当代英语 (13)
《当代英语语法》简介
作者： 陆锦林
出版物刊名： 外国语
页码： 62-65页
主题词： 英语语法;英国;传统语法;英语语言学;现代英语;形容词;英语教师;英语学习者;英语用法;动态动词
摘要： <正> 伦道夫·夸克(Randolph Quirk)等人编著的《当代英语语法》(A Grammar of Contemporary English)是英国近年来出版的英语语法书中一本较有影响的著作。
该书的四位编写者均参与了现代英语用法的调查研究,占有大量第一手语言材料,编写时既继承了传统语法的许多长处,又汲取了现代英语语言学的不少研究成果,对现代英语纷繁复杂的语法现象作了较全面的论述。
因此,对英语学习者,尤其对英语教师来说,这是一本较好的语法参考书。
(完整word版)当代研究生英语Vocabulary答案版(上下册)
上册第一单元1.in the past (formerly)2.include (embrace)3.man-made (artificial)4.control systematically (regulate)5.exactly (precisely)6.undesired (unwanted)7.irrelevant (extraneous)8.having intense feeling (passionate)9.aim toward (be targeted to)10.not far away (at hand)11.be charged for (be used for)第二单元1.His criminal activities were finally（uncovered）.2.Scienctist from the two countries（concurred）to develop the vaccine.3.Lightning usually（accompanies）thunder.4.The bad weather（frustrated）our hopes of going out.5.She believes that she is not a good mother because she does not fit the （stereotype）of a woman who spends all her time with her children.6.He is always（switching）from one job to an another.7.He just smiled and（dismissed）the story as mere rumor.8.The sudden noise（distracted）his mind from his painful memories.9.The story can be（adapted）for use in schools.10.That is what we（assume）,but it is not esay to find evidence to prove it.11.She tried to（probe）into my mind and discover what I was thinking.12.She is too ambitious to remain in a（subordinate）position for long in the company.第三单元1.containing many detailed parts and thus difficult to understand. (intricate)2.nearly correct but not exactly. (approximately)3.a sudden shaking of the Earth，s surface. (earthquake)4.having many different kinds of skills or abilities. (versatile)5.standing apart, separate as is to be alone. (isolated)6.the opposite in position; the other way around. (reverse)7.in addition to; also (as well as)8.depending on each other; necessary to each other. (interdependent)9.increase in number by giving birth to offspring. (multiply)10.eat something in order to stay alive or subsist. (live on)11.destroy completely. (kill off)12.not in its exact or accurate position. (out of true)13.provide with proper or necessary skills, knowledge etc. (qualify)14.not in any way. (not at all)15.as a result from a natural impulse or tendency. (spontaneously)第四单元1、The meeting dragged (on) for three hours.2、The party broke (up) only after midnight.3、We dropped (by) the club to see if Bill was there.4、No matter what we talk about, Jim always drags (in) politics5、Britain has dropped (behind) Japan as a producer of cheap cotton fabrics.6、Gradually his strength failed and he dropped (behind) in the race7、Scientists hope to break (through) soon in their fight against heart disease.8、Several friends dropped (in) during the day, but only a few stayed for dinner.9、A big fire broke (out) on the ground floor of the market.10、If you hadn’t broken (in), I could have told the story more easily.11、The cold winter dragged (on) until we thought that spring would never come.12、Why must you always drag this subject (in) when we are talking.13、Please drop (by) any time you are in town.14、They dragged (out) the meeting with long speeches.15、The children seem to have been dragged (up) without proper training and education.16、Several painters in the exhibition have broken (with) traditional styles.17、He tried to cope with the ever-increasing burden of his work, but finally he broke (down) and had to take a complete rest.18、He broke (off) in the middle of the conversation.19、It is difficult to break (away) from old habits.20、Well, drop (in) some time tomorrow and we will talk things over.第五单元1、Learn and discover (a fact that was hidden) （find out）2、A group of people living together by shared interests, religion, etc. （community）3、Change into something of different form or properties （convert）4、Have a clear meaning （wake sense）5、A state of very strong feeling, esp. of joy and happiness （ecstasy）6、Take the place of （replace）7、to some extent; somewhat （more or less）8、at the lowest estimate or figure （at least）9、not easily managed; hard to treat, relieve, or cure （intractable）10、understand; figure out the meaning of （make out）下册第一单元Invigorate transient inaccessible impetus conviction facilitate cherish disturbance motto suppress stagnation incorporate defiance exhilarating ideology1.The Bill has （incorporated）many of the suggestions put forward by the Opposition..2.New technologies are needed to（invigorate）the country’s economy.3.The noise of cars passing along the road is a continual (suppressed) to our quiet life.4.The soldier (disturbance) his fear and went on fighting.5.This country is suffering from its economic (stagnation).6.The old man (cherished) the girl as if she were his daughter7.Do not lose hope ;remember the (motto)“Never say die”.8.The temple is high in the mountain , and is (inaccessible) to the public in winter.9.The child showed (defiance) by refusing to eat.10.I am defending my communist (ideology) ,my ideals ,the content and significance of my whole life.11.The car run down the hill under its own (impetus)12.There a canal was being built to (facilitate)commerce between these two cities.13.My first parachute jump wan a(n) (exhilarating) experience.14.It’s my (conviction) that you did not try hard enough.15.“Worldly wealth is (transient);heavenly wealth lasts for ever.”said thepriest.第二单元Infection immune deficiency sparsely devastate host quadruple impoverish avenue cripple afflict deluge inure phenomenal menace1.The hurricane (devastated) a large section of the coast.2.After the lecture on human cloning, the professor was (deluged)with questions.3.She was greatly (afflicted) with the loss of her child.4.When once you have the disease of smallpox, you are (immune) from it for the rest of your life.5.You can guard against the (infection)of that disease by doing more exercise to help your body to resist it.6.They found there was a serious (deficiency) of VC in this patient.7.The land had become (impoverished) from years of irresponsible use.8.He has decided to cross the English Channel . Now he has to (inure) himself to the cold water.9.Mexico will be (quadruple) to the next APEC meeting.10.If you (host) 5,you get 20.11.The road outside the school is a (menace) to the children' s safety.12.She experienced a time of deep depression after she was (crippled) inthe car accident .13.He has been working very had in the past few years , and has achieved the (phenomenal) success of his books.14.I like this (sparsely) populated region. It is quiet with little traffic.15.To find the solution to this tough problem,we have explored every (avenue).第三单元1.A general agreement ; (consensus)2.break into small pieces ; (crumble)3.of the greatest importance ; (vital)4.most common ; (prevailing)5.Become gradually fewer or smaller ; (dwindle)6.call into question ; (dispute)7.A person who argues in favor of sth. ; (proponent)8.an authoritative principle or belief ; (dogma)rge in amount ; (massive)10.explain ; (interpret)11.suspicion ; (hunch)12.baffle or confuse . (puzzle)第四单元rge-scale industry (emerged) gradually as technology evolved.2.Although the ministers intend to (launch) a major new negotiation, the conference stalled on the issue of agriculture and was widely regarded as a failure .3.There is a wide (gap) between the views of the two statesmen.4.When the Communist Party went out of power, Russia (declined) as a world power.5.Trade rules are important for small and (medium-sized) countries.6.The rules are enforced by the WTO members themselves under agreed (procedures) that they negotiated.7.The success of this experiment is (crucial) to the project as a whole.8.The members of the group are (diverse), but sharing a common objective that agriculture has to be liberalized.9.Investors made millions on that real estate (transaction)10.There are strict rules (regulating) the use of chemicals in food.11.The work of WTO is undertaken by (representatives)of member governments but its root lie in the everyday activity of industry and commerce.12.She went through a long (depression) after losing her job.13.The Uruguay Round agreement has a 6-year (implementation) period and 10 years for developing countries.14.Special (provisions)deal with the interest of countries that rely on imports for their food supplies, and the least developed economies.第五单元1 .very anxious and troubled almost to the point of madness (distraught)2 .fall suddenly (tumble)3 .move oneself violently,hurriedly (fling)4 .kind;sort (strain)5 .sell goods at a lower price than a business competitor (undersell)6 .make up for (compensate)7 .brisk energy and high spirit (pep)8 .destroy completely and put an end to sth. (eradicate)9 .infected (tainted)10 .sudden rush of frightened people or animal (stampede)。
当代人生中考英语全部答案
当代人生中考英语全部答案一、答案：1.doesnt have2.watches3.has4.go 5．play 6.are 7.sounds 8.basketballs 9.them 10．me二、1. 答案：B 点拨：考查一般疑问句。
一般现在时的一般疑问句中用动词原形，排除A、D两项。
“通过电视看……”应用on TV表达，中间不加任何冠词，排除C项。
故选B项。
2. 答案：C 点拨：考查助动词。
由答语可知，问句是一般现在时态的一般疑问句，谓语是实义动词have，主语是第二人称you，故应用do 构成问句。
选C项。
3. 答案：B 点拨：考查交际用语。
对别人的提议或建议表示赞同或支持时，应说“Good idea.”“Thats a good idea.”“OK.”等来应答。
故选B项。
4. 答案：D 点拨：考查固定用法。
play与球类名词连用时，中间不加任何冠词。
故选D项。
5. 答案：B 点拨：考查一般疑问句。
第三人称单数一般现在时的一般疑问句需用does构成，句中的动词要用原形。
浏览各选项，只有B项符合要求。
故选B项。
6. 答案：C 点拨：考查交际用语。
由答语sorry可知空格处应填“我不知道”，其表达为I dont know。
浏览各选项，只有C项符合题意。
故选B项。
7. 答案：B 点拨：考查介词。
句意：彼得的父亲经常在电视上看篮球节目。
“通过电视看……”应用on TV表达。
故选B项。
8. 答案：D 点拨：考查一般疑问句的答语。
do构成的一般疑问句，回答也应用do。
由各选项可知是肯定回答。
选D项。
9. 答案：B 点拨：考查交际用语。
对于别人的称赞或表扬，应以“Thank you.”作答。
故选B项。
10. 答案：C 点拨：考查固定句式。
“That sounds good.”是固定句式，意为“听起来不错”或“是个不错的主意”，符合题意。
选C项。
11. 答案：B 点拨：考查形容词。
A项意为“好的，健康的”；B项意为“令人放松的”；C项意为“令人厌烦的”；D项意为“坏的.”。
当代研究生英语重点翻译
段落翻译：上册Unit11.从前网络只是计算机爱好者的游乐场，而现在他拥有任何一个你能想象得到的使用群体：学龄儿童，爱调情的单身，美籍匈牙利人，会计。
Formerly a playground for computer fans, cyberspace now embraces every conceivable constituency that you can image: schoolchildren, flirtatious singles, Hungarian-Americans, accountants.2.首先要理解什么是网络。
In first order of business is to grasp what cyberspace is.3.同样的，你可以把网络想象成一个巨大的无边无界的虚拟的地产世界。
In the same way, you could think of cyberspace as a giant and unbounded world of virtual real estate.4.良好市民迫不及待的得出结论：最好管管它。
Good citizens jump to a conclusion: Better regulate it.5.不错，规章制度应该在社区内得以实施，但这些规章制度必须由网络空间内各个社区自己来制定，而不是由法庭或华盛顿的政客们来制定。
Yes, community standards should be enforced, but those standards should be set by cyberspace communities themselves, not by the courts or by politicians in Washington.6.首先，有私人电子邮件交流，和你通过电话进行的交流类似。
First, there are private e-mail conversations, similar to the conversations you have over the telephone.7.其次，有信息和娱乐服务，人们可以从中下载各种东西，从法律文件和“大型新饭店”名单，到游戏软件或下流图片。
当代研究生英语读写教程(下)的close的翻译
当代研究生英语读写教程(下)的close的翻译第一单元There are two factors that determine an individual’s intelligence . The first is the sort of brain he is born (1)with. Human brains differ considerably, (2)some being more capable than others. (3)But no matter how good a brain he has to begin with, an individual will have a low order of intelligence (4)unless he has opportunities to learn. So the second factor is what (5)happens to the individual —the sort of environment in which he is brought (6)up. If an individual is handicapped (7)environmentally, it is likely that his brain will(8) fail to develop and he will (9)never obtain the level of intelligence of which he is (10)capable.影响一个人智商的因素一共有两个。
第一个因素就是他与生俱来的那部分大脑。
人类的大脑结构是不同的，有的人比其他的人更加有能力。
但是不管他生来智商多高，只有他有了学习的机会他才能拥有高智商，所以，第二个因素就是与这个个体有关的因素——他成长中的生活环境，如果一个人的生活环境及其恶劣，他的大脑就很有可能发育不良，并且永远不能得到她应有的智商。
当代研究生英语课后题答案(上下册)
本文档为个人整理，分为带选项和带答案两部分，同学们复习的时候可以先拿着带答案部分多读几遍就记得差不多了，然后用带答案部分在电脑上反复做几遍加以巩固练习。
第一部分----带选项部分上册第一单元1.This book () all the information you need.a.containsb.embracesc.offersd.involves2.The government () the number of foreign cars that could be imported.a.refrainsb.restrainsc.restrictsd.prevents3.As a teacher you should not show () towards any of your students.a.pleasureb.favorc.preferenced.inclination4.Traffic is () by police at every intersection.a.enforcedb.imposedc.limitedd.regulated5.How much do you () for this pair of shoes?a.billb.chargec.costd.afford6.We can () now and return to work in the morning.a.leave outb.leave offc.sign awayd.sign off7.That matter can be left () until our next morning.a.onb.overc.aloned.about8.I learned that he was () sick leave from a government office.a.onb.inc.takend.spending9.It was one of the most beautiful sights that I had even set eyes ().a.tob.in on d.down10.Each week he tried to set () a few dollars of his salary.a.forthb.aboutc.apartd.aside第二单元1. All this ceremony is just (); it doesn’t mean a thing.a.on showb.for showc.a show-offd.a show-up2. Bill is afraid to () since Tom threatens to beat him up.a.show his faceb.show his colorsc.put on a showd.make a show3. She has been behaving foolishly; I hope you will ().a.make sense of itb.drive her out of her sensesc.be in your sensesd.bring her to her senses4. The classroom is 30 feet () and 20 feet in breadth.a.at lengthb.in lengthc.as for lengthd.to length5. I’m leaving this job because I’m tried of being ().a.pushed aroundb.pushed offc.pushed awayd.pushed ahead6. After the rain, the orchard seems to have () blossom overnight.a.burst outb.burst uponc.burst withd.burst into7. The two men stood ()each other, while the crowd looked on with amusement.a.glaring atb.glancing atc.peeping atd.glimpsing at8. When you have any problems in your studies, you can always () John for help.a.look forb.look onc.look tod.look over第三单元1. Theodore Roosevelt was a () man ; he was successful as a statesman, soldier…a.ableb.capablec.skifuld.versatile2. The small town has () many changes during last 10 years.a.undergoneb.developedc.involvedd.undertaken3. The old farmer () his wife, living until 105 years of ages.a.passedb.survivedstedd.endured4. Poor eyesight is a () to many students.a.preventionb.backwardnessc.handicapd.shortcoming5. The wheat crop will be () with strong spring rains.a.decimatedb.spoiltc.decayedd.delayed6. The various parts of the essays do not adequately ().a.dependb.interrelatec.related.cooperate7. Hot weather () the bacteria in the milk rapidly.a.reducesb.decreasesc.multipliesd.enhances8. If something very substantial is not done next month , he cannot () hisoffice.a.retainb.havec.obtaind.secure9. We sent him an invitation but he ().a.refrainedb.declinedc.rejectedd.denied10. The lifeguard pulled the () body out of the pool.a.diedb.dyingc.inanimated.weak第四单元1.This pregram will be shown at () time,when everyone watches television.a.primaryb.prime2.She is slow in her work beacause she talks () to fellow workers.a.constantlyb.scarcely3.Trains leave this station ().a.at close quartersb.at regular intervals4.The relationship between the tow countries has always been ().a.at arm’s lengthb.at regular intervals5.It was a good scheme, but it didn't ().a.break offe off6.He seems to have () all his financial problems.a.get byb.get over7.The field () a good crop of potatoes last year.a.yieldb.yield to8.The new marriage law will () soon.a.break into complaintsb.put into operation9.We will see to it that Mary continues to do () work.a.challengingb.accelerating10.The mother () punishment to make her children obey.a.resortpromise with11.The beaches were () people in summer.a.overwhelmed withb.swarming with12.The theoretical part of the lecture was too difficult for the first year students to ().a.get inb.take in第五单元1. If you are to be accepted as a member of the club you must () by its rules.a.agreeb.abidec.confirmd.conform2. () you dislike ancient monuments, Warrick Castle is worth a visit.a.sinceb.Evenc.Ifd.Even if3. The cites will to be () and the population distributed in villages.a.deflatedb.reducedc.decayedd.defined4. He gave a () account of what has happened.a.discomfortedb.distortedc.dismissedd.discovered5. His speech () trouble among the works.a.firmedb.ferriedc.fermentedd.festered6. The criminal was told he would be () from punishment if he said what he knew about the murder.a.impossibleb.immunec.improbabled.imminent7. If you () the elastic band any more, it will break.a.takeb.graspc.straind.hold8. The Egyptians () an area equal to France and Spain combines.a.inhabitb.livec.dwelld.settle9. He is () considered to be a great explorer.a.after allb.everything butc.by no meansd.all but10. It was a long time before scientists could () the mystery of the atom.a.penetrateb.piercec.permeated.pervade下册第一单元1.In order to strengthen his arguments .Toffler () respectable socialscientists who argue with him.a. quotesb. confirmsc. recitesd. convinces2. He could sarcely resist taking another drunk of wine ,butremembering the doctor’s advice, he ()a. refrainedb. withdrewc. avoidedd. retreated3. When people have their basic needs satisfied , they begin to think ofother things to fulfill their life ().a. necessitiesb. requirementsc. appreciationsd. expectations4. Within seconds , the experienced instructor () the situation anddecided to attempt rescue.a. assumedb. requirementsc. assessedd. affirmed5. Most good writers use every means at their () to make the reader’sway smooth and easy.a. willb. disposalc. requestd. convenience6.The new apartment house built a few months ago is large enough to ()over 200 people.A. accommodate b. locate c .settle d .reside7. A river () through the narrow wooded valley below.A .pours b .twists c .assured d .guaranteed8.To use a Chinese saying , this is "a punishment which they well ()"A .desert b .deserve c.reserve d .preserve9.The captain of the ship () the passengers that there was no danger .A .secured b .ensured c .assured d .guaranteed10.The growth of cities and suburbs throughout the region has () the residents to build houses wherever they could find open land .A .converted b .appealed c .justified d .encouraged第二单元1.The kitchen was small and () so that the disabled woman could reach everything without difficulty.A .complete b .complex c .composite d .compact2.His authority and () make him an excellent teacher.A.self-consciousness b.self-confidence c.criticized d .blamed3.Being both spoilt and lazy he () everyone else for his lack of success.A .accused b .charged c .criticized, d .blamed4.When I learned that I had passed the exam,I felt () and relaxed.A .careless b .trouble-free c .negligent d .care-free5.A very large cat was watching us intently from the top of a () car.A .moveless b .stationery c .motionless d .stationary6.This is the ()piano on which the composer created some of his greatest works.A .actual b .real c .genuine d .contemporary7.Your usual teacher has lost his voice and ()I am taking his place today.A .nevertheless b .however c .moreover d .accordingly8.A () woman is needed to take care of two small children.A .confident b .reliable c .trusty d .faithful9.I have had a () of misfortuneA .continuation b .repetition c .continuity d .succession10.He had an () habit of emptying ash trays out of his upstairs window onto our doorstep.A.objectionable b.afflicting c.uneducated d .offending11.The music aroused a(n) () feeling of homesickness in him.A .intense b .hopeless c .intensive d .sad12.The jury () him of having committed the robbery and he was then sentenced to 5 years' imprisonment.A .accused b .charged c .convicted d .acquitted13.The book proved to be very unreliable and so was quite () to him in his research.A .unimportant b .disused c .useless d .unusable14.The plan was () when it was discovered just how much the scheme would cost.A .resigned b .abandoned c .released d .redeemed15.The blow at the end of round three knocked the champion () .A .insensitive b .stupefied c .senseless d .nonsensical第三单元1.The Roman empire () under pressure from uncivilized northern tribes.A .trembled b .crumbled c .hurdle d .smashed2.The police are () a war against crime in the city.A .committing b .breaking c .undertaking d .waging3.The sign was no longer legible because most of the lettering had ()A .worn down b .worn on c .worn away d .worn out4.They () whether an international loan was possible.A .dissolved b .disputed c .dissented d .distorted5.He is always () his knowledge in public.A .airing b .praising c .assuming d .retorting6.Flowers are booming in scarlet profusion on the () of the rice-fields.A .spaces b .clearing c .margins d .vacuums7.The young soldier's hearing was () after the explosion.A .strengthened b .trapped c .manipulated d .impaired8.Blake Death was ()in England in the summer of 1348 without any warning and, most importantly, without any cure.A .current b .circulating c .prevailing d .universal9.The good news is that as long as people infected HIV taking the triple-drug(), they have an excellent chance of surviving the infection for a long time .A .antigen b .cocktail c .microbe d .therapy10.Because it has long been known that HIV kills CD4 cells when it replicates inside them, many researchers have been too ready to() that this is the reason they all die.A .discover b .assume c .retort d .pronounce第四单元1.All this conversation () the action of the play.A .speeds up b .slows down c .puts up d .puts up2.Students nurses should not be left alone() hospital wardsA .in charge of b .on duty c .under the care of d .in responsibility of3.He () the level of unemployment in China.A .concerns b .has concernedc .is concerning aboutd .is concerned about4.The tax cuts are good news for the rich, but the poor () again.A .lose on b .lose down c .lose out d .lose upputer software ()some 70 percent of our range of products.a .accounts forb .accounts outc .counts ond .counts for6. For most WTO members , the negotiations ()under the old GATT system.A .took place b .took up c went up d .put up7.The WTO rules() discipline ()countries' policies, that is the outcome of negotiations among WTO members .A .send...on b .take...on c .impose...on d .hold...on8.Luxury was () his natureA .aline to b .good to c .one of d .up with9.It is ()the developed countries and the more advanced developing countries to provide generous assistance to help the lower-income developing countries.A .interesting b .in the interest ofc .obliged to d .of duty to10.Developing countries will () the changes only if their economies are capable of responding.A.go with b.benefit from c .get along with d .take from第二部分----带答案部分1.This book (contains) all the information you need.2.The government(restricts) the number of foreign cars that could be imported.3.As a teacher you should not show(preference)towards any of your students.4.Traffic is (regulated) by police at every intersection.5.How much do you (charge) for this pair of shoes?6.We can (leave off) now and return to work in the morning.7.That matter can be left (alone) until our next morning.8.I learned that he was (on) sick leave from a government office.9.It was one of the most beautiful sights that I had even set eyes (on).10.Each week he tried to set (aside) a few dollars of his salary.11. All this ceremony is just (for show); it doesn’t mean a thing.12. Bill is afraid to (show his face) since Tom threatens to beat him up.13. She has been behaving foolishly; I hope you will (bring her to senses).14. The classroom is 30 feet (in length) and 20 feet in breadth.15. I’m leaving this job because I’m tried of being (pushed around).16. After the rain, the orchard seems to have (burst into) blossom overnight.17. The two men stood (glaring at) each other, while the crowd looked on with amusement.18. When you have any problems in your studies, you can always (look to) John for help.19. Theodore Roosevelt was a (versatile) man ; he was successful as a statesman, soldier…20. The small town has (undergone) many changes during last 10 years.21. The old farmer (survived) his wife, living until 105 years of ages.22. Poor eyesight is a (handicap) to many students.23. The wheat crop will be (decimated) with strong spring rains.24. The various parts of the essays do not adequately (interrelate).25. Hot weather (multiplies) the bacteria in the milk rapidly.26. If something very substantial is not done next month , he cannot (retain) his office.27. We sent him an invitation but he (declined).28. The lifeguard pulled the (inanimate) body out of the pool.29.This pregram will be shown at (prime) time,when everyone watches television.30.She is slow in her work beacause she talks (constantly) to fellow workers.31.Trains leave this station (at regular intervals).32.The relationship between the tow countries has always been (at arm's length).33.It was a good scheme, but it didn't (come off).34.He seems to have (get over) all his financial problems.35.The field (yielded) a good crop of potatoes last year.36.The new marriage law will (put into operation) soon.37.We will see to it that Mary continues to do (challenging) work.38.The mother (resort to) punishment to make her children obey.39.The beaches were (swarming with) people in summer.40.The theoretical part of the lecture was too difficult for the first year students to (take in).41. If you are to be accepted as a member of the club you must (abide) by its rules.42. (Even if) you dislike ancient monuments, Warrick Castle is worth a visit.43. The cites will to be (deflated) and the population distributed in villages.44. He gave a (distorted) account of what has happened.45. His speech (fermented) trouble among the works.46. The criminal was told he would be (immune) from punishment if he said what he knew about the murder.47. If you (strain) the elastic band any more, it will break.48. The Egyptians (inhabit) an area equal to France and Spain combines.49. He is (by no means) considered to be a great explorer.50. It was a long time before scientists could (penetrate) the mystery of the atom.51.In order to strengthen his arguments,Toffler (quotes) respectable social scientists who agree with him.52.He could scarcely resist taking another drink of the delicious wine,but remenbering the doctor's advice,he (refrained).53.When people have their basic needs satisfied,they begin to think of fulfill their life (expectations).54.Within seconds,the experienced instructor (assessed) the situation anddecided to attempt rescue.55.Most good writers use every means at their (disposal) to make the reader's way smooth and easy.56.The new apartment house built a few months ago is large enough to (accommodate) over tow hundred people.57.A river (twists) through the narrow wooded valley below.58.To use a Chinese saying,this is “a punishment which they well (deserve) ”.59.The captain of the ship (assured) the passengers that there was no danger.60.The growth of cities and suburbs throughout the region has (encouraged) the residents to build houses wherever they could find open land61.The kitchen was small and (compact) so that the disabled woman could reach everything without diffculty.62.His authority and (self-confidence) make him an excellent teacher.63.Being both spoilt and lazy he (blamed) everyone else for his lack of success.64.When Ilearned that I had passed the exam,I felt (care-free) and relaxed.65.A very large cat was watching us intently from the top of a (stationary) car.66.This is the (actual) piano on which the composer created some of his greatese works.67.Your usual teacher has lost his voice and (accordingly) I am taking his place today.68.A (reliable) woman is needed to take care of two small children.69.I have had a (succession) of misfortunes.70.He had an (objectionable) habit of emptying ash trays out of his upstairs window onto our doorstep.71.The music aroused an (intense) feeling of homesickness in him.72.The jury (convicted) him of having committed the robbery and he was then sentenced to five years imprisonment.73.The book proved to be very unreliable and so was quite (useless) to him in his research.74.The plan was (abandoned) when it was discovered just how much the scheme would cost.75.The blow at the end of round three knocked the champion (senseless).76.The Roman empire (crumbled) under pressure from uncivilized northern tribes.77.The police are (waging) a war against crime in the city.78.The sign was no longer legible because much of the lettering had (worn away).79.They (disputed) whether an international loan was possible.80.He is always (airing) his knowledge in public.81.Flowers are blooming in scarlet profusion on the (margins) of therice-fields.82. The young soldier's hearing was (impaired) after the explosion.83. Black Death was (prevailing) in England in the summer of 1348 without any warning and, most importantly ,without any cure.84. The good news is that as long as people infected with HIV keep taking the tripple-drup (cocktail), they have an excellent chance of surviving the infection for a long time.85. Because it has long been known that HIV kills CD4 cells when it replicates inside them,many researchers have been too ready to (assume) that this is the reason they all die.86. All this conversation (slows down) the action of the play.87. Student nurses should no be left alone (in charge of) hospitle wards.88. He (is concerned about) the level of unemployment in China.89. The tax cuts are good news for the rich,but the poor (lose out) again.puter software (accounts for) some 70 percent of our range of products.91. For most WTO members,the negotiations (took place) under the old GATT system.92. When WTO rules (impose) discipline (on) countries' policies,that is the outcome of negotiations among WTO countries.93. Luxury was (alien to) his nature.94. It is (in the interest of) the developed countries and the more advanceddeveloping countries to provide generous assistance to help the lower-income developing countries.95. Developing countries will (benefit from) the changes only if their economies are capable of responding.。
当代研究生英语读写教程下册英语复习选择题
Unit 1(1)In order to strengthen 加强his argument论证, Toffler ______ respectable 值得尊敬的social scientists who agree with him.A.quotes引用B. confirms确认C. recites 背诵D. convinces 说服(2)He could scarcely几乎不resist 抵抗taking another drink of the delicious wine, butremembering the doctor’s advice, he___________.A.refrained节制,克制B. withdrew收回C. avoidedD. retreated 撤退(3)When people have their basic needs satisfied , they begin to think of other things to fulfilltheir life_________.B. requirementsC. appreciations 欣赏D. expectations 期待(4)Within seconds , the experienced 老练的instructor教练________the situation anddecided to attempt rescue.营救假定的 B. assured 确定的评估肯定,断言(5)Most good writers use every means at their ________to make the reader’s way smoothand easy.处理(6)The new apartment house built a few months ago is large enough to _________ over twohundred people.容纳居住(7)A river _______ through the narrow wooded树木繁茂的valley山谷below.弯曲扩大(8)To use a Chinese saying, this is “a punishment which they well ______”.沙漠应受,应得储备,储存保存,保护(9)The captain of the ship ________ the passenagers that there was no danger.担保确保确定保证(10)T he growth of cities and suburbs throughout the region has _______the residents居民tobuild houses wherever they could find open land.转变调整鼓励Uint 2(1)The kitchen was small and _____so that the disabled woman could reach everythingwithout difficulty.复合的紧凑(2)His authority 权威and _______ make him an excellent teacher.自觉意识自信自我中心自尊感(3)Being both spoilt and lazy he _____ everyone else for his lack of success.A.Accused 打杂B.归咎于(4)When I learned that I had passed the exam , I felt _____ and relaxed.疏忽的舒畅的(5)A vary large cat was watching us intently from the top of a ______ car.不动的文具静止的固定的(6)This is the _____piano on which the composer created some of his greatest works.现在同时代的人(7)Your usual teacher has lost his voice and ____ I am taking his place today.因此(8)A______ woman is needed to take care of two small children.负责忠实的(9)I have had a _________ of misfortunes.不幸重复连续(10)H e had an _______habit of emptying 倒出ash trays out of his upstairs楼上window ontoour doorstep.门口台阶讨厌痛苦的冒犯(11)T he music aroused an ______ felling of homesickness 乡愁in him.强烈加强的(12)T he jury _______ him of having committed the robbery and he was then sentenced 判决to five years’ imprisonment.宣判释放(13)T he book proved to be very unreliable and so was quite _____to him in his research.废弃无用(14)T he plan was ___ when it was discovered just how much the scheme would cost.辞职放弃释放救赎(15)T he blow at the end of round three knocked the champion ________感觉迟钝的目瞪口呆无感觉的无意义的Unit 3(1)The Roman empire帝国_______ under pressure from uncivilized野蛮的northern tribes.震颤崩溃障碍破碎的(2)The police are ______a war against crime in the city.犯错误同意,担任开展(3)The sign was no longer legible清晰地because much of the lettering had ______.down 磨损的on 戴在away毁坏out 疲惫不堪的(4)They _____whether an international loan was possible.使溶解争论不同意歪曲的(5)He is always ______ his knowledge in public.展示赞美反驳(6)Flowers are blooming in scarlet profusion 五彩缤纷on the _______of the rice-fields.空间清算边缘真空装置The young soldier’s hearing was ______ after the explosion.爆炸加强诱捕操作受损(7)Black Death was _____ in England in the summer of 1348 without any warning and, mostimportantly, without any cure.目前的循环流行普遍的(8)The good news is that as long as people infected with HIV keep taking the triple-drug______ ,they have an excellent chance of surviving the infection f or a long time.抗原混合物细菌,微生物(9)Because it has long been known that HIV kills CD4 cells when it replicates inside them,many researchers have been too ready to _____ that this is the reason they all die.发现认定反驳发音Unit 4(1)All this conversation交谈_______ the action of the play.up加速down使慢下来up 提高down镇压(2)Student nurses should not be left alone单独_____ hospital wards.charge of负责dutythe care of 由…管理responsibility of责任(3)He ________ the level of unemployment in China.关注concerned 有担心concerning about concerned about关心(4)The tax cuts 减税are good news for the rich, but the poor _____again.on赔钱down 迷失out损失up烧起来(5)Computer software ______ some 70 percent of our range of products.产品范围for占有outon 指望,依靠for有价值(6)For most WTO members, the negotiations ______ under the old GATT system.place进行up吸纳,接受up 上升up提供,建造(7)When WTO rules ____discipline ____countries’ polices, that is the outcome结果ofnegotiations among WTO members.…on派..先行…on 采取,接受…on强加于…on控制,保留(8)Luxury was _______ his nature.to与…相反to 对..有益of 其中之一with拿起,举起(9)It is ______the developed countries and the more advanced developing countries toprovide generous assistance无私援助to help the lower-income developing countries.to有趣的the interest of为了…的利益to 不得不,感激duty to(10)D eveloping countries will _______the changes only if their economies are capable ofresponding.with伴随from受益along with与什么和睦相处from降低,减少Unit 5(1)The European Union steps in介入to _____what is no longer just Britain’s problem.停止侵入铭记,标出(2)In some people’ opinion, this epidemic传染病of the mad-cow disease疯牛病has been atbest 充其量a clumsy mistake of the British government, but some of the opponents反对者scolded 责骂it as a ______.灾难怀疑耻辱(3)The organization had ______ about $900 million to help this project.投资提供存放,储存递交(4)The disposition处置of so many livestock carcasses牲畜尸体would be a _____ task. 光荣的巨大的(5)Such a ____ might even convince the British that Europe could actually be useful.决议(6)The plan is supposed to be presented at a _____ meeting of Europe’s farm ministers thisweek.正规的私人的多管闲事的(7)Many people _____the idea of slaughtering 屠宰healthy anim als at the taxpayers’expense.使混淆abruptly 突然停止了firmly坚决拒绝sad about(8)At that time there were only 10 facilities in Britain licensed for 批准,准许the ____oflivestock carcasses.化身处置挑选燃烧(9)The new strain新品系of CJD was ______ in another case, bringing the total of suspectedvictims to 13.陷入植入强加吸收(10)T hey tried to_____ the project from being destroyed for shortage ofin 进入,到达off 停止off阻挡about 引起Unit 6(1)The officer inspected our passports and travel papers and _____ us because our vacationcertificates were missing.维持拘留保留(2)We resumed 重新开始our work after the break with _____energy.减轻恢复精确的加强,增援(3)His tone _______ his real feelings more than his words.传达释义紧贴的(4)Even in ancient times, there were _____of night-watchman which about the cities.巡逻守卫(5)He spoke clearly and _____ and we could understand every word he said.区别可区别的明显地特殊的(6)The workers’ promised wage increase is being _____while it is examined by thegovernment to see if it is greater than the law allows.开除拒绝忽视,疏忽(7)Men’s never-ceasing从未中断_____for knowledge continues to broaden ourun derstanding of the earth’s atmosphere.调查追求(8)You must _____ your old passport when applying for a new one.辞职交出(9)He felt _____ as soon as he realized that he had asked a foolish question.局促不安无聊的,无趣的不快的,生气的(10)T he floor was unsafe, as some of the floor-boards had ____ away.腐烂Unit 7(1)Thousands of people were seriously _____ in health by radioactive contamination.Aaffected影响产生罢工(2)The Bank of England has taken further steps to ______ control over 控制,支配the valueof the pound.英镑重新开始复活保持延迟,阻止(3)It’s time to ______ our differences and work together for a common purpose.forth 陈述aside 搁置upon 袭击,挑拨up as自命为(4)Science and invention played a very important role in______American’s industrialdevelopment.封锁,阻塞孕育冲击,影响(5)The doctor’s_______was whether he should tell the patient the truth.进退两难起初分数悖论(6)The volume of business does not _____ an agency agreement at present.证明(7)Microsoft follows the developments in every major computer company and mosttechnology _____ in the world.冒险专门技术分数合资企业(8)The question of _______ agent 独家代理is still under consideration and we hope that youwill continue your efforts in pushing the sale of our product at present stage.独有的加强的,集中地观点,远景(9)Except for some colleges ______ by the Catholic church, all colleges and universities in theUnited States, public and private, are governed by a board of trustees委托人composed primarily of laymen.提高同意专利的赞助(10)T o the frustration of Hispanic publishers, advertising agencies often treat Spanish-languageor bilingual双语newspapers as _____ in their marketing plans.事后想法,可有可无渗透Unit 8(1)As the sky darkened it soon become obvious that a thunderstorm was _____.立即的明显的即将来临来势汹汹(2)_____ of half-starving wolves were roaming闲逛the snow-covered countryside.一群(3)The earnest热切的student waited with some slight ______ while the teacher was readinghis essay.紧张愤恨绝望(4)The very idea of her winning the beauty contest选美比赛is quite _______.荒谬的废话(5)The police have asked for the ______ of the public in tracing the whereabouts下落of themissing child.(6)Today, household chores家务琐事have been made much easier by electrical ______.装置公用事业(7)The factory was ______to the ground by the fire.被夷平内脏(8)As a writer, Walter was very ______虚构的影像有想象力可想象的(9)He mumbled 嘟哝的something and blushed脸红as through a secret had been _____.沉着的暴露反对的(10)B oys who try to ____ a teacher are not sincere.真诚的in for up for弥补up to接近on to(11)T he old house at the end of the street has recently been_______拉高消除拆除(12)Y our service is entirely _____, not compulsory.强迫优先的不情愿的选择性自愿的(13)I t took them years to ____ a dictionary.编译(14)H is strange behavior aroused 引起the _______ of the police.怀疑误信(15)M r . Wong complained about the___air-conditi make in for oner he bought from thecompany.无效率的无效的有缺陷的Unit 9(1)That student has a _____ view of teachers, believing that they are all as bad as hers were.不公平的陈规广义的(2)The institution制度_______ that it must be consulted咨询on such issues.主张满足的擒获凝结的(3)They ______ their opponent as a liar 说谎者so as to make him unpopular.着名的无菌的诬蔑(4)Some difficulties have _____in my work so I’ll be late coming home tonight.off谋取最大利益off取消up出现out划掉(5)Be creative in your use of a textbook, ______ its material in a variety of ways.抵消使用反应简化(6)As life moves along继续向前to ____us with realities, we must accept our losses andlearn how to let go.释放面对暴露(7)The election results _____ up the spirits of the newly formed party.新成立的政党火焰自夸支持繁荣(8)He gave a good speech, in which he ____ clearly the reasons for changing the law.描述加强的被提议的列出(9)Professionals explicitly interpret 明确解释what they observe, and often _____their dataafter the data collection process is complete and from the perspectives 视角of people they were observing.分类样品利用(10)P eople in that country are shocked at the ______ of bribery贿赂among the officials.讽刺画流行夸张优先级Unit 10(1)Throughout纵观most of their lives, human beings _____ learn and increase their mentalcapacities.心理能力不断地(2)I just managed to____a quick breath before I was sucked 吞没under the water by thepassing boat.很快做(3)This book is full of practical实用的_____ on home decorating and repairs.条目(4)There is a very widely _____ demand for this law to be changed.基本的(5)The police managed to ______ down the man in Glasgow.追铺(6)He never _____to read the news but turned at once to the crossword填字游戏on the lastpage.不安的(7)A completely new situation is likely to ____ when the school leaving age is raised to 16.出现(8)His wife’s helplessness had ______ him and compelled迫使him to hurry back.拥抱从事忧心忡忡使着魔(9)Keys should never be hidden around the house since thieves _____know where to look.无形中不变的(10)A lthough only of ______ intelligence, he speaks four languages fluently.小调平均(11)T he eight vehicles in the sale-room can all lay some _____ to being bargains.要求概念基金会(12)A child will ______ half an hour of your complete attention.高兴估计补偿领会(13)I t is hoped that the prisoner will be released through the ______ of the president himself.大会干预干涉让步(14)T he sound of the water gently ____ against the side of the boat was very pleasant.冲击吸入打磨(15)O ccasionally we experience westerly gales, but the _____winds are from the northeast.普遍的。
当代商务英语综合教程1 Unit 13 The Littlest Fire-fighter
minutes. Will you please do me a favor? When you hear the sirens
screaming and see the lights flashing, will you announce over the PA
system that there is not a fire? It's just the fire department coming to see
当代商务英语综合教程 1 （第2版）
Unit 13 The Littlest Fire-fighter
Contents
Text A The Littlest Fire-fighter
Language in Use
Text B Auction
2
Warm-up Questions:
Warm-up Questions: 1. What was your dream when you were a child? 2. How did your family and well-wishers help you to make your dream come true?
Passage
1
The 26-year-old mother stared down at her son who was dying of
terminal leukemia. Although her heart was filled with sadness, she also had
a strong feeling of determination. Like any parent, she wanted her son to
当代语言学导论复习要点(详细!含课后单词)
Introduction to Contemporary LinguisticsChapter1Human superiority lies in his unique endowment-----the ability to talk, or rather, to communicate by means of language.Talmud: god created the world by a word, instantaneously, without toil or pains.Widdowson: the primacy of language in the way human beings conceive of the world.Language is a vehicle of power, for control, for creation, and for change.The study of human language is called linguistics.Linguistics deals with human language as a whole or as particular languages.1.As a whole: the system of human communication which consists of the structuredarrangement of sounds (or their written representation) into larger units,e.g.morphemes, words, sentences, utterances.2.As particular language: like French language, they are particular systems ofhuman communication used by people living in different parts of the world.There is a continuum from one language to another.Varieties of language: Any particular language is in essence a set of varieties.1.local varieties区域变体–dialects and accents(the former differ from each otherin pronunciation, vocabulary, and even grammar; the latter only in pronunciation ) 2.social varieties—sociolects社会方言(=social dialects , used by people of differentclasses, ages, or sexes ),3.historical varieties—temporal variety.(e.g. the 17th century English)4.stylistic or occupational varieties---registers语域(e.g. formal English, scientificEnglish)5.individual varieties—idiolects个人语言.ually a language has an officially declared or generally considered standarddialect(e.g. Putonghua in China, General American in the US)From Prescriptivism to DescriptivismPrescriptivism is the view that one variety of language has an inherently higher value than others.(try to impose rules from some high prestige language to some lower prestige language, like Latin and English)Descriptivism is the policy of describing languages as they are bound to exist.Usages of different varieties should be observed and recorded instead of being judged with some imposed norms.Endowed or conventional?Plato’s problem: How can every human being develop a rich system of linguistic knowledge on the basis of limited and fragmentary empirical evidence?Side of endowment: nativists(天生论) or mentalists（心智说）Plato:1.Man’s knowledge came from universal truths.2.There was a universally correct and acceptable logic of language for man tofollow in expressing his ideas.3.Knowledge of language was not learned but recalled.Chomsky:There is a biological, physiological entity inside our brain which decides what we speak.Chomsky has given a name to this entity----UG, or universal grammar. His epistemology of the knowledge of language foes as follows:1.Every human being has the language competence能力, because he has the inbornUG which other species lack.2.UG is the initial state of the human language faculty语言器官/机制which alonecannot enable a human baby to speak. A baby needs to be exposed to the linguistic environment of a certain language and accumulate experience.3.Due to the effec t of later experience, the baby’s mind develops from the initialstate into the steady state, which corresponds to the competence of speaking a specific human language.Side of convention: behaviorist or empiricistsAristotle: knowledge of language was arrived at by convention and agreement of the speakers of a given language.Xun zi: a name was accepted through public agreement, and the appropriateness of naming a thing lay in convention.The power of language exists in its countless varieties, not relying on any universal standard.ConnectionismDiachronic(历经时间的): focus on the comparison between languages and the exploration of the historical change and variation of some ancient languages./ of, relating to, or dealing with phenomena (as of language or culture) as they occur or change over a period of timeSynchronic（共时的）: research of the facts of language agreed upon or shared by his members of language community at a given point in time./ concerned with events existing in a limited time period and ignoring historical antecedents GlossaryEndowments: (天赋) the natural quality that a person is made rich of from the birth.Register: (语域) the words, style, and grammar used by speakers and writers in particular conditions, namely a socially defined variety of language.Idiolect: (个人语言) the linguistic system of an individual speaker.Sociolect: (社会方言) also social dialect. Variety of a language defined by social factors such as age, religion, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status. Sociolects maybe classed as high or low (in status).Prescriptivism :(规定主义) the imposition of arbitrary norms upon a language, often in defiance of normal usage.Descriptivism ：（描写主义）the policy of describing languages as they are bound to exist.Nativism: (天生论) philosophical and psychological position which holds that cognitive development of humans arises from “innate ideas”. The nativist position has been used to explain how children are able to learn language and contrasts with the belief that all human knowledge comes from experience (empiricism).Mentalism: （心智说）psychological and philosophical concept picked up and developed by Chomsky(1965), which attempts to describe the internal (innate) language mechanism that provides the basis for the creative aspect of language development and use.Dualism: （二元论）a philosophical system that recognizes two ultimate and independent principles in the scheme of things, such as mind and matter.Monism: (一元论) a general name for those philosophical theories which deny the duality of matter and mind.Universal Grammar (UG): （普通语法）the genetically endowed information consisting of principles and parameters that enable the child to deduce a grammar from the primary linguistic data.Language competence: (语言能力) knowledge of language; the linguistic capacity of a fluent speaker of a language.Parameter: (参数) a dimension of grammatical variation between different languages or different varieties of the same language.Empiricism: (经验论) philosophical and psychological position which holds that the psychological development of humans arise primarily from experience and learning.Connectionism: (连通主义) a theory of cognition which draws inspiration from the way the billions of neurons in the brain are interconnected in complex ways to produce a network of associations. It holds that the complexity of language emerges from associative learning processes being exposed to a massive and complex environment.Chapter2Speculations: origin of languagePlato----legislatorHerder----godUniversal harmony is embraced as the foundation of modern linguistics as a science. Galilean thesis----nature is perfectObservationResearchEvery person’s lexical knowledge of his first language is tacit and natural, with a tendency to influence, often unknowingly, his second language learning. Thisinfluence is called transfer.Three adequacies:1.Observational adequacy2.Descriptive adequacy3.Explanatory adequacy (providing a descriptively adequate grammar for everynatural language, and does so in terms of maximally constrained set of universal principles which represent psychologically plausible natural principles of mental computation.)TestingA theory in science must not be pure speculation but testable at observational, descriptive, and explanatory levels.Science tells us that nature is a physical continuum连续体, which does not break itself into physics, chemistry, psychology, linguistics…; these disciplines学科are not facts but our decisions.GlossaryL1: (第一语言) a person’s first languageL2: (第二语言) a person’s second language. To be more specific, one could refer to a person’s L3, L4, and so on. However, the general term L2 is frequently used to refer to any language learning or used after the first language has been learned.Fossilization: (僵化) incomplete L2 acquisition featured by the fact that progress in a certain aspect of the target language stops and the learner’s language becomes fixed at an intermediate state. It can take a number of forms, such as fossilized accent or syntax. Fossilization can be a permanent feature of the learner’s language.Chapter3 phoneticsPhonetics: the science of speech sounds. It aims to provide the set of features or properties that can be used to describe and distinguish all the sounds used in human language.In accordance with the three phases just mentioned, phonetics is divided into three sub-fields.1.Articulatory phonetics发音语音学studies speech production by the speechorgans;2.Acoustic phonetics声学语音学studies physical properties of speech sounds, theway sounds travel from the speaker to the hearer;3.Auditory phonetics听觉语音学studies the perception of speech sounds in thehuman auditory and cognitive system.IPA: International Phonetic AlphabetThe design principles of IPA were that there should be a separate letter for each distinctive sound, and that the same symbol should be used for that sound in any language in which it appears.A “sound” people say they produce is actually a combination of sounds called asyllable, which is often related to a chest pulse.(syllable>=sound)The properties of these separate sounds, or segments in phonetician’s jargon, can be described in several dimensions, the place of articulation and the manner of articulation.1.The place of articulation refers to the point in the vocal tract at which the mainclosure or narrowing is made so as to modify the flow of air from the chest to the mouth in producing a sound.2.The manner of articulation refers to the type of constriction收缩or movementthat occurs at any place of articulation.ArticulationThe production of different speech sounds through the use of these organs is known as articulation.Speech organs:the vocal cords(声带)the lungsthe windpipe(trachea)the pharynx(咽)the nosethe mouthA main source of vibration is provided by the vocal cords. The vibration of the vocal cords also gives us pitch.ConsonantsConsonants are sounds made by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing from which air cannot escape without producing audible friction.摩擦Two reference points are involved in defining consonantal places of articulation. One is the active articulator which moves; the other is the passive articulator with which the active one makes contact.Classified according to the places of articulation:eleven possible places of articulation for consonants1.Bilabial双唇音, formed by bringing the lips together , e. g. [ p ] , [ m] . Here thefunction of lips is somewhat complicated: they both can be regarded as the active and passive articulators simultaneously.bio-dental唇齿音, formed by the lower lip against the upper teeth, e . g. [ f] .3.Dental齿音, formed by placing the tip of the tongue against the upper teeth, e . g.[ð].4.Alveolar齿龈音, formed by placing the tip or blade of the tongue against thealveolar ridge, e. g. [ t ] .5.Palatal腭音, formed by the front of the tongue against the hard palate, namely,the roof of the mouth, e . g. [ j] .6.Palato- alveolar腭龈音, formed midway between the places of articulation forpalatals and alveolars: the blade ( and sometimes the tip) of the tongue articulates with the alveolar ridge, with a simultaneous raising of the front of the tongue towards the hard palate , e. g. [ʃ] .7.Velar软腭音, formed by the back of the tongue against the soft palate, e. g. [ k] .8.Glottal声门音, formed by the vocal cords coming together to cause a closure orfriction, e .g. [ h] .9.Retrofle卷舌音, formed when the apex of the tongue is curled back in thedirection of the hard palate, as heard in many Indian English accents.10.Uvular小舌音, formed by the back of the tongue against the uvula, as heard insome accents of French.11.Pharyngeal咽音, formed in the pharynx, the part of the throat above the larynx.Specifically, the front wall of t he pharynx articulates with the back wall, as heard in Arabic .Classified according to the manner of articulation1.The first factor is the degree of the constriction of airflow（气流的阻塞）. At leastsix main classes can be distinguished in English.1)Plosive爆破音, formed by completely closing the air passage and suddenlyremoving the obstacle , so that the air escapes making an explosive sound, e. g.[ p] ,[ d] . It belongs to a broader category called“stop”which includes closures produced by air streams not from the lungs, as encountered in some southern African languages.2)Nasal鼻音, formed with the soft palate lowered, thus allowing air to resonate inthe nose, e . g. [ m] .3)Affricate塞擦音, a consonant which starts as a plosive, but instead of endingwith plosion, ends with a fricative made in the same place, e. g. [tʃ] .4)Liquid流音, formed by some obstruction of the air stream in the mouth, whichseems not enough to cause any real constrict ion or friction, e. g. [ l] , [ r ]. [ l] is called a lateral liquid, because in making it, an obstacle is placed in the middle of the mouth, leaving the air free to escape at one or both sides.5)Fricative擦音, formed by a narrowing of the air passage at some point so thatthe air in escaping makes audible frication. e. g. [ f] , [ z] . Some fricatives are also called sibilants齿擦音, which are made with a groove- like structure in the front part of the tongue, producing a kind of hissing sound, e. g. [ s] , [ʃ] .6)Glide滑音, sometimes called semi -vowel because it is typically produced withthe tongue moving, or“gliding, to or from the position of a nearby vowel, e.g.[ h] , [ w] .2.The second factor is voicing（浊音）. V oice is caused by the vibration of the vocalcords.3.The third factor is aspiration(送气音). This is the sound of air rushing through thevocal tract, usually found after the release of plosive consonants in some situation.V owelsV owels are sounds in which there is no obstruction to the flow of air as it passes from the larynx to the lips.Different vowels result from changing the shape of the mouth; all of them are voiced continuous sounds.The qualities of vowels depend upon the positions of the tongue and lips.[i:] close vowels , [a:] open vowels, [e] semi-closed vowels, [ɔ:] semi-open vowelsV owel quality is also largely dependent on the shape of the lips.Four rounded vowels: [u:] [u][ɔ:][ɔ], they are all back vowels.[a:]is the only English back vowel that occurs without lip rounding.There is another interesting rule: all the long vowels( e.g. [i:] [u:])are tense vowels紧元音, and all the short vowels ([i] [u]) are lax vowels松元音.Every vowel constitutes a single syllable. The vowel can be a monophthong, a diphthong, or even a triphthong that contains three distinctive qualities, e.g.[ai ə]. However, not every syllable contains a vowel. The second syllable of the word little[litl] has no vowel after the plosive [t] but a liquid [l].PhonemesPhonemes have no meaning of themselves, but they are the smallest linguistic unit, whose change will lead to the change of meaning. A phoneme is defined as the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words. (//) AllophoneAllophone is the phonetic variant of a phoneme, which can be substituted of another without bring about a change of meaning. ([])Complementary distribution and free variationA phonetic property特性，特质that distinguishes phonemes from one another is called a distinctive feature.Phonology and phoneticsPhonetics is more specifically the study of how speech sounds are produced, what their physical properties are, and how they are interpreted. (how)Phonology is a description of the sounds of a particular language and the rules governing the distribution of those sounds. Furthermore, phonology is also concerned with the universal properties of natural language sound systems and aims at revealing the general principles of the sound patterns of all languages. (what)Stress and pitchPitch is the auditory sensation of the height of a sound.There are two ways in which languages make use of pitch variations in speech.1.In languages such as English, French, and German, regular sequences of differentpitches characterize stretches of speech between pauses and are known collectively as intonation. The differences of intonation may correlate with different types of utterances.2.In languages such as Chinese , Vietnamese, Thai, and Zulu, pitch differences helpto distinguish one word from another and may be the only differentiating feature between two or more words whose composition is the same in terms of consonants and vowels. Pitch differences used in these ways are called tones and these languages are called tone languages.Stress, pitch, tone and intonation are also called suprasegmentals超切分音位because they relate to aspects of pronunciation that go beyond the production of individual segments.GlossaryPhonetics: (语音学) the study of speech sounds; how they are produced in the vocal tract (articulatory phonetics发音语音学)，their physical properties (acoustic phonetics声学语音学)，and how they are perceived (auditory phonetics 听觉语音学).Phonology: (音系学) the study of the sound system of a language; how the particular sounds contrast in each language to form an integrated system for encoding information and how such systems differ from one language to another.V ocal folds: (声带) also vocal cords/lips/bands. Two muscular folds in the larynx(喉) that vibrate as a source of sounds.V ocal tract: (声道) the connected passages inside the head which form the system used to produce speech. It starts at the larynx and includes the pharynx, the mouth and the nasal cavity.Glottis: (声门) the aperture between the vocal folds.Larynx: (喉头) the part of the trachea containing the vocal folds.Palate: (硬腭) also known as the “hard palate”or the “roof of the mouth”; the upper surface of the mouth where there is bone beneath the skin.Soft palate: (软腭) also velum. The flap of soft tissue which forms the continuation of the palate at the back of the mouth, and may be lowered to permit nasalization.Trachea: (气管) the “windpipe”passes up from the lungs to the vocal tract beginning with the larynx.Uvula: (小舌) the small lobe hanging from the bottom of the soft palate.Aspiration: (送气音) a puff of air that follows the release of a consonant when there is a delay in the onset of voicing. It is symbolized by a superscript h (e.g. , [p h])Phoneme: (音素，音位) the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words.Minimal pair: (最小语对) two words in a language that differ only by a single distinctive sound (one phoneme) in the same position and have different meanings, e.g., pin and bin.Allophone: (音位变体) one of a set of nondistinctive realizations of the same phoneme. ([])Complementary distribution: (互补分布) the occurrence of sounds in language such that they are never found in the same phonetic environment. Sounds that are in complementary distribution are allophones of the same phoneme.Free variation: (自由变异) term used to refer to two sounds that occur in overlapping environments but cause no distinction in the meaning of their respective words.Distinctive feature: (区别性特征) a particular characteristic which distinguishes one distinctive sound unit of a language from another or one group of sounds from another group. For example, in the English sound system, one distinctive feature which distinguishes the /p/ in pin from the /b/ in bin is VOICE.Stress: (重音) the increased duration and loudness of a syllable compared to othersyllables in the same word.Pitch: (音高) the auditory sensation of the height of a sound.Tone: (声调) the distinctive pitch level of a syllable.Suprasegmental: (超切分音位) a vocal effect extending over more than one segment, e.g. , tone, length, and stress.International Phonetic Alphabet(IPA): (国际音标) a system of symbols for representing the pronunciation of words in any language according to the principles of the international phonetic association.Chapter4 morphologyWords are not the smallest unit of meaning. They are composed of smaller units of meaning, called morphemes. Morphemes are the minimal language units.Morphology deals with word structure.1.Free morphemes—morphemes that can stand alone as a word.1)Many words are themselves morphemes, such as big and book. They cannot bebroken into smaller units that in themselves carry meaning.2)Many other words are created by joining together two morphemes, e.g.blackboard,in which the two morphemes black and board can be recognized as meaningful words by themselves.2.Bound morpheme, which occurs only when attached to another morpheme, suchas -ly in happily and un-in unhappy.Such bound morphemes are called affixes, including the prefixes and the suffixes. The function of an affix can be derivational派生的，衍生的or inflectional屈折的.1) A derivational morpheme is one that is added to a root to form a new word thatdiffers, usually, in its part-of-speech词性classification. For example, when the suffix-ness is added to the adjective happy, the noun happiness is formed.Prefixes as derivational morphemes usually change the basic meaning of a word but do not change its part- of-speech classification .（即系本来系动词就系动词）2)Infix3)An inflectional morpheme indicates certain grammatical properties associatedwith nouns and verbs, such as gender, number, case, and tense. Unlike highly inflected languages such as Latin, English has very few inflectional morphemes.In English, the inflectional morphemes are all suffixes. The suffix -s, which indicates plurality in nouns as well as the third-person singular in verbs, is an inflectional morpheme; the past tense suffix-ed, which is added to verbs, is another.According to Wilhelm von Humboldt, languages of the world can be classified morphologically into three types: isolating, inflecting, and agglutinating.1.An isolating language is also called an analytic language or root language, inwhich all the words are invariable. Chinese, Vietnamese and Samoan are typical cases.2.An inflecting language is also called a synthetic language or fusional language, inwhich grammatical relationships are expressed by changing the internal structure of the words—typically by the use of inflectional endings which express severalgrammatical meanings at once. Latin, Greek, and Arabic are clear cases.3.An agglutinating language is also called agglutinative language, in which a wordtypically consists of a neat linear sequence of morphemes, all clearlyrecognizable. Turkish, Finnish, Japanese, and Swahiliare usual cases.Morphemes in ChineseChinese is regarded as a typical analytical language and also has some inflectional and agglutinating structures.Most of Chinese free morphemes are monosyllabic because Chinese is a tone language.CompoundCompounding is a process that forms new words not by means of affixes but from two or more independent words. Compounds are different from phrases in that they symbolize an integrated整体的concept.There are different semantic relationships within the morphemes comprising a compound.Idiomatic powerIdiomatic 惯用的，成语的expressions: metaphoric(e.g. I'm really tied up无法分身.)，allusive(e.g. the ruling party met its Waterloo 毁灭性的打击in the new election.), a majority are institutionalized.GlossaryMorpheme: (词素) smallest linguistic unit that can have a meaning or grammatical function.Morphology: (形态学) the study of word-making and word-marking. On the one hand, morphology examines meaning relationships between words and the ways in which these connections are indicated. On the other, morphology looks at how grammatical relationships between words are marked. (G. Tserdanelis& W. Wong: Language files)Also the study of the internal structure of words, and of the rules by which words are formed, is called morphology. (V. Fromkin&R. Roman: An Introduction to Language)Free morphemes: (自由词素) morphemes that can stand alone as a word.Bound morphemes: (粘着词素) morpheme that always attaches to other morphemes, never existing as a word itself.Affix: (词缀) a bound morpheme that changes the meaning or syntactic function of the words to which it attaches. Prefixes, infixes and suffixes are the three types of affixes.Prefix: (前缀) an affix that attaches to the beginning of a stem.Suffix: (后缀) an affix that attaches to the end of a stemInfix: (中缀) a type of bound morpheme that is inserted in to the root.Derivational morpheme: (派生词素) morphemes that change the meaning or lexical category of the words to which they attach.Inflectional morphemes: (屈折词素) morphemes that serve a purely grammatical function, never creating a new word but only a different form of same word.Isolating language: (孤立语) also analytic language. A type of language in which words consist mainly of one morpheme and sentences are composed of sequences of these free morphemes. Grammatical relationships are often indicated by word order. Examples are Chinese and Vietnamese.Inflecting language: (屈折语) also fusional language. A language in which the form of a word changes to show a change in meaning or grammatical function.Agglutinating language: (粘着语) a language in which various affixes may be added to the stem of a word to add to its meaning or to show its grammatical function.Compound: (复合词) a word that is formed by combining two or more words.Idioms: (习语) an expression which functions as a single unit and whose meaning cannot be worked out from its separate parts.Collocation: (搭配) the way in which words are used together regularly.Stem: (词干) the part of a word that serves as a base for forming new words by the addition of affixes. For example, work is the stem of worker; worker is the stem of workers.Tone language: (声调语言) a language in which word meanings or grammatical contrasts are conveyed by variations in tone.Synthetic languages: (综合语) language in which affixes are attached to other morphemes, so that a word may be made up of several meaningful elements including inflecting languages and agglutinating languages.Chapter5 syntaxSyntactic tree of a sentence reveals that the relationship between the phrases of a sentence is not linear but hierarchical.Family tree sequence次序is top-down; syntactic tree sequence is bottom-up. The bottom-up process in sentence production is called merging合并.S=NP+VP(V+NP)The two words of the VP play different roles----head and complement. A head of a phrase is the key word which determines the properties of the phrase.The I (inflectional morpheme) plays an essential role in merging an NP and a VP into a sentence.S→IP=NP+VP(V+NP)Two groups of syntactical categories:lexical categories and functional categories.1.Lexical categories: all the content words, namely nouns, verbs, adjectives, andadverbs2.Functional category: any word or morpheme which has no descriptive contentand which serves an essentially grammatical function belongs to a. A functional category plays a role like glue in combining content words into phrases and phrases into a sentence.XP can be defined as the maximal projection headed by X, and X itself, i. e. the head, as the minimal projection.I is a functional category devised by Chomsky whose members include not onlyinflectional morphemes but also finite auxiliaries限定助动词(which are inflected for tense/agreement ) , and the infinitival particle to.CP refers to complementizer phrase and can be found in analysis of complex sentence as well as wh-questions and topicalization.When a constituent is made the topic of a sentence, it may be moved into a more prominent position at the front of the sentence. This process is called topicalization.话题化Topicalization does not involve a dummy movement, unless the topicalized constituent is negative.GlossarySyntax: (句法学) syntax is the subfield of linguistics that studies the internal structure of sentences and the relationship among their component parts.Content word: (实词) words which refer to a thing, quality, state, or action and which have meaning when the words are used alone. Content words are mainly nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.Sentence: (句子) the largest linguistic unit which is held together by rigid grammatical rules.Specifier: (指示语) the grammatical function fulfilled by certain types of constituent which (in English ) precede the head of their containing phrase.Complement: (补语) in X-bar theory, a syntactic unit that is defined as the sister to the head of a phrase.X-bar theory: (X-阶标理论) an approach to syntax which attempts to show the general principles of language rather than deal with the structures of one particular language. “X” is a variable denoting any word category concerned.Projection: (投射) a constituent which is an expansion of a head word. For example, a noun phrase such as students of linguistics is a projection of its head noun students.Topicalization: (话题化) A device which marks sth as a topic by simply moving the topic to the front of the sentence, as in This book I can’t recommend. Chapter6 semanticsPropositionAn information receiver usually focuses his attention on the meaning of a sentence rather than the form.When we put a sentence in our mind by reading or listening, our mind will immediately treat it as a set of meaning units, called propositions.The core of a proposition is a verb.1.An intransitive verb----1 NP-the subject(external argument);2.An simple transitive verb----2 NPs-subject(external argument) and object(internalargument);3.An ditransitive verb 双宾语动词----3 NPs-subject(external argument), directobject and indirect object(internal argument);4.An unusual verb in English, rain, requires no NPs.。
当代研究生英语选择题答案(整理版)
1.This book (contains) all the information you need.2.The government(restricts) the number of foreign cars that could be imported.3.As a teacher you should not show(preference)towards any of your students.4.Traffic is (regulated) by police at every intersection.5.How much do you (charge) for this pair of shoes?6.We can (leave off) now and return to work in the morning.7.That matter can be left (alone) until our next morning.8.I learned that he was (on) sick leave from a government office.9.It was one of the most beautiful sights that I had even set eyes (on).10.Each week he tried to set (aside) a few dollars of his salary.11.All this ceremony is just (for show); it doesn’t mean a thing.12.Bill is afraid to (show his face) since Tom threatens to beat him up.13.She has been behaving foolishly; I hope you will (bring her to senses).14.The classroom is 30 feet (in length) and 20 feet in breadth.15.I’m leaving this job because I’m tried of being (pushed around).16.After the rain, the orchard seems to have (burst into)blossom overnight.17.The two men stood (glaring at) each other, while the crowd looked on with amusement.18.When you have any problems in your studies, you can always (look to) John for help.19.Theodore Roosevelt was a (versatile) man ; he was successful as a statesman, soldier…20.The small town has (undergone) many changes during last 10 years.21.The old farmer (survived) his wife, living until 105 years of ages.22.Poor eyesight is a (handicap) to many students.23.The wheat crop will be (decimated) with strong spring rains.24.The various parts of the essays do not adequately (interrelate).25. Hot weather (multiplies) the bacteria in the milk rapidly.26. If something very substantial is not done next month , he cannot (retain) his office.27. We sent him an invitation but he (declined).28. The lifeguard pulled the (inanimate) body out of the pool.29.This pregram will be shown at (prime) time,when everyone watches television.30.She is slow in her work beacause she talks (constantly) to fellow workers.31.Trains leave this station (at regular intervals).32.The relationship between the tow countries has always been (at arm's length).33.It was a good scheme, but it didn't (come off).34.He seems to have (get over) all his financial problems.35.The field (yielded) a good crop of potatoes last year.36.The new marriage law will (put into operation) soon.37.We will see to it that Mary continues to do (challenging) work.38.The mother (resort to) punishment to make her children obey.39.The beaches were (swarming with) people in summer.40.The theoretical part of the lecture was too difficult for the first year students to (take in).41. If you are to be accepted as a member of the club you must (abide) by its rules.42.(Even if) you dislike ancient monuments, Warrick Castle is worth a visit.43.The cites will to be (deflated) and the population distributed in villages.44.He gave a (distorted) account of what has happened.45.His speech (fermented) trouble among the works.46.The criminal was told he would be (immune) from punishment if he said what he knew about the murder.47.If you (strain) the elastic band any more, it will break.48.The Egyptians (inhabit) an area equal to France and Spain combines.49.He is (by no means) considered to be a great explorer.50.It was a long time before scientists could (penetrate) the mystery ofthe atom.51.In order to strengthen his arguments,Toffler (quotes) respectable social scientists who agree with him.52.He could scarcely resist taking another drink of the delicious wine,but remenbering the doctor's advice,he (refrained).53.When people have their basic needs satisfied,they begin to think of fulfill their life (expectations).54.Within seconds,the experienced instructor (assessed) the situation and decided to attempt rescue.55.Most good writers use every means at their (disposal) to make the reader's way smooth and easy.56.The new apartment house built a few months ago is large enough to (accommodate) over tow hundred people.57.A river (twists) through the narrow wooded valley below.58.To use a Chinese saying,this is “a punishment which they well (deserve) ”.59.The captain of the ship (assured) the passengers that there was no danger.60.The growth of cities and suburbs throughout the region has (encouraged) the residents to build houses wherever they could find open land61.The kitchen was small and (compact) so that the disabled womancould reach everything without diffculty.62.His authority and (self-confidence) make him an excellent teacher.63.Being both spoilt and lazy he (blamed) everyone else for his lack of success.64.When Ilearned that I had passed the exam,I felt (care-free) and relaxed.65.A very large cat was watching us intently from the top of a (stationary) car.66.This is the (actual) piano on which the composer created some of his greatese works.67.Your usual teacher has lost his voice and (accordingly) I am taking his place today.68.A (reliable) woman is needed to take care of two small children.69.I have had a (succession) of misfortunes.70.He had an (objectionable) habit of emptying ash trays out of his upstairs window onto our doorstep.71.The music aroused an (intense) feeling of homesickness in him.72.The jury (convicted) him of having committed the robbery and he was then sentenced to five years imprisonment.73.The book proved to be very unreliable and so was quite (useless) to him in his research.74.The plan was (abandoned) when it was discovered just how much thescheme would cost.75.The blow at the end of round three knocked the champion (senseless).76.The Roman empire (crumbled) under pressure from uncivilized northern tribes.77.The police are (waging) a war against crime in the city.78.The sign was no longer legible because much of the lettering had (worn away).79.They (disputed) whether an international loan was possible.80.He is always (airing) his knowledge in public.81.Flowers are blooming in scarlet profusion on the (margins) of the rice-fields.82. The young soldier's hearing was (impaired) after the explosion.83. Black Death was (prevailing) in England in the summer of 1348 without any warning and, most importantly ,without any cure.84. The good news is that as long as people infected with HIV keep taking the tripple-drup (cocktail), they have an excellent chance of surviving the infection for a long time.85. Because it has long been known that HIV kills CD4 cells when it replicates inside them,many researchers have been too ready to (assume) that this is the reason they all die.86. All this conversation (slows down) the action of the play.87. Student nurses should no be left alone (in charge of) hospitle wards.88. He (is concerned about) the level of unemployment in China.89. The tax cuts are good news for the rich,but the poor (lose out) again.puter software (accounts for) some 70 percent of our range of products.91. For most WTO members,the negotiations (took place) under the old GATT system.92. When WTO rules (impose) discipline (on) countries' policies,that is the outcome of negotiations among WTO countries.93. Luxury was (alien to) his nature.94. It is (in the interest of) the developed countries and the more advanced developing countries to provide generous assistance to help the lower-income developing countries.95. Developing countries will (benefit from) the changes only if their economies are capable of responding.。
当代研究生英语原文及翻译(下册)
UNIT 1 PASSAGES OF HUMAN GROWTH (I)1 A person‟s life at any given time incorporates both external and internal aspects. The external system is composed of our memberships in the culture: our job, social class, family and social roles, how we present ourselves to and participate in the world. The interior realm concerns the meanings this participation has for each of us. In what ways are our values, goals, and aspirations being invigorated or violated by our present life system? How many parts of our personality can we live out, and what parts are we suppressing? How do we feel about our way of living in the world at any given time?2 The inner realm is where the crucial shifts in bedrock begin to throw a person off balance, signaling the necessity to change and move on to a new footing in the next stage of development. These crucial shifts occur throughout life, yet people consistently refuse to recognize that they possess an internal life system. Ask anyone who seems down, “Why are you feeling low?” Most will displace the inner message onto a marker event: “I‟ve been down since we moved, since I changed jobs, since my wife went back to graduate school and turned into a damn social worker in sackcloth,” and so on. Probably less than ten percent would say: “There is some unknown disturbance within me, and even though it‟s painful, I feel I have to stay with it and ride it out.” Even fewer people would be able to explain that the turbulence they feel may have no external cause. And yet it may not resolve itself for several years.3 During each of these passages, how we feel about our way of living will undergo subtle changes in four areas of perception. One is the interior sense of self in relation to others. A second is the proportion of safeness to danger we feel in our lives. A third is our perception of time—do we have plenty of it, or are we beginning to feel that time is running out? Last, there will be some shift at the gut level in our sense of aliveness or stagnation. These are the hazy sensations that compose the background tone of living and shape the decisions on which we take action.4 The work of adult life is not easy. As in childhood, each step presents not only new tasks of development but requiresa letting go of the techniques that worked before. With each passage some magic must be given up, some cherished illusion of safety and comfortably familiar sense of self must be cast off, to allow for the greater expansion of our own distinctiveness.Pulling Up Roots5 Before 18, the m otto is loud and clear: “I have to get away from my parents.” But the words are seldom connected to action. Generally still safely part of our families, even if away at school, we feel our autonomy to be subject to erosion from moment to moment.寻求自立6 After 18, we begin Pulling Up Roots in earnest. College, military service, and short-term travels are all customary vehicles our society provides for the first round trips between family and a base of one‟s own. In the attempt to separate our view of the wo rld from our family‟s view, despite vigorous protestations to the contrary—“I know exactly what I want!”—we cast about for any beliefs we can call our own. And in the process of testing those beliefs we are often drawn to fads, preferably those most mysterious and inaccessible to our parents.7 Whatever tentative memberships we try out in the world, the fear haunts us that we are really kids who cannot take care of ourselves. We cover that fear with acts of defiance and mimicked confidence. For allies to replace our parents, we turn to our contemporaries. They become conspirators. So long as their perspective meshes with our own, they are able to substitute fo r the sanctuary of the family. But that doesn‟t last very long. And the instant they diverge from the shaky ideals of “our group”, they are seen as betrayers. Rebounds to the family are common between the ages of 18 and 22.8 The tasks of this passage are to locate ourselves in a peer group role, a sex role, an anticipated occupation,an ideology or world view. As a result, we gather the impetus to leave home physically and the identity to begin leaving home emotionally.9 Even as one part of us seeks to be an individual, another part longs to restore the safety and comfort of merging with another. Thus one of the most popular myths of this passage is: We can piggyback our development by attaching to a Stronger One. But people who marry during this time often prolong financial and emotional ties to the family and relatives that impede them from becoming self-sufficient.10 A stormy passage through the Pulling Up Roots years will probably facilitate the normal progression of the adult life cycle. If one doesn‟t have an identity crisis at this point, it will erupt during a later transition, when the penalties may be harder to bear.The Trying Twenties11 The Trying Twenties confront us with the question of how to take hold in the adult world. Our focus shifts from the interior turmoils of late adolescence—“Who am I?” “What is truth?”—and we become almost totally preoccupied with working out the externals. “How do I put my aspirations into effect?” “What is the best way to start?” “Where do I go?” “Who can help me?” “How did you do it?”迷惘求索的二十几岁11．到了二十几岁，我们面临的难题是如何在这成年人的世界中生存（自立）。
当代研究生英语读写教程答案(上全)
Unit 1Unit 2Unit 3Unit 4Unit 5Uint 6洛城邂逅混凝土、烟雾及晨色将好莱坞高速公路立交桥下的奥尔瓦多街笼罩在特有的灰色之中，车辆堵塞在路上，几乎一动不动。
杰克无精打采地坐在车里，对此并不真的在乎，因为他知道，如果试图往左转，开到高速路入口，情况可能会糟糕得多。
好在他不用每天这样，如果有人问他，他会肯定地说，以后也决不这样。
稳定的工作有其优点，他不否认考虑过这件事。
他需要一台调频收音机，安装在一辆比他现在开的这辆58款别克更好的车上。
好一点的车有天鹅绒内饰，有为洛城的夏天而设计的电控装置，为冬天开往海滩而设计的精美电热器和除霜器，还有为长途旅行设计的导航控制器，当然车的前后都有声音优美的喇叭，窗户一摁就能关好，将外面高速公路上恼人的噪音隔绝。
实际上，他可能不得不改变整个生活方式。
富有异国情调的古龙香水、长毛绒服装、光线暗淡的夜总会、代基里酒、身穿丝绸长礼服、佩戴项链的女子，她们如同特奎拉酒广告里的女子一样，朦朦胧胧而又富有魅力。
只要让他的想像驰骋，杰克会想像出许多可能的东西。
杰克正想入非非时，瞥见绿灯亮了，他只顾开动汽车，盯了一眼那些有固定工作的人，以示再见。
当他扭过头来，面对前方时，已经晚了一秒钟。
他猛地一下踩住刹车，调转方向，以避免撞上前面那辆车上小小的刹车红灯，但还是砰然一声撞上了。
如果他动作再快一秒钟，也许只会离这辆车很近，不会撞上。
而如果再晚一秒钟，他的车就会爬上这辆丰田车的行李箱。
实际上，他好像没有把前面的车撞坏，而后面的车撞上了他车后部的保险杠，那一撞却严重多了。
杰克想开过这辆丰田车，但又怕前面的车挡路。
当他在几辆车前的路边停下来时，又突然觉得这些车反而有助于他逃走。
他使劲关了两次车门，一方面是为了将车门关紧，同时也再给自己一秒钟时间盘算。
然后，他走到别克车的前面，又走到车后面，看看保险杠及其周围是否碰坏。
然而，镀鉻层上连明显的划痕都没有。
于是他精神振作起来了。
金太阳教育高三英语当代中学生报答案
金太阳教育高三英语当代中学生报答案1、_______ win the competition, he practiced a lot. [单选题] *A. BecauseB. In order to(正确答案)C. Thanks toD. In addition to2、—Tony, it’s cold outside. ______ wear a jacket?—OK, mom.（）[单选题] *A. Why not(正确答案)B. Why don’tC. Why did youD. Why do you3、English is very important in our daily life. Never _______. [单选题] *A. give up itB. give it up(正确答案)C. give away itD. give it away4、All he _______ was a coat. [单选题] *A. had on(正确答案)B. had toC. had a restD. had a good time5、（）of the twins was arrested because I saw them both at a party last night. [单选题] *A. NoneB. BothC. Neither(正确答案)D. All6、They will hold the party if they _____ the project on time. [单选题] *A. will completeB. complete(正确答案)C．completedD. had completed7、Once you get on the road, here are some traffic _______ to remember. [单选题] *A. problemsB. positionsC. rules(正确答案)D. points8、While they were in discussion, their manager came in by chance. [单选题] *A. 抓住时机B. 不时地C. 碰巧(正确答案)D. 及时9、They might have found a better hotel if they _________ a few more kilometers. [单选题]*A. droveB. would driveC. were to driveD. had driven(正确答案)10、The storybook is very ______. I’m very ______ in reading it. （）[单选题] *A. interesting; interested(正确答案)B. interested; interestingC. interested; interestedD. interesting; interesting11、6．—How can we get to the school?—________ bus. [单选题] *A．ToB．OnC．By(正确答案)D．At12、--_______ are the birds doing?--They are singing in a tree. [单选题] *A. WhoB. What(正确答案)C. HowD. Where13、We need two ______ and two bags of ______ for the banana milk shake.（）[单选题]*A. banana; yogurtB. banana; yogurtsC. bananas; yogurt(正确答案)D. bananas; yogurts14、She is _______, but she looks young. [单选题] *A. in her fifties(正确答案)B. at her fiftyC. in her fiftyD. at her fifties15、68．—How ________ apples do you want?—I want two kilos. How ________ are they?—They are 5 yuan. [单选题] *A．much; manyB．many; much(正确答案)C．many; manyD．much; much16、When you’ve finished with that book, don’t forget to put it back one the shelf, ____? [单选题] *A. do youB. don’t youC. will you(正确答案)D. won’t you17、The little girl held _____ in her hand. [单选题] *A. five breadsB. five piece of breadsC. five piece of breadD. five pieces of bread(正确答案)18、38．—Do you have ________else to say for your mistake?—________but sorry. [单选题] *A．anything; SomethingB．something; EverythingC．anything; Nothing(正确答案)D．something; Anything19、They lost their way in the forest, and _____ made matters worse was night began to fall. [单选题] *A. thatB. itC. what(正确答案)D. which20、26．—Mary, is this your pen?—No, it isn't. ________ is black. [单选题] *A．MyB．IC．MeD．Mine(正确答案)21、These oranges look nice, but _______ very sour. [单选题] *A. feelB. taste(正确答案)C. soundD. look22、Look at those black clouds! Take ______ umbrella or ______ raincoat with you. （）[单选题] *A. a; anB. an; a(正确答案)C. an; anD. a; a23、63．There will be? ? ? ? ??? water on the road after the heavy rain. [单选题] *A．too much(正确答案)B．much tooC．too manyD．many too24、Where have you _______ these days? [单选题] *A. been(正确答案)B. beC. isD. are25、Lucy _______ at 7:00 every day. [单选题] *A. go to schoolB. goes to school(正确答案)C. to go to schoolD. went?to?school26、____ is standing at the corner of the street. [单选题] *A. A policeB. The policeC. PoliceD. A policeman(正确答案)27、Before you quit your job, （）how your family will feel about your decision. [单选题] *A. consider(正确答案)B. consideringC. to considerD. considered28、Mr. Wang is coming to our school. I can’t wait to see _______. [单选题] *A. herB. him(正确答案)C. itD. them29、Some people were born with a good sense of direction. [单选题] *A. 听觉B. 方向感(正确答案)C. 辨别力D. 抽象思维30、A healthy life is generally thought to be（）with fresh air, clean water, and homegrown food. [单选题] *A. joinedB. boundC. lackingD. associated(正确答案)。
当代研究生英语课后习题答案(上册、下册)总结好的,供期末考试用英语复习
1. The Bill has incorporated many of the suggestions put forward by the opposition.2. New technologies are needed to invigorate the country’s economy.3. The soldier suppressed his fear and went on fighting.4. The noise of cars passing along the road is a continual disturbance to our quiet life.5. This country is suffering from its economic stagnation.6. The old man cherished the girl as if she were his daughter.7. Do not lose hope ; remember the motto“Never say die”.8. The temple is high in the mountain, and is inaccessible to the public in winter.9. The child showed defiance by refusing to eat.10. I am defending my communist ideology my ideals, the content and significance of my whole life.11. The car ran down the hill under its own impetus.12. There a canal was being built to facilitate commerce between these two cities.13. My first parachute jump was a(n) exhilarating experience.14. Is my conviction that you did not try hard enough.15. “Worldly wealth is transient; heavenly wealth lasts for ever.” said the priest.1. In order to strengthen his arguments, Toffler ( ) respectable social scientists who agree with him.A. quotesB. confirmsC. recitesD. convinces2. He could scarcely resist taking another drink of the delicious wine, but remembering the doctor’s advice, he ( ).A refrainedB withdrewC avoidedD retreated3. When people have their basic needs satisfied, they begin to think of other things to fulfill their life ( ).A necessitiesB requirementsC appreciationsD expectations4. Within seconds, the experienced instructor ( ) the situation and decided to attempt rescue.A assumedB assuredC assessedD affirmed5. Most good writers use every means at their ( ) to make the reader’s way smooth and easy.A willB disposalC requestD convenience6. The new apartment house built a few months ago is large enough to ( ) over two hundred people.A accommodateB locateC settleD reside7. A river ( ) through the narrow wooded valley below.A poursB twistsC expendsD expands8. To use a Chinese saying, this is “a punishment which they well ( )”.A desertB deserveC reserveD preserve9. The captain of the ship ( ) the passengers that there was no danger.A securedB ensuredC assuredD guaranteed10.The growth of cities and suburbs throughout the region has ( ) the residents to build houses wherever they could find open land.A convertedB appealedC justifiedD encouragedUnit 21. The kitchen was small and ( )so that the disabled woman could reach everything withoutdifficulty.A completeB complexC compositeD compact2. His authority and ( )make him an excellent teacher.A self-consciousnessB self-confidenceC self-centerednessD self-regard3. Being both spoilt and lazy he ( )everyone else for his lack of success.A accusedB chargedC criticizedD blamed4. When I learned that I had passed the exam, I felt ( )and relaxed.A carelessB trouble-freeC negligentD care-free5. A very large cat was watching us intently from the top of a ( )car.A carelessB stationeryC motionlessD stationary6. This is the ( )piano on which the composer created some of his greatest works.A actualB realC genuineD contemporary7. Your usual teacher has lost his voice and ( )I am taking his place today.A neverthelessB howeverC moreoverD accordingly8. A ( )woman is needed to take care of two small children.A confidentB reliableC trustyD faithful9. I have had a ( )of misfortunes.A continuationB repetitionC continuityD succession10. He had an ( )habit of emptying ash trays out of his upstairs window onto our doorstep.A objectionabl eB afflictingC uneducatedD offending11. The music aroused a(n) ( )feeling of homesickness in him.A inten seB hopelessC intensiveD sad12. The jury ( )him of having committed the robbery and he was then sentenced to five year’s imprisonment.A accusedB chargedC convictedD acquitted13. The book proved to be very unreliable and so was quite ( )to him in his research.A unimportantB disusedC uselessD unusable14. The plan was ( )when it was discovered just how much the scheme would cost.A resignedB abandonedC releasedD redeemed15. The blow at the end of round three knocked the champion ( ).A insensitiveB stupefiedC senselessD nonsensicalUnit 31.The Roman empire () under pressure pressure from uncivilized northern tribes.A trembledB crumbledC hurdledD smashed2.the police are () a war against crime in the city. A committingB breakingC undertakingD waging3.the sign was no longer legible because much of the lettering had () 。
当代研究生英语（外研社）英语课文翻译
第一单元CYBERSPACE: IF YOU DON’T LOVE IT , LEA VE IT1 美国人的内心深处具有一种酷爱探索新领域的气质。
我们渴求宽敞的场地，我们喜欢探索，喜欢制定规章制度，却不愿去遵守。
在当今时代，却很难找到一块空间，可以供你任意驰骋，又不必担心影响你的邻居。
2 确实有这样一个空间，那就是信息空间。
这里原本是计算机迷的游戏天地，但如今只要想像得到的各类人群应有尽有，包括少年儿童、轻佻的单身汉、美籍匈牙利人、会计等。
问题是他们都能和睦相处吗？人们是否会因为害怕孩子们躲在卧室里看网上的淫秽图片而将它封杀？3 首先要解决的问题是，什么是信息空间。
我们可以抛开高速公路、前沿新领域等比喻，把信息空间看作一个巨大的庄园。
请记住，庄园是人们智慧的结晶，是合法的、人工营造的氛围，它建立在土地之上。
在庄园里，公园和商业中心、红灯区与学校、教堂与杂货店都能区分开来。
4 你可以用同样的方法把信息空间想像为一个巨大的、无边无际的虚拟庄园。
其中有些房产为私人拥有并已租出，有些是公共场所；有的场所适合儿童出入，而有些地方人们最好避开。
不幸的是，正是这些应该避开的地方使得人们心向神往。
这些地方教唆你如何制造炸弹、为你提供淫秽材料、告诉你如何窃取信用卡。
所有这些使信息空间听起来像是一个十分肮脏的地方。
正直的公民纷纷作出这样的结论：最好对它严加管理。
5 但是，在利用规章制度来反击下流之举之前，关键是从根本上理解信息空间的性质。
恶棍并不能在信息空间抢走毫无提防之心的儿童；信息空间也不像一台巨大的电视机，向不情愿的观众播放令人作呕的节目。
在信息空间这座庄园里，用户对他们所去之处、所见所闻、所做所为都要作出选择，一切都出于自愿。
换句话说，信息空间是个出入自便的地方，实际上，信息空间里有很多可去之处。
人们不能盲目上网，必须带着具体的目标上网。
这意味着人们可以选择去哪个网址、看什么内容。
不错，规章制度应该在群体内得以实施，但这些规章制度必须由信息空间内各个群体自己来制定，而不是由法庭或华盛顿的政客们来制定。
当代社会时兴英语词汇
当代社会时兴英语词汇汉英词语1.矮穷挫short,poor and ugly-looking men2.爱国统一战线patriotic united front3安家费settling-in allowance4.安居工程Comfortable/Affordable Housing Project5.白富美fair-skinned and attractive ladies from a decent family6.办年货Spring Festival shopping7.保障和改善民生ensure the wellbeing of the people and improve their lives8.保障性住房low-income housing9.悲催a tear-inducing misery10.毕婚族marry-upon-graduation11.编内职工permanent staff12.编制人数staff size13.车牌摇号license-plate lottery14.城管urban management staff15.城市补丁run-down neighborhoods16.城市低保户low-income urban families17.城市低收入者low-income city dwellers18.城乡差距rural-urban divide19.城乡二元经济结构the city-country dualistic economic structure20.城乡公共就业服务体系urban and rural systems for providing public employment services 21.城乡社会救助体系urban and rural emergency aid system22.城镇职工基本养老保险制度basic old-age insurance system for urban workers 23.穿越剧time-travel TV play24.创新型国家innovation-oriented nation25.春联Spring Festival couplets26.粗放性增长方式extensive mode of growth;inefficient model of growth 27.“大V”Internet celebrity28.代排族hired queuers29.淡定calm/unruffled30.低保制度subsistence security system31.低收入家庭low-income household/family32.地方保护主义regional protectionism33.短租房short-term housing34.恶搞video spoof35.恶性循环vicious circle36.二手房pre-owned house;second-hand housing37.二手房交易sccond-hand housing transactions38.法治政府law-based govemment39.房奴mortgage slave40.房子、车子、票子apartment/house,car and well-paid job/savings41.(非法）传销pyramid schemes;multi-level marketing42.非法收入illegal earnings;illicit income43.封口费hush money44.服务型政府service-oriented government45.福利彩票welfare lottery46.副主任科员senior staff47.富二代second-generation rich,silver-spoon generation48.腹黑scheming49.改革攻坚further reform in difficult areas;tackle hard issues in the reform 50.改革试点pilot reform program51.高层次人才high-caliber personnel52.高档住宅区high-end residential compound53.高富帅men who are tall,rich,handsome,and very popular among females 54.高技能人才highly skilled personnel55.哥只是个传说Brother is only a legend56.个人账户individual pension account57.个体户the self-employed58.公共参与public/communal participation59.公款送礼give gifts by using public funds60.公务车state-financed vehicle61.公务员civil/public servant62.公用互联网public Internet63.购物卡shopping card64.固定电话网fixed-line telephone network65.光盘行动clear-your-plate campaign66.闺蜜close/best friends;bosom buddies67.《国家发展规划纲要》Outline of the National Development Program 68.国家行政编制government staff size69.海归（“海龟”）overseas returnee70.和谐社会harmonious society71.黑车unlicensed cab72.黑恶势力Mafia-like gangs73.户口registered permanent residence74.花钱炫富spend money thoughtlessly and flaunt one's wealth 75.会所luxury clubs76.基层社区grassroots community77.加强和改善宏观调控improve macro control78.家政服务domestic service79.家政服务公司domestic help firms80.假文凭fake diplomas81.坚持基本纲领uphold the basic program82.减员增效downsize the staff to improve cfficiency83.简易过渡房makeshift shelter84.经济适用房affordable housing85.经济适用男／女budget husband/wife86.纠结ambivalent87.酒后代驾designated driver88.就业指导employment guidance89.开放型经济an open economy90.开瓶费corkage fee91.抗灾救灾工作efforts to combat disasters and provide relief 92.科学发展观scientific outlook on development93.科员staff member94.坑爹the reverse of one's expectation95.空巢家庭empty-nest/childless family96.廉租房low-rent housinghouse of two limits;house with limited 97.两限房price and habitable area98.留守儿童left-behind children99.留守女士／男士grass widow/widower100.楼堂馆所office buildings,large halls and guest-houses 101.裸婚simplistic/bare-handed marriage102.卖萌act cute103.面子工程vanity/image project104.秒杀seckill105.民工荒labor shortage106.民生people's wellbeing107.民族团结ethnic unity108.南水北调South-to-North water diversion109.农村富余劳动力surplus rural labor110.农村合作医疗制度system of rural cooperative medicare111.(农村）劳动力转移就业（rural workers)find work in nonagri-cultural sectors 112.农民工migrant worker113.农业税agricultural tax114.女汉子tough girl;manly woman115.泡吧kill time in a bar116.泡网吧hit the Internet bar117.棚户区run-down/shanty urban areas118.拼爹competition of family background119.贫富差距disparity in wealth distribution120.贫困人口impoverished people121.平房改造工程renovation project of shanty dwellings122.潜规则casting couch123.权力下放shift power to the grassroots;delegate power to the lower levels124.群租客tenant groups125.人口功能区functional population zone126.人口老龄化population aging127.人肉搜索human flesh search engine;cyber man-hunt128.人事制度改革reform of personnel system129.入住率occupancy rate130.弱势群体disadvantaged/vulnerable group131.三八红旗手March8Red Flag Bearer132.三公经费pending on official overseas trips,official vehicles and official hospitality 133.三网融合integration of telecom,radio and TV, and Internet networks134.闪婚flash marriage135.闪离flash divorce136.闪跳族habitual job hopper137.伤不起vulnerable;be prone to getting hurt138.社会保障工作social security work139.社会保障体制social security system140.社会结构social structure141.社会利益格局interests of different social groups142.社会矛盾social conflicts/problems143.社会事业social services/programs/undertakings144.社会统筹social pooling145.社会信用体系social credit system146.社会主义核心价值体系core socialist values147.社会主义荣辱观Socialist Concept of Honor and Disgrace148.社会主义新农村socialist new countryside149.社会转型时期period of social transition150.社会组织形式the way society is organized151.社交网站social networking websites152.市政工程municipal/public works153.事业编制staffing of public institutions154.视频分享video sharing155.数字鸿沟digital divide156.双休日two-day weekend157.双职工working couple158.特色优势产业industries with local advantages159.天灾人祸natural calamities and man-made misfortunes 160.贴小广告的人bill sticker161.铁哥们faithful pals;sworn or close friends162.同城待遇identical treatment163.筒子楼tube-shaped apartment building164.土地流转transfer of rural land-use rights165.土豪newly rich and powerful people166.吐槽disclose one's secret167.团购group/team buying168.退休金双轨制dual pension schemes169.网络拜年online greeting170.微博控microblog complex171.无偿献血unpaid blood donation172.五好家庭Five-Virtues Family173.捂盘惜售property hoarding174.西部大开发战路western development strategy175.下岗职工unemployed workers and staff;laid-off employees 176.下基层锻炼temper oneself in a grassroots unit177.限购limitations on property purchase178.羡慕嫉妒恨envious,jealous and hateful179.乡长township head180.乡镇企业township enterprises181.小产权房house/apartment with limited/incomplete property rights 182.学区房school district housing;school-nearby house183.学生减负reduce students'study load184.巡视员inspector185.延迟退休delay retirement186.严打斗争strike-hard operation/campaign to crack down on crimes 187.一、二、三线城市first-,second- and third-tier cities188.依法拆迁lawful housing demolition and relocation189.移动通信网mobile telecommunications network190.以人为本的城镇化human-centered urbanization191.引进人才bring in needed personnel192.优抚安置provide special assistance to entitled groups193.月光族live from paycheck to paycheck194.月嫂maternity matron195.暂住证temporary residence permit196.增强道德观念enhance one's moral awareness197.职业道德occupational ethics198.智能、绿色、低碳城市smart,green and low-carbon city199.中国式过马路cross the road in Chinese style/Chinese-style road crossing 200.重复建设项目overlapping/redundant project201.主任科员principal staff202.住房制度改革reform of housing system203.住家／非住家保姆live-in/live-out nanny204.着装要求dress code205.自觉排队日Queuing-up Day206.自主创新能力capacity for independent innovation207.总体规划overall plan208.最低生活保障subsistence allowance。
美国当代英语语料库(COCA)使用介绍
COCA界面简介
• 语料库分类区(五大类型语料库共包括42个 子语料库)。
COCA界面简介
• 语料库分类区(五大类型语料库共包括42个 子语料库)。
二、COCA主要搜索功能
• 2.1 搜索words、phrases、lemmas（单 词的所有形式）、wildcards（通配符）和 其他更加复杂的字词。
选择学习COCA的原因
• 1. COCA免费且在线方便。 • 2. 规模大（4.5亿，1990-2012）、速度快 （一般几秒）、词性标注易于理解。 • 3.时效性强——每年至少更新两次，并且每 年新增2000万词汇。
COCA界面简介
主要包括三大功能区:
Ⅰ 显示及查询条件界定区，包括：显示方式区， 字串查询区，语料库分类区，查询结果排列方式 区。 Ⅱ 查询结果数据显示区 Ⅲ 例句显示区
图2.1.1-3
例句显示区使用的是KWIC显示
KWIC显示方式
KWIC显示方式
• • • • • •
蓝色——名词 紫色——动词 绿色——形容词 棕色——副词 灰色——代词 黄色——介词
COCA主要搜索功能
• 例2. 输入词组 “white+名词” (图2.1.2-1)，得到 的结果都是white 后面跟的名词短语 (图2.1.2-2)，检索 表达式为：white [n*]。
规则： 若要得到某种词性且词中带有部分带有某些字母的形 式时，如要得到以 un- 开头、 -ed 结尾的所有形容词的所有形 式，那么输入: un*ed.[j*]； 若要得到动词 + 任何词 +ground 的所有词组 , 那么输入 : [v*]*[ground]即可。 前者用来研究词汇，后者用来查询特定词性的搭配。
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Narrowly speaking, SL differs from FL
This difference is mostly ignored in our course.
First language acquisition unconscious suclearning painstaking unsuccessful
The learner‟s perspective
Why are some individuals more successful in learning an L2 than other individuals?
Age Aptitude Motivation Attitude Socio-psychological factors
Aptitude
Carroll: “Standard „four component‟ view of language aptitude”
1. 2. 3. 4.
Phonemic coding ability Grammatical sensitivity Inductive language learning ability Memory and learning
Bley-Vroman‟s Fundamental Difference Hypothesis
Adult foreign language learning Conscious memorization of grammar rules General adult skill acquisition Problem solving
Foreign language
A non-native language learned in the environment of one‟s native language.
E.g. Chinese speakers learning English in China.
Broadly speaking, SL includes FL
The narrow sense of SL
A non-native language learned in the environment where that language is spoken.
E.g. Chinese speakers learning English in America
Bley-Vroman on SLA
Lack of success General failure Variation in success, course, and strategy Variation in goals Fossilization Indeterminate intuitions Importance of instruction Native evidence Role of affective factors
Age
Some facts
Individuals generally do not achieve a native-like accent in a second language unless they are exposed to it at an early age. Older individuals cannot reasonably hope to ever achieve a native accent in a second language. Second language learners cannot achieve complete mastery of syntax.
SLA
Terminology
L1 – first language L2 – second language SL – second language FL – foreign language NL – native language (=L1) TL – target language (=L2) IL – interlanguage
SL vs FL
The broad sense of SL
Any language learned after the learning of L1. It can be one‟s first, second, third, fourth or… non-native language. Its acquisition can occur in a classroom situation, as well as in more “natural” exposure situations.
Child language development Internally driven growth
Child L1 acquisition
A process better described as “growth” than “learning”. Universally successful The knowledge acquired is largely of an unconscious sort.
Lecture 13
Second Language
According to UNESCO, second language is a language acquired/learned by a person in addition to his mother tongue.
Second Language Acquisition
A person who is excellent in one or more of these abilities would seem to be at an advantage in learning a second language Skehen suggested that these be combined into one ability: language analytic ability