人教版高中英语必修三Unit 4《Astronomy the science of the stars》(Using language)课件

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人教版高中英语必修三Unit_4_Astronomy：the_science_of_the_stars

在大批人员的介绍引见中，没有几个人希望你记住他们的
名字。
(2)Her garden is a mass of flowers. 她的花园里种满了花。
(3)I don’t like children inthemass . 大体而论，我不喜欢儿童。
(4) Themassof people in that country are Christians. 那个国家的大部分人是基督徒。
注意：a mass of和masses of可以后接可数或不可数名词，作主语时谓语动词的单复数与of后名词的单复数保持一致。
(1)Few of the people in mass introductions expect you to
remember their names.
(2009·安徽，阅读理解A)
hat and gloves to protect your face from being exposed
to the strong sunlight and your hands from being hurt.
(2009·辽宁)
d．It is necessary to stop the tourists from taking photos with
(2008·江苏，阅读理解B)
这些气体起到像温室玻璃一样的作用，它们允许来自太
阳的能量进入却阻止能量离开。
(2)They would prevent/stop/keep the rich from robbing the
poor. 他们要制止富人掠夺穷人。
(3)He raised his arm to protecthischildfrom 他伸出手臂去保护他的孩子免受伤害。

人教版高中英语必修三Unit4Astronomythescienceofthestars[全套课件]

Whatitwastobecomewasamysteryuntilt hedustbegantoslowlycombineintoaball movingaroundthesun.
Leavetheearth
Verystrong
Inspace
Veryheavy
Disappeared
Floatedweightlessly
Onthemoon
Verylight Themasswillbeless
LastmonthIvisitedthemoonwithmyfriend.Beforewel eft,Iwastoldtheforceofg_____wouldchgarnagveitthyreetim esonourjourney.Thenwetookoff.Aswelefttheearth,I becameveryh_______.Graduallytheweighhetalv_y______. WhenIwasinspace,itd_l_es_s_e_n_e_d___.Wef_______weig htlesslyindtihseacpapbeianraenddIc___f_lo_a_t_e_d.WhenIwasonthe moon,Iwassurpcrhiseeedrteodfiunpdoutevenwalkingneedslots ofpracticen______gravitychanged.Thereturningoft heearthwasveryf_____n_o_w_t_h.aWt ewereamazedtowatch fireb________ontheoutsideoftheship.frightening
Astronomy
Astronomyisthescientificstudyoftheuniverseand theheavenbodies(suchasthesun,themoon,andsta rs),gas,anddustwithinit.

高考英语一轮复习话题14宇宙知识(Unit4Astronomythescienceofthestars)新人教版必修3

话题14 宇宙知识（Unit 4 Astronomy the science of the stars）晨读背诵1. get started开始2. grasp/seize the opportunity 抓住机会3. set foot in China踏上中国的土地4. as sb. puts it正如某人所说5. enjoy a boom in scientific and technological development有科技发展的兴隆6. send satellites into space发射卫星到太空7. first manned space flight首次载人太空飞行8. deadly disease致命的疾病 9. to name (just) a few仅以这些为例10. name after the atest technology of the time以那个时期最新的技术为名11. give rise to引起 12. in some/most cases在某些/大多数情况下13. the same is true for ……也适用于 14. run a company经营公司15. aim at sth./doing以做……为目的16. for the time being 暂时基础知识自测一、单词拓展(A)根据音标及词义写出英文单词｡1. astronomy [əˈstrɒnəmɪ] n.天文学→astronomer [əˈstrɒnəmə(r)] n.天文学家2. system [ˈsɪstəm] n.系统;体系;制度3. theory [ˈθɪərɪ] n.学说;理论→theoretical [θɪəˈretɪk(ə)l] adj.理论上的4. globe [ɡləʊb] n.球体;地球仪;地球→global [ˈɡləʊb(ə)l] adj.全球性的;全世界的5. violent [ˈvaɪələnt] adj.猛烈的;激烈的;强暴的→violence [ˈvaɪələns] n.暴力→violently [ˈvaɪələntlɪ]adv.猛烈地6. atmosphere [ˈætməsfɪə(r)] n.大气层;气氛7. unlike [ʌnˈlaɪk] prep.不同;不像→dislike [dɪsˈlaɪk] vt.不喜欢8. presence [ˈprezəns] n.出席;到场;存在→present [ˈprez(ə)nt] adj. & n. & v.在场的;目前,现在;出席;颁发,授予9. harmful ['hɑ:mful] adj.有害的;伤害的→harm [hɑːm] n.危害,害处→harmless [ˈhɑːmlɪs] adj.无害的10. exist [ɪɡˈzɪst] vi.存在,生存→existence [ɪɡˈzɪst(ə)ns] n.存在,生存11. puzzle [ˈpʌz(ə)l] n.谜;难题vt. & vi.(使)迷惑;(使)为难→puzzled [ˈpʌz(ə)ld]adj.迷惑的→puzzling [ˈpʌz(ə)lɪŋ]adj.令人迷惑的12. gravity [ˈɡrævɪtɪ] n.万有引力;重力13. satellite [ˈsætəlaɪt] n.卫星;人造卫星14. climate [ˈklaɪmɪt] n.气候15. spaceship [ˈspeɪsʃɪp] n.宇宙飞船16. pull [pʊl] n. & vt.拉(力);拖;牵引力17. float [fləʊt] vi. & vt.(使)浮动;(使)漂浮 n.漂浮物18. mass [mæs] n.质量;团;块;大量;(复)群众(B)单词活用用所给词的正确形式填空。

人教版高中英语必修三Unit4Astronomy：thescienceofthestars

Unit 4Astronomy：the science of the stars(时间：35分钟)Ⅰ.语法和词汇知识1．(2012·高考浙江卷)—I’m going to San Francisco for a couple of days.—________.I wish I could get away for a while.A．It doesn’t matter B．Forget itC．I really envy you D．I can’t agree more2．(2013·山东青岛质检)—Of the two bags，which one do you prefer?—________bigger one.It’s ________ most beautiful one，I think.A．The；a B．The；theC．A；/ D．A；the3．Newly-born babies are good sleepers.The amount of their sleep is________that of adults.A．several times larger than B．a few times the size ofC．as several times as D．a few times deeper than4．(2013·湖北重点中学联考)Getting more information on how to use these tools can ________your chances of success.A．raise B．multiplyC．add D．gain5．Encourage your children to try new things，but try not to ________ them too hard.A．draw B．strikeC．rush D．push6．(2013·安徽皖北协作区高三联考)It’s reported that women with demanding jobs are almost ________ to suffer a heart attack.A．as likely twice B．likely twice asC．twice as likely D．twice likely as7．The police arrived twenty minutes later and ________ the crowd for the sake of safety.A．took up B．wound upC．woke up D．broke up8．All possible means ________.However，nothing can __________ him dying of lung cancer.A．has tried；stop B．have tried；keepC．has been tried；prevent D．have been tried；stop9．Completely lost in the exciting ________ of the football match，Tom didn’t feel his pocket picked.A．scenery B．viewC．atmosphere D．sight10．(2013·淄博模拟)The taxi driver had to ________ because the traffic light had turned red.A．set up B．shut upC．catch up D．pull up11．(2013·石家庄质检)________is obviously right is to give all children equal opportunities to develop their special gift.A．It B．AsC．That D．What12．(2013·云南第一次高中毕业生复习统一检测)Roger had a GPS device fitted in his car ________he lost his way in the city.A．so that B．now thatC．in case D．as if13．Tom has agreed to let me use his computer to surf the Internet，and ________ I’m treating him to a good dinner at the newly-built restaurant just around the corner.A．in charge B．in placeC．in return D．in turn14．If you want to ________ and make sure you’re successful in an exam，you should wear yellow.A．cheer up B．go aheadC．good luck D．no problem15．Earth is a rocky planet where there is liquid water，which is necessary for life to________.A．come B．existC．stand D．happenⅡ.完形填空(2013·淄博高三模拟考试)When he was driving home one evening on a country road，he saw an old lady on the side of the road.He__1__in front of her car and got out.Even with the__2__on his face，she was worried.He looked poor and hungry.He knew__3__she felt.He said，“I am here to help you，madam.Why don’t you wait in the car where it’s warm？__4__，my name is Joe.”She had a__5__tire.Joe crawled under the car，changed the tire.But he got__6__and his hands hurt.She could not thank him__7__and asked him how much she__8__him.He told her that if she really wanted to__9__him back，the next time she saw someone who needed help，she could give that person the__10__they needed.She drove off.A few miles down the road the lady saw a small__11__.She went in.The waitress had a sweet smile，and was nearly eight months__12__.The old lady__13__how someone like her who seemed poor could be so kind to a__14__.Then she remembered Joe.After the lady finished her meal，the waitress went to get her__15__from a hundred-dollar bill.But she stepped right out the door.When the waitress came back，she noticed something__16__on a napkin (餐巾纸)，“I am helping you because someone once helped me.If you really want to pay me back，here’s what you do—Do not let the__17__of love end with you.”That night when she got home，she was__18__the money and what the lady had written.She and her husband needed money with the baby__19__next month.She knew how worried her husband was，and as he lay__20__next to her，she whispered，“Everything’s going to be all right，I love you，Joe.”1.A.stood B．droveC．stopped D．waved2．A.anxiety B．surpriseC．sorrow D．smile3．A.why B．howC．what D．whether4．A.By the way B．In additionC．By chance D．In return5．A.poor B．flatC．round D．used6．A.excited B．thirstyC．satisfied D．dirty7．A.much B．howeverC．enough D．further8．A.returned B．lentC．owed D．appreciated9．A.take B．payC．hold D．charge10．A.assistance B．moneyC．expense D．ability11．A.store B．hospitalC．cinema D．restaurant12．A.elder B．experiencedC．pregnant D．served13．A.imagined B．doubtedC．wondered D．expected14．A.woman B．customerC．tourist D．stranger15．A.receipt B．changeC．payment D．check16．A.written B．printedC．drawn D．copied17．A.chain B．relationC．devotion D．story18．A.putting away B．thinking aboutC．turning in D．looking after19．A.ahead B．extraC．front D．due20．A.sleeping B．chattingC．arguing D．drinkingⅢ.阅读理解(2013·淄博高三模拟) A group of eight public high school students in Massachusetts，aged 15 to 17，designed and ran their own school within a school.They named their practice the Independent Project.They represented the usual range：two were close to dropping out before they started the project，while others were honors students.Their guidance teacher was their adviser，consulting with them when the group encountered difficulties.Though they sought advice from English，math and science teachers，they were responsible for monitoring one another’s work and giving one another feedback.There were no grades，but at the end of the term，the students wrote evaluations of their classmates.The students also designed their own course.In addition to some regular courses，they each took on an “individual project”，learning to play the piano or to cook，writing a novel or making a video about domestic (国内的) violence.At the end of the term，they performed their new skills in front of the entire school.The last part of their self-designed course was to do a “collective project” that had social significance.Because they felt the whole experience had been so life-changing，they ended up making a film showing how other students could start and run their own schools.The project was a success.After returning to their traditional study，the students have high motivation and are doing well.One student who had failed all of his previous math courses spent three weeks teaching the others about probability.The lesson learned here is that if students are given the opportunity to take control or contribute significantly to their own learning they will become more accomplished，more engaged and more knowledgeable.The students in the project are remarkable because they demonstrate the kinds of learning and personal growth that are possible when teenagers feel ownership of their high school experience，learn things that matter to them and learn together.1．Which of the following statements is TRUE?A．Some students might drop out of high school.B．The teachers monitored the students’ homework.C．The students themselves solved all their problems.D．The teachers evaluate the students’ performances.2．The students involved in the Independent Project ________.A．didn’t need to learn common lessonsB．tended to escape from the whole societyC．were unwilling to share their experiencesD．focused on self-study and working together3．According to Paragraph 4，we know that ________.A．the traditional study is better than the projectB．all the students had failed their math coursesC．the students have freedom to design their lessonsD．the project was mainly concerned with math courses4．The project made the students outstanding because ________.A．they are unusually talentedB．they have better backgroundsC．they have supportive teachersD．they are owners of their education5．What would be the best title of the text?A．Structure the kids’ days to the minuteB．Let kids rule their own school within a schoolC．Offer students few opportunities to do anythingD．Provide traditional education to the studentsUnit 4Astronomy：the science of the stars课时达标检测Ⅰ.语法和词汇知识1．【解析】选C。

人教版高中英语必修三Unit4《Astronomy__the_science_of_the_stars》课件

Paragraph 1: Paragraph 2: Paragraph 3: Paragraph 4: Paragraph 5:
The importance of water for life A widely accepted theory about the formation of the universe The development of plants and animals on the earth The formation of the earth The arrival of humans and their impact on the earth
b. 表示责任义务 I am to call them once I reach the airport.
c. 表示说明、规定等的规定和要求 This medicine is to be taken three times a day.
d. 表示不会或没有大声（用于not/never, etc to be done）
Scanning for specific information
Detailed Reading How life began on the earth
Stage 1: The development of the earth (1) After the Big Bang, what happened?
Skimming for general idea
Skimming Reading Comprehension I
What’s the main idea of the text? A. A brief introduction on how human
beings were born. B. A brief introduction on the birth of the

人教版高中英语必修三Unit4__Astronomy：_the_science_of_the_stars

pullapart拆散；拆开
pullaway(汽车等)开走
pulldown拆毁；摧毁
pullin(车辆)进站；停靠
pullout(车辆)驶出；退出
pullup停车
(1)Helpmemovethepiano，youpushandI'llpull.
帮我搬动一下钢琴，你来推，我来拉。[朗文]
(2)Thecinemasheusedtovisit.
(2)—I'mthinkingofthetesttomorrow ， I'mafraidIcan'tpassthistim
e. —________！(2012·河北冀州中学考试) A．GoaheadB．Goodluck C．NoproblemD．Cheerup 解析考查情景交际。A项意为“做吧”，表示同意某人
it用作形式主语，可以替代从句、不定式、动名词等，it置于句首，无意义，使句式结构更加平衡。常见it作形式主语的句型有：
Itisstrange/obvious/true/possible/clear/likely...that... Itisapity/ashame/afact/awonder...that... Itissaid/thought/reported/decided/expected...that... Itisimportant/easy/hard/difficult/possible/necessary...forsbtodo sth
beinapuzzle感到困惑 puzzleout仔细思考；设法想出答案 bepuzzledabout...对……感到迷惑 (1)I'vebeensittingherepuzzlingaboutwhattodo. 我一直坐在这里苦苦思索该怎么办。[朗文] (2)Theteacherleftthechildrentotothepropbulzezmletohuetmthseealvnesws.er 老师让学生动脑筋自行寻找问题的答案。[牛津]

人教版高中英语必修三课文翻译

Unit 4 Astronomy:the science of the stars ——Reading ——地球上生命的起源没有人确切知道地球是怎样开始形成的，因为在很早很早以前它就形成了。

然而，一种普通为人们所接受的理论是：宇宙起源于一次大爆炸，这次大爆炸将物质投射到四面八方。

然后，原子开始形成并结合成恒星和其他天体。

大爆炸后好几十亿年过去了，但地球还只是一团尘埃。

随后它会变成什么没人能知道，直到38-45亿年前，这团尘埃才慢慢地形成一个固体的球状物。

地球（开始）变得激烈动荡，不知道这个固体形状是否会继续存在下去。

它（地球）猛烈的爆炸喷出了烈火与岩石。

最终产生了碳、氮气、水蒸气和其他多种气体，从而形成了地球的大气层。

更为重要的是，地球冷却了下来，地球的表面就开始出现了水。

在火星这些其他行星上都出现了水，但和地球不同的是，这些水后来都消失了。

水会对生命的发展起关键作用，这一点在当时并不明显。

很多科学家相信，由于地球表面上长期有水存在，它使得地球得以把有害气体和酸性物质溶解在海洋里。

这就产生了一系列的反应，使得生命就有可能开始发展了。

好几百万年以后，水的表面开始出现了极小的植物。

它们繁殖起来就使得早期的海洋充满了氧气，这为早期的贝类及其他各种鱼类的发育进一步创造了条件。

接着，绿色是植物开始出现在陆地上。

随后，陆地上出现了动物，其中有一些是昆虫，另外一些叫两栖动物，它们一般是通过孵蛋而繁衍后代的。

再后来一些叫做恐龙的巨型动物出现了。

它们也生蛋，在地球上生存了一亿四千多年。

然而，六千五百万年前，恐龙时代结束了。

它们为什么会突然灭绝至今仍是个谜。

恐龙的灭绝使地球上哺乳动物的产生有了可能。

哺乳动物不同于以往所有的生物形式，因为它们能从体内生产出幼仔并给幼仔哺乳。

最后，大约260万年前，一些小巧聪明、长着手脚的动物出现了，它们散布在地球的各个地方。

于是，他们接着成为了这个行星上最重要的动物。

然而，他们对地球却并不怎么在意。

人教版高中英语必修3：unit 4 Astronomy_ the science of star

学科：高中英语教材：人教版必修三
Unit 4 Astronomy
The science of the stars 关于星星的科学
主讲：学校：
Solar system On which planet are there
lives at present ?
earth
HOW LIFE BEGAN ON THE EARTH
Age(dinosaur)ended
plant
water
Reptiles Plants
Insects and amphibians
Plants grow on land
Earth (solid globe) atmostphere
Dinosaurs
Mammals (including humans )
The developmnt of the earth
WeChat of the earth
EARTH
The universe bloengagnawgitoh a “Big Bang”
EARTH
Stars aanfdteotrhetrhbeodBieigs wBearnegformed
EARTH
EARTH
Wataesr btheegaenatrothapcpoeoalreodndtohwe enarth
EARTH
PlManilltisonbseogfayneators garfotewr wateirn’s wapapteearrance
EARTH
The age6o5fmdiinlloiosanuyrseeanrdseadgo
FSakstimremaidnigng
What’s the text about?

人教新课标高中英语必修三Unit 4 Astronomy_ the science of 课件

5. What problem is caused by human beings? Human beings caused global warming.
Read the passage again and underline all the discourse markers and sentence connectors.
Plants began to grow on dry land. Insects and amphibians appeared. Reptiles appeared. Dinosaurs appeared. Mammals appeared. Clever animals with hands and feet appeared.
the rise of _m__a_m__m_a_l_s_
Comprehending
Read the passage carefully and analyse its structure. Write the main idea for each paragraph.
Para. 1 Para. 2 Para. 3
early _s_h_e_l_lf_i_sh__ and all sorts of fish
green plants on land
amphibians
land animals
insects
__r_e_p_t_il_e_s ___
huge animals (dinosaurs)
human beings
carbon nitrogen water vapour _g_a_se_s_
the earth’s _a_t_m__o_sp_h__er_e___

人教版高中英语必修三(Book 3 Unit 4)

人教版高中英语必修三（Book 3 Unit 4)Unit 4 Astronomy：The science of the stars1. spread vt.&vi. 展开,铺开;散布;扩大;延伸The bird spread its wings. 那只鸟展开了翅膀。

Flies spread disease. 苍蝇传播疾病。

常用结构:spread sth. with sth. 用……抹/涂/铺……spread ...on ...把……抹/涂/铺在……be spread for摆好（桌子）准备spread oneself\[口\]舒展四肢(躺下)spread out张开，伸开，铺开，展开，伸长单项填空Paper making began in China and _____________to Europe.A. SpreadB. grewC. CarriedD. developed解析:选A。

句意为：造纸术起源于中国，又传播到了欧洲。

spread传播。

2. method n. 方法He has introduced a new method of teaching.他引进了一种新的教学方法。

What is the most effective method of birth control?控制出生率的最有效的方法是什么？联想拓展by this means=in this way=with this method 用这种方法易混辨析method/meansmethod侧重"理论方法"，指做某事的具体步骤或程序。

a new teaching method一种新的教学方法means（单复数同形）侧重"通过手段"或"利用工具"去达到某种目的。

选词填空(method/means)（原创）①The quickest of travel _____________is by plane.②She has a very scientific _____________of dealing with political problems. 答案：①means②method3. harmful adj. 有害的常用结构:do sb. harm/do harm to sb. 对某人有害mean no harm 无意伤害别人;没有恶意harm one's image/reputation 损害某人的形象/名声do more harm than good 弊大于利There is no harm in (sb's) doing sth.=It does no harm (for sb.) to do sth. (某人) 做某事无害处be harmful to 对……有害harm n.&v. 损害，伤害Smoking is harmful to your health. 吸烟有害健康。

高中英语必修三：Unit4Astronomy_thescienceofthestars―人教标1

anizaton 2. timeline C. How life began on the earth. (The evolution of life on the earth.)
Homework
1. Read the passage. 2.Write down the retelling on your
shellfish (贝类) and other fish
plants
insects（昆虫） amphibians (两栖类)
plants
reptiles (爬行类) Human being
dinosaurs mammals
Discourse markers （话语标记） first, next, later, after that, however, finally
First 5. Small plants grew on the water. 6. Shellfish and other fish appeared.
Next 7. Plants began to grow on dry land. 8. Insects and amphibians appeared.
海王星
Neptune
Pangu separates the sky from the earth
The Goddess Nuwa mended the heaven and created human beings
God created the world in seven days
Life first began in the sea on the earth.
Summary 本课小结
A. New words: theory/ globe/ violent/ atmosphere/ unlike/fundamental/ harmful/ chain/ lay eggs/ exit/mammal/ give birth to/ B. Reading skills：

人教版高中英语必修三Unit 4《Astronomy the science of the stars》(Reading comprehension)课件

Day 4:God created tow great lights(the sun, the moon) and stars.
ay 5: God created living things in the air and sea.
Day 6: God created the land animals and the first man. Day 7: God rested and called this day Holy.
Green plants grew into forests Later
(1) What life developed after forests appeared?
reptiles on land dinosaurs on land
After that
(2) What life developed after dinosaurs? mammals on land
(4) What appeared on the earth then?
Water appeared
(5) What did the water form?
oceans and seas
The development of life
Stage 1: The development of life in water
(3) What life developed after mammals? Finally small clever animals
How did the earth come into being? 1. Big Bang 2. a cloud of dust 3. A solid globe
4. exploded with fire and rock

高一英语必修3-Unit-4-Astronomy-the-scien

高一英语必修3 Unit 4 Astronomy: the science of the stars人教试验版【本讲教化信息】一、教学内容必修3 Unit 4 Astronomy: the science of the stars（一）重点单词（二）重点短语（三）重（难）点句型二、学问精讲（一）重点单词1. system n.[c] 系统；体系；制度systematic adj.He created a new system of teaching foreign languages.他创建了一种新的外语教学体系。

The new system has had a disastrous effect on productivity.新制度对生产率产生了灾难性的影响。

Too much alcohol is bad for the system.过量饮酒对身体有害。

theory n.学说；理论theoretic adj.There are many theories about the origin of life.关于生命起源的学说有许多。

In this way they can better apply theory to practice.这样他们就能更好地把理论运用到实践中去。

Your plan sounds fine in theory it doesn’t work in practice.你的支配在理论上听起来不错，但在实践中无法实施。

2. violent adj. 猛烈的；激烈的；粗暴的violence n.They are launching a violent attack on the enemy.他们对敌人绽开了猛烈的进攻。

The class was shocked by his violent language.全班同学对他激烈的言辞感到震惊。

Children should not be allowed to watch violent movies.不应允许儿童看暴力电影。

新人教版高中英语必修三 Unit 4 Astronomy the science of the stars 课件(共14张PPT)

4. Which of the following statements is true? A. The dust settled into a solid globe between 4.5 and 3.6
billion year ago. B. The first small plants began to appear on the surface of
to?
A. Insects.
B. Reptiles.
C. Dinosaurs.
D. Humans.
3. The plants grew before the animals because they provide__________. A. nutrients for animals to absorb(吸收) B. oxygen for animals to breathe C. necessary temperature for animals to keep warm D. water vapour for animals
Skim for the main idea of each paragraph Para1 A widely accepted _t_h_e_o_r_y__ about the formation(形成) of t_h_e_u_n__iv_e_rse
Para2 The formation of _th_e__ea_r_th
small p__la_n__ts_ on the surface of the water
humans
What problem is caused by human beings?
Discussion
Ride a bike

人教高中英语必修3 Unit4 Astronomy the science of the stars

How to breathe
What to dress
Problems
What to eat
How tWater system
5.Right engine
4. Left engine 6.Tool kit 3.Gravity boots
Please look at/ listen to… You need… Please pay attention to… You’d better… Make sure you… You must(n’t)…
Stephen Hawking
1. I heard about how three men made mistakes when they tried to describe gravity.
2. I heard about how three men wanted
to find out about the beginning of the universe. 3. I heard about how the idea of gravity has developed over a long period of time. 4. I heard about three scientists and their work.
Homework
1. Search the Internet for the information of the development of life.
2. Read and learn good words, phrases or structures from Reading.
Period 2
Astronomy
Astronomy is the scientific study of the universe and the heaven bodies (such as the sun, the moon, and stars), gas, and dust within it.