade整流罩nose cone顺浆feathering阻尼板spoiling flap风轮空气动力特性aerodynamic characteristics of rotor叶尖速度比tip-speed ratio额定叶尖速度比rated tip-speed ratio升力系数lift coefficient阻力系数drag coefficient推或拉力系数thrust coefficient偏航系统滑动制动器sliding shoes偏航yawing主动偏航active yawing被动偏航passive yawing偏航驱动yawing driven解缆untwist塔架tower独立式塔架free stand tower拉索式塔架guyed tower塔影响效应influence by the tower shadow <<功率特性测试>>功率特性power performance净电功率输出net electric power output功率系数power coefficient自由流风速free stream wind speed扫掠面积swept area测量功率曲线measured power curve外推功率曲线extrapolated power curve年发电量annual energy production数据组data set可利用率availability精度accuracy测量误差uncertainty in measurement分组方法method of bins测量周期measurement period测量扇区measurement sector距离常数distance constant试验场地test site气流畸变flow distortion复杂地形地带complex terrain风障wind break声压级sound pressure level声级weighted sound pressure level视在声功率级apparent sound power level 指向性directivity音值tonality声的基准风速acoustic reference wind speed 标准风速standardized wind speed基准高度reference height基准粗糙长度reference roughness基准距离reference distance掠射角grazing angle比恩法method of bins标准误差standard uncertainty风能利用系数rotor power coefficient力矩系数torque coefficient额定力矩系数rated torque coefficient起动力矩系数starting torque coefficient最大力矩系数maximum torque coefficient过载度ratio of over load风力发电机组输出特性output characteristic of WTGS调节特性regulating characteristics平均噪声average noise level机组效率efficiency of WTGS使用寿命service life度电成本cost per kilowatt hour of the electricity generated by WTGS 发电机同步电机synchronous generator异步电机asynchronous generator感应电机induction generator转差率slip瞬态电流transient rotor笼型cage绕线转子wound rotor绕组系数winding factor换向器commutator集电环collector ring换向片commutator segment励磁响应excitation response制动系统制动系统braking制动机构brake mechanism正常制动系normal braking system紧急制动系emergency braking system空气制动系air braking system液压制动系hydraulic braking system电磁制动系electromagnetic braking system机械制动系mechanical braking system辅助装置auxiliary device制动器释放braking releasing制动器闭合brake setting液压缸hydraulic cylinder溢流阀relief valve泻油drain齿轮马达gear motor齿轮泵gear pump电磁阀solenoid液压过滤器hydraulic filter液压泵hydraulic pump液压系统hydraulic system油冷却器oil cooler压力控制器pressure control valve压力继电器pressure switch减压阀reducing valve安全阀safety valve设定压力setting pressure切换switching旋转接头rotating union压力表pressure gauge液压油hydraulic fluid液压马达hydraulic motor油封oil seal刹车盘brake disc闸垫brake pad刹车油brake fluid闸衬片brake lining传动比transmission ratio齿轮gear齿轮副gear pair平行轴齿轮副gear pair with parallel axes齿轮系train of gears行星齿轮系planetary gear train小齿轮pinion大齿轮wheel , gear主动齿轮driving, gear从动齿轮driven gear行星齿轮planet gear行星架planet carrier太阳轮sun gear内齿圈ring gear外齿轮external gear内齿轮internal内齿轮副internal gear pair增速齿轮副speed increasing gear增速齿轮系speed increasing gear train中心距center distance增速比speed increasing ratio齿面tooth flank工作齿面working flank非工作齿面non-working flank模数module齿数number of teeth啮合干涉meshing interference齿廓修行profile modification , profile correction 啮合engagement, mesh齿轮的变位addendum modification on gears变位齿轮gears with addendum modification圆柱齿轮cylindrical gear直齿圆柱齿轮spur gear斜齿圆柱齿轮helical gear single-helical gear节点pitch point节圆pitch circle齿顶圆tip circle齿根圆root circle直径和半径diameter and radius齿宽face width齿厚tooth thickness压力角pressure angle圆周侧隙circumferential backlash蜗杆worm蜗轮worm wheel联轴器coupling刚性联轴器rigid coupling万向联轴器universal coupling安全联轴器security coupling齿tooth齿槽tooth space斜齿轮helical gear人字齿轮double-helical gear齿距pitch法向齿距normal pitch轴向齿距axial pitch齿高tooth depth输入角input shaft输出角output shaft柱销pin柱销套roller行星齿轮传动机构planetary gear drive mechanism 中心轮center gear单级行星齿轮系single planetary gear train柔性齿轮flexible gear刚性齿轮rigidity gear柔性滚动轴承flexible rolling bearing输出联接output coupling刚度rigidity扭转刚度torsional rigidity弯曲刚度flexural rigidity扭转刚度系数coefficient of torsional起动力矩starting torque传动误差transmission error传动精度transmission accuracy固有频率natural frequency弹性联接elastic coupling刚性联接rigid coupling滑块联接Oldham coupling固定联接integrated coupling齿啮式联接dynamic coupling花键式联接splined coupling牙嵌式联接castellated coupling径向销联接radial pin coupling周期振动periodic vibration随机振动random vibration峰值peak value临界阻尼critical damping阻尼系数damping coefficient阻尼比damping ratio减震器vibration isolator振动频率vibration frequency幅值amplitude位移幅值displacement amplitude速度幅值velocity amplitude加速度幅值acceleration amplitude控制与监控系统远程监视telemonitoring协议protocol实时real time单向传输simplex transmission半双工传输half-duplex transmission双工传输duplex transmission前置机front end processor运输终端remote terminal unit调制解调器modulator-demodulator数据终端设备data terminal equipment接口interface数据电路data circuit信息information状态信息state information分接头位置信息tap position information监视信息monitored information设备故障信息equipment failure information 告警alarm返回信息return information设定值set point value累积值integrated total integrated value瞬时测值instantaneous measured计量值counted measured metered measured metered reading 确认acknowledgement信号signal模拟信号analog signal命令command字节byte位bit地址address波特baud编码encode译码decode代码code集中控制centralized control可编程序控制programmable control微机程控minicomputer program模拟控制analogue control数字控制digital control强电控制strong current control弱电控制weak current control单元控制unit control就地控制local control联锁装置interlocker模拟盘analogue board配电盘switch board控制台control desk紧急停车按钮emergency stop push-button限位开关limit switch限速开关limit speed switch有载指示器on-load indicator屏幕显示screen display指示灯display lamp起动信号starting signal公共供电点point of common coupling闪变flicker数据库data base硬件hardware硬件平台hardware platform层layer level class模型model响应时间response time软件software软件平台software platform系统软件system software自由脱扣trip-free基准误差basic error一对一控制方式one-to-one control mode一次电流primary current一次电压primary voltage二次电流secondary current二次电压secondary voltage低压电器low voltage apparatus额定工作电压rated operational voltage额定工作电流rated operational current运行管理operation management安全方案safety concept外部条件external conditions失效failure故障fault控制柜control cabinet冗余技术redundancy正常关机normal shutdown失效-安全fail-safe排除故障clearance空转idling外部动力源external power supply锁定装置locking device运行转速范围operating rotational speed range 临界转速activation rotational speed最大转速maximum rotational speed过载功率over power临界功率activation power最大功率maximum power短时切出风速short-term cut-out wind speed外联机试验field test with turbine试验台test-bed台架试验test on bed防雷系统lighting protection system外部防雷系统external lighting protection system 内部防雷系统internal lighting protection system 等电位连接equipotential bonding接闪器air-termination system引下线down-conductor接地装置earth-termination system接地线earth conductor接地体earth electrode环形接地体ring earth external基础接地体foundation earth electrode等电位连接带bonding bar等电位连接导体bonding conductor保护等级protection lever防雷区lighting protection zone雷电流lighting current电涌保护器surge suppressor共用接地系统common earthing system接地基准点earthing reference points持续运行continuous operation持续运行的闪变系数flicker coefficient for continuous operation 闪变阶跃系数flicker step factor最大允许功率maximum permitted最大测量功率maximum measured power电网阻抗相角network impedance phase angle正常运行normal operation功率采集系统power collection system额定现在功率rated apparent power额定电流rated current额定无功功率rated reactive power停机standstill起动start-up切换运行switching operation扰动强度turbulence intensity电压变化系数voltage change factor风力发电机端口wind turbine terminals风力发电机最大功率maximum power of wind turbine风力发电机停机parked wind turbine安全系统safety system控制装置control device额定载荷rated load周期period相位phase频率frequency谐波harmonics瞬时值instantaneous value同步synchronism振荡oscillation共振resonance波wave辐射radiation衰减attenuation阻尼damping畸变distortion电electricity电的electric静电学electrostatics电荷electric charge电压降voltage drop电流electric current导电性conductivity电压voltage电磁感应electromagnetic induction励磁excitation电阻率resistivity导体conductor半导体semiconductor电路electric circuit串联电路series circuit电容capacitance电感inductance电阻resistance电抗reactance阻抗impedance传递比transfer ratio交流电压alternating voltage交流电流alternating current脉动电压pulsating voltage脉动电流pulsating current直流电压direct voltage直流电流direct current瞬时功率instantaneous power有功功率active power无功功率reactive power有功电流active current无功电流reactive current功率因数power factor中性点neutral point相序sequential order of the phase电气元件electrical device接线端子terminal电极electrode地earth接地电路earthed circuit接地电阻resistance of an earthed conductor 绝缘子insulator绝缘套管insulating bushing母线busbar线圈coil螺纹管solenoid绕组winding电阻器resistor电感器inductor电容器capacitor继电器relay电能转换器electric energy transducer 电机electric machine发电机generator电动机motor变压器transformer变流器converter变频器frequency converter整流器rectifier逆变器inverter传感器sensor耦合器electric coupling放大器amplifier振荡器oscillator滤波器filter半导体器件semiconductor光电器件photoelectric device触头contact开关设备switchgear控制设备control gear闭合电路closed circuit断开电路open circuit通断switching联结connection串联series connection并联parallel connection星形联结star connection三角形联结delta connection主电路main circuit辅助电路auxiliary circuit控制电路control circuit信号电路signal circuit保护电路protective circuit换接change-over circuit换向commutation输入功率input power输入input输出output负载load加载to load充电to charge放电to discharge有载运行on-load operation空载运行no-load operation开路运行open-circuit operation 短路运行short-circuit operation 满载full load效率efficiency损耗loss过电压over-voltage过电流over-current欠电压under-voltage特性characteristic绝缘物insulant隔离to isolate绝缘insulation绝缘电阻insulation resistance 品质因数quality factor泄漏电流leakage current闪烙flashover短路short circuit噪声noise极限值limiting value额定值rated value额定rating环境条件environment condition 使用条件service condition工况operating condition额定工况rated condition负载比duty ratio绝缘比insulation ratio介质试验dielectric test常规试验routine test抽样试验sampling test验收试验acceptance test投运试验commissioning test维护试验maintenance test加速accelerating特性曲线characteristic额定电压rated voltage额定电流rated current额定频率rated frequency温升temperature rise温度系数temperature coefficient端电压terminal voltage短路电流short circuit current可靠性reliability有效性availability耐久性durability维修maintenance维护preventive maintenance工作时间operating time待命时间standby time修复时间repair time寿命life使用寿命useful life平均寿命mean life耐久性试验endurance test寿命试验life test可靠性测定试验reliability determination test 现场可靠性试验field reliability test加速试验accelerated test安全性fail safe应力stress强度strength试验数据test data现场数据field data电触头electrical contact主触头main contact击穿breakdown耐电压proof voltage放电electrical discharge透气性air permeability电线电缆electric wire and cable电力电缆power cable通信电缆telecommunication cable油浸式变压器oil-immersed type transformer 干式变压器dry-type transformer自耦变压器auto-transformer有载调压变压器transformer fitted with OLTC 空载电流non-load current阻抗电压impedance voltage电抗电压reactance voltage电阻电压resistance voltage分接tapping配电电器distributing apparatus控制电器control apparatus开关switch熔断器fuse断路器circuit breaker控制器controller接触器contactor机械寿命mechanical endurance电气寿命electrical endurance旋转电机electrical rotating machine直流电机direct current machine交流电机alternating current machine同步电机synchronous machine异步电机asynchronous machine感应电机induction machine励磁机exciter饱和特性saturation characteristic开路特性open-circuit characteristic负载特性load characteristic短路特性short-circuit characteristic额定转矩rated load torque规定的最初起动转矩specifies breakaway torque交流电动机的最初起动电流breakaway starting current if an a.c. 同步转速synchronous speed转差率slip短路比short-circuit ratio同步系数synchronous coefficient空载no-load系统system触电；电击electric block正常状态normal condition接触电压touch voltage跨步电压step voltage对地电压voltage to earth触电电流shock current残余电流residual current安全阻抗safety impedance安全距离safety distance安全标志safety marking安全色safety color中性点有效接地系统system with effectively earthed neutral检修接地inspection earthing工作接地working earthing保护接地protective earthing重复接地iterative earth故障接地fault earthing过电压保护over-voltage protection过电流保护over-current protection断相保护open-phase protection防尘dust-protected防溅protected against splashing防滴protected against dropping water防浸水protected against the effects of immersion 过电流保护装置over-current protective device保护继电器protective relay接地开关earthing switch漏电断路器residual current circuit-breaker灭弧装置arc-control device安全隔离变压器safety isolating transformer避雷器surge attester ; lightning arrester保护电容器capacitor for voltage protection安全开关safety switch限流电路limited current circuit振动vibration腐蚀corrosion点腐蚀spot corrosion金属腐蚀corrosion of metals化学腐蚀chemical corrosion贮存storage贮存条件storage condition运输条件transportation condition空载最大加速度maximum bare table acceletation 电力金具悬垂线夹suspension clamp耐张线夹strain clamp挂环link挂板clevis球头挂环ball-eye球头挂钩ball-hookU型挂环shackleU型挂钩U-bolt联板yoke plate牵引板towing plate挂钩hook吊架hanger调整板adjusting plate花篮螺栓turn buckle接续管splicing sleeve补修管repair sleeve调线线夹jumper clamp防振锤damper均压环grading ring屏蔽环shielding ring间隔棒spacer重锤counter weight线卡子guy clip心形环thimble设备线夹terminal connectorT形线夹T-connector硬母线固定金具bus-bar support 母线间隔垫bus-bar separetor母线伸缩节bus-bar expansion外光检查visual ins振动试验vibration tests老化试验ageing tests冲击动载荷试验impulse load tests 耐腐试验corrosion resistance tests 棘轮扳手ratchet spanner专用扳手special purpose spanner 万向套筒扳手flexible 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变速恒频风力发电系统风机转速非线性PID控制赵永祥夏长亮（天津大学电气与自动化工程学院天津 300072）摘要：针对变速风机非线性强、转动惯量大、转轴机械阻尼随转速变化的特点，本文提出了变速恒频风力发电系统风机转速非线性PID(NLPID)控制策略，仿真研究表明，非线性PID控制响应快，超调小，受系统参数变化的影响较小，控制精度高，具有一定的适应性和鲁棒性。
此外，本文设计了基于模糊规则切换的模糊PID-PID双模变桨距控制器，在此基础上对变速恒频风力发电系统在全风速范围内的运行进行了数字仿真研究。
在高于额定风速时，通过变桨距控制器调节桨距角，系统能较好地将功率限制在额定值附近；在低于额定风速时，通过模糊推理，系统能够在免测风速的情况下给出转速参考信号，实现最大风能捕获或恒转速运行。
关键词：风力发电最大风能捕获变桨距NLPID 模糊PID-PID双模控制Nonlinear PID Rotating Speed Control of Variable Speed Constant FrequencyWind Turbine SystemZhao Yongxiang, Xia Changliang（School of electrical and automation engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072 China）Abstract：Strong nonlinear, big moment of inertia and mechanical damping changes according to rotating speed are the characters of wind turbine. A new Nonlinear-PID(NLPID) controller for rotating speed control in variable speed constant frequency(VSCF) wind turbine system is proposed. Fast response, small overshoot, high precision, strong adaptability and highly robustness are obtained by the proposed strategy. A fuzzyPID-PID dual-mode variable pitch controller is designed. Based on these, the VSCF wind turbine system running in the whole working wind speed range is studied by simulations. With the action of fuzzyPID-PID dual-mode controller, system can keep the rated output power above rated wind speed; when wind speed is under the rated value, system can estimate the optimal rotating speed without test of wind speed by fuzzy controller and reach the maximum wind-energy capturing or keep the rotating speed constant.Keywords: Wind power generation, maximum wind energy capturing, adjustable-pitch, NLPID fuzzyPID-PID dual-mode control1 引言随着经济的快速发展，能源消耗逐年增加，常规能源逐渐枯竭，全球对可再生能源的需求日益增长。
在可再生能源的众多开发形式中，风力发电清洁无污染，建设周期短，占地少，投资灵活，具有较好的经济效益和社会效益，受到世界各国的高度重视。
变速恒频风力发电技术是目前最具规模化开发条件和商业化发展前景的风力发电技术之一，已成为国内外风力发电领域的研究热点[1-3]。
变速恒频风力发电系统运行于额定风速以上、额定风速附近和额定风速以下时，分别有不同的控制目标和控制策略。
当其运行于额定风速以上时，通常采用变桨距控制技术保证输出功率平稳；运行于额定风速附近时，要求保持转速恒定，实现恒转速运行；运行于额定风速以下时，要求风轮的转速随风速变化基金赞助情况：教育部新世纪优秀人才支持计划(NCET-06-0246)；天津市应用基础及前沿技术研究计划重点项目(07JCZDJC09400)。
436437并保持恒定最优叶尖速比，实现最大风能捕获。
由于气动性能的影响，变速风机具有强非线性。
此外，其转动惯量大，工作风速范围宽，转轴机械阻尼随转速不断变化，因而实现转速的精确控制较为困难。
国内外众多学者对大型变速恒频风力发电系统的风机转速控制进行了研究，取得了一定的研究成果。
文献[4]将模糊控制应用到风机的转速控制中，实现了转速对参考值的跟踪，但系统稳态误差较大，难以达到较高的控制精度；文献[5]提出了基于自适应模糊控制的转速控制策略，由辨识器和控制器来产生电磁转矩指令，取得了较好的控制效果，但该方法需要采集一定数量的样本数据用最近邻聚类算法进行拟合，实现较复杂。
本文设计了变速恒频风力发电系统风机转速非线性PID 控制器，该控制器响应快和超调小的特点改善了风机转速控制的动态过程，提高了转速控制的精度，具有一定的适应性和鲁棒性；在此基础上提出了完整的风能捕获控制策略：在额定风速以上，通过基于模糊规则切换的模糊PID-PID 双模控制器对桨距角进行控制，保持恒功率运行；在额定风速以下，在免测风速的情况下，由模糊控制器推理出最优参考转速，实现最大风能捕获；在额定风速附近，系统保持恒转速运行。
2 风能捕获变速变桨距风机特性采用非线性函数描述，其模型为()321,2m p T C R v R v λβρπλωλ⎧=⎪⎪⎨⎪=⎪⎩(1)式中，T m 为风轮转矩(Nm)；ρ为空气密度(kg/m 3)；R 为风轮半径(m)；v 为风速(m/s)；C p 为风机的风能利用系数，最大值是贝兹极限59.3％；β为桨距角(°)；λ为叶尖速比；ω为风轮旋转角速度(rad/s)。
对于变速变桨距风机，采用逼近法近似地描述式(1)中的风能利用系数C p [5]，表达式为()12.53116,0.22(0.45)110.0350.081p C e λββλββ−Λ⎧=−−⎪⎪Λ⎨⎪=−⎪Λ++⎩(2)图1所示为风能利用系数C p (λ,β)的曲线。
由图中可知，风能利用系数C p 随着桨距角β的增大而逐渐减小。
风机在额定风速以上运行时，可通过增大桨距角β以降低风能利用系数Cp ，从而将系统的输出功率稳定在额定值附近。
同时，在桨距角一定的情况下，有且只有唯一叶尖速比对应于风能利用系数的最大值，该叶尖速比称为最优叶λC p图1 风能利用系数C p (λ,β)曲线图 Fig.1 Curves of wind power coefficient尖速比。
如图1中所示，当桨距角为0°时，λop t 即为最优叶尖速比，对应最大风能利用系数C pmax 。
因此，可以通过保持恒定的叶尖速比实现最大风能捕获。
图2所示为变速风力发电系统的功率曲线。
风速 (m/s)输出功率 (k W )图2 变速风力发电系统的功率曲线Fig.2 Output power curve in variable speed wind turbine变速风力发电系统主要的运行区域：恒C p 运行区、恒转速运行区、恒功率运行区，如图2中AB 、BC 、CD 所示。
AB 是风力发电系统的变速运行区域，其控制目标是最大限度地将风能转变为动能，根据风速的变化调整转速，保持最优叶尖速比，从而保持最大的风能利用系数C pmax ，该区域又称为恒C p 运行区；风机运行到B 点时，受风力发电系统旋转部件机械强度的限制，其转速已经达到极限值，但风力发电系统的输出功率尚未达到额定438值，风机进入转速恒定区BC ，随着风速增大，转速保持恒定，功率在达到额定值之前一直增大；随着功率增大，发电机和电力电子器件将最终达到功率极限，通过桨距角调节，适当减少从风能中捕获的功率，系统进入功率恒定区CD 。
3 传动系统及变桨距执行机构模型3.1 传动系统模型风机转速通常较低，而双馈电机运行于同步转速附近。
因此，在风机和发电机之间需要设置增速齿轮箱，构成的传动系统模型为[6]22()()m e m e m e d T T J J B B dtωγγγω−=+++ (3)式中，T e 为发电机电磁转矩(Nm)；J m 为风机的转动惯量(kg •m2)；J e 为发电机的转动惯量(kg •m2)；B m 、B e 分别为风机和电机侧的机械阻尼系数(Nm/rad)；γ为齿轮箱增速比。
3.2 变桨距执行机构模型变桨距执行机构通常由电机或液压系统实现，由于叶片的转动惯量较大，变桨距执行机构可以等效为一阶惯性环节11rs ββτ=+ (4) 式中，βr 为桨距角指令值(°)；τ为时间常数(s)。
4 控制器设计4.1 基于非线性PID 控制器的转速控制非线性PID 控制是利用非线性特性对线性PID 控制的一种改进，由具有非线性结构的跟踪-微分器产生控制器所需的比例、积分和微分信号，通过对这些信号的非线性组合获得控制量[7]。
该控制器不依赖于被控对象的具体数学模型，对外部扰动和系统参数变化有较强的抗扰能力，具有较好的适应性和鲁棒性，且保留了线性PID 控制器结构简单，易于实现的优点，因而在一些复杂不确定性的非线性系统中得到了广泛的应用。
鉴于风力发电系统的时变非线性特性，在变风速和机械阻尼系数随转速变化的条件下，本文提出了风机转速非线性PID 控制方案。
风机转速非线性PID 控制器由非线性状态误差反馈控制律(NLSEF)和两个非线性跟踪-微分器(TD)组成。
图3为非线性PID 控制器的基本结构。
图3 非线性PID 控制器的基本结构 Fig.3 Basic structure of NLPID controller图中，二阶TD 实现对输入信号的快速无超调跟踪，同时给出其一阶微分信号。
z11、z21分别跟踪参考输入ωref(t)和系统输出ω(t)，z12、z22分别为ωref(t)和ω(t)的微分信号；e0、e1、e2分别为参考输入与系统输出之间的偏差及其积分、微分量， NLSEF 通过对这些信号的非线性组合形成控制量Te*。