200501Wen addresses press conference (full text)
央党校博士研究生入学英语考试试卷
2005年中央党校博士研究生入学英语考试试卷注意：请按要求把1-75题的答案填在机读卡（Answer Sheet A）上；把听力部分Section C、B1-B10题的答案、翻译和作文写在答题纸（Answer Sheet B）上。
听力部分：I Listening Comprehension (20 points)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear 10 short conversation. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Each conversation and question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four suggested answers marked A, B, C, and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet A with a single line through the center.1. A. The man has more work to do on his paper than Edward on his.B. The man himself will speak to Edward about his research paper.C. The man has been talking to Edward about his paper.D. The man has finished more than half of his research paper.2. A. 64 B. 70 C. 85 D.313. A. Getting extra credits.B. The credit hours required for an M.A. degree.C. The requirements of an M.A. thesis.D. Taking more selected courses.4. A. At the airport. B. In a travel agency.C. In a hotel.D. At the reception desk.5. A. He is still being treated in the hospital.B. He’ll rest at home for another two weeks.C. He returned to work last week.D. He has had an operation.6. A. They were both busy doing their own work.B. They went to the street corner at different places.C. They waited for each other at different places.D. The man went to the concert but the woman didn’t7. A. He didn’t clean the lab.B. His roommate is messy.C. He needs to clean the lab.D. He helped the man clean his apartment.8. A. Find out when the new job begins.B. Make more copies of the letter.C. Ask for an extension to apply for the job.D. Get a more recent reference letter.9. A. Her back hurt during the meeting.B. His support would have helped this afternoon.C. Her proposal should be sent back.D. She agreed that it was a good meeting.10. A. The man should buy the picture at once.B. The man should live only with 10 dollars a month.C. The man should ask mother for more money.D. The man should not buy the picture.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet A with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 11 to 13 are based on the passage you have just heard.11. A. One sixth of them are seriously polluted. 考博网 B. One third of them are seriously polluted.C. Half of them are seriously polluted.D. Most of them are seriously polluted.12. A. There was no garbage left to clean up.B. There was more garbage than before and they had to work harder.C. The river had become so clean that a lot of water-birds come back.D. The river was much cleaner and they had to search for garbage.13. A. Most of them would be indifferent and keep on throwing garbage into the river.B. They would join the students in changing the situation.C. They would become more aware of the pollution problem.D. They would think twice before they went swimming or fishing in the river.Passage TwoQuestions 14 to 16 are based on the passage you have just heard.14. A. They are usually cleverer.B. They get tired easily.C. They are more likely to make minor mental errors.D. They are more skillful in handling equipment.15. A. It had its limitations.B. Its results were regarded as final.C. It was supported by the government.D. It was not sound theoretically.16. A. Their lack of concentration resulting from mental stress.B. The lack of consideration for them in equipment design.C. The problem of their getting excited easily.D. Their slowness in responding.Passage ThreeQuestions 17 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.17. A. Because people might have to migrated there someday.B. Because it is very much like the earth.C. Because it is easier to explore than other planets.D. Because its atmosphere is different from that of the earth.18. A. Its chemical elements must be studied.B. Its temperature must be lowered.C. Big spaceships must be built.D. Its atmosphere must be changed.19. A. It influences the surface temperature of Mars.B. It protects living beings from harmful rays.C. It keeps a planet from overheating.D. It is the main component of the air people breathe.20. A. Man will probably be able to live there in 200 years.B. Scientists are rather pessimistic about it.C. Man will probably be able to live there in 100,000 years’ time.D. Scientists are optimistic about overcoming the difficulties soon.Section C (注意：请将此题写在答题纸上)Directions: In this section, you’ll hear a short passage. Some important words have been taken away from the written passage. Fill in the missing words. The passage will be read to you twice. There will be a pause after the first time. During the pause you should check what you have written down. And then you will listen to it again. Write your answers on Answer Sheet B. write one word in each blank.To be successful in a job interview, you should demonstrate certain and professional qualities.You need to create a good 1 in the limited time available, usually from 30 to 40 minutes. Furthermore, you must make a 2 impression which the interviewer will remember while he interviews other 3 . At all times, you should present your most attractive 4 during an interview. You should, for example, to take care to appear well-groomed and modestly dressed, avoiding the 5 of too elaborate or too casual. On the other hand, clothes which are too informal may 6 the impression that you are not serious about the job or that you may be casual about your work as well as your dress. The right clothes worn at the right time, however, gain the respect of the interviewer and his confidence in your 7 . It may not be true that “clothes make the man”, but the first and often the lasting impression of you is 8 by the clothes you wear. Besides care for personal appearance, you should pay close attention to your manner of speaking. You should reflect confidence in a clear voice, loud enough to be heard. Although there are culture differences with respect of 9 of the job interview, your speech must show you to be a friendly 10 person.Section D (注意：此题在答题纸上)Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage. The passage will be spoken twice. The answer questions B1, B2, B3, and B4 in English on Answer Sheet B.B1. Which countries are the most popular package holiday destinations?B2. Why have long-haul holidays become more popular in Britain?B3. About how many travel agencies are there in Britain?B4. What does “package holiday” cover?笔试部分：（注意：请继续使用机读卡答题）II. Vocabulary and Structure (15 points)Directions: There are 15 incomplete sentences in this part, For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentences. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet A.21. The advertising industry has resorted to self-regulation in a serious effort to not only bad taste but also misrepresentation and deception in copy and illustrations.A. abbreviateB. abrogateC. curtailD. discern22. If the check does not cover the full amount of your medical expense, mail the Medicare Explanation of Benefits (MEOB) to your carrier in order to receive for the balance of your expense.A. endowmentB. indorseC. reciprocationD. reimbursement23. For some of the more powerful states, these inter-governmental bureaucracies are also welcome to the authority of the sated, so that a very real symbiosis exists between the national bureaucracy and the international one.A. adjacencyB. adjustmentsC. adjournmentD. adjuncts24. As soon as she saw him enter the room she him and insisted that he join her for dinner.A. bore downB. bore down onC. bore outD. bore up25. There have been a few powerful political organizations that have operated not just One country but national borders.A. in …inB. in … atC. within …acrossD. out of…in26. Even though the Italian authorities may no longer any old bank that gets into trouble, the likelihood of government support for big banks has not changed enough to affect its ratings.A. bail outB. hang upC. knock overD. lash out27. Politics is to include all activities others are persuaded or coerced to collaborate in the achievement of aims designated and desired by another.A. by whichB. at whichC. in whichD. of which28. the structural imbalances in the budget, and also in the economy the Administration has given its support to a constitutional amendment.A. To relinquishB. To remedyC. Redressing forD. Compensating to29. Reasoning powers can deteriorate; people may begin to think irrationally; they may begin to feel that others are slyly poking fun at them, or being .A. condescending or patronizingB. condescended or patronizedC. condescend and patronizingD. condescended and patronized30. Men ambition is the leading passion are likely to love women who assist them in their career, and it would be very shallow psychology to suppose that thelove is not real because it has its instinctive root in self-interest.A. of whomB. in whoseC. in whomD. with whom31. This involves not only the introduction of new practices into a system, but their consolidation and continuation after the first enthusiastic impulse has .A. worn awayB. worn downC. worn offD. worn out32. Although her research topic had been approved by her thesis advisor, the library persisted The documents.A. in its denial for access onB. in denying her access toC. to deny her access toD. with denying her access for33. Clearly, “getting prices right” and the “free” and “unhindered” flow of goods and services within and between countries are proving to be more difficult than .A. were once anticipatedB. are once anticipatedC. was once anticipatedD. is once anticipated34. Although there was not a deliberate effort to discriminate sex, it was clear that the opportunities for girls to take CDT or for boys to take home economics were severely limited by the way the curriculum was organized.A. toB. fromC. in favor ofD. on the grounds of35. The diffusion of power among so many governments, and from them to non-state authorities makes it more difficult for policy-makers to take .A. the long, more social and economical enlightened viewB. the long, more socially and economically enlightened viewC. the long, more social and economical enlightening viewD. the long, more socially and economically enlightening viewⅢ. Cloze (10 points)Directions: For each of the blanks, there are four choices given marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best fits the blank and mark your choice by blackening the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet A.Impatience characterizes young intellectual worker. They want to make their mark fast. So it’s important to 36 them in a challenging manner the idea 37 big achievements rarely come easily and quickly. Point out that the little successes are 38 . Show that they 39 become the foundation on which reputations are built and 40 more important tasks can be accomplished.A variety of job assignments, including job or project rotation, also keep a job from becoming dull. 41 it’s natural for some individuals to want to move ahead immediately to more difficult assignments, 42 proper guidance they can continue to learn and to gain 43 by working on a number of jobs that are essentially 44 . This way they gain breadth, if 45 .Probably the greatest offense to 46 when dealing with younger specialists is to reject ideas 47 . You must listen---and listen objectively---to their suggestions. Avoid 48 overcritical. You want to nurture an inquiring mind with a fresh approach. You’ll 49 quickly if you revert 50 “We’ve tried that before and it won’t work here.”One sure way to 51 young college graduates is flagrantly misusing their talents. Expect them to do some routine work, of course. But don’t make their daily work just one long series of errands. This includes such break-inassignments 52 performing routine calculations, digging up reference material, and operating reproduction equipment. One large manufacturing company recently interviewed a number of promising engineers who 53 them. The company found that the overwhelming complaint was that the company 54 did not offer work that was challenging but also expected 55 little from them in the way of performance.36. A. get down to B. get across to C. get at D. get into37. A. to which B. what C. that D. how38. A. valueless B. unimportant C. rare D. essential39. A. in turn B. in future C. on time D. at present40. A. on which B. from which C. in which D. for that41. A. Whereas B. When C. Because D. But42. A. for B. on C. under D. in43. A. reputation B. importance C. versatility D. knowledge44. A. of the same quality B. of the same complexityC. the sameD. different45. A. the same width B. not length C. the same height D. not depth46. A. guard B. guard at C. guard against D. guard on47. A. out of hand B. at hand C. in hand D. on hand48. A. to B. being C. too D. \49. A. frustrate B. frustrate it C. be frustrate D. be frustrated50. A. that B. often that C. too often that D. too often to51. A. disenchant B. enchant C. fascinate D. detract52. A. such as B. as for C. e.g. D. as53. A. would have left B. have left C. had left D. will leave54. A. \ B. only C. either D. not only55. A. much B. far too C. a D. moreⅣ. Reading Comprehension (30 points)Section ADirections: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Your should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet A.Passage 1A famous Native American proverb tells us “We should not judge another person until we have walked two moons in his moccasins.” Our next suggestion for improvement is about “wearing those moccasins.” That is, we need to develop empathy---be able to see things from the point of view of others. Many researchers in the area of interpersonal and intercultural competence believe that our success as communicators depends, to a large extent, on our “skill at establishing and maintaining desired identities for both self and others.” “Identities” are actually the pictures of ourselves and the other person that we hold in our heads. We use these pictures I two ways. First, our identities help us to define the messages we receive from others; and second, they assist us in selecting the most appropriate message to send to another person. We have already discussed knowing ourselves; our focus now is on our need to develop empathy (emotional identification) and role-taking (cognitive adaptation) competence so that we can better know and adjustto the other person.Before we begin our discussion of empathy and role taking, we need to restate two important ideas. First, as with so much of our counsel, we are again faced with a skill that is easier to talk about than to put into practice. The fact remains that however similar we may appear to be, there is something distinctive and unique about each of us. Our internal states are elusive and fleeting, and we know them only as distorted shadows. Knowing the other person, and predicting his or her reactions and needs, is a difficult and troublesome activity. And when we add the dimension of culture, we compound the problem.Second, although we have focused primarily on culture, we also are concerned with the “interpersonal aspects” of intercultural communication. Perhaps the interpersonal dimension of communication is most evident in the area of empathy. As Miller and Steinberg noted, “To communicate interpersonally, one must h eave the cultural and sociological levels of predications and psychically travel to the psychological level.” Simply put, empathy, while using knowledge about another’s culture to make predications, also demands that the point of analysis be the individual personality.A number of behaviors can keep us from understanding the feelings, thoughts, and motives of another person---regardless of his or her culture. Before we look at some of the ways to improve our role-taking skills, it might be helpful to examinea few characteristics that can impede empathy.56. What would be the most appropriate title for the passage?A. Develop EmpathyB. Importance of EmpathyC. Importance of IdentitiesD. Relationship between Interpersonal Competence and Intercultural Communication57. Why do we need to develop empathy according to the passage?A. In order to have a better self identificationB. In order to improve our role-taking skillsC. In order to make better predicationsD. In order to understand better and adapt ourselves to the other person58. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A. In order to communicate successfully, we should learn to see things from the point of view of others.B. To establish identities for both self and others is easier said than done.C. It’s easier to understand another culture than to know the other person and predict his or her reactions and needs.D. The individual personality is an important factor in the area of empathy.59. In line 5 in the second paragrap h, the word “elusive” could be replaced by “________” .A. distracting and diverseB. hard to comprehend or identifyC. hard to controlD. tending to disappear60. A paragraph following the passage would most probably discuss ________ .A. Establishing and Maintaining Desired IdentitiesB. How to Improve Role – Taking SkillsC. Hindrances to EmpathyD. Improving EmpathyPassage 2The conflict between good and evil is a common theme running through the great literature and drama of the world, from the time of the ancient Greeks to all the present. The principle that conflict is the heart of dramatic action when illustrated by concrete examples, almost always turns up some aspects of the struggle between good and evil.The idea that there is neither good nor evil –in any absolute moral or religious sense –is widespread in our times. There are various relativistic and behavioristic standards of ethics. If these standards even admit the distinction between good and evil, it is a relative matter and not as whirlwind of choices that lies at the center of living. In any such state of mind, conflict can at best, be only a petty matter, lacking true universality. The acts of the evildoer and of the virtuous man alike become dramatically neutralized. Imagine the reduced effect of Crime and Punishment or the Brothers Karamazoc had Dostoevsky thought that good and evil, as portrayed in those books, were wholly relative, and if he had no conviction about them.You can’t have a vital literature if you ignore or sh un evil. What you get then is the world of Pollyanna, goody-goody in place of the good. Cry, the Beloved Country is a great and dramatic novel because Alan Paton, in addition to being a skilled workman, sees with clear eyes both good and evil, differentiates them, pitches them into conflict with each other, and takes sides. He sees that the native boy Absalom Kumalo, who has been murdered, cannot be judged justly without taking into account the environment that has had part in shaping him. But Paton sees, too, that Absalom the individual, not society the abstraction, committed the act and is responsible for it. Mr. Paton understands mercy. He knows that this precious thing is not evoked by sentimental impulse, but by a searching examination of the realities of human action. Mercy follows a judgment; it does not precede it.One of the novels by the talented Paul Bowles, Let It Come Down, is full of motion, full of sensational depravities, and is a crashing bore. The book recognizes no good, admits no evil, and is coldly indifferent to the moral behavior of its characters. It is a long shrug. Such a view of life is nondramatic and negates the vital essence of drama.61. In our age, according to the author, a standpoint often taken in the area of ethics is the ________.A. relativistic view of moralsB. greater concern with conscienceC. greater concern with evilD. greater concern with universals62. The author believes that great literature can bring a vivid picture of ________.A. evil triumphing over goodB. good triumphing over evilC. good and evil in constant conflictD. dramatically neutralized good and evil63. In the opinion of the author, Cry, the Beloved Country is a great and dramatic novel because of Paton’s ________.A. insight into human behaviorB. behavioristic beliefsC. treatment of good and evil as abstractionsD. willingness to make moral judgments64. Why does the author use the expression “it is a long shrug” in referring to Bowles’s book?A. Because he thinks that the book is too lengthyB. Because he thinks that the book shows little concern with the conflict between good and evil.C. Because he thinks that the book is monotonous.D. Because he thinks that the book shows much concern with depravities.65. According to the author, which of the following statements is NOT true?A. Conflict between good and evil is the vital essence of dramaB. Let It Come Down tells the reader how to differentiate good from evil.C. Crime and Punishment has a great effect because Dostoevsky shows his clear judgment of good and evil.D. Relativistic standards of ethics cannot produce great drama.Passage 3Sociolinguists, sociologists, and anthropologists focus on the social context of bilingualism. In their view, language performance is closely tied to the speaker’s personal identity and identification with the culture of the second language. Social factors such as ethnic pride, racism, communication situations, prejudice, and attitudes are important variables here. Learning a second language has both benefits and costs. A person will not be motivated to learn a second language if it has negative effects or associations for the learner. What is important is the communicative effectiveness and social appropriateness of the new language. Becoming bilingual in the sociocultural perspective is a means of being a more effective and competent person in another culture.A perennial question about bilingualism is whether bilinguals profit or lose because they have t maintain two language. The advantage of having two languages is referred to as additive bilingualism; subtractive bilingualism is the case when one language detracts from the other. Generally, developmental research has shown that bilingualism is not a reason for concern. Little evidence has been found to indicate that bilingual children suffer a disadvantage because of their knowledge of two languages. Wallace Lambert devoted his academic career to demonstrating the social and psychological advantages of bilingualism in Canada. Lambert found that French Canadian bilinguals were more likely than monolinguals to be advanced academically in French schools and that they develop a more diversified and more flexible intelligence. English Canadian children also do better their elementary school courses are conducted in French. 考博网 The sociocultural perspective helps language professionals understand the cultural and social problems associated with second language acquisition (SLA) in contexts where the native language and foreign language are associated with conflicting cultural values. This happens when immigrant families move to the United States and the children want to quickly identify with American children by learning to speak English. The motivations here are not about becoming proficient but about avoiding being marked or stigmatized as a speaker of another tongue. When the new languageprovides cultural, personal, educational, or financial benefits for the learner, motivation and progress in SLA will be greater than when the second language confers no apparent advantage. In two – way Spanish- and English – language learning settings, children learning English progress faster than children learning Spanish because English has greater positive associations than Spanish does. One of the other consequences of these kinds of programs is that Spanish- speaking children tend to experience attrition in Spanish while learning English, whereas English –speaking children retain English when learning Spanish. This is a clear instance of subtractive and additive bilingualism.The sociolinguistic perspective also provides answers for why people switch from one language or dialect to another in different social situations.66. which of the following would be the best title for this passage?A. Motivation and Progress in Second Language AcquisitionB. Relationship between Language and CultureC. Socioculturalists’ Approach to Second Language AcquisitionD. The Importance of Second Language Acquisition67. What does the author want to prove by giving Lambert’s resear ch founding in the second paragraph?A. French Canadian bilinguals in Canada were more likely to be advanced academically in French schools than in English schools.B. French Canadian bilinguals do better than English Canadian bilinguals when their elementary school courses are conducted in French in Canada.C. French Canadian bilinguals develop a more diversified and more flexible intelligence than English Canadian bilinguals in French schools in Canada.D. Bilingual children hold some social and psychological advantages in schools.68. What does the author mainly discuss in the third paragraph?A. Relationship between Language and Cultural ValuesB. Cultural and Social Influence in Second Language AcquisitionC. The Importance of Motivation in Second Language AcquisitionD. The Advantages of Additive Billingualism and Disadvantages of Subtractive Billingualism69. What does the word “attrition” in line 14 in the third paragraph mean?A. subtractionB. additionC. attributionD. restoration70. This passage would most likely be assigned for reading in a course in _________.A. SociologyB. LinguisticsC. CommunicationsD. The Psychology of LanguagePassage 4In this book, then, democracy – or what Robert Dahl terms polyarchy – denotes a system of government that meets three essential conditions: meaningful and extensive competition among individuals and organized groups (especially political parties) for all effective positions of government power, at regular intervals andexcluding the use of force; a “highly inclusive” level of political participation in the selection of leaders and policies, at least through regular and fair elections, such that no major (adult) social group is excluded; and a level of civil and political liberties – freedom of expression, freedom of the press, freedom to form and join organizations – sufficient to ensure the integrity of political competition and participation.While this definition is, in itself, relatively straightforward, it presents a number of problems in application. For one, countries that broadly satisfy these criteria nevertheless do so to different degrees (and none do so perfectly, which is why Dahl prefers to call them polyarchies). The factors that explain this variation at the democratic end of the spectrum in degrees of popular control and freedom is an important intellectual problem, but it is different from the one that concerns us in this book, and so it is one we have had largely to bypass. We seek to determine why countries do or do not evolve, consolidate, maintain, lose and reestablish more or less democratic systems of government, and even this limited focus leaves us with conceptual problems.The boundary between democratic and undemocratic is sometimes blurred and imperfect, and beyond it lies a much broader range of variation in political systems. We readily concede the difficulties of classification this variation has repeatedly caused us. Even if we look only at the political, legal, and constitutional structures, several of our cases appear to lie somewhere on the boundary between democratic and something less than democratic. The ambiguity is further complicated by the constraints on free political activity, organization, and expression, and the substantial remaining political prerogatives of military authorities, that may in practice make the system much less democratic than it might appear. In all cases, we have tried to pay serious attention to actual practice in assessing and classifying regimes. But still, this leaves us to make difficult and in some ways arbitrary judgments. The decision as to whether Thailand and Zimbabwe, for example, may today be considered full democracies is replete with nuance and ambiguity. Even in the case of Brazil, which was generally presumed democratic after the election of a civilian president in 1985, Alfred Stepan cautions that the extent of military prerogatives to participate in government and wield autonomous power put the country “on the margin of not being a d emocracy.” With the direct presidential election of December 1989, the transition may now be considered closed, but serious problems of democratic consolidation remain.71. This passage probably appears in __________.A. in the introduction of a bookB. in the conclusion of a bookC. in the middle part a bookD. in the acknowledgement of a book72. According to the author, the reason for Dahl to term democracy as polyarchy is that __________.A. there are so many different democratic countriesB. not only the extent to which so-called democratic countries meet the three conditions is different, but also the democratic situations in all these countries need improvingC. Dahl wants to persuade people to accept his view。
2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellerscompared with animals, 1this is largely because, 2animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are 3to perceiving those smells which float through the air, 4the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact, 5, we are extremely sensitive to smells, 6we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of 7 human smells even when these are 8to far below one part in one million.Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, 9others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not havethe genes necessary to generate 10smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send 11to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell 12can suddenly become sensitive to it when 13to it often enough.The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it 14to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can 15new receptors if necessary. This may 16explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells—we simply do not need to be. We are not 17of the usual smell of our own house, but we 18new smells when we visit someone else’s. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors 19for unfamiliar and emergency signals 20the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.1.[A] although[B] as[C] but[D] while2.[A] above[B] unlike[C] excluding[D] besides3.[A] limited[B] committed[C] dedicated[D] confined4.[A] catching[B] ignoring[C] missing[D] tracking5.[A] anyway[B] though[C] instead[D] therefore6.[A] even if[B] if only[C] only if[D] as if7.[A] distinguishing[B] discovering[C] determining[D] detecting8.[A] diluted[B] dissolved[C] dispersed9.[A] when[B] since[C] for[D] whereas10.[A] unusual[B] particular[C] unique[D] typical11.[A] signs[B] stimuli[C] messages[D] impulses12.[A] at first[B] at all[C] at large[D] at times13.[A] subjected[B] left[C] drawn[D] exposed14.[A] ineffective[B] incompetent[C] inefficient[D] insufficient15.[A] introduce[B] summon[C] trigger[D] create16.[A] still[B] also[D] nevertheless17.[A] sure[B] sick[C] aware[D] tired18.[A] tolerate[B] repel[C] neglect[D] notice19.[A] available[B] reliable[C] identifiable[D] suitable20.[A] similar to[B] such as[C] along with[D] aside fromSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (40 points)Text 1Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human,” with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, liketheir female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de Waal’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.21.In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by ________.[A] posing a contrast[B] justifying an assumption[C] making a comparison[D] explaining a phenomenon22.The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, Paragraph l) implies that ________.[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions23.Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are________.[A] more inclined to weigh what they get[B] attentive to researchers’ instructions[C] nice in both appearance and temperament[D] more generous than their male companions24.Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys________.[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers[B] can be taught to exchange things[C] will not be co-operative if feeling cheated[D] are unhappy when separated from others25.What can we infer from the last paragraph?[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.Text 2Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel’s report: “Science never has all the answers. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it’s obvious that a majority of the president’s advisers still don’t take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research -- a classic case of “paralysis by analysis.”To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won’t take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it iscrucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.26.An argument made by supporters of smoking was that ________.[A] there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death[B] the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant[C] people had the freedom to choose their own way of life[D] antismoking people were usually talking nonsense27.According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as ________.[A] a protector[B] a judge[C] a critic[D] a guide28.What does the author mean by “paralysis by analysis” (Last line, Paragraph 4)?[A] Endless studies kill action.[B] Careful investigation reveals truth.[C] Prudent planning hinders progress.[D] Extensive research helps decision-making.29.According to the author, what should the Administration do about global warming?[A] Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.[B] Raise public awareness of conservation.[C] Press for further scientific research.[D] Take some legislative measures.30.The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because ________.[A] they both suffered from the government’s negligence[B] a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former[C] the outcome of the latter aggravates the former[D] both of them have turned from bad to worseText 3Of all the components of a good night’s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” -- the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat, regulatingmoods while the brain is “off-line.” And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better, “It’s your dream,” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago’s Medical Center. “If you don’t like it, change it.”Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep -- when most vivid dreams occur -- as it is when fully awake, says Dr, Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the “emotional brain”) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day.” says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright’s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don’t always think about the emotional significance of the day’s events -- until, it appears, we begin to dream.And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.At the end of the day, there’s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in a panic,” Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people’s anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep -- or rather dream -- on it and you’ll feel better in the morning.31.Researchers have come to believe that dreams ________.[A] can be modified in their courses[B] are susceptible to emotional changes[C] reflect our innermost desires and fears[D] are a random outcome of neural repairs32.By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show ________.[A] its function in our dreams[B] the mechanism of REM sleep[C] the relation of dreams to emotions[D] its difference from the prefrontal cortex33.The negative feelings generated during the day tend to ________.[A] aggravate in our unconscious mind[B] develop into happy dreams[C] persist till the time we fall asleep[D] show up in dreams early at night34.Cartwright seems to suggest that ________.[A] waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams[B] visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control[C] dreams should be left to their natural progression[D] dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious35.What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?[A] Lead your life as usual.[B] Seek professional help.[C] Exercise conscious control.[D] Avoid anxiety in the daytime.Text 4Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter’s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom,” for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing,” has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like, care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive -- there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seemold-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms -- he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china.” A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.36.According to McWhorter, the decline of formal English ________.[A] is inevitable in radical education reforms[B] is but all too natural in language development[C] has caused the controversy over the counter-culture[D] brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s37.The word “talking” (Line 6, Paragraph 3) denotes ________.[A] modesty[B] personality[C] liveliness[D] informality38.To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree?[A] Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.[B] Black English can be more expressive than standard English.[C] Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.[D] Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas.39.The description of Russians’ love of memorizing poetry shows the author’s ________.[A] interest in their language[B] appreciation of their efforts[C] admiration for their memory[D] contempt for their old-fashionedness40.According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” as ________.[A] “temporary” is to “permanent”[B] “radical” is to “conservative”[C] “functional” is to “artistic”[D] “humble” is to “noble”Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Canada’s premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs.They’re all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.41.________What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care -- to say nothing of reports from other experts -- recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.42.________But “national” doesn’t have to mean that. “National” could mean interprovincial -- provinces combining efforts to create one body.Either way, one benefit of a “national” organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province -- or a series of hospitals within a province -- negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.43.________A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Co-ordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join.A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings attached. That’s one reason why the idea of a national list hasn’t gone anywhere, while drug costs keep rising fast.44.________Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanow’s report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs: “A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs.”45.________So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.[A] Quebec’s resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the firstadvocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec’s DrugInsurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 per cent to26.8 per cent![B] Or they could read Mr. Kirby’s report: “the substantial buying power of such an agencywould strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowestpossible purchase prices from drug companies.”[C] What does “national” mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended afederal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.[D] The problem is simple and stark: health-care costs have been, are, and will continue toincrease faster than government revenues.[E] According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs haverisen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increasecomes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises fromnew drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices.[F] So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it,starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, saveadministrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, andbargain for better drug prices.[G] Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers; theycan lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one provinceto another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressurewill cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn’t like a national agency, butself-interest would lead them to deal with it.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history. History and news become confused, and one’s impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism. 46) Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed -- and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national identities. With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene. 47) In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. One Italian example wouldbe the Berlusconi group, while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind.Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly-contested market. 48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution.49) Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice -- that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own.In order to achieve these objectives, we must concentrate more on co-productions, the exchange of news, documentary services and training. This also involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank for Television Production which, on the model of the European Investments Bank, will handle the finances necessary for production costs.50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “United we stand, divided we fall” -- and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity.” A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of each country.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine Designs & Fashions. But now you find that the work is not what you expected. You decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss, Mr. Wang, telling him your decision, stating your reason (s), and making an apology.Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use “Li Ming” instead.You do not need to write the address. (10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should first describe the drawing, then interpret its meaning, and give your comment on it.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)。
英语二2005-1 Text 1
3-Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr.Brosnan’s and Dr.de waal’s study.The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food.Normally,the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber.However,when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers,so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock,their behaviour became markedly different.4-In the world of capuchins,grapes are luxury goods(and much preferable to cucumbers).So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token,the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber.And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all,the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber,or refused to accept the slice of cucumber.Indeed,the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber(without an actual monkey to eat it)was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.5-The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys,like humans,are guided by social emotions.In the wild,they are a co-operative,group-living species.Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated.Feelings of righteous indignation,it seems,are not the preserve of people alone.Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group.However,whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans,or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had35million years ago,is,as yet,an unanswered question.21.In the opening paragraph,the author introduces his topic by________.[A]posing a contrast[B]justifying an assumption[C]making a comparison[D]explaining a phenomenon22.The statement“it is all too monkey”(Last line,Paragraph l)implies that________.[A]monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals[B]resenting unfairness is also monkeys’nature[C]monkeys,like humans,tend to be jealous of each other[D]no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions23.Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are_______.[A]more inclined to weigh what they get[B]attentive to researchers’instructions[C]nice in both appearance and temperament[D]more generous than their male companions24.Dr.Brosnan and Dr.de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys________.[A]prefer grapes to cucumbers[B]can be taught to exchange things[C]will not be co-operative if feeling cheated[D]are unhappy when separated from others25.What can we infer from the last paragraph?[A]Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.[B]Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.[C]Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.[D]Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.。
从“2005年亚太市长峰会”谈汉英公示语的翻译
摘要：通过年亚太市长峰会翻译中存在的问题, 翻译工作者纠错的贵任, 以及就其他城市在借助网络进行对外宜传这方面工作的一次调查的分析, 提出建议各城市均可有效利用网络这一媒介积极进行对外宜传, 重点做好网站内容的翻译工作。
关键词：亚太市长峰会；翻译；责任；网络；对外宣传2005年亚太市长峰会已落下帷幕, 来自世界各国尤其是亚太地区的领导友人们离开了, 峰会热烈而融洽的气氛定格了, 重庆市民们又开始每天繁忙的学习和工作了。
那么, 这是否愈味着峰会就此从我们的记忆中消散双逝了呢如果不是, 那么在回顾峰会期间种种激烈, 种种勃发,种种深刻, 种种难忘的同时, 我们能否从中获得某种启示,继续某种思考呢1. 标语—“城市名片”翻译的规范性毋庸置疑的是, 以万年亚太市长峰会的召开, 对于正在飞速发展, 日新月异的中国重庆而言, 是一次百年难遇的发展好时机, 前进好机会, 但同时亦是巨大的挑战。
人们常说一个城市街道悬挂的标语口号算是该城市的一张张“ 名片” , 一个城市挂出来公示于众的发展口号或是欢迎辞令, 既是该城市自强自立自勉的见证, 同时也是该城市市民迎接外来宾客的热情和真诚的表露。
比如上海申博时在市内大街小巷传递的“ 中国如有一份幸运, 世界将添一片异彩, 口号, 以“ 和谐与卓越”为核心理念的青岛城市精神, 等等, 这些口号或城市精神作为上海市、青岛市的发展见证, 城市象征。
对外名片, 代表的不仅是这些城市全体市民的一种理念和愿望, 更代表着城市的身份、地位、精神和价值所在。
所以, 尽管也许负载这些口号和标语的只是不怎么绚烂亮丽的一块广告牌, 一张宜传画, 它所代表的却是整个城市的形象、全体市民的形象, 代表普整个城市的水准、全体市民的情结。
那么, 在迎接亚太市长峰会召开的那些紧锣密鼓筹划准备的日子里, 市民们看到的庆市区各街道各闹市悬挂张贴的口号标语正悄然发生着什么样的变化呢？人们看到许多标语牌旧貌换新颜变得更加沽净清晰。
05年全国大学生英语竞赛初赛赛卷(A 级)
2005年全国大学生英语竞赛初赛赛卷（A 级）2005 National English Contest for College Students(Level A - Preliminary)Part I Listening Comprehension (25 minutes, 30 points)Section A Dialogues (10 points)Directions：In this section, you will hear 10 short dialogues. At the end of each dialogue, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the dialogue and the question will be read only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.1. A. The man got the wrong window.B. The woman's window will not be open until 3:00.C. The man didn't make a reservation.D. There's no postal order at present.2. A. On Monday.B. On Tuesday.C. On Wednesday.D. On Thursday.3. A. Manager and staff member.B. Sales Manager and customer.C. Salesman and customer.D. Teacher and student.4. A. Pleasant.B. Unhappy.C. Indifferent.D. Hesitating.5. A. It's going to snow.B. It's going to rain.C. It's going to be windy.D. It will be sunny.6. A. At 3:00.B. At 3:30.C. At 4:00.D. At 4:30.7. A. They use up too much energy.B. They are not efficient.C. They are too expensive.D. She doesn't believe what it says on the box.8. A. She is offended by the front cover.B. The magazine is too expensive.C. Her friend wants to cancel it.D. She has no time to read it.9. A. Restaurant food.B. Home-cooked food.C. Takeaway food.D. Snack food.10. A. They will go Dutch.B. The man will pay for the bill.C. The woman will pay for the bill.D. The woman will cook for them.Section B News Items (10 points)Directions：In this section, you will hear 10 short pieces of news from BBC or VOA. After each news item and question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.11. A. Russia and Germany.B. China and Japan.C. China and Russia.12. A. Ukraine government.B. Members of Parliament from the opposition.C. President of Ukraine.13. A. A library.B. A park.C. An underground museum.14. A. $8 million.B. $18 million.C. $80 million.15. A. In the USA.B. In Uganda.C. In the Sudan.16. A. Because some bacteria are drug-resistant.B. Because the infection is untreatable.C. Because some bacteria can be spread by physical contact.17. A. Washington D.C.B. Baghdad.C. Pennsylvania.18. A. The Airbus A380 can offer more seats than the Boeing 747.B. The Airbus has to change the traffic movements a lot to enable more passengers to travel.C. The Airbus company is exercising the most influence in air travel now.19. A. North Africa.B. South America.C. Hong Kong.20. A. Oil prices got lower.B. Oil prices got higher.C. More than 24.5 million barrels will be produced every day.Section C Passages (10 points)Directions：In this section, you will hear 2 passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear 5 questions. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the first passage you have just heard.21. A. A lot of things remind them of their home country.B. They can have new experiences.C. They will make a lot of friends there.D. They already know a lot about the foreign country.22. A. It makes people feel uncomfortable.B. It makes people become more open to new experiences.C. They will not visit the country again.D. They will go back to their own countries immediately.23. A. When they first arrive in a new country.B. When they have been used to a new country.C. After a few weeks or months.D. After a friendly talk with a trained staff of the health center.24. A. Having more sleep.B. Eating less.C. Trying to put on weight.D. Seeing a doctor.25. A. They will feel pain all over.B. They may think about killing themselves.C. They will not go to school or work.D. No one can help these people.Passage TwoQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the second passage you have just heard.26. A. People waste a lot of time watching it everyday.B. It encourages people to possess guns and knives through advertisements.C. It shows violence, which influences younger people especially.D. People will be willing to put up with violence.27. A. The influence of passive viewing of TV on the development of Children's brain.B. The subject matter it shows to parents.C. The active way of living it promotes.D. The possible harm TV viewing has on the health of old people.28. A. By allowing no time for the family to spend together.B. By preventing children from having contact with their parents.C. By encouraging children to depend on their parents.D. By taking over an essential part of the parents' work.29. A. Recognize the educational merits of the medium.B. Ban TV advertising aimed at younger people.C. Prohibit teenagers from watching TV.D. Help older people survive the “television experience”.30. A. It should be done because TV shows too much violence.B. It is neither necessary nor possible.C. It might not be workable, but we should not overlook the danger of TV.D. It should be done as soon as possible.Part II Vocabulary and Structure (5 minutes, 10 points)Directions:There are 10 incomplete sentences in this part. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.31. Everyone knew that _________ the project would be completed and we'd all have to returnto our own separate departments.A. primarilyB. ultimatelyC. eventfullyD. precisely32. The planes were delayed and the hotel was awful, but _________ we still had a good time.A. on the contraryB. by the same tokenC. on top of all thatD. for all that33. It's freezing outside; you'd better _________ black ice when you drive home.A. look down onB. check up onC. watch out forD. keep out34. At that time no one's even studied the problem, _________ tried to do anything about it.A. not to sayB. far moreC. in no wayD. much less35. It was odd that you _________ for Margie's address. I just got a letter from her—the firstone since her family moved on August 1 1983.A. should have askedB. would have askedC. shall askD. might ask36. The women ran down to assist them in bringing up their seals; but no sooner _________the house than a voice was heard in the passage, and a man entered.A. after they re-enterB. had they re-enteredC. were they to re-enterD. when they had re-entered37. Several of the administrative participants recognized the support and leadership from theirinstitution's chief executive officers as a serious motivating factor at those moments_________.A. if the problem was challengingB. as the situation became seriousC. when the challenges seemed overwhelmingD. which the counterpart grew manipulating38. Well, really _________ now is start learning what to do with this software and read a lot oftutorials, learn and practice _________ you can.A. what you should do; as much asB. that you need do; whateverC. how you should start; the mostD. as should you do; the longest hours39. _________, and members of the congregation having returned, this church too will start outwith _________ effort in the work that lies before them, which will be taken up by the different departments.A. The summer vacation is over; greatB. The summer vacation being over; renewedC. As the summer vacation over; refreshingD. Had the summer vacation been over; sacred40. Although there is some truth to the fact that Linux is a huge threat to Microsoft, predictionsof the Redmond company's demise are, _________, premature.A. saying the mostB. to say the mostC. to say the leastD. to the least degreePart III Situational Dialogues (5 minutes, 10 points)Directions:There are 10 incomplete dialogues in this part. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the dialogue. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.41. Simon: I'm a reporter from the Hendon Standard.______________Celia: Yes, I was standing at the end of Elm Avenue, by the park.Simon: What happened?Celia: There was a red van traveling west, and several cars and vans behind it.A. Were you present when the accident happened?B. Would you tell me what you have seen?C. What a surprise to see you here!D. Did you do anything special just now?42. Stan: Thank you from the bottom of my heart for saving my little girl's life.John: ______________Stan: I can't tell you how much I appreciate what you've done.John: I'm just happy I could help.A. There's nothing to be afraid of.B. This is a wonderful day.C. Anybody would have done the same.D. I am glad to save her.43. Harry: I hear you are going to get married soon.Ron: That's right, next June. June 21st. Can you come to the wedding?Harry: Oh! ______________ That's when we're away on vacation.Ron: Never mind, we'll send you some wedding cake.A. That's great!B. What a pity！C. You have my deepest sympathy.D. You certainly can.44. Mother: You're watching too much TV, Emily.Emily: Oh, come on, Mom.Mother: ______________ And you're eating too many snacks.Emily: I only had some popcorn and some potato chips.A. I mean it.B. You're excused.C. Where's your radio?D. I don't want to know it.45. Karen: I'm not optimistic about finding a job after I finish college.Joseph: Oh? Why not?Karen: The economy is going downhill-fast.Joseph: I know. ______________ It's getting to the point where even a degree won't help you anymore.Karen: That's right. And I'll be lucky to even move out of my parents' house.A. My friend could offer me a job.B. I am not sure whether I agree or not.C. How do you feel about the economy?D. What is this world coming to?46. Ivan: I brought you the new Groove People CD.Dale: What good is a CD if I haven't got a CD player?Ivan: I can bring you a CD player.Dale: What good is a CD player if I don't even have electricity?Ivan: ______________Dale: What good is calling the Electric Company if I haven't got a house?A. Why do you have so many questions?B. What are you going to buy tomorrow?C. Why don't you call the Electric Company?D. Where did you buy the new CD?47. Doreen: We've been waiting for an hour and a half.Trevor: Say your aunt is very ill. A doctor ought to see her at once.Doreen: There isn't a doctor available. They're all busy.Trevor: ______________Doreen: I've asked her over and over again. The more I ask, the longer I wait.A. You're starting to calm down now.B. Ask the receptionist to hurry up.C. There will be a difficult period for your aunt.D. I'm sorry to hear that.48. Bruce: Good morning. Welcome to Supervacation Travel Agency. Can I help you?Mandy: Yes, I hope so. I'm interested in a short holiday soon. I'd like some information.Bruce: Yes, certainly. ______________Mandy: Somewhere with some sunshine.Bruce: Here's a Supervacation brochure. It gives information about lots of holidays.Mandy: Thanks for the information. I expect I'll see you soon.A. What about New York?B. Will you be traveling alone?C. What sort of holiday interests you?D. How are things going with you?49. Mavis: Did you see how close that finish was? It took my breath away!Roger: Wait, they're announcing the winner now. It's Don Jensen!Mavis: What a surprise! He's never won a major race before.Roger: I'm just astounded to see how much he's improved.Mavis: ______________Roger: I'm just floored that my best friend won such an important race.A. Why can't he improve quickly?B. What happened to him in the past two years?C. I'm going to take a break. I'm so tired!D. Let's go down on the track and congratulate him.50. Careth: Good afternoon. I've just joined the library. How many books can I take out?Eunice: You can take two books, and keep them for ten days. If you haven't finished, you can renew them.Careth: How do I do that? ______________Eunice: No, you can telephone. Tell us the titles of the books, and the date they are due for return.Careth: Splendid. I would be A Tale of Two Cities, or David Copperfield.Eunice: These two books have been lended.A. Why can't I keep them for a longer time?B. Must I visit the library?C. How much could I be fined?D. Can I lend them to my friends?Part IV IQ Test（5 minutes, 5 points）Directions:There are 5 IQ Test questions in this part. For each question there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.51. A postman delivers mail round a housing estate.He does not want to visit the same street more than once, but can pass over the same street corners.On which housing estate is this possible?52. Here is a riddle.I am suspended in the air, I touch nothing, and I am surrounded by lights. Now I dressmyself afresh, and now I am naked, and I am in the heat and the cold, by night and by day.Everyone amuses himself by tramping upon me, even the animals abuse and scorn me, and yet I have such treasures hidden in my bosom that he who finds them I can make full of happiness.What is the answer to the riddle?A. The Sun.B. The Moon.C. The Earth.D. The Sky.53.Which of the following numbers should replace the question mark?A. 417.B. 926.C. 138.D. 172.54. This bar chart shows the heights of a class of pupils.Which statement must be true?A. 2 children are 125 cm tall or less.B. 8 children are at least 140 cm tall, but less than 145 cm tall.C. 8 children are more than 144 cm tall, but less than 150 cm tall.D. No children are taller than 158 cm.55.Can you guide the robot along the white squares through this grid?It starts on the square marked …Begin‟ and finishes on the square marked …End‟.You can only programme it to move FORWARD, TURN LEFT 90° or TURN RIGHT 90°.Which of the instructions below will guide the robot through the grid?A. FORWARD 4, TURN RIGHT 90°,FORWARD 4, TURN LEFT 90°,FORWARD 4, TURN RIGHT 90°,FORWARD 2.B. FORWARD 4, TURN RIGHT 90°,FORWARD 3, TURN RIGHT 90°,FORWARD 4, TURN RIGHT 90°,FORWARD 3.C. FORWARD 3, TURN RIGHT 90°,FORWARD 3, TURN RIGHT 90°,FORWARD 4, TURN RIGHT 90°,FORWARD 2.D. FORWARD 3, TURN RIGHT 90°,FORWARD 3, TURN LEFT 90°,FORWARD 4, TURN RIGHT 90°,FORWARD 2.Part V Reading Comprehension (25 minutes, 35 points)Section A Multiple Choice (5 points)Directions:There is 1 passage in this section with 5 questions. For each of them, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.New Findings in Archaeology●South America and Madagascar were joined 70 million years agoPicture: ReutersAn old croc: The discovery in Brazil of a nearly completefossilised skeleton of the prehistoric crocodileUbera-basuchus terrificus, above, supports theories thatSouth America and Madagascar were joined 70 millionyears ago.●We've all just got 40,000 years olderTwo skulls found in Africa have been identified as the oldest human remains known to science. The fossilised bones found in 1967 were originally thought to be 130,000 years old.But a re-dating of rock layers near those which yielded the fossils showed they are actually about 195,000 years old—from the time modern humans emerged. The skulls, known as Omo I and II, push back the known presence of Homo sapiens in Africa by 40,000 years.The previous oldest Homo sapiens skulls, dated to between 154,000 and 160,000 years old, were found near a village called Herto in the afar region of eastern Ethiopia. Omo I and II were unearthed by famous palaeontologist Richard Leakey along the Omo River insouthern Ethiopia, near the town of Kibish. Omo I's more modern features led todisagreement among experts over whether they were the same age. The rocks in which they were found show they are, said Australian archaeologist Prof Ian McDougall, who made the discovery. He told scientific journal “Nature”: “Omo I and Omo II are relativelysecurely dated to 195,000 years old, making them the oldest anatomically modern human fossils yet recovered.”Questions:56. By which means could the scientists tell the age of fossils they have found?A. The bones of the fossils.B. The place where they were found.C. The history of humans.D. Identifying the rock layers of the fossils.57. How many years older has our species become by the new discovery?A. 130,000.B. 40,000.C. 195,000.D. Between 154,000 and 160,000.58. Where were the Omo I and II found?A. Near Herto.B. Along the Omo River.C. Near Kibish.D. In Australia.59. What does the word “ homo sapiens” mean in this passage?A. Human being.B. A sample of fossils.C. A river.D. A country.60. Which of the following statements are NOT true accordingt o the passage?A. The discovery of an old crocodile skeleton in Brazilmakes people believe that South America and Madagascarwere joined 70 million years ago.B. Prof Ian McDougall thought Omo I and II were the oldest human fossils discovered.C. Prof Ian McDougall discovered that Omo I and II were not the same age.D. Omo I and II were discovered in southern Ethiopia.Section B Short Answer Questions (20 points)Directions:In this section, there are 2 passages followed by 10 questions or unfinished statements. Read the passages carefully, then answer the questions in the fewest possible words (not exceeding 10 words). Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.Questions 61 to 63 are based on the following passage.King JamesBefore the last shot of Michael Jordan's final game with the Chicago Bulls, he left behind a moment that will hang in the minds of sports fans the way he did in the air. His quick crossover dribble, with the help of a tiny shove, sent Utah Jazz defender Byron Russell to the floor. Wide open, Jordan nailed the game-winning jump shot, and he and the Bulls clinched their sixth—and Jordan's last—NBA title.At the Rose Garden Arena in Portland, Ore., last Wednesday, Cleveland Cavaliers star LeBron James, 20, became the youngest player to reach one of the toughest performance milestones in basketball, the “triple double” (double digits in points, rebounds and assists in a single game—he did it again three nights later). During one play, his quick crossover dribble, sans shove, sent a Portland defender veering to the sideline. Wide open, James shot a three pointer. Swish. Nothing but Mike.Ever since Jordan's first retirement a dozen years ago, the NBA has searched from Chi-town to China for a star as dominant and marketable as His Airness.The race to replace Jordan may end without a winner, but LeBron James, in just his second year out of St. Vincent—St. Mary High School in Akron, Ohio, is already far ahead of the pretenders. His game is spectacular. James combines Jordan's ease at filling up the box score(and the stands) with a ruthless instinctto win, a trait that Hill, a gentleman,and Carter, a diffident performer,surely lack. And like Jordan, Jamesknows he can't do it alone. In fact, he isa complete team player who loves topass the ball and make his teammates better: Iverson and Bryant can't claim much there.The biggest shock of all: the most hyped teen athlete of this century, who single-handedly put high school basketball on national television, has actually exceeded the ungodly expectations set before him. “The King James era is here”, says Milwaukee Bucks head coach Terry Porter, who played against Jordan for much of his 17-year pro care er. “You could argue that LeBron is kind of carrying the league right now.”Questions:61. What does the sentence “Nothing but Mike.” indicate?62. Hill, a gentleman, and Carter, a diffident performer lack _________, compared with Jordan.63. Can you guess what Terry Porter was before he was a coach?Questions 64 to 70 are based on the following passage.Good news: Olympic chiefs visit London. Bad news: they'll be traveling by TubeIt's crunch week for London's bid to host the 2012 GamesBY ANDREW JOHNSON and JONATHAN THOMPSONSenior government ministers and British sporting heroes will be on hand to extol the capital's virtues when the 12-member International Olympic Committee (IOC) team visits this week to assess the London 2012 bid.Although much of their four-day visit is expected to be spent in the exclusive Four Seasons Hotel in Canary Wharf grilling bid organisers in question and answer sessions, the evaluation commission will spend one day visiting London's proposed venues—and will take a trip on the Tube. It could prove a costly journey.London 2012 organisers, who have spent up to ￡20m on the project, have pencilled in trips to the proposed sites, including the planned stadium at Stratford, the Millennium Dome at Greenwich and the ExCel centre in Docklands.However, the commission can insist on being taken anywhere, including the new Wembley stadium, which will host the football, or to the archery venue at Lord's, or even to Wimbledon or Hackney.Earlier this month, the Madrid bid suffered a setback over lack of accommodations, which was criticised by IOC members. Will transport prove Londons' Achilles' heel? On Friday The Independent on Sunday sent four reporters on various journeys across London to put the transport infrastructure to the test.Questions:64. How many people can the London's planned Olympic stadium hold?65. How many International Olympic Committee(IOC) members will visit London and whereare they going to have the question and answer sessions?66. What does “tube” mean in American English?67. London 2012 organisers have spent up to ￡20m on the project. The proposed sites include_________ at Stratford, _________ at Greenwich and _________ in Docklands.68. Why was Madrid criticised by International Olympic Committee members?69. The Independent on Sunday sent four reporters on four journeys across London. The fourjourneys are from Canary Wharf to the followingdestinations: ① , ② , ③ , ④ .70. What is the problem which the authors worried about London's bid to host the 2012Olympic Games?Section C True (T) or False (F) (10 points)Directions:In this section, there is 1 passage with 10 statements. Read the passage and decide which of the statements at the end of the passage are true and which are false. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.Questions 71 to 80 are based on the following passage.Statements:71. The Oxford University Press are looking for some enthusiastic and hard-working highereducation sales representatives to fill UK field sales positions based in South West, South London & West Midlands.72. The Higher Education Sales Representatives are required to manage their territories in away that maximises sales growth.73. As one of the higher education sales representatives, he will get competitive salary pluscar and bonus scheme and he will not work at home.74. Excellent organizational, presentation, and proven people management skills are essentialto be a Sales Support Co-ordinator.75. HTML skills are essential to be a Sales Support Co-ordinator currently.76. You have to work in Oxford if you are the Sales Support Manager or the Sales SupportCo-ordinator.77. You can contact with either Sue Smith or Chris Tatton if you are interested in the post ofMarketing Systems Executive.78. The closing date for all the mentioned posts is 4 October 2004.79. You can contact with the Oxford University Press by post or email if you want to apply theposts.80. You can get more information about all the posts from /recruit.Part VI Cloze-Test (10 minutes, 10 points)Directions:There are 10 blanks in the passage. For each blank, the first letter of the word has been given. Read the passage below and think of the word which best fits each blank. Use only one word in each blank. Remember to write the answer on the Answer Sheet.Farmers, as we all know, have been having a hard time of it in Britain, and have been turning to new ways of earning income from their land. This involves not only p 81 new kinds of crops, but some strange ways of making money, the most u 82 of which has got to be sheep racing. Yes, you heard me correctly! A farmer in the West of England now holds sheep races on a regular basis, and d 83 the past year over 100,000 people have turned up tow 84 the p roceedings. “I was passing the farm on my way to the sea for a holiday,”one punter told me, “and I thought I'd have a look. I didn't believe it was serious, to tell you the truth.” A85 to a regular visitor, betting on sheep is more interesting than betting on horses.“At proper horse races everyone has already studied the form of the horses in advance, and there are clear f 86 . But nobody has heard anything about these sheep! Most people find it d 87 to tell one from another in any case. ”I stayed to watch the races, and I must admit that I found it quite exciting. In a typical race, half a dozen sheep race downhill o 88 a course of about half a mile. Food is waiting for them at the other end of the track, I ought to add! The sheep run s 89 fast, although presumably they haven't eaten for a while just to give them some m 90 . At any rate, the crowd around me were obviously enjoying their day out at the races, judging by their happy faces and the sense of excitement.Part VII Translation (15 minutes, 20 points)Section A English-Chinese Translation (10 points)Directions:Translate the underlined sentences of the following passage into Chinese. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.The symbolic importance of the burger cannot be underestimated. (91) Under its beefburger guise, it was the first of the new range of “convenience” foods which were about to make the world a better place and begin the liberation of women from the drudgery of home-cooking and housework. The older generation did not approve, which made it all the better. In the Sixties the hamburger was a symbol of the techno age — perfectly circular and streamlined. It was as uniform and relentlessly predictable as only the latest technology could make it.(92) True, there were those who rebelled against it, but to most the hamburger was a reflection of the national love affair with Americana（美国文化）. It was a phenomenon which was made fresh in Seventies London with the trendy burgers of the Great American Disaster and the Hard Rock Café, and in many other cities round the world.In the Eighties another subtle shift occurred. People became aware that America was no longer another place but a culture which had spread throughout the world. And the hamburger became globalized, too, in the form of McDonald‟s. With its US home market, like the fat in its burgers, heavily saturated, McDonald‟s looked abroad. (93) By the end of the Eighties it had grown to。
MIC2005 The Sixth Metaheuristics International Conference-1 Solving the Dynamic Frequency A
Solving the Dynamic Frequency Assignment ProblemAudrey Dupont∗Michel Vasquez∗∗Centre de recherche LGI2P,Ecole des Mines d’Al`e sSite EERIE,Parc Scientifique Georges Besse,30035,Nˆımes,Cedex01,France{Audrey.Dupont,Michel.Vasquez}@ema.fr1IntroductionWireless communication is used in many different situations such as mobile telephony,radio and TV broadcasting,satellite communication,and military operations.For all these situations,a frequency assignment problem arises with application of specific characteristics.Different modelling ideas for every problem features,have been developed such as the handling of interference among radio signals, the frequency availability,and the optimization criterion.Our problem concerns the deployment of Hertzian communication networks,for military appli-cations.Thefirst modelling was studied during the European project CALMA(for Combinatorial ALgorithms for Military Applications),where many concepts in Computing Science,Mathematics of Operations Research and Local Search were applied to the Radio Link Frequency Assignment Problem, which was chosen to serve as a testbed for the development and comparison of distinct optimization strategies and methods[AHLT02,AvHK+01].Then,a second modelling including binary polarizations corresponding to the antenna orientation has been proposed by the CELAR1for the ROADEF2001challenge.Its originality was to deal with interference levels by progressive relaxation on some constraints.A detailed description can be found on the dedicated web site2and two among the sixfinalist methods are presented in[GBGS02,DA V04].Today,a new one models the dynamic deployment.It is study within a research project proposed by the CELAR and led in collaboration by the LIA3and the LGI2P4.The main difficulty of this problem arises from this dynamic aspect and the ignorance of the future deployment.Dynamic problems were widely studied within the framework of various optimization problems, such as Bin Packing,Scheduling,Graph Colouring or Vehicle Routing Problems.This kind of work is generally referred under the term online:an online algorithm must process each input in turn,without detailed knowledge of future inputs.In the context of the Frequency Assignment Problem,the main 1Acronym for the French”Centre d’ELectronique de l’ARmement”2http://www.prism.uvsq.fr/∼vdc/ROADEF/CHALLENGES/2001/challenge2001en.html3Acronym for the French”Laboratoire d’Informatique d’Avignon”4a Research Center of the”Ecole des Mines d’Al`e s”Vienna,Austria,August22–26,2005work devoted to online algorithms concerns the cellular networks[CGP00],which are quite different from our study context.2Problem DescriptionAn Hertzian Communication network is composed of a set of radio links connecting different strategic sites.A link between two antennas is divided into two paths,in both communication directions.Hence, a path is a vector defined by its emitter site and its receiver one.Establishing a radio link requires to assign a frequency to each of its paths.The frequency domain is the same for each path.It is composed by six intervals:[40000,40140]∪[41000,41140]∪[42000,42140]∪[43000,43140]∪[44000,44210]∪[45000,45210],with a step of70.So,its size is20:thefirst four intervals contain3values(..000,..070, ..140)and the two last have4values(..000,..070,..140,..210).In order to have a good quality of communication in the radio network,it is necessary to forbid any interference between the links.Hence,each path must be assigned by respecting some frequency gap constraints linked to the other paths which are closed enough for creating interference.Hence,all the constraints are binary,and have the same structure:C ij:|f i−f j|≥g ij where f i is the frequency of the path p i,f j the frequency of p j and g ij the frequency gap.However,several types of constraints must be identified,to know the g ij value.-the duplex constraints between the two paths of the same link,imposes a gap g ij=600;-the co-sites constraints(between two paths on a same site)contain:-the transmitter-receiver constraints,where the gap g ij=220;-the transmitter-transmitter ones,where the gap g ij=100;-the constraints in farfield,where the gap g ij≤50;-the receiver-receiver ones,where the gap g ij≤80.For this last constraint type,the gap g ij can be equal to0.So the constraint disappears.In this dynamic modelling,the deployment of the Hertzian Communication network is progres-sively made.An initial kernel isfirst installed;it is composed by some antennas already placed on certain sites,and17links allowing communications between these antennas must be established.Then,new antennas are progressively installed,on existent or on created sites,and new communi-cation links are required.So,the variables and the constraints enhance the problem dynamically,and the online algorithm must treat these new requests as soon as they come.This online algorithm has only few seconds tofind the two frequencies,before the next assignment.However,it may arise that a link cannot be affected,because no frequency is available for at least one path,due to the neighbouring path assignments,we say there is a deadlock.In this case,a repair procedure must restore the network consistency by limitingfirstly the number of reallocated paths, then minimizing the number of sites on which these repairs must be done.At the end of the deployment,the hertzian networks have between50and300links,between28 and168sites and until14755constraints.To summarize,considering the FAPD leads to solve its three underlying problems.Atfirst assign-ing the kernel,then assigning dynamically the two paths when a new link arrives.If an allocation is not realizable,a repair procedure must reallocate a minimum number of paths belonging to a minimum number of sites.So,the hierarchical objective function is:atfirst minimizing the deadlock number, Vienna,Austria,August22–26,2005then minimizing the repair number andfinally minimizing the number of sites touched by these repairs. 3Solving MethodologiesThe specificities of this problem lead to consider three different methodologies with intermediate ob-jectives,to solve each underlying problem.Kernel Assignment Concerning the frequency assignment of the initial links belonging to the kernel, two methods have been implemented.Thefirst one consists in extracting the kernel assignment from a solution of the static complete problem.These kernel allocations are called Sol kernel and used as references because we are sure that they are consistent:they can be extended to a complete solution of the entire problem.We use the metaheuristic CN-T abu,already presented in[VDH05,VHD02].It is an original hybrid Tabu Search algorithm,which deals with partial consistent configurations instead of complete and generally inconsistent ones,like the classical local search methods.So,it computes a consistent neighbourhood in a space search defined only by the partial configurations.To do this efficiently,local consistency is maintained by a fast constraint propagation made by incremental techniques on specific data structure[FF96].In order tofind a kernel assignment which we hope pertinent with the future deployment,the second method tries to anticipate the next links.This way,it enhances the effective kernel by a virtual network.This imaginary structure,based on the known problem characteristics,is built as following: itfirst defines a set of virtual links(two paths linked by a duplex constraint).Then for each path,it sets a constraint number proportional to the maximum neighbour number in the kernel constraint graph. Finally,the kernel assignment,which we call Virt kernel,is extracted from a global solution computed by the CN-T abu algorithm running on the problem composed by the initial kernel enhanced by this virtual network.Online Assignment The context imposes to use algorithmsfixing the decisions to be made in a se-quential way,and forbidding modification of the previous decisions;they are generally called greedy algorithms.Moreover,the order in which the decisions are treated is also imposed.So,the only remaining freedom degree is the strategy used to choose a frequency.Many strategies have been im-plemented,thefirst ones are classical like selecting an already used frequency or selecting the minimal consistent frequency.The idea of anticipating the future deployment was initially thought for the online greedy.The real network is enhanced by a virtual one,just around the new link,in order to harden the problem and to hedge the decision criterion taking into account possible future connections in this region of the network.In this context,the two selected frequencies must delete a minimal number of frequencies from the virtual path domains.However,The greedy which gives the best results is based on the site availability for emission and for reception.The frequency pair which lets the maximal availability for new links on the two sites is chosen.A detailed description can be found in[AFL+04,LAF+04].Vienna,Austria,August22–26,2005In our context,the greedy algorithm treats incrementally all the new assignment requests,until a link can not be affected.In this case,it hands over to the repair method,which tries to restore the consistency of the network increased by the new link.A soon as a solution is found,the greedy algorithm goes back to assign the new paths dynamically.Repairs The repair process must re-assign a minimal path number on a minimal site number,when the new link l ij between sites s i and s j can not be allocated.Considering these objectives,this repair process must be as local as possible.Ourfirst idea con-sisted in using a local search,and we adapt CN-T abu.Due to its strategy for exploring the space search,by jumping from a configuration to a neighbour one,we hope that CN-T abu quicklyfinds a good solution without too many changes.A second advantage is to obtain afirst lower bound.However,the results so obtained are not convincing.We have considered to use an exact method. But exact methods are consuming too much time to be really used in an online context.To remain real-istic,we propose to limit this exact search on a sub-set of variables.Hence,regarding the last objective (minimizing the number of sites touched by the repairs),we have implemented a Branch&Bound algo-rithm running only on the paths belonging to s i and/or s j.The evaluation function of a configuration is the number of paths,which are not reassigned to its original value.However,it may arise that the bad assignments at the origin of inconsistency are further in the network.In this case,the metaheuristic CN-T abu assists from the exhaustive method Branch&Bound.Among all the possible analyses of results for this study,we propose to compare the simple repair procedure based on CN-T abu,and the more sophisticated one,which combines exact and local search, in order to appreciate the improvement made by this combination.The greedy search used for the dynamic assignment is based on the heuristic about the site availability,which gives the best results during the study.Sol VirtCN-T abu Branch&Bound CN-T abu Branch&Bound Inst Var DL Rep Time DL Rep Time DL Rep Time DL Rep Time 01-06300 5.1729.34 4.678.3339.83 4.6729.5 3.83 4.1711.537 10-19100 1.2 5.5 1.10.9 1.6 3.317.80.71 2.2 1.1 20-29200 4.447.212 4.318.783.2 5.649.910.3 5.626.4146.2 30-3960020.714928.5724.28108.714204.7123.43163.8626.282198.861224.14Table1:Results of the repair methodsThe table1synthesizes the obtained results by CN-T abu only(in the Columns CN-T abu)and by the combination of Branch&Bound and CN-T abu(in the Branch&Bound Columns),on the deadlock (Column DL)and repair(Column Rep)number,then the T ime required by the two methods to entirely deploy the network,starting from the kernel assignments extracted from a global solution(in thefirst part of the table1,Columns Sol),or starting from the assignments of the initial kernel enhanced by the virtual network(in the second part,Columns Virt).The studying benchmark,composed by36 instances,is partitioned into four sets(Column Inst),depending on the variable number(Column V ar).However,3instances belonging to the last set(32,36,39)are not realizable,so,they don’t have to be considered to compute the average,mainly because it is not possible to deploy the network entirely,nor even to compute the initial Sol Kernel assignments.Hence,the analysis is made on average,on each set of instances,for each repair method,depending Vienna,Austria,August22–26,2005on the kernel assignment.Afirst comment is about the difficulties to deploy theses networks.Even on the smallest instances,deadlock situations have to be regretted(on average1per instance),and up to around20for the biggest ones.Secondly,we can observe that using the Branch&Bound does not improve systematically the deadlock number,but it notably improves the repairs number,whatever the size of the instances. Branch&Bound gives between one half time and three half times better results.See for example, the set1of instances01-06,Branch&Bound needs only8.33repairs instead of29.3by CN-T abu.The last comments are about the time consumed by the general solving method on the whole problem.The two methods solve the whole problem relatively quickly,up to163seconds for the local approach,but more than one hour with the second approach,due to the Branch&Bound exact repairs.It is surprising to compare the results obtained depending on the kernel assignment.Indeed,Sol kernel assignments have been experimented to be a reference(due to its guarantee to be consistent with at least one complete deployment).But we can see that each of the two methods obtains its best results whatever the kernel assignment may be,and does not depend on the instance size.When we have implemented different greedy algorithms for the online part,we were disappointed with the bad results given by the one based on the virtual network.However,due to the good results obtained from the virtual kernel assignment,one perspective could be to use this virtual structure extensively for the whole deployment.Hence it needs to define a”good”initial virtual network,and try to maintain it,by some adaptations to the current one,when the new information arise.4ConclusionThe FAPD is a complete and complex problem in the Operations Research framework.The fact that it is composed by three underlying problems requires knowledge in variousfields,as well theoretical as practical.The aim of this article is to present afirst study of some solving methodologies to tackle each sub-problem.Thefirst underlying problem consisting in assigning the links belonging to the initial kernel,is a classical CSP.We have presented two ways tofind the kernel assignments;one of them gives consistent kernels extracted from a global solution,in order to compare the results obtained for the whole problem. However,due to the small size of the kernels,we can envisage many other assignment methods,even exact methods.For the dynamic assignment,we have briefly described a greedy based on the site availability for emission and for reception.Due to the good results,A.Linhares defines in[LAF05]new criteria to measure the site availability.Concerning the repair part,due to the fact that it must be as local as possible,we have imple-mented a Branch&Bound algorithm,limitedfirstly to the two sites of the new link,then limited to their neighbour sites if no solution was found.Our last remark concerns the CN-T abu metaheuristic.It is extensively used for resolution,either to solve or to assist an exact method,for solving each of the three underlying problems.Each time, this method is robust and very helpful to give good results very quickly.Vienna,Austria,August22–26,2005Finally,some results are compared to evaluate the impact of the initial kernel assignments.As a perspective,the obtained results encourage us to develop a single virtual network for all the deploy-ment.It can be used for the kernel assignment,then,be adapted when the new links come.This will need to define a proximity measure between a virtual link and a real one. AcknowledgementsThis work was supported by the CELAR,with a particular thanks to T.Defaix.Thanks also to the Operational Research team of the LIA,with which this project was carried out.Thanks to THALES COMMUNICATIONS France.References[AFL+04] C.Artigues, D.Feillet, A.Linhares,P.Michelon, A.Dupont,M.Vasquez,and T.Defaix.R´e solution du probl`e me d’affectation de fr´e quences dynamique.in the10i`e mes Journ´e es Na-tionales sur la r´e solution Pratique de Probl`e mes NP-Complets(JNPC’04),Angers,France,pages27–39,21-23juin2004.[AHLT02]K.I.Aardal,C.A.J.Hurkens,J.K.Lenstra,and S.R.Tiourine.Algorithms for Radio Link Frequency Assignment:The CALMA Project.Operations Research,50(6):968–980,2002. [AvHK+01]K.I.Aardal,C.P.M.van Hoesel,A.M.C.A.Koster,C.Mannino,and A.Sassano.Models and Solution Techniques for the Frequency Assignment Problem.ZIB-report01–40,Konrad-Zuse-Zentrum f¨u r Informationstechnik Berlin,Berlin,Germany,2001.[CGP00]P.Crescenzi,G.Gambosi,and P.Penna.On-line Algorithms for the Channel Assignment Problem in Cellular Networks.In Proc.ACM DIALM’00,International Workshop on Discrete Algorithmsand Methods for Mobile Computing,pages1–7,2000.[DA V04] A.Dupont,E.Alvernhe,and M.Vasquez.Efficientfiltering and tabu search on a consistent neigh-bourhood for the frequency assignment problem with polarisation.Annals of Operations Research,130:179–198,2004.[FF96] C.Fleurent and J.A.Ferland.Genetic and Hybrid Algorithms for Graph Coloring.Annals of Operations Research,63:437–461,1996.[GBGS02]P.Galinier,S.Bisaillon,M.Gendreau,and P.Soriano.Solving the Frequency Assignment Problem with Polarization by Local Search and Tabu.the6th Triennal Conference of the InternationalFederation of Operational Research Societies(IFORS’02),University of Edinburgh,UK,8-12July2002.[LAF+04] A.Linhares,C.Artigues,D.Feillet,P.Michelon,A.Dupont,M.Vasquez,and T.Defaix.Resoluc¸˜a o de problemas de alocac¸˜a o dinˆa mica de frequˆe ncias.submitted in the XII Congreso Latino-Iberoamericano de Investigaci´o n de Operaciones y Sistemas,Ciudad de La Habana,Cuba,4-8Octubre2004.[LAF05] A.Linhares,C.Artigues,and D.Feillet.A strategy based on site availability for dynamic frequency assignment problems.submitted The Fifth ALIO/EURO conference on combinatorial optimization,Paris,France,26-28October2005.[VDH05]M.Vasquez,A.Dupont,and D.Habet.Consistent Neighbourhood in a Tabu Search,chapter17, pages367–386.Metaheuristics:Progress as real Problem Solvers.MIC-Kluwer,june2005. [VHD02]M.Vasquez,D.Habet,and A.Dupont.Neighborhood Design by Consistency Checking.Interna-tional Workshop on Heuristics(IWH’02),Beijing,China,24-27july2002.Vienna,Austria,August22–26,2005。
2005年考研英语真题(英一二通用)
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（以下信息考生必须认真填写）考生编号考生姓名Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)The human nose is an underrated tool.Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals,1this is largely because,2animals,we stand upright.This means that our noses are3to perceiving those smells which float through the air,4the majority of smells which stick to surfaces.In fact,5,we are extremely sensitive to smells,6we do not generally realize it.Our noses are capable of7human smells even when these are8to far below one part in one million.Strangely,some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another,9others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers.This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate10smell receptors in the nose.These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send11to the brain.However,it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell12can suddenly become sensitive to it when13to it often enough.The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it14to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can15new receptors if necessary.This may16explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells–we simply do not need to be.We are not17of the usual smell of our own house,but we18new smells when we visit someone else’s.The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors19for unfamiliar and emergency signals20the smell of smoke,which might indicate the danger of fire.1.[A]although[B]as[C]but[D]while2.[A]above[B]unlike[C]excluding[D]besides3.[A]limited[B]committed[C]dedicated[D]confined4.[A]catching[B]ignoring[C]missing[D]tracking5.[A]anyway[B]though[C]instead[D]therefore6.[A]even if[B]if only[C]only if[D]as if7.[A]distinguishing[B]discovering[C]determining[D]detecting8.[A]diluted[B]dissolved[C]dispersed[D]diffused9.[A]when[B]since[C]for[D]whereas10.[A]unusual[B]particular[C]unique[D]typical11.[A]signs[B]stimuli[C]messages[D]impulses12.[A]at first[B]at all[C]at large[D]at times13.[A]subjected[B]left[C]drawn[D]exposed14.[A]ineffective[B]incompetent[C]inefficient[D]insufficient15.[A]introduce[B]summon[C]trigger[D]create16.[A]still[B]also[C]otherwise[D]nevertheless17.[A]sure[B]sick[C]aware[D]tired18.[A]tolerate[B]repel[C]neglect[D]notice19.[A]available[B]reliable[C]identifiable[D]suitable20.[A]similar to[B]such as[C]along with[D]aside fromSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B, C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1Everybody loves a fat pay rise.Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one.Indeed,if he has a reputation for slacking,you might even be outraged.Such behaviour is regarded as“all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta,Georgia,which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey,as well.The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys.They look cute.They are good-natured,co-operative creatures,and they share their food readily.Above all,like their female human counterparts,they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of“goods and services”than males.Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr.Brosnan’s and Dr.de Waal’s study.The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food.Normally,the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber.However,when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers,so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock,their behaviour became markedly different.In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods(and much preferable to cucumbers).So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token,the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber.And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all,the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber,or refused to accept the slice of cucumber.Indeed,the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber(without an actual monkey to eat it)was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys,like humans,are guided by social emotions.In the wild,they are a co-operative,group-living species.Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation,it seems,are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group.However,whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans,or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had35million years ago,is,as yet,an unanswered question.21.In the opening paragraph,the author introduces his topic by[A]posing a contrast.[B]justifying an assumption.[C]making a comparison.[D]explaining a phenomenon.22.The statement“it is all too monkey”(Last line,Paragraph l)implies that[A]monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.[B]resenting unfairness is also monkeys’nature.[C]monkeys,like humans,tend to be jealous of each other.[D]no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.23.Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probablybecause they are[A]more inclined to weigh what they get.[B]attentive to researchers’instructions.[C]nice in both appearance and temperament.[D]more generous than their male companions.24.Dr.Brosnan and Dr.de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys[A]prefer grapes to cucumbers.[B]can be taught to exchange things.[C]will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.[D]are unhappy when separated from others.25.What can we infer from the last paragraph?[A]Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.[B]Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.[C]Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.[D]Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.Text2Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure?That the evidence was inconclusive,the science uncertain?That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way?Lots of Americans bought that nonsense,and over three decades,some10million smokers went to early graves.There are upsetting parallels today,as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming.The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences,enlisted by the White House,to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made.The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves.The president of the National Academy,Bruce Alberts,added this key point in the preface to the panel’s report:“Science never has all the answers.But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future,and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”Just as on smoking,voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete,that it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure.This is a dangerous game:by the time100percent of the evidence is in,it may be too late.With the risks obvious and growing,a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.Fortunately,the White House is starting to pay attention.But it’s obvious that a majority of the president’s advisers still don’t take global warming seriously.Instead of a plan of action,they continue to press for more research–a classic case of “paralysis by analysis”.To serve as responsible stewards of the planet,we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research.But research alone is inadequate.If the Administration won’t take the legislative initiative,Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures.A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia,which would offer financial incentives for private industry,is a promising start.Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs.If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere,it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.本资料由微信公众号-世纪高教在线-整理并免费分享 答案解析请参考-考研英语黄皮书26.An argument made by supporters of smoking was that[A]there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death.[B]the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant.[C]people had the freedom to choose their own way of life.[D]antismoking people were usually talking nonsense.27.According to Bruce Alberts,science can serve as[A]a protector.[B]a judge.[C]a critic.[D]a guide.28.What does the author mean by“paralysis by analysis”(Last line,Paragraph4)?[A]Endless studies kill action.[B]Careful investigation reveals truth.[C]Prudent planning hinders progress.[D]Extensive research helps decision-making.29.According to the author,what should theAdministration do about global warming?[A]Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.[B]Raise public awareness of conservation.[C]Press for further scientific research.[D]Take some legislative measures.30.The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because[A]they both suffered from the government’s negligence.[B]a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former.[C]the outcome of the latter aggravates the former.[D]both of them have turned from bad to worse.Text3Of all the components of a good night’s sleep,dreams seem to be least within our control.In dreams,a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak.A century ago,Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears;by the late1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just“mental noise”–the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep.Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat,regulating moods while the brain is“off-line.”And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control,to help us sleep and feel better.“It’s your dream,”says Rosalind Cartwright,chair of psychology at Chicago’s Medical Center.“If you don’t like it, change it.”Evidence from brain imaging supports this view.The brain is as active during REM(rapid eye movement)sleep–when most vivid dreams occur–as it is when fully awake,says Dr.Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh.But not all parts of the brain are equally involved;the limbic system(the“emotional brain”)is especially active,while the prefrontal cortex(the center of intellect and reasoning)is relatively quiet.“We wake up from dreams happy or depressed,and those feelings can stay with us all day.”says Stanford sleep researcher Dr.William Dement.The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright’s clinic.Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening,suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day.Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don’t always think about the emotional significance of the day’s events–until,it appears,we begin to dream.And this process need not be left to the unconscious.Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams.As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream.Visualize how you would like it to end instead;the next time it occurs,try to wake up just enough to control its course.With much practice people can learn to,literally,do it in their sleep.At the end of the day,there’s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or“we wake up in a panic,”Cartwright says. Terrorism,economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people’s anxiety.Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist.For the rest of us,the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep–or rather dream–on it and you’ll feel better in the morning.31.Researchers have come to believe that dreams[A]can be modified in their courses.[B]are susceptible to emotional changes.[C]reflect our innermost desires and fears.[D]are a random outcome of neural repairs.32.By referring to the limbic system,the author intends to show[A]its function in our dreams.[B]the mechanism of REM sleep.[C]the relation of dreams to emotions.[D]its difference from the prefrontal cortex.33.The negative feelings generated during the day tend to[A]aggravate in our unconscious mind.[B]develop into happy dreams.[C]persist till the time we fall asleep.[D]show up in dreams early at night.34.Cartwright seems to suggest that[A]waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams.[B]visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control.[C]dreams should be left to their natural progression.[D]dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious.35.What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?[A]Lead your life as usual.[B]Seek professional help.[C]Exercise conscious control.[D]Avoid anxiety in the daytime.Text4Americans no longer expect public figures,whether in speech or in writing,to command the English language with skill and gift.Nor do they aspire to such command themselves.In his latest book,Doing Our Own Thing:The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should Like,Care,John McWhorter,a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views,sees the triumph of1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.Blaming the permissive1960s is nothing new,but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education.Mr.McWhorter’s academic speciality is language history and change,and he sees the gradual disappearance of“whom”,for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.But the cult of the authentic and the personal,“doing our own thing”,has spelt the death of formal speech,writing,poetry and music.While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the1960s,even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page.Equally,in poetry,the highly personal,performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness.In both oral and written English,talking is triumphing over speaking,spontaneity over craft.Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr.McWhorter documents is unmistakable.But it is less clear,to take the question of his subtitle,why we should,like,care.As a linguist,he acknowledges that all varieties of human language,including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive–there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas.He is not arguing,as many do,that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads,while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers.Mr.McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary,and proposes no radical education reforms–he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful.We now take our English“on paper plates instead of china”.A shame, perhaps,but probably an inevitable one.36.According to Mc Whorter,the decline of formal English[A]is inevitable in radical education reforms.[B]is but all too natural in language development.[C]has caused the controversy over the counter-culture.[D]brought about changes in public attitudes in the1960s.37.The word“talking”(Line6,Paragraph3)denotes[A]modesty.[B]personality.[C]liveliness.[D]informality.38.To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree?[A]Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.[B]Black English can be more expressive than standard English.[C]Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.[D]Of all the varieties,standard English can best convey complex ideas.39.The description of Russians’love of memorizing poetry shows the author’s[A]interest in their language.[B]appreciation of their efforts.[C]admiration for their memory.[D]contempt for their old-fashionedness.40.According to the last paragraph,“paper plates”is to“china”as[A]“temporary”is to“permanent”.[B]“radical”is to“conservative”.[C]“functional”is to“artistic”.[D]“humble”is to“noble”.Part BDirections:In the following text,some sentences have been removed.For Questions 41-45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points)Canada’s premiers (the leaders of provincial governments),if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting,might spare a moment to do something,together,to reduce health-care costs.(42)____________________But “national”doesn’t have to mean that.“National”could mean interprovincial –provinces combining efforts to create one body.Either way,one benefit of a “national”organization would be to negotiate better prices,if possible,with drug manufacturers.Instead of having one province –or a series of hospitals within a province –negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list,the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making.They (particularly Quebec and Alberta)just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few,if any,strings attached.That’s one reason why the idea of a national list hasn’t gone anywhere,while drug costs keep rising fast.(41)____________________What to do?Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care –to say nothing of reports from other experts –recommended the creation of a national drug agency.Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs,bureaucracy,procedures and limited bargaining power,all would pool resources,work with Ottawa,and create a national institution.Rather than,say,Quebec,negotiating on behalf of seven million people,the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31million people.Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers,the higher the likelihood of a better price.They’re all groaning about soaring health budgets,the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.(43)___________________A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Co-ordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment,funded by Ottawa and the provinces.Under it,a Common Drug Review recommends toprovincial lists which new drugs should be included.Predictably,and regrettably,Quebec refused to join.(44)____________________Premiers love to quote Mr.Romanow’s report selectively,especially the parts about more federal money.Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs ：“A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to try to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs.”such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies.”[C]What does “national”mean?Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby continue to increase faster than government revenues.[E]According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information,prescription drug run it,starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication,save administrative costs,prevent one province from being played off against another,and bargain for better drug prices.[G]Of course,the pharmaceutical companies will scream.They like divided buyers;they can lobby better that way.They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another.They can hope that,if one province includes a drug on its list,the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs.They wouldn’t like a national agency,but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.(45)____________________So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list,they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.[A]Quebec’s resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology.One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University.Quebec’s Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3per cent to 26.8per cent![B]Or they could read Mr.Kirby’s report:“The substantial buying power of recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.[D]The problem is simple and stark:health-care costs have been,are,and will costs have risen since 1997at twice the rate of overall health-care spending.Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments.Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds.Part of it is higher prices.[F]So,if the provinces want to run the health-care show,they should prove they canPart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10points)Moreover,the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution.In order to achieve these objectives,we must concentrate more on co-productions,the exchange of news,documentary services and training.This also involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank for Television Production which,on the model of the European Investments Bank,will handle the finances necessary for production costs.(50)In dealing with a challenge on such a scale,it is no exaggeration to say,“United we stand,divided we fall”–and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity.”A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of each country.Clearly,only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly-contested market.(48)This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in,a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks,no less than 50%took a loss in 1989.It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history.History and news become confused,and one’s impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism.(46)Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed –and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples,their cultures and national identities.With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene.(47)In Europe,as elsewhere,multi-media groups have been increasingly successful;groups which bring together television,radio,newspapers,magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group,while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind.(49)Creating a “European identity”that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice –that of producing programs in Europe for Europe.This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market,whoseprograms relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine Designs&Fashions. But now you find that the work is not what you expected.You decide to quit.Write a letter to your boss,Mr.Wang,telling him your decision,stating your reason(s),and making an apology.Write your letter with no less than100words.Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter;use“Li Ming”instead. You do not need to write the address.(10points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of160–200words based on the following drawing.In your essay, you should first describe the drawing,then interpret its meaning,and give your comment on it.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20points)。
英语专业考研真题
北京外国语大学2005年硕士研究生入学考试基础英语试卷Please write all the answers on the answer sheets.Time Limit：3 hoursI.Reading ComprehensionThis section contains two passages.Read each passage and then answer the questions given at the end of it.Your answers must be in English.Passage OneCritics and supporters of the United Nations have sometimes seemed worlds apart.But since last year, almost all of them, whether multilateralist or unilateralist, American or European, have come to agree that the organization is in crisis.This week, a blue.ribbon panel commissioned by the body’s secretary-general.Kofi Annan, released its report on what to do about it.The UN’s sorry state became most obvious with the Iraq war.Those favoring the war were furious that after a decade of Security Council resolutions, including the last-chance Resolution 1441 threatening “serious consequences”if Iraq did not prove its disarmament, the UN could not agree to act.Anti-war types were just as frustrated that the world body failed to stop the war.But Iraq was not the UN’s only problem.It has done little to stop humanitarian disasters, such as the ongoing horror in Sudan.And it has done nothing to stop Iran’s and North Korea’s pursuit of nuclear weapons.Recognizing the danger of irrelevance. Mr. Annan last year told a 16-member panel, composed mainly of former government ministers and heads of government, to suggest changes.These fall broadly into two categories：the institutional and the cultural.The former has got most of the headlines—particularly a call for changing the structure of the Security Council.But changes in the UN’s working practices are crucial too.Everyone agrees that the Security Council is an unrepresentative relic: of its 15 seats, five are occupied by permanent, veto-wielding members (America, Russia, China, Britain and France) and ten go to countries that rotate every two years and have no ve to.But that the council’s composition is a throwback to the world order immediately after the Second World War has been agreed on for decades, without any success in changing it. Japan and Germany, the second-and third-biggest contributors to the UN budget, believe they are entitled to permanent seats.So does India, the world’s second-most-popu lous country, and Brazil, Latin America’s biggest.Unlike in previous efforts, these four have finally banded together to press their case.And they are joined in spirit by the Africans, who want two seats for their continent.But each aspirant has opponents.China mistrusts Japan.Italy opposes a permanent seat for Germany, which would make Italy the only biggish European power without one.(It instead proposes a single seat for the European Union, a non-starter since this would require Britain and France to give up theirs, and regional institutions cannot be UN members under the current UN Charter.)Spanish-speaking Mexico and Argentina do not think Portuguese-speaking Brazil shouldrepresent Latin America, and Pakistan strongly opposes its rival India’s bid.As for potential African seats.Egypt claims one as the representative of the Muslim and Arab world.That would Leave Nigeria, the continent’s most populous country, and South Africa, which is richer and a more stable democracy, fighting for the other.The panel has proposed two alternatives.The first would give six countries(none is named but probably Germany, Japan, India, Brazil and two African countries) permanent seats without a veto, and create three extra non-permanent seats.bringing the total number of council members to 24.The second, which would expand the council by the same number of seats, creates a new middle tier of members who would serve for four years and could be immediately re-elected, above the current lower tier of two-year members, who cannot be re-elected.The rivals to the would-be permanent members favour this option.While Security Council reform may be the most visible of the proposals, the panel has also shared its views on the guidelines on when members may use force legally.Under the UN Charter, they can do so in two circumstances only：Article 51 allows force in a clear case of self-defence, and Chapter VII permits its use when the Security Council agrees.While the panellists have not proposed major changes to these two parts of the Charter, they have offered refinements.Though the Charter was written to govern war between countries, the panel argues that even without revision, Chapter VII lets the Security Council authorise force for more controversial, modern reasons like fighting terrorists and intervention in states committing humanitarian horrors.It even considers "preventive" wars against serious but non—imminent threats potentially justifiable.But the panel also says any decision to use force must pass five tests：the threat must be grave；the primary purpose must be to avert the threat; force must be a last resort; means must be proportional；and there must be a reasonable chance that force will succeed without calamitous consequences.All common-sense stuff, but the panel proposes making these tests explicit (if subjective and unofficial), thus raising the quality of debate about any decision to go to war.On top of this, the report urges the UN to make better use of its assets in the fight against terrorism.One of the obstacles to an effective counter-terrorism strategy has been UN members’inability to agree on a definition of terrorism.The panel tries to help by defining it as “any action that is intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants”；Arab countries may continue to press for exemptions in the case of“foreign occupation”.The report also deals with what it sees as a possible “cascade of nuclear proliferation”in the near future.Itrecommends creating more incentives for countries to stop enriching uranium.1.Explain the following sentences or phrases in English, bringing out the implied meaning, if there is any.(40 points, 4 points each)1) This week , a blue-ribbon panel commissioned by the body’s secretary-general, Kofi Annan.released its report on what to do about it.2) Recognizing the danger of irrelevance, ...3) Everyone agrees that the Security Council is an unrepresentative relic:…4) But that the council’s composition is a throwback to the world order immediately after the Second World War has been agreed on for decades, without any success in changing it.5) Unlike in previous efforts, these four have finally banded together to press their case.6) But each aspirant has opponents.7) ...a non-starter since this would require Britain and France to give up theirs, …8) While the panelists have not proposed major changes to these two parts of the Charter, they have offered refinements.9) It even considers “preventive”wars against serious but non-imminent threats potentially justifiable.10) the primary purpose must be to avert the threat；force must be a last resort, means must beproportional, and there must be a reasonable chance that force will succeed without calamitous consequences.2.Give a brief answer to each of the following questions in your own words.(15 points, 5 points each)1) How does the Iraq war reflect the state of the UN?2) What are the proposals for structural changes of the UN?3) What are the major contents of the panel report?Passage TwoThe trade and investment relationship between the European Union and the United States isthe most important in the world.Despite the emergence of competitors, Europe and America are the dynamo of the global economy.This economic relationship is a foundation of our political partnership, which we all know has been through a difficult patch.The identity of interest between Europe and America is less obvious than during the cold war.But while the trans—Atlantic relationship is becoming more complex, that does not make it less important.As European commissioner for trade.I do not agree that European and American values are fundamentally diverging, or that our interests on longer coincide.We still share a belief in democracy and individual freedoms, and in creating opportunity and economic openness.We face the same security challenges.We look ahead to shared global problems：poverty, migration, resource crises, climate change.We need commitment and vision to redefine our, relationship.I want to see a stronger and more balanced partnership—one in which Europe is more united, more willing to take its role in global leadership and one where the United States is more inclined to share leadership with Europe.We need to find ways to complement each other, not compete in the political arena.We will not achieve either side of this equation without the other.Europe needs to build stronger foreign policies and to be ready to act on the world stage.But equally, the body language we see from America has a huge impact on how Europeans view the partnership.Our common interest requires a strong Europe, not a weak and divided one.I hope that the United States will reinforce its historical support for European integration.I am fortunate now to take over an area of policy in which Europe is highly effective：trade.Our top trade priority on both sides of the Atlantic must be to put our weight behind the multilateral Doha development agenda. Concluding this negotiation in a way that lives up to its ambition will bring enormous benefits.Collectively, we took a major step in reaching the framework agreement in Geneva last July, following the lead taken by the EU on agriculture export subsidies.We now look to the United States and others to follow that lead, and we need to accelerate work in other areas——on industrial tariffs and services—to achieve a balanced result.The Doha round of talks differs from any other in its focus on development.Europe and the United States must ensure that poorer countries are fully engaged and derive benefits.But the issues we need to tackle to stimulate growth and innovation in trans-Atlantic trade are not those on the Doha agenda.Our markets are relatively open and highly developed.We need to concentrate on removing regulatory and structural barriers that inhibit activity.This is about cutting international red tape.Our regulatory systems and cultures are different.but that is where real gains can be made.As EU trade commissioner I want to develop an ambitious but practical trans-Atlantic agenda.I am not inclined to set rhetorical targets or launch lofty initiatives.I want a set of achievable goals.Work on trans-Atlantic deregulation will also contribute to the central goal of the new European Commission：promoting growth and jobs in Europe.I am not naive.I am not turning a blind eye to the inevitable disputes in trans-Atlantic trade.They are relatively small as a proportion of total trade, but they make the headlines.They reflect the huge volume of our trade and investment flows.That is good.They also reflect our readiness to settle disputes in the World Trade Organization.That is also good.The WTO is the best example of effective multilateralism that the world has so far invented.I hope we will work together to uphold it.If multilateralism is to be worthwhile, it has to be effective—and that goes for every part of the relationship between Europe and America.1.Explain the following sentences or phrases in English, bringing out the implied meaning, if there is any.(24 points, 4 points each)1)he identity of interest between Europe and America is less obvious than during the cold war.2)European and American values are fundamentally diverging, or that our interests, no longer coincide.3) We will not achieve either side of this equation without the other.4) …to put our weight behind the multilateral Doha development agenda.5) Concluding this negotiation in a way that lives up to its ambition will bring enormous benefits.6)This is about cutting international red tape.2.Give a brief answer to each of the following questions in your own words.(15 points, 5 points each)1) What does the author call on the United States to do to strengthen the bond in the trans-Atlantic partnership?2) What does the author think are the issues the EU and US should work on in trans-Atlantic trade?3)cording to the author, what is the role of WTO in solving trans-Atlantic trade disputes?Ⅱ.Please read the following passage and translate the underlined parts into Chinese.(24 points, 4 points each)But can a liberal—today—be for censorship? Yes, but he ought to favor a liberal form of censorship.I don’t think this is a contradiction in terms.【1】We have no problem contrasting repressive laws governing alcohol, drugs and tobacco with laws regulating(that is, discouraging the sale of)alcohol, drugs, and tobacco.We have not made smoking a criminal offense.We have, however, and with good liberal conscience, prohibited cigarette advertising on television.The idea of restricting individual freedom.in a liberal way, is not at all unfamiliar to us.I therefore see no reason why we should not be able to distinguish repressive censorship from liberal censorship of the written and spoken word.In Britain, until a few years ago, you could perform almost any play you wished—but certain plays, judged to be obscene, had to be performed in private theatrical clubs.In the United States, 【2】all of us who grew up using public libraries are familiar with the circumstances under which certain books could be circulated only to adults, while still other books had to be read in the library.In both cases, a small minority that was willing to make a serious effort to see an obscene play or book could do so.【3】But the impact of obscenity was circumscribed, and the quality of public life was only marginally affected.【4】It is a distressing fact that any system of censorship is bound, upon occasion, to treat unjust a particular work of art—to find pornography where there is only gentle eroticism, to find obscenity where none really exists, or to find both where the wo rk’s existence ought to be tolerated because it serves a larger moral purpose.That is the price one has to be prepared to pay for censorship—even liberal censorship.【5】But if you look at the history of American or English literature, there is precious little damage you can point to as a consequence of the censorship that prevailed throughout most of that history. I doubt that many works of real literary merit ever were suppressed.Nor did I notice that hitherto suppressed masterpiece flooded the market when censorship was eased.【6】I should say, to the contrary, that literature has lost quite a bit now that so much is permitted.It seems to me that the cultural market in the United States today is awash in dirty books, dirty movies, dirty theater.Our cultural condition has not improved as a result of the new freedom.I’ll put it bluntly：If you care for the quality of life in our American democracy, then you have to be for censorship.Ⅲ.Translate the following passage into English.(32 points)明代哲学家王阳明早年被贬到贵州龙场做地方官时, 捕获了当地一个强盗头目。
05年考研英语一真题
05年考研英语一真题【正文部分】In the 2005 National Postgraduate Entrance Examination for English (subject 1), candidates were tested on their proficiency in English language skills. This article aims to analyze the questions and provide a comprehensive review of the exam.Question 1 focused on translation. Candidates were required to translate a Chinese passage into English. The passage described the concept of "天人合一" in traditional Chinese philosophy. The English translation would have been something like:"In traditional Chinese philosophy, '天人合一' refers to the belief in the unity of nature and humanity. It emphasizes the harmonious coexistence and interconnectedness between the universe and human beings, advocating for the integration of individual actions with the natural order."This question tested the candidates' comprehension and translation abilities, as well as their knowledge of Chinese culture. It challenged them to accurately convey the meaning and cultural nuances of the passage.Question 2 tested the candidates' reading comprehension skills. They were given a text about the impact of globalization on different countries. The questions asked the candidates to summarize the main ideas, identify the author's tone, and evaluate the impact of globalization on cultural diversity.This section required candidates to carefully analyze the text, extract key information, and demonstrate their understanding of the author's perspective.It tested their ability to comprehend and interpret complex texts, as well as their critical thinking skills.Question 3 examined the candidates' listening comprehension abilities. They were required to listen to a conversation between a professor and a student discussing the use of multimedia in teaching. The candidates had to answer multiple-choice questions based on the dialogue.This part of the exam evaluated the candidates' listening skills, as well as their ability to infer information from context. It tested their ability to understand spoken English in a natural conversational setting.Question 4 assessed the candidates' writing abilities. They were given a topic and asked to write an essay in response. The topic was "The Pros and Cons of Social Networking."Candidates had to present arguments both for and against social networking, while providing supporting evidence and examples. They needed to demonstrate their ability to organize ideas, express their opinions effectively, and use appropriate academic vocabulary.Overall, the 2005 National Postgraduate Entrance Examination for English (subject 1) covered a range of language skills, including translation, reading comprehension, listening comprehension, and writing. It challenged candidates to apply their knowledge of English language and culture, as well as their critical thinking and communication skills.As the exam required a diverse range of language abilities, it provided a comprehensive evaluation of the candidates' overall English proficiency.The exam format and content aimed to assess candidates' readiness for graduate-level studies in an English-speaking environment.In conclusion, the 2005 National Postgraduate Entrance Examination for English (subject 1) was designed to evaluate candidates' English language skills across various domains. By analyzing and understanding the different sections of the exam, candidates can better prepare themselves for future language assessments and improve their overall English proficiency.。
sem2005资料
express interest in subsets of events
Extended version (see Protocol*) of Rosenblum and Wolf’s model that represent the variability dimensions in our approach
– software monitoring, groupware, workflow management systems, software development and deployment, mobile applications and so on.
This wide range of applications have required different sets of services from the publish/subscribe infrastructure such as:
They are usually not designed for change and evolution, Nor to be expanded and contracted to address specific application needs
Which results in:
– The need for direct source code modification of existing solutions (when available) – The implementation of additional features at the application level – the build of new pub/sub infrastructures
英语原著类3
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中央民族大学2005年招收攻读博士学位生入学考试试题11月22日更新
中央民族大学2005年招收攻读博士学位生入学考试试题11月22日更新：中央民族大学2005年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题科目：101英语（答案请写在答题纸上，写在试卷上无效）Part ⅠListening Comprehension (15 minutes, 15 points)Section A (I point each)Directions: In this section, you will hear nine short conversations between two speaker. At the end of each conversation, a third voice will ask a question about what was said. The conversation will be spoken only once. Choose the best answer from the four choices given by writing the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1. [A]. Allen has a lot of money.[B] . Allen’s money is inadequate.[C]. Allen will have enough money soon[D]. Allen is not a qualified applicant.2. [A]. Susan will probably dislike the picture.[B]. Susan is younger than what she looks in the picture.[C]. That picture matters a lot to Susan.[D]. That picture beautifies Susan3. [A]. To the woman’s dormitory.[B]. To the test room.[C]. To the theater.[D]. To the man’s house.4. [A]. The woman’s suitcase is not big enough.[B]. The woman’s suitcase has got lost.[C]. The man’s suitcase is lighter.[D]. The woman’s suitcase lacks a lock.5. [A]. What the massage said.[B]. What the man’s name is.[C]. Where the message is now.[D]. What the woman said.6. [A]. He is very glad to have got the new job.[B]. He is very busy at his new job.[C]. His new position is not permanent.[D]. He is unhappy about the new job.7. [A]. It would be the best to hire someone to do the work.[B]. They should forget about the work.[C]. They should put it off till tomorrow.[D]. They should do the job together.8. [A]. She is well interested in the sound card.[B]. She has got the sound card already.[C]. She thinks the card sounds impressive.[D]. She doesn’t have much interest in the sound card.9. [A]. She thanks the man for his kind words.[B]. She wants the man to be reasonable.[C]. The man may try the cookies if he wants.[D]. The man may get cookies delivered to his home.Section B (1 point each)Directions: In this section, you will hear 2 short passages. At the end of each passage, there will be three questions. Both the passage and the questions will be read to you only once After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose thebest answer from the four choices given by writing the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.10. [A]. They contracted the disease by contacting with the infected people.[B] . They contracted the disease by breathing the contaminated dust.[C]. They contracted the disease by drinking the contaminated water.[D]. They contracted the disease by cating the contaminated food.11. [A]. The virus destroys people’s nerve cells.[B]. The disease can not be treated with drugs.[C]. The pa tients didn’t go to see the doctor in time.[D]. The doctor didn’t treat the patients in time.12. [A]. More people are gathering to celebrate holidays.[B]. More and more people have moved to the South of Argentina.[C]. Weather changes.[D]. Environmental changes.13. [A]. Working in restaurants.[B]. Working in glass factories.[C]. Working as servants in people’s houses.[D]. Working in agriculture.14. [A]. They are very poor.[B]. They can get money from their children.[C]. They need their children’s help.[D]. They cannot find jobs themselves.15. [A]. To provide more job opportunities in developing countries.[B]. To place restrictions on child labor.[C]. To place restrictions on trade and products made by children.[D]. To provide more money for children’s education.Part ⅡCloze Test (10 points)Directions:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Urban life has always involved a balancing of opportunities and rewards against dangers and stress: its 16 force is, in the broadest sense, money. Opportunities to make money mean competition and competition is stressful; it is often at its most17 in the largest cities, where opportunities are greatest. The 18 of huge numbers of people inevitably involves more 19 , more traveling, the overloading of public services and 20 to those deviants and criminals who are 21 to the rich pickings of great cities. Crime has always flourished in the 22 anonymity of urban life, but today’s ease of movement makes its 23 more difficult than ever; there is much 24 that its extent has a direct relationship to the size of communities. City dwellers may become 25 in their homes by the fear of crime around them.As a defense 26 these developments. City dwellers tend to use various 27 to try and reduce the pressures upon themselves: doors are kept locked; telephone numbers may be ex-directory; 28 outside the home are usually hurried, rather than a 29 of pleasure. There are other strategies, too, which are positively harmful to the 30 , for example, reducing awareness through drugs or alcohol 31 , all these defensive forms of behavior are 32 to society in general; they cause widespread loneliness and destroy the community’s concern33 its members. Lack of informal social contact and 34 to the misfortunes of others, if they are not 35 known to oneself, are amongst the major causes of urban crime.16. [A] challenging [B] motivating [C] mobilizing[D] interacting17. [A] infinite [B] intense [C] intensive [D] intricate18. [A] presence [B] encounter [C] combination [D] diffusion19. [A] dispute [B] quarrel [C] conflict [D] interference20. [A] confrontation [B] exposure [C] absorption [D] admission21. [A] compelled [B] driven [C] induced [D] drawn22. [A] particular [B] relative [C] moderate [D] inherent23. [A] management [B] isolation [C] commitment [D] control24. [A] inference [B] hypothesis [C] evidence [D] suspicion25. [A] trapped [B] blocked [C] surrounded [D] confined26. [A] of [B] against [C] toward [D] for27. [A] strategies [B] measures [C] steps [D] approaches28. [A] journeys [B] appointments [C] missions [D] performances29. [A] resource [B] clue [C] source [D] guarantee30. [A] city [B] inpidual [C] society [D] country31. [A] However [B] Therefore [C] Finally [D] Furthermore32. [A] beneficial [B] invalid [C] harmful [D] ineffective33. [A] for [B] over [C] with [D] to34. [A] ignorance[B] neglect [C] indifference [D] sympathy35. [A] mutually [B] personally [C] essentially [D] sociallyPart ⅢReading Comprehension (45 points)Directions:There are six passages in this part. Each passage is followed by 5 questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D Decide on the best choice and then mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneNothing has become John Zeglis, chief executive of AT&T Wireless, quite as much as the decision to sell America’s third- biggest mobile-phone operator. A couple of months ago. The company’s shares were tradin g at below $7. valuing it at $18 billion, well below what it was worth when it was spun off from AT&T in 2001. But thanks to Mr Zeglis’s decision to put AT&T Wireless on the block a month ago, his shareholders will pick up around $15 a share following a fi erce bidding war between Vodafone, the world’s biggest mobile-phone company by revenues, and Cingular, America’s number two operator. Cingular won early on Tuesday February 17th. Its parents, SBC Communications and BellSouth. have thus realised their ambition of doubling their mobile revenues, giving them an alternative to the flat revenues in their core fixed-line markets. But the victory over Vodafone, which reduces the number of nationwide players to five, is unlikely to lessen the fierce competition in the American mobile market. And the $41 billion or so paid may prove to be cripplingly extravagant.Cingular already has plans for integrating AT&T Wireless. According to reports in the Wall Street Journal, Cingular will use its new acquisition to sell to the business market, though it will drop the brand, while Cingular itself concentrates o the consumer market. But AT&T Wireless is a weak business. It has made losses in half of the past ten quarters, and it has a seeminglyinsatiable appetite for capital. Moreover, its operations are inefficient: it is currently running two networks, an old one and a new one based on GSM, a more common global standard. Migration has not been as fast as expected, with just a fifth of customers using GSM. This means that Cingular will have to continue to bear the costs of running both networks, while forking out on marketing to speed up the transition.Ironically, apart from AT&T Wireless, the other winners in the bidding war appear to be its losers. Shares in NTT DoCoMo rose last Friday after it became clear that the Japanese market leader would not be bidding. Vodafone shareholders seem similarly relieved that it has lost out. Its shares fell on Monday as stories emerged that it had raised its bid to $38 billion, and appeared poised to win. However, the shares jumped by more than 7% on Tuesday morning after Vodafone announced that it had dropped out of the bidding. Quite apart from integrating AT&T Wireless and dealing with its numerous problems, if it had bought the firm Vodafone would have been forced by regulators to give up its 45% stake in Verizon Wireless, America’s leading mobile-phone operator. Whatever the strategic rationale for the acquisition, analysts said it would have been a financial disaster for Vodafone at anything above $30 billion.36. According to the text, Mr. Zeglis’s decision to sell AT&T Wireless[A] ruined his fame.[B] disappointed its shareholders.[C] triggered a bidding war.[D] caused its share price to drop.37. The author thinks that Cingular’s victory in acquiring AT&T Wireless may[A] boost its flat revenues in the fixed-line markets.[B]make the competition in the mobile market more fierce.[C] cause other national players to go bankrupt.[D] make Cingular suffer due to the high price paid.38. It can be learned from the second paragraph that[A] the brand of AT&T Wireless is likely to be enhanced after being acquired.[B] AT&T Wireless’s weak business can be soon revived after being integrated.[C] AT&T Wireless’s current networks may become a burden for Cingular.[D] the cost of marketing to speed up transition will be unbearable for Cingular.39. By saying “Ironically, apart from AT&T Wirele ss. The other winners in the bidding war appear to be its losers” the author implies that[A] only AT&T Wireless benefits from the bidding war.[B] Cingular is the only real winner in the bidding war.[C] losing the bidding war turned out a good thing.[D] the losers should have won the bidding war.40. It can be inferred from the text that Vodafone shareholders[A] have been looking forward to the company’s success in the bid.[B]have already suffered loss due to the company’s failure in the bid.[C] don’t want the company to bid for AT&T Wireless.[D] don’t like the company to give up its stake in Verizon Wrieless.Passage 2Figures lie, as everyone knows, and liars figure. That should make economists especially suspect, since they rely heavily on statistics to try and resolve a wide range of controversies. For example, does a rise in the minimum wage put people out of work? Are stock market returns predictable? Do taxes influence whether a company pays pidends? In recent years, helped by cheaper, more powerful computers, and egged on bypolicy-makers anxious for their views, economists have analyzed reams of statistics to answer such questions. Unfortunately, their guidance may be deeply flawed.Two economists, Deirdre MeCloskey of the University of Illinois, and Stephen Ziliak of Roosevelt University, think their colleagues do a lousy job of making sense of figures, often falling prey to elementary errors. But their biggest gripe is that, blinded by statistical wizardry, many economists fail to think about the way in which the world really works.To be fair, statistics can be deceptive, especially when explaining human behavior, which is necessarily complicated, and to which iron laws do not apply. Moreover, even if a relationship exists, the wrong conclusions can be drawn. In medieval Holland, it was noted that there was a correlation between the number of storks living on the roof of house and the number of children born within it. The relationship was so striking that, according to the rules of math’s that govern such things, you could say with great confidence that the results were very unlikely to be merely random. Such a relationship is said to be “statistically significant”. But the Dutc h folklore of the time that storks somehow increased human fertility was clearly wrong.A failure to separate statistical significance from plausible explanation is all too common in economics, often with harmful consequences. In a past paper Professors McCloskey and Ziliak attacked other economists’ over-reliance on statistical rather than economic reasoning, and focused on one case in particular.In the 1980s, the American state of Illinois launched a program to keep people off the dole. Economists asked whether its costs outweighed its benefits. One study estimated that the program produced benefits that were more than four times as large as the costs. Although this seemed a good deal for taxpayers---and other tests seem to support this conclusion---the authors of the study rejected such a finding because they found that their estimate was not statistically significant. In other words, their results fell just short of 90%certainty---the usual, though ad hoc, rule of thumb for most economic work---of not being random.But far from this being an unusual case, Ms McCloskey and Mr Ziliak found that 70% of the papers published during the 1980s in the American Economic Review (AER), one of the most respected journals of the dismal science, failed to distinguis h between “economic” and “statistical” significance. They relied too much on numbers, and too little on economic reasoning.41. The author thinks that economists should[A] not rely on statistics to try and solve controversies.[B]not use computers to help them analyze statistics.[C] hold a skeptical attitude toward statistical figures.[D] provide definite answers to economic questions.42. According to Ms McCloskey and Mr Ziliak, many economists[A] often make good sense of statistic figures.[B]seldom make fundamental errors in analyzing figures.[C] often fail to find real meanings in statistic figures.[D] seldom realize the real nature of statistics.43. The author mentions the example of medieval Holland (Pare.3) to illustrate that[A] statistics cannot be used to explain complicated human behaviors.[B]conclusions should be based on statistically significant relationships.[C] a correlation that really exists may have come from random results.[D] a relationship that is statistically significant may lead to wrong conclusions.44. Professors McCloskey and Ziliak think that the finding of the study in lllinois[A] was contradictory to the reality.[B]had great economic significance.[C] had no statistical significance.[D] was based on economic reasoning.45. The author writes this text to[A] present Professors McCloskey and Ziliak’s latest work.[B]inform people that statistic figures are not reliable.[C] show that too many economists misuse statistics[D] argue that numbers and economic reasoning are equally important.Passage 3As NASA prepares to set twin robots loose on the Martian surface and makes plans to send another in 2007, the agency’s long term goal is clear: Determine whether the red planet does or over did harbor life.But the current search for life is necessarily limited to life as we know it, organisms dependent on liq uid water. A reader recently suggested that “we as humans are arrogant, simply believing that any other form of life will be just like us.”Researchers devoted to the search for extraterrestrial (ET) have a similar view. “Scientists” approach to finding life is very Earth-centric”, says Kenneth Nealson, a geobiologist at the University of SouthernCalifornia. “Based on what we know about life on Earth, we set the limits for where we might look on other planets”, Nealson said. Within that framewor k, however, there are extreme cases of life on Earth that suggest the range of places to look on frigid Mars. Nealson and his colleagues recently found the most extreme sort of organism in a salty liquid lake under the permafrost of Siberia. The organism, named cryopegella, can exist at colder temperatures than any previously discovered. Nealson’s team figures that if the ice at the polar caps of Mars warmed to liquid water, organisms like cryopegella could have awakened and repaired any damage that might have occurred to their various cellular components. That does not mean there are necessarily dormant microbes within the ice caps of Mars. But it does suggest a broader range of potential cradles for life.Other researchers agree, and a host of so-called “extremophile” discoveries on Earth in recent years indicate the polar regions of Mars might be prime hunting grounds. As on Earth, organisms there might be slathered in natural antifreeze or be able to go dormant for tens of thousands of years. Waiting for a brief thaw, their moment in the Sun. Meanwhile, scientists recognize that there could indeed be life elsewhere in the universe that does not require water. And some astrobiologists are trying to explore the possibilities.But it is a tough problem to ap proach. In looking for “life as we don’t know it”, it’s hard to even imagine what to expect.Life might or might not exist on Mars. If there are critters there, they might or might not be like bacteria on Earth. In laboratory conditions, scientists in 2001 were able to getone-celled organisms to incorporate an amino acid---a fundamental building block oflife---that no other known life uses. The discovery borders on the creation of artificial life, experts said. It also suggests that ET might operate by entirely different rules than those we’re used to.If life on Mars is fundamentally different from what scientists understand life to be, then current spacecraft and others in the works may well not recognize what’s right under their mechanical noses.46. According to the text, we human beings are arrogant because[A] we can send robots to Mars.[B]we are searching ET in the outer space.[C] we assume that life is all humanlike.[D] we believe we are the most intelligent life.47. According to Kenneth Nealson, scientists’ current approach to finding life is[A] limited. [B]costly. [C] centralized. [D] earthly.48. Nealson’s team’s discovery of extreme cases of life on Earth suggests that[A] there might be life on Mars that still remains dormant.[B]there might be ET in the universe that is like human beings.[C] there might be life that is beyond the range of our current search.[D] there might be ET elsewhere in the universe that does not require water.49. The purpose of the author mentioning scientists’ laboratory creation in 2001 is to emphasize the idea that[A] it is hard to imagine what ET is really like.[B]life might or might not exist on Mars.[C] it is possible to create artificial life.[D] Martians may live by entirely different rules.50. What is the best title of the text?[A] Does Mars Harbor Life?[B]If We Find ET, Will We Know It?[C] Will the Twin Robots Live Up to Us?[D] Why Search ET As We Don’t Know It?Passage4The announcement by South Korean scientists that they had created human embryos by cloning and extracted embryonic stem cells has raised concerns around the world.The technique, scientists at Seoul National University said, was not designed to make babies but to further the process known as therapeutic cloning, a possible treatment for a multitude of diseases.Advances in stem-cell technology have been hailed as holding potential cures for many crippling illnesses, such as diabetes, spinal cord injuries and Parkinson’s disease. According to the U.S. National Institutes of Health, stem cells can be manipulated by scientists to develop into many other human cells. But opponents say using embryos, even ones just several minutes old, is destroying a human life. Embryos are destroyed when stem cells are removed.Although cloning may be technically possible, the moral issues will be the great dilemma, said Arthur Kaplan, med ical ethicist and director of the University of Pennsylvania’s Center for Bioethics. “I think the big question is: If you make this kind of thing in a dish, have you created a human life?” Kaplan said. “Can you make something that people have strong moral views about in terms of destroying it, in order to benefit other people? And that’s going to be the key debate”.Kaplan said splitting the debate into two issues---cloning for making babies and cloning for research purposes---would help in making sensible policy. But may people believe all such experiments should be banned---both in the United States and around the world.Last year, a ban on human cloning passed the U.S. House of Representatives but failed to get approval by the Senate over questions of whether cloning for research purposes could be allowed. The United Nations decided at the end of last year to delay any decision on a human cloning ban for two years.“Reports of human cloning experiments undertaken in South Korea underscore the need for a co mprehensive national and international ban on all human cloning.” U.S. Senator Sam Brownback, a Kansas Republican, said in a statement. “Human cloning is wrong. It treats the youngest of humans as mere property and should be banned.”Some ethicists agreed. “Controversy continues to swirl around killing even long-abandoned human embryos for research”. John Kilner. President of the Chicago-based Center for Bioethics and Human Dignity, told Reuters. “The South Korean experiment disturbingly goes significantly further. It produces human embryos for the explicit purpose of fatally mining them to obtain bodily materials for experimental purposes.”However, groups calling for cures for specific diseases disagree, arguing that human embryos are destroyed daily in fertility clinics, in abortions and in natural miscarriages.51. The main idea of the text is[A] South Korea has made a new breakthrough in cloning technology.[B]clone report by South Korean scientists sparks fresh debate.[C] Sou th Korea’s research in human cloning meets oppositions of other countries.[D] Advances in stem-cell technology make it possible to apply cloning in actual therapies.52. Arthur Kaplan implies that[A] cloning can be used as a possible treatment for crippling illnesses.[B]no life should be destroyed in order to benefit other people.[C] human cloning and therapeutic cloning should be differentiated when making policy.[D] all cloning experiments should be banned around the world.53. Which of the following statements is not true?[A] The US House of Representatives agreed to ban human cloning,[B]The US Senate disapproved a ban on cloning for research purposes.[C] The UN has decided to ban human cloning but will not impose it in the following two year.[D] The UN will not decide whether or not to ban human cloning in the following two years.54. The word “underscore” in Line 1, Paragraph 7 most probably means[A] underline. [B]underlie. [C] undermine. [D] understate.55. Which of the following is an argument of the proponents of human cloning?[A] Using a laboratory created embryo for research is not destroying a life.[B]Cloning human embryos may benefit those who have lost their children.[C] A ban on human cloning failed to get approval by the US Senate.[D] Human embryos are destroyed daily in many other ways other than cloning. Passage 5Comcast, a cable-TV company, last week launched a hostile takeover bid for The Walt Disney Company, arguably America’s best-known entertainment company. Comcast is taking advantage of a particularly weak point in Disney’s history. Last month Disney’s most important business partner, Pixar, an animation studio, abandoned it. At the end of last year, two board members, Roy Disney and Stanley Gold, resigned and started a campaign to oust Michael Eisner, Disney’s boss. On the day that Comcast announced its bid, Disney’s executives started an investor conference in Florida, an occasion they had counted on to boost the company and its share price. The share price did indeed jump. But this was thanks to Comcast’s bid, initially worth $66 billion, rather than to any of Disney’s business plans.At its get-together with investors, the Disney high command behaved as if the Comcast bid had never happened. Indeed, the bidder’s name was barely mentioned, until Mr Eisner joked that “we’re buying Comcast” when asked about possible acquisitions. The D isney boss also argued against the sort of consolidation that media distributors like Comcast have pursued. Perhaps foreshadowing the arguments that Disney’s lobbyists will make in Washington, Mr Eisner said: “Concentration of distribution usually hurts th e small guy not the large player”.Mr Eisner’s dismissal of Comcast’s approach was backed up by Disney’s board, which formally rejected the hostile bid on Monday February 16th and expressed confidence in Mr Eisner’s leadership. However, the board also said it would “consider any legitimateproposal”. The problem was that Comcast’s all-share bid. Which by then had fallen in value to $60 billion, did not “refieet fully Disney’s intrinsic value and carnings prospects”.Mr Eisner’s rejection of merger talks was“unfortunate”, Comcast argued in a letter to him. Because strategically the deal makes sense. Putting Comcast, which has 21m cable subscribers, together with Disney, wrote Brian Roberts, president and chief executive of Comcast, would unite its distribution power and technology know-how with Disney’s peerless content businesses. Although the jury remains out on whether vertical integration really delivers value, other companies have already pursued such a strategy. Rupert Murdock’s News Corp, for instance, has satellite distribution plus its Fox content businesses. Time Warner unites cable with a film studio and television programming—as well as, thanks to its horribly bubbly merger with AOL in January 2000, the internet. But a merger between Comcast and Disney would create by far the biggestvertically-integrated entertainment giant of them all, with a market capitalization of over $120 billion, says Comcast, compared with Time Warner’s current $78 billion. There are no obvious competition grounds for blocking the proposed deal, since Comcast and Disney mostly operate in different businesses. However, the sheer size of the proposed company has prompted regulators and politicians to insist that they will scrutinize it aggressively.56. It can be inferred t hat Comcast’s timing for the bid is[A] shrewd. [B]impulsive. [C] ridiculous. [D] audacious.57. Mr. Eisner implies that the proposed merger of Comcast and Disney[A] would benefit Comcast only.[B]might do harm to Comcast.[C] could hurt many small investors.[D] might destroy Disney’s content business.58. Disney dismissed Comcast’s bid mainly because[A] its boss, Mr. Eisner is under attack for poor governance.[B]the hostile bid caused Disney’s share price to plummet.[C] Disney has already planned to acquire Comcast.[D] Disney’s board doesn’t think the bid legitimate.59. Rupert Murdock’s News Corp and Time Warner are mentioned to illustrate that。
翻译参考资料
翻译参考资料中国翻译协会[1] 张秀珍.国家的翻译政策[C].//首届海峡两岸翻译与跨文化交流研讨会论文集.2005:162-168.【篇名】国家的翻译政策【作者】张秀珍【会议名称】首届海峡两岸翻译与跨文化交流研讨会【出处】首届海峡两岸翻译与跨文化交流研讨会论文集【年份】2005 【页码】162-168【摘要】每一种语言，代表一种文化，一种适应地球生态环境的方法，一种独特的世界观的存在。
不同文化语言丰富了地球文明，让世界变得多彩多姿。
每一种语言的消失，都是一种警讯。
19及20世纪，英美以翻译为国家称霸全球的工具，并对亚非国家文化有不少负面甚至偏颇的翻译与形象制造。
回顾中国近代史，国家面临外强威胁，需借翻译引进外国文化抵御侵略时，中国的心理变化从魏源的“师夷长技以制夷”转变成张之洞的“中学为体，西学为用”，而后到全国西化，为了德先生(Democracy)与赛先生(Science)须放弃儒教，甚至于打倒孔家店，其间之文化与社会心理转变，不可谓不巨。
从同文馆的设立到国立编译馆以至于翻译系与研究所的相继成立，也显现了翻译在国家发展的重要性。
21世纪科技使得世界距离缩小，成为真正的地球村，国与国之间的距离缩小，各族群文化很难独立，不受强势文化语言干扰。
翻译引进强势科技文化成为必然，这也造成弱势族群对自我文化自信心丧失，长久下去，外来语言逐渐取代母语，弱势族群本身语言文化逐渐流失，甚至死亡，比比皆是。
由此观之，翻译乃一刀两刃，可以强国，亦可弱国。
本文主要从英美两国以及中国内地和港台地区的翻译发展来探讨未来政策制定的努力方向。
每一种语言，代表一种文化，一种适应地球生态环境的方法，一种独特的世界观的存在。
不同文化语言丰富了地球文明，让世界变得多彩多姿。
每一种语言的消失，都是一种警讯。
19及20世纪，英美以翻译为国家称霸全球的工具，并对亚非国家文化有不少负面甚至偏颇的翻译与形象制造。
回顾中国近代史，国家面临外强威胁，需借翻译引进外国文化抵御侵略时，中国的心理变化从魏源的“师夷长技以制夷”转变成张之洞的“中学为体，西学为用”，而后到全国西化，为了德先生(Democracy)与赛先生(Science)须放弃儒教，甚至于打倒孔家店，其间之文化与社会心理转变，不可谓不巨。
2005年国际会议录(6-12月)
2005年国际会议录(6-12月)
郭鲜花
【期刊名称】《辐射防护通讯》
【年(卷),期】2005(025)002
【总页数】1页(P91)
【作者】郭鲜花
【作者单位】无
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】TL
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OTN 中异步 FIFO 的设计与实现
OTN 中异步 FIFO 的设计与实现李赛;蒋林【摘要】针对 OTN(光传送网)电路中传统异步 FIFO(先入先出)的可能故障,提出一种适用于 OTN 电路的异步 FIFO,该异步FIFO 在出现空/满状态后会复位读/写地址,这样就不会影响电路的同时读写功能。
用比较读写地址最高两位的方法来确定接近空或接近满指示信号,更容易判断异步 FIFO 的空/满状态。
测试结果表明,所设计的 FIFO 的空/满复位功能正常,读写速率可达到133 MHz。
%In view of the possible failures of the traditional asynchronous FIFO in OTN circuits,this paper proposes a kind of a-synchronous FIFO suitable for OTN circuits,in which reading/writing addresses will be reset when empty/full emerges in the asynchronous FIFO,without affecting the simultaneous read/write functions of the circuits.It is easier to judge whether the a-synchronous FIFO is in empty or full state by comparing the highest two read/write addresses to determine if the indicator sig-nal close to empty or to full.The test results show that the designed FIFO empty/full resetting function is normal and the read/write rate can reach up to 133 MHz.【期刊名称】《光通信研究》【年(卷),期】2015(000)005【总页数】4页(P55-58)【关键词】光传送网;异步先入先出;空/满复位【作者】李赛;蒋林【作者单位】西安邮电大学电子工程学院，西安710061;西安邮电大学研究生院，西安 710061【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TN402随着带宽流量的飞速增长,基于分组的OTN (光传送网)得到了迅速发展,适合大颗粒传送的OTN应运而生。
厦门大学2005年新闻学与传播学基础
厦大2005年新闻学与传播学基础注意：答案必须标明题号，按序写在专用答题纸上，写在本试卷上或草稿纸上者一律不给分。
一、填空题：（10格，每格3分，共30分。
请按顺序做在答题纸上，否则一律无效。
）1、我国最早的印刷品出现在（1）。
（2）才出现了活版印刷的报纸。
2、（3）年，《遐迩贯珍》增出附刊《布告篇》，率先在我国中文报刊上推出广告收费举措。
上海商业性报纸在19世纪80年代后出现大发展的局面，形成了（4）三报鼎立的格局。
1872年（5）在上海设立远东分社，是为外国人在中国办的最早的通讯社。
3、1896年夏到“百日维新”期间出现的维新派主办的政论性报刊以（6）这5家报刊影响最大。
4、《民报》和《新民丛报》的大论战主要围绕以下四个问题展开：（7）。
5、黄远生、邵飘萍、徐宝璜、戈公振、范长江的代表著作分别是：（8）。
6、改革开放以来，我国第一家报业集团和第一家广电集团分别是：（9）。
7、1987年台湾（10）特派李永得、徐璐两记者到大陆采访，报纸销量激增。
二、名词解释：（6题，每题5分，共30分）1、意义2、模式3、大众传播4、热媒介5、信息环境6、符号互动三、简答题：（4题，每题10分，共40分）1、简述近代在华外报的的历史作用。
2、简述“五四”时期我国报纸版面编排和新闻采访业务的改进。
3、简述受众对媒体进行社会监督控制的手段。
4、具体看，实施新闻传播调控有哪几个目的？四、论述题：（2题，每题25分，共50分）1、试述改革开放以来喉舌论的继承和发展。
2、联系历史与现实，谈谈你对“信息主权”这个问题的看法。
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nation, must have courage to overcome difficulty, confidence to win and dauntless spevail.
Today I'm here at this press conference ready to answer your questions. I'll speak from my
growth in fixed assets may pick up again. Coal, electricity, oil and transportation are in
short supply. In the first two months of this year, power generation has increased by 12 per
say now these policy measurers have achieved remarkable results.
We have been successful in avoiding major ups and downs in the economy, preventing excessive
First, the foundation for macro regulation needs to be consolidated further. We face
considerable difficulty in further raising grain output and increasing farmers' income. In
price hikes, keeping prices at a stable level and maintaining steady and fairly rapid
economic growth. Now we must not slacken in our efforts in the slightest way. The situation
cautious, prudent especially when the situation is getting a little better.
Our nation has gone through so many disasters and hardships in history that we are now
seating capacity of this hall, only about 700 of them are present here. I'd like to use this
opportunity to express my thanks to the journalists for their interest in China's reform and
Jiabao's press conference on March 14, 2005.
Wen: Ladies and gentlemen, good morning. As you know, there are more than 2,000 journalists
from China and abroad covering the NPC and CPPCC sessions. However, due to the limited
development as well as their objective and fair coverage of China.
Let me also say, as a matter of fact, every person in China has great interest in the
I was deeply touched by their interest in national affairs. Many of their proposals and
suggestions narrowed the serious consideration of the government.
strengthen and improve macro regulative policy measures in order to sustain a steady and
fairly rapid economic growth rate.
If a journey is 100 miles, travelling 90 is half of it. We must not stop and we must not
measures?
Wen: In the past couple of years, we have been facing a battle of contact in terms of
economic development. To fight this battle, we have combined a series of policies. We can
growth rate won't do, because it would make it more difficult for us to create jobs,
increase revenue, and engage in necessary undertakings for society. Yet too fast economic
heart. I'm neither nervous nor afraid.
Xinhua: Last year, you said macro-regulation was a new and severe task for the government.
It was no easier a task than fighting against SARS. Now that a year has passed could you
we are facing now is like going upstream. If we don't forge ahead, we will be left lagging
behind. Let me put the problems we face in proper prospective.
Now the session of the NPC is over, yet the road ahead could be rather bumpy. We must be
mindful of potential problems and get fully prepared for the worst. We must be sober-mined,
blessed with the essence of urgency, determination for survival and aspirations for peace
and development. Our country is so big, problems so numerous and complicated. And we, as a
comment on last year's work with regard to macro regulation? Could you speak to new features
and characteristics of macro regulation for this year? Will you intensify the policy
cent. Yet 25 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities experienced blackouts. In the
economy, the supply chain is overstretched.
Second, we are facing a series of dilemmas in our economy. For example, a slow economic
agriculture, rural areas and farmers is top on your agenda. But some people are saying
particular, because of price rises in capital goods, it is more difficult for us to achieve
these goals in terms of increasing grain output and farmers' incomes. Moreover, investment
growth rate won't do either, because it may make the economy to stretched out for a long
time in an unsustainable situation.
Third, the problems we face in China's economy can all boil down to structural problems,
affairs of their own country. Yesterday I logged onto and saw hundreds of
questions raised by ordinary people, since they knew I was going to give a press conference.