Abstract- At the University of Virginia, we offer a highly successful course on Creativity

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比较文学与比较文化研究——斯蒂文·托托西·德·让普泰内克教授访谈录

比较文学与比较文化研究——斯蒂文•托托西•德•让普泰内克教授访谈录张叉斯蒂文•托托西•德•让普泰内克内容摘要：本文是四川师范大学外国语学院教授张叉对普渡大学比较文学系教授斯蒂文•托托西•德•让普泰内就比较文学与比较文化研究专题所作的访谈录。

访谈中，斯蒂文•托托西•德•让普泰内教授回顾了自己的生活与学术经历，讨论了比较文学学者应该具备的条件，评价了比较文学及其标志性理论框架“比较文化研究”的重要性，探索了中国比较文学学派的建立问题，思考了“美国梦”和“中国梦”的理念，就如何提高中国比较文学的学术水平提出了建议。

关键词：比较文学；数字人文学科；文学经典；比较文化研究；比较文学中国学派基金项目：2016年四川省社科规划基地四川省比较文学研究基地项目“比较文学中外名人访谈录”（项目编号SC16E036）阶段性研究成果。

作者简介：张叉，四川师范大学外国语学院教授，主要从事英美文学、比较文学与比较文化研究。

斯蒂文•托托西•德•让普泰内克，美国普渡大学比较文学系教授，主要从事比较文化、比较文学研究。

Title: Comparative Literature and Comparative Cultural Studies: An Interview with Professor Ste-ven Tötösy de ZepetnekAbstract: This is the interview with Professor Steven Tötösy de Zepetnek at Department of Com-parative Literature, Purdue University, conducted by Zhang Cha, Professor at School of Foreign Languages, Sichuan Normal University. In this interview, Professor Steven Tötösy de Zepetnek discusses his personal and scholarly background and what he believes a comparative literature scholar ought to have training in. Further, Tötösy de Zepetnek comments on comparative literature and his signature theoretical framework “comparative cultural studies”, and probes into the estab-lishment of the Chinese School of Comparative Literature. Tötösy de Zepetnek closes the inter-view with his thoughts about the notions of the “American Dream” and the “Chinese Dream” and his suggestion as to how to improve comparative literature scholarship in China.Key words: comparative literature; digital humanities; literary canon; comparative cultural stud-ies; the Chinese School of Comparative LiteratureAuthors: Zhang Cha is professor at school of Foreign Languages, Sichuan Normal Universi-ty(Chengdu 610101, China). His major research areas include English and American literature, comparative literature and comparative culture studies. E-mail:zhangchasc@. Steven Tötösy de Zepetnek is professor at Department of Comparative Literature, Purdue University (West Lafayette 47906, the U. S.), specializing in studies of comparative culture and comparative liter-ature.E-mail:totosysteven@104Foreign Language and Literature Research 4(2018)外国语文研究2018年第4期张叉：托托西•德•让普泰内克教授，您已经多次应邀来四川大学讲学了，这也正是我今天对您进行采访的一个原因。

Alice Walker简介

2016/12/8
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The Pulitzer Prize for Fiction is one of the seven American Pulitzer Prizes that are annually awarded for Letters, Drama, and Music. It recognizes distinguished fiction by an American author, preferably dealing with American life, published during the preceding calendar year. 2016/12/8
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The National Book Awards are a set of annual U.S. literary awards. At the final National Book Awards Ceremony every November, the National Book Foundation presents the National Book Awards and two lifetime achievement awards to authors.
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2016/12/8
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Introduction Writing career Selected Awards and Honors The Color Purple
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Born：February 9, 1944 (age 72) Putnam County, Georgia, U.S.
• • • • • • • • • • • •
1988 — Living by the Word 1989 — The Temple of My Familiar 1991 — Her Blue Body Everything We Know: Earthling Poems 1965-1990 Complete 1991 — Finding the Green Stone 1992 — Possessing the Secret of Joy 1993 — Warrior Marks 1996 — Alice Walker: Banned 1996 — The Same River Twice: Honoring the Difficult 1997 — Anything We Love Can Be Saved: A Writer's Activism 1998 — By the Light of My Father's Smile 2000 — The Way Forward Is with a Broken Heart

土壤英文文献

Plant and Soil 260: 69–77, 2004. © 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.69Root-induced acidiﬁcation and excess cation uptake by N2 -ﬁxing Lupinus albus grown in phosphorus-deﬁcient soilJ. Shen1,2,4 , C. Tang3 , Z. Rengel2 & F. Zhang11 Department of Plant Nutrition, China Agricultural University,Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100094, P. R. China. 2 Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley WA6009, Australia. 3 Department of Agricultural Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic. 3086, Australia. 4 Corresponding author∗Received 7 October 2002. Accepted in revised form 26 July 2003Key words: proton release, balance of cation-anion uptake, P deﬁciency, Lupinus albusAbstract White lupin plants (Lupinus albus L. cv. Kiev) were grown in soil columns under controlled conditions at 20/12 ◦ C (12/12 h) for 76 d to investigate the effect of phosphorus (P) deﬁciency on root-induced acidiﬁcation and excess cation uptake by N2 -ﬁxing plants. Phosphorus was added in each column as FePO4 at a level of 10 (limited P) or 200 µg P g−1 (adequate P). Supply of 10 µg P g−1 restricted plant growth from 58 d after sowing (DAS) and decreased P concentrations signiﬁcantly in shoots from 49 DAS and in roots from 40 DAS compared with plants supplied with 200 µg P g−1 . Phosphorus concentrations in shoots of plants receiving 10 µg P g−1 decreased steadily from 2.1 to 1.1 mg P g−1 dry weight from 40 to 76 DAS, but P concentrations in roots were constant with time. Total P uptake increased with time irrespective of P supply, and the P uptake by plants at 10 µg P g−1 was only 35–75% of that at 200 µg P g−1 . Plants fed with 10 µg P g−1 had higher Ca and Mg concentrations but lower S concentration in shoots than the plants fed with 200 µg P g−1 . The concentrations of excess cations in plants were higher at 10 µg P g−1 than 200 µg P g−1 after 49 DAS. Phosphorus deﬁciency decreased the pH of root exudate solution due to the enhanced release of protons (H+ ) from roots. The pH of root exudate solution decreased rapidly with time and dropped to the lowest (4.28) at 58 DAS in the 10 µg P g−1 treatment. The decreased pH of root exudate solution was correlated with the increased concentrations of excess cations in plants. The pH of root exudate solution showed a different pattern of change with time compared with citrate exudation, suggesting that exudation of citrate anions contributes only a part of total acidiﬁcation, but excess cation uptake dominantly contributes net proton release from roots of plants grown in P-deﬁcient soil. Plant tissue had a signiﬁcant accumulation of citrate in the treatment of 10 µg P g−1 compared with 200 µg P g−1 after 67 DAS. The results suggest that P deﬁciency enhances the excess cation uptake and concomitant proton release, and non-synchronous processes are involved in tissue accumulation and root exudation of organic anions under P deﬁciency.Introduction Phosphorus deﬁciency is one of the major yieldlimiting nutrition problems for plants in both acidic and calcareous soils due to low bio-availability of P (Barber, 1984; Marschner, 1995). Some plant species∗ FAX No: +86 10 62891016. E-mail: jbshen@have developed various morphological and physiological strategies to acquire sparingly soluble phosphorus from soil. The mechanisms based on morphological responses include enhanced root elongation (Barber, 1984; Raghothama, 1999), root-to-shoot ratio, root hair formation (Ma et al., 2001; Marschner, 1995), mycorrhizal associations (Smith et al., 1992),70 and decreased root radius (Föhse et al., 1991). In addition, physiological strategies are characterized by enhanced rhizosphere acidiﬁcation (Hedley et al., 1982; Hinsinger et al., 2003; Marschner, 1995; Tang et al., 2001), and increased root exudation of organic chelates (Dinkelaker et al., 1989; Gardner et al., 1983; Jones, 1998; Ryan and Delhaize, 2001), reducing agents and phosphatase (Dracup et al., 1984; Neumann et al., 1999, 2000). White lupin (Lupinus albus L.) is an important grain and forage crop widely grown in infertile soils. Under P deﬁciency, white lupin increases the formation of cluster roots, release of H+ and exudation of citrate (Dinkelaker et al., 1989; Gardner et al., 1983; Lamont, 2003; Neumann et al., 1999). For example, the enhanced net release of H+ from cluster roots acidiﬁed rhizosphere from pH 7.5 to 4.8 (Dinkelaker et al., 1989, 1995) and even as low as pH 3.6 in some cases (Li et al., 1997). Citrate concentration in root cluster rhizosphere can reach as high as 100 µmol g−1 soil, and the amount of citrate exudation from roots represented up to 23% of the total plant dry weight (Dinkelaker et al., 1989, 1995; Gerke et al., 1994). Large amounts of proton release and citrate exudation may facilitate P acquisition by white lupin from sparingly soluble P in soils (Gerke et al., 1994; Hinsinger, 1998; Marschner, 1995; Raghothama, 1999). Rhizosphere acidiﬁcation and citrate exudation induced by P deﬁciency have been studied mostly in white lupin grown in nitrate-containing nutrition solutions (Gardner et al., 1983; Johnson et al., 1994, 1996a, b; Keerthisinghe et al., 1998; Neumann et al., 1999; Neumann and Römheld, 1999; Shane et al., 2003; Watt and Evans, 1999a, b), or in soil culture with nitrogen supply as nitrate (Dinkelaker et al., 1989; Kamh et al., 1999) or ammonium nitrate (Li et al., 1997). Nitrogen forms have a marked inﬂuence on rhizosphere acidiﬁcation due to inﬂuencing the balance of anion and cation uptake by plants (Hinsinger, 2001; Hinsinger et al., 2003; Marschner, 1995). Only a few studies used N2 -ﬁxing P-deﬁcient white lupin plants to elucidate the pH changes caused by H+ release and root exudation (Sas et al., 2001; Shen et al., 2003; Tang et al., 1997, 2001). The legume plants dependent on N2 -ﬁxation could take up excess cations over anions, resulting in enhanced H+ release with an increasing amount of N2 ﬁxed (Tang et al., 1997, 2001). Moreover, localized rhizosphere acidiﬁcation and citrate exudation was also reported previously (Dinkelaker et al., 1989; Keerthisinghe et al., 1998; Neumann et al., 1999, 2000). However, littleTable 1. Basic nutrients applied to soil as solution form prior to planting. The nutrients added were thoroughly mixed with soil and then the soil mixture was carefully packed into plastic soil-column pots (diameter×height = 86×380 mm) for planting. There was 3-kg dry soil per pot Chemicals K2 SO4 CaCl2 .2H2 O MgSO4 .7H2 O MnSO4 .H2 O ZnSO4 .7H2 O CuSO4 .5H2 O H3 BO3 Na2 MoO4 .5H2 O CaCl2 .2H2 O MgSO4 .7H2 O Co2 SO4 .7H2 O Application rates (mg pot−1 ) 400 500 130 20 30 6 2 0.5 500 130 1information was available about patterns of pH change caused by H+ release by the whole root system and excess cation uptake of N2 -ﬁxing Lupinus albus grown in P-deﬁcient soil during various growth stages. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of P deﬁciency on root-induced acidiﬁcation and excess cation uptake by N2 -ﬁxing white lupin at different growth stages, and assess the relationship between balance of anion-cation uptake and H+ release, and organic acid anion exudation under P deﬁciency.Materials and methods Plant cultivation Seeds of white lupin (Lupinus albus L. cv. Kiev) were germinated and grown in column pots containing 3 kg of air-dried soil. Virgin brown sand (Uc4.22, Northcote, 1971) was collected from a bushland site 15 km south-east of Lancelin, WA (31.56 S, 115.20 E). The soil fertility was characterized as follows: organic carbon of 8.4 g kg−1, available P (Colwell P) of 5 µg g−1 , NO3 − -N of 2 µg g−1 and NH4 + -N of 1 µg g−1 . The soil conductivity was 0.0022 S m−1 , and the soil pH was 5 (CaCl2 ) or 5.7 (H2 O) (Shen et al., 2003). The soil texture is sand with 96% sand, 2% slit and 2% clay. The contents of oxy-hydroxides are very low with 0.54% Fe2 O3 and 0.11% Al2 O3 (Brennan et al., 1980). Phosphorus was added into the soil as FePO4 at71 a rate of 10 (limited P) or 200 µg P g−1 (adequate P). Nitrogen was supplied only via biological N2 ﬁxation through inoculating the seeds with Bradyrhizobium sp. (Lupinus) WU 425 by adding suspension solution (Sas et al., 2001; Tang et al., 2001). Other basic nutrients were added according to Table 1. The experiment was conducted in a controlled glass-house with temperature of 20/12 ◦ C (12-h day/12-h night) and relative humidity of 75–85%. The soil was watered up to 90% of ﬁeld capacity by weighing pots with plants once or twice daily. Three replicate pots of each treatment were used for root exudate collection, plant harvest, and nutrient uptake and carboxylate analysis at each of ﬁve harvests. The pots were completely randomized and repositioned weekly to minimize any effect of uneven environmental factors. for determination of mineral composition including total K, Na, Ca, Mg, P, S and Cl. Measurements The pH of the root exudate solution A 30-mL aliquot of collected solution was subsampled from the collected solution, and the pH was determined using an Orion 940E pH meter with a combined glass electrode. Organic anions Retention times and absorption spectra of 12 organic acid standards (oxalic, tartaric, formic, malic, malonic, lactic, acetic, maleic, citric, succinic, fumaric and aconitic acids) were used to identify the composition of organic anions in tissue extracts or root exudates. The 10-mL samples of plant extracts or root exudates were ﬁltered through sterile Millex GS Millipore 0.22-µm ﬁlters and directly analyzed for organic anions on a reversed phase column (Alltima C18 5 Micron, length 250 mm, i.d. 4.6 mm) using Waters HPLC (Shen et al., 2003). Mineral composition of plant tissues Concentrations of total K, Na, Ca, Mg, P and S were determined in roots and shoots after digesting plant materials in a mixture of concentrated nitric and perchloric acids (Johnson and Ulrich, 1959). Concentrations of total K, Na, Ca, Mg and S were determined using inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry. Phosphorus was assayed using the vanadomolybdate method (Westerman, 1990). Chloride was analysed colourimetrically in the water extract. The concentrations of excess cations [cmol (+) kg−1 ] in plants were calculated as the sum of charge concentration of K+ , Ca2+ , mg2+ and Na+ minus the sum of H2 PO4 − , SO4 2− and Cl− according to the method described by Tang et al. (1997). Statistics Analysis of variance for comparisons among means was conducted using the SPSS statistical software (SPSS, 1998).Sampling of root exudates and plant materials Root exudates were collected by percolating the soil column containing intact plants with deionized water for 2 h (from 10:00 to 12:00 in the morning) at 40, 49, 58, 67 and 76 DAS according to the method described elsewhere (Shen et al., 2003). An aliquot of 600-mL deionized water was percolated through the soil column three times. The gravimetric analysis showed that 300 mL of solution was retained within the soil matrix, and thus the total volume for calculating carboxylate concentrations was 900 mL. The leachate contained water-soluble root exudates and was referred to as the ‘root exudate’. The pH of the leachate was determined immediately after collecting root exudate solution. Afterwards, Micropur (Sicheres Trinkwasser, Germany) at 0.01 g L−1 and three drops of concentrated H3 PO4 were added to the collected root exudates to inhibit the activity of microorganisms. A sub-sample of 10 mL from the collected solution was kept at −20 ◦ C for later analysis of carboxylates. After each root exudate collection, the plants were harvested, and roots and shoots were separated. Extraction of organic acids from plant materials was done according to the method reported by Neumann et al. (1999). Plant tissue samples were homogenized using ceramic mortar with 5% (v/v) H3 PO4 at the ratio of 1 mL H3 PO4 solution to 0.1 g fresh weight of plants. After centrifugation for 10 min at 10 000 g, the supernatant was diluted 10-fold with HPLC-elution buffer and analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC. Shoot and root weights were recorded after drying in an oven at 70 ◦ C for 3 d. After grinding, the plant materials were used72Figure 1. Fresh weights of shoots and roots (g plant−1 ) of white lupin with 10 (limited P) and 200 (adequate P) µg P g−1 soil at various growth stages. Vertical bars on symbols represent means±SE (n = 3 replicate pots). The separate bar represents LSD (P = 0.05) for any two means according to an analysis of variance for different treatments.Results Plant growth A signiﬁcant difference was observed in fresh weight between 10 and 200 µg P g−1 at 58 DAS for shoots, which occurred earlier than shoot dry weight changes (Shen et al., 2003), and at 67 DAS for roots (Figure 1). From day 58, plants receiving 10 µg P g−1 showed reduced growth as compared with those at 200 µg P g−1 . Fresh weights of shoots of white lupin at 10 µg P g−1 were 83%, 72% and 53%, respectively, of those at 200 µg P g−1 at 58, 67 and 76 DAS. The plants in two P treatments started to ﬂower at 55 DAS, and the number of ﬂowers in plants fed with 200 µg P g−1 was much greater than that at 10 µg P g−1 at 58 DAS. From day 58, the plants at 200 µg P g−1 also grew taller than those at 10 µg P g−1 (data not shown).Figure 2. P concentrations and contents in plants of white lupin grown at 10 or 200 µg P g−1 soil for 76 d. Vertical bars on symbols represent means±SE (n = 3 replicate pots). The separate bar represents LSD (P = 0.05) for any two means according to an analysis of variance for different treatments.Chemical composition of plant tissues The concentrations of P in shoots of plants fed with 10 µg P g−1 were signiﬁcantly lower than those at 200 µg P g−1 from 49 DAS, and there were the higher concentrations of P in roots of plants receiving 20073 than 10 µg P g−1 from 40 to 76 DAS (Figure 2). Phosphorus concentrations in shoots of plants receiving 10 µg P g−1 decreased steadily from 2.1 to 1.1 mg P g−1 shoot dry weight from 40 to 76 DAS. In contrast, P concentrations in roots supplied with 10 µg P g−1 had no signiﬁcant changes with time. At 200 µg P g−1 , there was a trend for decreasing P concentrations in both shoots and roots with time from 40 to 76 DAS. The P concentrations in shoots and roots of plants receiving 200 µg P g−1 were signiﬁcant lower at 76 than at 40 DAS. The higher P concentrations in shoots were observed at 58 compared with those at 49 and 76 DAS. The total P uptake increased with time irrespective of P supply, but the P uptake by the plants at 10 µg P g−1 was only 35–75% of that at 200 µg P g−1 (Figure 2). Plants fed with 10 µg P g−1 soil had higher Ca concentrations in shoots at 49 and 67 DAS, and had higher Mg concentrations in shoots at 49, 67 and 76 DAS (Figure 3). The concentrations of Ca in roots were higher at 67 DAS in the treatment of 10 than 200 µg P g−1 . Plants supplied with 10 µg P g−1 showed higher K concentrations in shoots at 49 DAS, and in roots at 67 and 76 DAS in comparison to plants receiving 200 µg P g−1 . However, Na concentrations in shoots were lower at 40 DAS in the treatment of 10 than 200 µg P g−1 . There was a lower S concentration at 58 DAS and higher Cl concentration at 67 DAS in the treatment of 10 than 200 µg P g−1 . However, there was no signiﬁcant difference in the concentrations of Na, Mg, S and Cl in roots between P treatments. Ca and Cl concentrations were higher, and Na, Mg and S concentrations were lower in shoots than in roots.Figure 3. Concentrations of K, Na, Ca, Mg, S and Cl in shoots and roots of white lupin grown at 10 or 200 µg P g−1 soil for 76 d. Vertical bars on symbols represent means ±SE (n = 3 replicate pots). The separate bar represents LSD (P = 0.05) for any two means according to an analysis of variance for different treatments.Root-induced acidiﬁcation Excess cation uptake Growing plants decreased the pH of soil leachate (root exudates) compared with the control without any plants irrespective of P treatments (Figure 4). The pH of root exudate solution in the treatment of 10 µg P g−1 was signiﬁcantly lower at 58 and 67 than at 40 or 49 DAS. In contrast, for the treatment of 200 µg P g−1 , the pH of root exudate solution remained constant with time. At 58 and 67 DAS, the pH of collected solutions from the plants fed with 10 µg P g−1 was signiﬁcantly lower than that from plants receiving 200 µg P g−1 . There was no signiﬁcant difference in the pH of root exudate solution between the treatments of 10 and 200 µg P g−1 at 40, 49 and 76 DAS. The concentrations of excess cations in plants were signiﬁcantly higher in the treatments of 10 than 200 µg P g−1 at 49 and 76 DAS in shoots, and only at 76 DAS in roots (Figure 5). The concentrations of excess cations in plants tended to be lower at 10 than 200 µg P g−1 soil at 40 DAS despite no signiﬁcant difference. However, after 49 DAS, the 10 µg P g−1 treatment surpassed the adequate P treatment in the concentrations of excess cations in plants. The highest concentrations of excess cations for the plants grown at 10 µg P g−1 were observed at 49 DAS for shoots and at 58 DAS for roots, and then the concentrations decreased with time.74Figure 4. The pH in root exudate solution of white lupin grown at 10 or 200 µg P g−1 soil for 76 d. Vertical bars on symbols represent means±SE (n = 3 replicate pots). The separate bar represents LSD (P = 0.05) for any two means according to an analysis of variance for different treatments. There was one replicate for the treatments without plants.The plants grown at 200 µg P g−1 showed a continuous decrease in excess cation concentrations in shoots with time, while in roots an increased concentration from 40 to 58 DAS and then a decrease till 76 DAS were observed. There were higher concentrations of excess cations in the whole plants grown at 10 µg P g−1 compared with the plants receiving 200 µg P g−1 after 49 DAS, and the difference in concentrations of excess cations between P treatments was signiﬁcant at 49 and 76 DAS. Concentrations of carboxylates in roots and shoots of plants and citrate exudation The concentrations of citrate in shoots or roots of the plants fed with 10 µg P g−1 signiﬁcantly increased with time from 40 to 76 DAS, but remained unchanged for the plants fed with 200 µg P g−1 over the experimental period (Figure 6). The citrate concentrations in shoots and roots were signiﬁcantly higher in the plants receiving 10 than 200 µg P g−1 after 67 DAS. The increased exudation of citrate from whole root system of white lupin in the limited P treatment was observed compared with the adequate P treatment over the period monitored (Figure 6, calculated from Shen et al., 2003). There was a higher exudation of citrate at 49 and 67 DAS in the treatment of 10 µg P g−1 , but the citrate exudation rates remained unchanged with time for the plants fed with 200 µg P g−1 from 40 to 76 DAS.Figure 5. Concentrations of excess cations in shoots and roots of white lupin grown at 10 or 200 µg P g−1 soil during 76 d. Vertical bars on symbols represent means ±SE (n = 3 replicate pots). The separate bar represents LSD (P = 0.05) for any two means according to an analysis of variance for different treatments.Discussion Effect of P limitation on plant growth and P uptake In the present study, P deﬁciency led to a signiﬁcant decrease in biomass of both shoots and roots, but the shoot growth appeared to be more sensitive to P deﬁciency than root growth. The decrease in plant growth due to P deﬁciency was also observed in the reduced75 laas et al., 2003). From the ﬁrst to ﬁnal harvests, the ratios between P uptake and P adding are 25–50% for 10 µg P g−1 , and 1.7–7.2% for 200 µg P g−1 . However, because P has a low diffusion in soil, particularly FePO4 , only the P close to root surface has a chance to be absorbed. According to the ratio of 10% [generally, 1–5% under ﬁeld condition (Marschner, 1995)] between root volume and total soil volume, only 3 mg and 60 mg FePO4 can be readily accessed by plants, and then the ratios between P uptake and the accessed FePO4 become 250–500% and 17–72%, suggesting that much P could be mobilized from soil. The signiﬁcant difference in P concentrations in plant tissues between P treatments occurred prior to plant fresh weights. The reduced growth of white lupin receiving 10 µg P g−1 was correlated with the decrease in P concentrations in shoots, but had no signiﬁcant correlation with P concentrations in roots. The results showed that the P concentrations in shoots were not completely dependent on the P concentrations in roots, being consistent with the previous report (Marschner, 1995). Root-induced acidiﬁcation and excess cation uptake The decreased pH of root exudate solution showed that the low P supply increased H+ release from roots. In symbiotically-grown legumes, rhizosphere acidiﬁcation may be caused by cation-anion balance, the excretion of organic anions and symbiotic nitrogen ﬁxation (Marschner, 1995; Tang et al., 1997). Under the speciﬁc experimental condition, it is not possible to separate the quantitative contribution of each of these processes to total net-release of protons. Moreover, in the present study, all process occurring in soil could have inﬂuenced the pH of the leachate and in fact we can not separate the net H+ release from other soil processes. However, the difference in pH between P treatments showed a clear effect of P limitation on H+ release from roots because P limitation caused excess uptake of cations, resulting in much H+ release from roots. Plant roots extrude a net amount of H+ to maintain charge balance when cation uptake exceeds anion uptake (Dinkelaker et al., 1989; Hedley et al., 1982; Marschner, 1995; Tang et al., 2001). In particular, excess cation uptake by plants reﬂected H+ release when N was supplied through N2 -ﬁxation (Tang et al., 1997). In the present experiment with N2 -ﬁxing Lupinus albus grown in P-deﬁcient soil, net H+ release was most likely caused by excess cation uptake. Phosphorus deﬁciency increased Ca concen-Figure 6. The concentrations of citrate [µmol (g FW)−−1 ] in shoot and root tissues and citrate exudation [µmol h−1 (g FW)−−1 ] from roots of white lupin grown with 10 and 200 µg P g−1 soil at different growth stages. Vertical bars on symbols represent means ±SE (n = 3 replicate pots). The separate bar represents LSD (P = 0.05) for any two means according to an analysis of variance for different treatments.plant height and number of ﬂowers per plant after 58 DAS. The reduced fresh weight and plant height were the ﬁrst visible symptoms of P deﬁciency. The increased fresh weights and P contents in the adequate P plants in comparison to the limited P plants showed that white lupin plants could take up large amounts of P from FePO4 added in soil, and that the amount of P taken up increased with the amounts of FePO4 added in soil despite FePO4 being a form of sparingly soluble P. The results showed a support for the viewpoint that white lupin plants have a great ability of mobilizing the sparingly soluble P through changing rhizosphere processes, particularly, citrate exudation (Hinsinger, 1998; Marschner, 1995; Venek-76 trations in shoots and roots, and Mg concentrations in shoots, but decreased S accumulation in shoots, showing that concentrations of excess cations was higher in the P-deﬁcient than P-sufﬁcient N2 -ﬁxing plants. Furthermore, a clear negative correlation was observed between the number of cluster roots (Shen et al., 2003) and the pH of root exudate solution, suggesting that cluster roots of white lupin are the main site for release of H+ under P deﬁciency, which is consistent with other studies (Dinkelaker et al., 1989, 1995; Marschner, 1995; Neumann and Römheld, 1999; Watt and Evans, 1999a; Yan et al., 2002). Relationship between proton release, accumulation and exudation of carboxylates Accumulation of citrate was found in shoot and root tissues of P-deﬁcient plants, which is in agreement with the observation of citrate accumulation in mature cluster roots under P deﬁciency (Neumann et al., 1999). However, in the present study, concentrations of citrate in shoots and roots of the plants fed with 10 µg P g−1 soil increased continuously with time (Figure 6), while a higher exudation of citrate was observed at 49 and 67 DAS in the treatment of 10 µg P g−1 (Figure 6 calculated from Shen et al., 2003). These results showed that the high concentrations of citrate in plants could be a prerequisite for citrate exudation, but citrate exudation did not show the consistent change pattern with time in comparison to citrate accumulation in plant tissue, being consistent with previous reports (Keerthisinghe et al., 1998; Neumann et al., 1999). Moreover, exudation of citrate showed a clearly different pattern of change with time compared with the pH of root exudate solution, showing a lack of dependence of proton release on exudation of citrate anions. The results suggest that exudation of citrate contributes only a part of total acidiﬁcation and excess cation uptake is the dominant factor affecting net proton release from roots of white lupin plants grown in P-deﬁcient soil. In conclusion, white lupin plants can take up large amounts of P from FePO4 as a sparingly soluble P form through changing rhizosphere processes. Phosphorus deﬁciency of N2 -ﬁxing plants grown in soil resulted in excess cation uptake and enhanced concomitant proton release, causing a decreased pH of root exudate solution. Citrate exudation did not show the consistent change pattern with time in comparison to citrate accumulation in plant tissue. Exudation of citrate anions contributes only a part of total acidiﬁcation, but excess cation uptake dominantly contributes net proton release from roots of white lupin plants grown in P-deﬁcient soil. Acknowledgements This study was supported by grants from the MSBRDP (Project No: G1999011709), by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30000102) and by AUSAid. ReferencesBarber S A 1984 Soil Nutrient Bioavailability: A mechanistic approach. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York. 398 p. Brennan R F, Gartrell J W and Robson A D 1980 Reactions of copper with soil affecting its availability to plants. I. Effect of soil type and time. Aust. J. Soil Res. 18, 447–459. Dinkelaker B, Romheld V and Marschner H 1989 Citric acid excretion and precipitation of calcium in the rhizosphere of white lupin (Lupinus albus L.). Plant Cell Environ. 12, 285–292. Dinkelaker B, Hengeler C and Marschner H 1995 Distribution and function of proteoid roots and other root clusters. Bot. Acta. 108, 183–200. Dracup M N H, Barrett-Lennard E G, Greenway H and Robson A D 1984 Effect of phosphorus deﬁciency on phosphatase activity of cell walls from roots of subterranean clover. J. Exp. Bot. 35, 466–480. Föhse D, Classen N and Jungk A 1991 Phosphorus efﬁciency of plants. II. Signiﬁcance of root radius, root hairs and cation-anion balance for phosphorus inﬂux in seven plant species. Plant Soil 132, 261–272. Gardner W K, Barber D A and Parbery K G 1983 The acquisition of phosphorus by Lupinus albus L. III. The probable mechanism by which phosphorus movement in the soil/root interface is enhanced. Plant Soil 70, 107–124. Gerke J, Roemer W and Jungk A 1994 The excretion of citric and malic acid by proteoid roots of Lupinus albus L. Effect on soil solution concentrations of phosphate, iron and aluminium in the proteoid rhizosphere in samples of an oxisol and luvisol. Z. Pﬂanzenernähr. Bodenkd. 157, 289–294. Hedley M J, White R E and Nye P H 1982 Plant-induced changes in the rhizosphere of rape (Brassica napus var. Emerald) seedlings. III. Changes in L value, soil phosphate fractions and phosphatase activity. New Phytol. 91, 45–56. Hinsinger P 1998 How do plant roots acquire mineral nutrients? Chemical properties involved in the rhizosphere. Adv. Agron. 64, 225–265. Hinsinger P 2001 Bioavailability of soil inorganic P in the rhizosphere as affected by root-induced chemical changes: A review. Plant Soil 237, 173–195. Hinsinger P, Plassard C, Tang C and Jaillard B 2003 Origins of rootmediated pH changes in the rhizosphere and their responses to environmental constraints: A review. Plant Soil 248, 43–59. Johnson C M and Ulrich A 1959 Analytical methods for use in plant analysis. Cali. Agric. Exp. Stat. Bull. No.766. Johnson J F, Allan D L and Vance C P 1994 Phosphorus stressinduced proteiod roots show altered metabolism in Lupinus albus. Plant Physiol. 104, 657–665.。

从女性主义角度解读_献给艾米丽的玫瑰_英文_

[作者简介]赵茜,陕西西安人,西安邮电学院外语系助教。

An I nterpret ati on of A Rose for Em ilyFrom a Fem in ist Perspecti ve○Zhao Q ian(X i ’an U niversity of Posts &Teleco mm unica tions,X i ’an,Shanxi,710121)　[Abstract]　This paper analyses the st ory ARose for Em ily fr om a fe m inist pers pective,exp l ores the s ocial r oots thatlead t o the tragedy of E m ily,and points out that E m ily is victi m ized by the patriarchal opp ressi on and her arist ocratic sta 2tus .　[Key words]　fe m inist;　patriarchal opp ressi on;　arist ocratic status　[中图分类号]I 106.4 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]167228610(2010)022******* The short st ory A Rose for Em ily is written by the well -known American novelistW illia m Faulkner .The st ory f ocuses on E m ily,“an eccentric s p inster who refuses t o accep t the passage of ti m e,or the inevitable change and l oss that accompaniesit ”.[1]617Because of its unique Faulkner ’s style,this st ory has been studied by many researchers fr om vari ous pers pectives —sy mbolis m,moral or phil os ophical value and stylistics .Howev 2er,fe wer researchers study the st ory fr om a fem inist pers pective .This paper will give a fe m inist inter p retati on of the s ocial r oots that lead t o the tragedy of the fe male p r otagonist,E m ily,who lives a m iserable,l onely and e mp ty life .According t o Guerin,“Fem inist literary critics try t oexp lain how power i m balances due t o gender in a given cultureare reflected in or challenged by literary texts ”.[2]196Faulkner is a male American author who was born int o a Southern fa m ily with a fairly l ong traditi on .He created different female characters who resist against or surrender t o the cruel reality resulted fr om s ocial changes or econom ic devel opments in his works,which reflect the s ocial reality in the South during the peri od of American Civil W ar and the WW Ι.A s t o Faulkner ’s attitude t owards fe male,researchers hold different op ini ons .Some researchers such as L inda W agner and CleanthB r ooks believe that Faulkner sy mpathizes the women characters he shaped .O thers like Leslie Fiedler,A lbert Guerard and Irving Howe hold the op ini on that Faulkner shows r ooted re 2sent m ents against women in his novels .This paper will f ocus on the fe m inis m in the short st ory A R ose for Em ily ,and will als o discuss Faulkner ’s attitude t owards fe m inis m.The main character of this st ory,E m ily lives a m iserable life without l ove,understanding,and communicati on with oth 2ers .E m ily is born in a declined arist ocratic fam ily .I n her youth 2hood,her father drives a way all the young men pursuing her .Af 2ter her father ’s death,she falls in l ove with a Northerner na medHomer Barr on .W hen they are believed t o get married,HommerBarr on disappeared .Since then,E m ily seldom went out till her death .W hen peop le open a r oom of her house,they f ound Hom 2mer ’s dead body lying in the bed .W hat result in E m ily ’s tragedy?One is the American South male -dom inated s ociety,under which women are treated ill and opp ressed .The other is arist ocracy traditi on .Peop le including arist ocrats think that the arist ocracy is the sy mbol,the traditi on and the idol of the s outh .The arist ocrats cannot live their life in the sa me way as the common peop le .They cannot l ove or marry a common pers on,es pecially a Yankee .Having the dual status of a common woman and an arist ocratic woman,E m ily suffers s o much that she eventually has t o murder her l over in order t o secure the fe male -subject positi on .Ι.Pa tr i a rcha l O ppressi onFe m inistic critics “investigate how s ociety shapes a woman ’s understanding of herself,her s ociety,and her world ”.[3]191A s a woman,E m ily is contr olled,opp ressed,and deserted by her father and her l over successively .She lives in the South of Amer 2ican during the CivilW ar .The s ociety in the South is patriarchy,just like the O ld China,under which women are required t o stay in the house,giving birth t o babies,taking care of her husband and dealing with daily chores .Women should obey the puritan virtues .They should be obedient t o their fathers before marriage and t o their husbands after marriage .Women are passive,weak,and unable t o choose the way of lives in such a male -dom inated s ociety .Men contr ol women physically,p sychol ogically,and e moti onally .Women depend on men t otally .Women who obey the traditi onal cust om s and moral standards are considered as good women;other wise,they are believed t o be wicked,guilty,and dirty .E m ily ’s father is such a typ ical S outhern man,who is self 2—72—语文学刊・外语教育教学 2010年第2期ish,p ride,and e moti onless .He confines E m ily in the big house compani oning hi m .He drives away all the young men pursuing E m ily and makes her an old s p inster without her own l ove .He dom inates E m ily ’s life and affects her even after his death .A s described in the st ory “W e had l ong thought of the m as a tab 2leau,M iss E m ily a slender figure in white in the backgr ound,her father a s p raddled silhouette in the f oregr ound,his back t o her and clutching a horse whi p,the t w o of them framed by the back -flung fr ont door ”,E m ily ’s “slender figure ”rep resents her inability;“W hite ”rep resents her virginhood and innocence .Her father,however,“s p raddled ”shows his peremp t oriness;“silhouette ”i m p lies E m ily lives in the shadow of her father all her life;“back ”rep resents his ignorance of E m ily ’s res ponses;“clutching a horsewhi p ”sy mbolizes the abs olute patriarchal pow 2er .E m ily ’s father leaves E m ily nothing but l oneliness and pov 2erty after his death .E m ily decides t o start her own life after her father ’s death as menti oned in the st ory “W hen we sa w her again,her hair was cut short,making her l ook like a girl,with a vague rese mblance t o those angels in col ored church windows —s ort of tragic and serene ”.Then she falls in l ove with Homer .The sa me tragedy restarts:she begins t o depend on this man as she did on his fa 2ther p revi ously;she is contr olled,opp ressed,and deserted by another man .Homer is open -hearted,just the opposite of E m ily .E m ily ’s l ove for such a “day laborer ”shows her deter 2m inati on t o start a new life,t o go out of her house,and t o get rid of her arist ocratic status .However,Homer doesn ’t l ove E m ily,“because Homer hi m self had re marked —he liked men,and it was known that he drank with the younger men in the Elks ’Club —that he was not a marrying man ”.He stays with E m ily just for fun .He thinks it is p rideful t o go out with such a s outhern lady as menti oned in the st ory “Homer Barr on with his hat cocked and a cigar in his teeth,reins and whi p in a yell ow gl ove ”.Homer ’s “hat cocked and a cigar in his teeth ”shows he pays no atten 2ti on t o E m ily ’s l ove,and “reins and whi p s ”rep resents the ab 2s olute patriarchal power just as E m ily ’s father ’s “horse whi p ”.Struck by her father ’s death and her l over ’s departure,E m ily is in des pair .She starts t o defend herself and revolt by an extre me way:pois oning Homer t o death and making hi m unable t o leave her f orever .Ⅱ.Ar istocra ti c St a tusE m ily ’s tragedy is not only led by the Patriarchal s ociety she lives in,but als o by her arist ocratic status .One of the rea 2s ons her father drives all the young men is that he thinks no one is good enough t o match this arist ocratic lady .Peop le in the t own consider E m ily as “a traditi on,a duty,and a care;a s ort of he 2reditary obligati on upon the t own ”.Peop le ad m ire and res pect E m ily who,f or the m,is a monu ment bearing their l onging for the O ld S outh life .I n their op ini on,E m ily should stay in the house,and live an is olated life .Theref ore,the fact that she falls in l ove with a Northerner hurts the e moti ons of the citizens as menti oned in the st ory “then s ome of the ladies began t o say that it was adisgrace t o the t own and a bad exa mp le t o the young peop le ”.W hen the citizens hear her buying pois on,they assu me “She will kill herself ”and even think that “would be the best thing ”.They believe that if such an arist ocratic lady marries a “day labo 2rer ”,that would be a sha me f or their t own,or even f or the South .They would like E m ily t o die rather than hu m iliate the South virtues .Ⅲ.E m ily ’s RevoltW hen E m ily notices Homer is going t o leave her,she is afraid of the l oneliness and the comments by citizens .I n order t o keep her p ride,es pecially her arist ocratic p ride,she chooses the extre me way t o retain Homer —killing hi m and keep ing his body in the bed,which makes hi m be with her f orever .By murder,E m ily finally dom inates Homer ’s life and s wifts fr om the passive one t o the active one .Her brave revolt against the male -dom i 2nated s ociety,although t oo extreme,should be res pected .W hat ’s worth noting here is that killing Homer see m s E m ily ’s vict ory because she challenges the male -dom inated s ociety .Ho wever,actually,it is a failure .Murder is an extreme way t o keep Homer .E m ily gets nothing but a cold body for the rest of her life .Therefore,we dare t o say that E m ily doesn ’t de 2feat male -dom inance and is only another victi m of the Patriar 2chal s ociety .A s t o the author ’s attitude t owards E m ily,I believe he shows his sy mpathy and res pect f or her —sy mpathizes her m isera 2ble life without l ove and marriage;res pects her courage and deter m inati on t o revolt against the male -dom inated s ociety,which we could notice fr om the title of this st ory —A Rose for Em ily .Roses rep resent l ove and happ iness that E m ily ’s life is lack of .Because of sy mpathy and res pect,the author would like t o offer E m ily a r ose t o wish her a happy and peaceful life with l ove in the heaven .【References 】[1]Zhang,B.X .Selected Readings in English and AmericanL iterature [M ].Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1998.[2]Guerin,W.L.,Labor E .,Morgan L.,Rees man J.C .,W illingha m J.R.A Handbook of Critical App r oaches t o L iterature[M ].Oxf ord:Oxford University Press,1999.[3]B ressler,C .E .An I ntr oducti on t o Theory and Practice[M ].New Jersey:Prentice Hall,1998.[4]L i,J.P .The Real Essence of the Pr otesque —A Rose forEm ily :an I nter p retati on fr om a Fe m inist Pers pective [J ].Journal of Q iqihar University,2003(1).[5]Huang,Y .An I nsight int o Cause for Fe m inine Tragedy —aComparative Study of The Tale of the Golden Chain and A Rose for Em ily [J ].Journal of N ingbo University of Tech 2nol ogy,2008,20(3). (下转第35页)—82—L I TERAT URE Zhao Q ian /An I nter p retati on of A R ose for Em ily fr om a Fe m inist Pers pective与小说塑造的英雄鲁滨孙对话恐怕是难!我们受文本的局限,即便在今天看来显而易见的话语霸权,在联系英国当时拓殖背景,解读关于鲁滨孙这一殖民者原型的殖民神话之外,我们很难在小说原有的意义范围内,重塑另一个英雄———星期五。

复旦大学研究生高级英语教师用书

《研究生高级英语教师用书》Advanced English for Graduate Students（Teachers’Book）UNIT ONEText: The Idea of a UniversityBackground InformationClark Kerr (1911-2003) was an American professor of economics and academic administrator.He was the first chancellor of the University of California, Berkeley and the twelfth president of the University of California (1958-1967).He is acknowledged as one of the architects of the modern public university —and, in particular, the American research university.In an era of unprecedented growth in American higher education, he recognized the distinct roles of community colleges, state universities and the ‘flagship’research universities, and he coined the term “multiversity”in an attempt to capture the reality of large universities that had evolved to be a “whole series of communities and activities held together by a common name, a common governing board and related purposes,”reflecting the wisdom and thoughtfulness of one of America’s preeminent higher education specialists.Key to ExercisesIII.Vocabulary StudyChoose the word or phrase that best completes each of the following sentences.1. B2. D3. A4. A5. C6. B7. D8. C9. C 10. AIV.ClozeThere are 10 blanks in the following passage.Fill in each blank with a proper word.1.relationship2.ability3.living4.farmers5.respond6.on7.benefits8.marry9.after10.towardTranslation of the Text大学的理想克拉克克尔一个多世纪前, 红衣主教纽曼在参与建立都柏林大学时对“大学的理想”的阐述也许是最到位的。

TheWritingFeaturesof“Tessofthed’Urbervilles”

2018年08期总第396期ENGLISH ON CAMPUSThe Writing Features of “Tess of the d’Urbervilles”文/ Zhang Yan Cai XiangyuI. IntroductionThomas Hardy is an outstanding novelist in English history of literature. He was highly critical of much in Victorian society, especially on the declining status of rural people in Britain. Among his many works, “Tess of the d’Urbervilles” gained him a great reputation. As Shakespeare had said, “tragedy is to show people ruining the beautiful. The novel presents a tragic story of a girl who is naive and pure with a lot of misfortunes. In this article the author tends to explore the novel and presents the writers’ writing aim from its narrative perspective and writing features.The story depicts the sad tale of a pure girl from a farmer’s family. She lived a poor but peaceful life. After seduced by her so -called cousin Alec,Tess gave birth to a baby who died of illness, which gave her a hard attack. That’s why she named the baby Sorrow. Tess was overwhelmed by grief and sorrow for a period of time. In order to forget the past and start a new life, Tess came to a distant dairy farm where she met Angel, the son of a clergyman, and they fell into love with each other. But when Angel made a proposal to Tess he got a refusal. Anyway they got married after overcoming a lot of difficulties. While a dramatic turning point appeared on their wedding night. After Angel made a confession Tess forgave him without hesitation and looked forward to being forgiven yet in vain. Angel rejected Tess when she confessed she wasn’t a virgin, even though he wasn’t either. Angel abandoned his poor bride and went to Brazil to escape. Tess fell into Alec’s trap again being his mistress and suffered a lot spiritually. As a result, Angel returned from travelling abroad to seek Tess but found her with Alec. Tess murdered Alec later with hatred in order to run away with Angel.They spent several days of happiness together before she was arrested. The protagonist was sentenced to death and was hanged as punishment. It’s a real tragedy that Tess bore all the punishment and suffering. She was deceived repeatedly and destroyed gradually by the people around her. The author criticized the cold-blooded and hypocritical aristocracy sarcastically and took a lot of sympathy on the working class with enthusiasm.II. Writing FeauresThomas Hardy is ver y talented in describing the countryside environment which is closely related with the theme of the novel. Nature description is a necessary element. Therefore he was labeled as the character-environment novelist. In this piece of art, Hardy adopted symbolic writing features abundantly to elaborate the story.2.1 Water descriptionHard described water in different stages to imply the growing changes of the heroine.2.1.1 Maiden: When Tess was in the maiden period, the author described Blackmoor, as the mother river of Marlot village, with power and energy. It witnessed the girl’s innocence and her growing up yet it’s her cognition of the whole world: “The Vale of Blackmoor was to her the world, and its inhabitants the races thereof”. As the scripts in the bible states: Let the water teem with living creatures...Let the waters bring forth abundantly the moving creature that hath life...Let the waters be full of living things...every living and moving thing with which the water teems” (Genesis 1:20) 2.1.2 Maiden no more: Blackmoor as the boundary of Marlot village and Shaston town, is quite dangerous. That suggested as Tess was curious of the outside world and intended to go out for labor, she was doomed to meet her tragedy. “the streams in Blackmoor...were slow, silent often turbid; flowing over beds of mud into which the incautious wader might sink and vanish unawares”. It turned out to be reality that after Tess was seduced in the town her wholeness and life was divided into two parts. “She was somewhat changed-the same, but not the same; at the present stage of【Abstract】Thomas Hardy was an outstanding writer in describing nature and adopting some allusions from Holy Bible. In his famous masterpiece “Tess of the d’Urbervilles”, he explored abundant descriptions in water, color, allusions to imply the psychological state and fate development of the protagonist, thus it brought a dramatically impressive effect to the readers.【Key words】naturalism; bible; water; color; tragic【作者简介】Zhang Yan, Cai Xiangyu, Dalian University of Finance and Economics.2332342018年08期总第396期ENGLISH ON CAMPUSher existence living as a stranger and an alien here.”2.1.3 Purification: Washing. After giving birth to a baby,Tesswent to work in Froom Vale where River Froom is the placeshe normally stayed. She also baptized her baby in the river. Besides washing, water can be functioned as forgetting. “ thenew are was clear, bracing ethereal”, “more cheering than the old place she knew well. “The Froom waters were clear as the pure River of Life shown to the Evangelist” It seems to be related with the scripts in the Bible “And the Lord God made a garden in the east, in Eden; And a river went out of Edengiving water to the garden; and from there it was parted and became four streams”(Genesis2:8,9,10)From the water description above, it’s clear differentwater represents the different psychological state and stages of fate. How closely related between the natural environment and the character. Man is driven by a combined force of nature,both inside nature and outside environment.2.2 Color descriptionIn the New Testament of the Holy Bible, the color red isregarded as lust and violence, a striking contrast with white as the symptom of purity. It appeared fairly common in Hardy’sworks. As in Tess, apples, strawberries, red roses are all co-related with sex, sin or crime.2.2.1 Apples and strawberries. In christian culture redfruits normally carry the metaphor of sexual seduction. Hardy described Tess as a maiden with her red lips many times. Alec was strongly attracted by her lips at the first sight. “Let me put one little kiss on those holmberry lips, Tess” “They had spent some time wandering...Tess eating whatever d’Urberville offered her. When she could consume no more of the strawberries, he filled her little basket with them.2.2.2 Rose. As was formerly stated, red rose can be used to describe the red lips of Tess. It’s a strong implication of sexual attraction which lead to Alec’s flirting with Tess. “Her rosy lips curved towards a smile, much to the attraction of the swarthy Alexander”, “...the two passed round to the rose-trees, whence he gathered blossoms and gave her to put in her bosom. Sheobeyed like one in a dream...til she could affix no more”2.3 The Garden of Eden and some other allusions from the Holy BibleIt’s easily seen that the house of Alec reproducedthe scenario of the Garden of Eden that time based on thedescriptions of roses, strawberries, apples etc. Therefore the story of eating the forbidden fruit would naturally occur. “Why then have you tempted me? I was firm as a man could be till I saw...that mouth again-surely there never was such a maddening mouth since Eve’s!” During the happy time ofTess and Angel, the author called them definitely Adam and Eve, Alec the snake. At the end of the book, Tess and Angel went to the Stonehenge together, which was considered as the temple of pagan. Tess was devoted as human sacrificelater. As a result she was sentenced to death and hanged as punishment.III. Naturalism and FatalismThomas Hardy’s writings reveal a profoundly pessimisticsense of subjection to fate and circumstance. The uniquenesslies on “the fate is driven by the power of nature. The psychological state and development stage are brought forward by the environmental description. The tragedy of Tess started from the only horse in her family killed in the road. Then she was obliged to go outside the village to work. In Trantridge she fed the poultry while acted as a milkmaidin Froom valley where she met Angel. At the final section the impressive sentence “Justice is done” tend to be rather short yet powerful. The whole story came to an tragic end all ofa sudden, which had a striking effect to the readers.IV. ConclusionBriefly speaking, Hardy’s work often reflected the changeafter capitalism intruded the countries in England and the people’s hard life in lower class. At the very beginning, Tess voluntarily took the load of the family as the eldest daughterafter they lost their only horse. Burdened by the drunkard father and selfish mother, she went to the town to seek fortune. Another reason is to chase the vanity of the so-called aristocracy of their family title. Alec loved Tess from his own perspective. He seduced her in spite of her unwillingness yethe devoted himself to support her family in their difficulties. Later on he persuaded Tess to be his mistress and convinced her that Angel would never return. The return of the husband with regret and forgiveness made Tess heart-broken. She murmured “it’s too late”. On the other hand she was eager to be with her true love again, so she stabbed Alec in the heart after a heated argument. The couple went on their way of escape and spent their happiness for the last days. Both Alecand Angel were cold-blooded and self-centered. They claimed to love Tess but they didn’t accept her as a whole. Thehypocritical morality drove them making decisions on their own value, regardless of the girl. It was the morality and ethic in the Britain’s Victorian era that caused Tess’ tragedy.References：[1][英]托马斯.哈代,德伯家的苔丝-Tess of the D ’urbervilles(典藏英文原版)[M],延边:延边人民出版社,2012.[2]圣经.中英对照中文和合本[M].南京:中国基督教协会,2007.。

英国文学名词解释大全整理版

英国文学名词解释大全整理版名词解释1.Epic(史诗)（appeared in the the Anglo-Saxon Period）It is a narrative of heroic action, often with a principal hero, usually mythical in its content, grand in its style, offering inspiration and ennoblement within a particular culture or national tradition.A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey. It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes. The action is simple, but full of magnificence.Today, some long narrative works, like novels that reveal an age & its people, are also called epic.E.g. Beowulf（the pagan（异教徒），secular(非宗教的) poetry）Iliad 《伊利亚特》，Odyssey《奥德赛》Paradise Lost 《失乐园》，The Divine Comedy《神曲》2.Romance （传奇）(Anglo-Norman feudal England)Romance is any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.Originally, the term referred to a medieval (中世纪) tale dealing with the love and adventures of kings, queens, knights, and ladies, and including supernatural happenings.Form:long composition, in verse, in proseContent:description of life and adventures of a noble hero Character:a knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons; often described as riding forth to seek adventures,taking part in tournaments(骑士比武), or fighting for his lord in battles; devoted to the church and the king ?Romance lacks general resemblance to truth or reality.It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtues.It contains perilous (dangerous) adventures more or less remote from ordinary life.It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to a fair lady.①The Romance Cycles/Groups/DivisionsThree Groups●matters of Britain Adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table （亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士）●matters of France Emperor Charlemagne and his peers●matters of Rome Alexander the Great and the attacks of TroyLe Morte D’Arthur （亚瑟王之死）②Class Nature (阶级性) of the RomanceLoyalty to king and lord was the theme of the romances, as loyalty was the corner-stone（the most important part基石）of feudal morality.The romances were composed not for the common but for the noble, of the noble, and by the poets patronized （supported 庇护,保护）by the noble.3. Alliteration（押头韵）: a repeated initial(开头的) consonant(协调,一致) to successive(连续的)words.e.g. 1.To his kin the kindest,keenest for praise.2.Sing a song of southern singer4. Understatement（低调陈述）（for ironical humor）not troublesome: very welcomeneed not praise: a right to condemn5. Chronicle《编年史》（a monument of Old English prose）6. Ballads （民谣）（The most important department of English folk literature ）①Definition:A ballad is a narrative poem that tells a story, and is usually meant to be sung or recited in musical form.An important stream of the Medieval folk literature②Features of English Ballads1. The ballads are in various English and Scottish dialects.2. They were created collectively and revised when handed down from mouth to mouth.3. They are mainly the literature of the peasants, and give an outlook of the English common people in feudal society.③Stylistic （风格上）Features of the Ballads1. Composed in couplets （相连并押韵的两行诗,对句）or in quatrains （四行诗）known as the ballad stanza （民谣诗节）, rhyming abab or abcb, with the first and third lines carrying 4 accented syllables （重读音节）and the second and fourth carrying 3.2. Simple, plain language or dialect （方言，土语）of thecommon people with colloquial （口语的，会话的）, vivid and,sometimes, idiomatic （符合当地语言习惯的）expressions3. Telling a good story with a vivid presentation around the central plot.4. Using a high proportion of dialogue with a romantic or tragic dimension （方面）to achieve dramatic effect.④Subjects of English Ballads1. struggle of young lovers2. conflict between love and wealth3. cruelty of jealousy4. criticism of the civil war5. matters of class struggle7. Heroic couplet （英雄双韵体）（introduced byGeoffrey Chaucer）Definition:the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter; a verse form in epic poetry, with lines of ten syllables and five stresses, in rhyming pairs.英雄诗体/英雄双韵体：用于史诗或叙事诗，每行十个音节，五个音部，每两行押韵。

总结绘画英语常用词汇

绘画英语常用词汇1.abstract art : 抽象派艺术A nonrepresentational style that emphasizes formal values over the representation of subject matter. 强调形式至上，忽视内容的一种非写实主义绘画风格Kandinsky produced abstract art characterized by imagery that had a musical quality. 康定斯创作的抽象派作品有一种音乐美。

2.abstract expressionism : 抽象表现派；抽象表现主义A nonrepresentational style that emphasizes emotion, strong color, and giving primacy to the act of painting. 把绘画本身作为目的，以表达情感和浓抹重涂为特点的非写实主义风格。

Abstract expressionism was at its peak in the 1940s and 1950s. 20世纪四五十年代是抽象表现艺术发展的顶峰时期。

3.action painting : 动作画派A term used to describe aggressive methods of applying paint. 指使画布产生强烈动作效果的绘画风格。

Action painting often looks childish to the non-artist because of the techniques used to apply paint, such as throwing it on the canvas. 在外行看来，动作派的作品通常是幼稚的，这主要是因为画家采用的作画方法，比如将颜料泼洒在画布上。

Taxes, Loans, Credit and Debts in the 15th Century

Economics World, ISSN 2328-7144 April 2014, Vol. 2, No. 4, 281-289 Taxes, Loans, Credit and Debts in the 15th Century Towns ofMoravia: A Case Study of Olomouc and Brno *Roman ZaoralCharles University, Prague, Czech RepublicThe paper explores urban public finance in the late medieval towns on the example of two largest cities inMoravia—Olomouc and Brno. Its purpose is to define similarities and differences between them, to express changeswhich have taken place in the course of the 15th century, and to distinguish financial administration and types ofinvestments in the towns situated in the Eastern part of the Holy Roman Empire from those in the West. The primarysources (municipal books, charters, and Jewish registers) are analyzed using quantitative and comparative methodsand the concept of the 15th century financial crisis is reconsidered. The analysis proved that each town within theEmpire paid a fixed percentage of the total tax sum of central direct taxation through a system of repartition so thateach tax increase caused an ever growing pressure on its finances. New taxes collected in Brno and Olomouc after1454 were not proportional to the economic power and population of both cities and gave preferential benefit toOlomouc. At the same time the importance of urban middle classes as tax-farmers started to grow. They increasinglygained influence on the financial and fiscal regime, both through political emancipation as well as by serving asfinancial officials. The Jewish registers document a general lack of money in the 1430s and 1440s which played intohands of the Jewish usurers. Accounting records from the 1480s and 1490s, to the contrary, give evidence of thegrowth of loans, debts and credit enterprise. The restructuring of urban elites, caused by financial crises and socialconflicts, was centered round the wish for a more efficient management of urban financial resources and moreintensive control rights. It was a common feature of towns in the West just as in the East of the Empire. On the otherside, the tax basis in the West was rather created by indirect taxes, while direct taxes prevailed in the East. Tradeactivities played more important role in the West, whereas rich burghers in the East rather invested into land estates.From the research also emerged that the establishment of separate cashes is documented in the West only, themanagement of urban finance in the East remained limited to a single-entry accounting.Keywords: urban public finance, financial crisis, taxation, Jewish capital, late medieval towns, Moravia IntroductionThe study of public finances has received considerable attention during the last decade because of its key role in European state formation by serving as an instrument to extract the capital needed for the realization of political goals from the economic systems that formed the base of all public finances. With Stasavage (2011) * The paper was supported by The Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic—Institutional Support for Long-Term Development of Research Organizations—Charles University, Faculty of Humanities. Roman Zaoral, Ph.D., Faculty of Humanities, Charles University. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Roman Zaoral, Charles University, Faculty of Humanities, UAll Rights Reserved.TAXES, LOANS, CREDIT AND DEBTS IN THE 15TH CENTURY TOWNS OF MORA VIA 282recent publication States of credit, he has made a valuable contribution to the debate on the emergence ofpublic credit as a decisive element in the state formation processes that took place in late medieval and earlymodern Europe. In his work, Stasavage emphasizes the importance of geographic scale of political units and theform of political representation within polities for the access to capital markets and thus the possibility to createfunded public debt in order to finance the consolidation or expansion of their relative position within politicalnetworks and regions. The foundation of this public debt was provided by the fiscal revenues originating fromdirect or indirect taxation.Blockmans (1997) pointed out in this debate the importance of scale and timing with respect to local political representative structures. In the larger Flemish cities such as Ghent or Bruges, the participation ofmiddle classes in town governments and thus control over public finances developed in an earlier stage (the14th century), whereas these developments in less-urbanized regions with smaller urban populations such asHolland and Guelders (and in fact in the whole Holy Roman Empire) did not occur until the 15th century. Inthis way, the hypothesis can be stated tentatively that the position of urban elites influenced the managementof urban finances at large, and urban fiscal systems in particular. The degree to which urban elites were able tomonopolize urban government was also determining the room left for other intermediaries to have a say in thefinancial policies of a town and to function in the management of the fiscal systems that were the basis ofmost urban finances. The socio-political backgrounds and the interplay between the political elites, urbanofficials and tax farmers are thus an important topic for knowledge of the intricate mechanisms, which are atthe crossing point of the economic, social, political, and financial developments in the late-medieval urbansociety.All Rights Reserved.Research QuestionsThe author’s attention is paid to the towns situated in the East of the Holy Roman Empire, namely in the Czech lands, in order to show which similarities and differences can be found between towns in the Westernand Eastern part of the Empire, in which way and to what degree the 15th century economic and financial crisesand social conflicts influenced the management of urban fiscal systems (and the closely-linked system of publicdebt) of two traditional capitals1and at the same time the largest cities in Moravia—Brno and Olomouc, theeconomic potential of which remarkably started to differ, particularly during the second half of the 15th century.In the period between 1420 and 1500, Olomouc as the seat of Moravian bishopric grew from round 5,000 tomore than 6,000 inhabitants at the turn of the 16th century, whereas Brno as the former seat of MoravianMargraves decreased from round 8,000 to less than 6,000 inhabitants during the same time (Šmahel, 1995, p.360; Macek, 1998, p. 27).Research MethodsIt is the purpose of this paper to quantify data obtained from the analysis of municipal books, charters and Jewish registers relating to urban public finance in the late medieval cities of Moravia (Czech Republic),particularly in Olomouc and Brno, and to compare so the financial situation of towns situated in the Easternpart of the Holy Roman Empire with those in the West. The concept of the 15th century financial crisis isreconsidered.1The Moravian Diet, starting in the 13th century, the Moravian Land Tables and the Moravian Land Court were all seated in bothTAXES, LOANS, CREDIT AND DEBTS IN THE 15TH CENTURY TOWNS OF MORA VIA 283 The political and economic difficulties which troubled the Margraviate of Moravia during the 15th century (the Hussite wars in the 1420s and 1430s and the Bohemian-Hungarian wars in the 1460s and 1470s) did notonly influence the fiscal system itself, mainly by creation of new taxes and by increase of the tax burden tocover the growing urban public debt. The financial crises, bankruptcies, and financial reforms also had animpact on the official involvement of the burghers and guilds in the management of the urban fiscal systems,following their relatively late political emancipation in the 15th century (Marek, 1965). Until that time, thelocal elites had been formed from the closed merchant oligarchy, which monopolized the town government,defended its own particularistic interests through privileged autonomy and controlled the urban finances.In the 15th century, the importance of urban middle classes as tax-farmers started to grow, they increasingly gained influence on the financial and fiscal regime, both through political emancipation as well asby serving as financial officials. They also demanded more insight in the financial management, both ofindirect taxation and the management of urban debt. They were given a central role in the financial reformsnecessary to face the growing tension between economic stagnation and the financial demands. In this way, theimpact of these socio-political changes on the management of the urban fiscal systems can be displayed.The concept of a financial crisis has recently been addressed by what is now known as the “New fiscal history”. The emergence of public finance, fiscal systems, and the creation of public debt are at the heart ofthese discussions: In this sense, a financial crisis occurs when expenditure structurally outweighs the normalrevenues from taxation and the ability to borrow money in order to meet current financial obligations (Bonney,1995, pp. 5-8). The 15th century is generally seen as a period of structural political and economic crisis notonly in the West of the Empire, in the Low Countries (Van Uytven, 1975), but also in the East, in the Czech All Rights Reserved.lands (Šmahel, 1995, pp. 208-220). This crisis also had consequences for urban public finance and itsmanagement. Each town within the Empire had to pay a fixed percentage of the total tax sum of central directtaxation through a system of repartition and so the increased tax burden had forced several towns to sellannuities on an unprecedented scale, because these sums were paid directly through the urban finances(Blockmans, 1999, pp. 287, 297-304). Thus, central direct taxation indirectly tapped into the financial resourcesof the towns, which in turn led to an ever growing pressure on the urban finances causing an increase of urbanindirect taxation to cover the funded debt caused by these annuity sales.AnalysisUrban Public Finance During the 15th Century Financial CrisisOlomouc as leading royal city in Moravia, which exceeded Brno in population size at the end of the 15th century, represented a craft town producing for export on one side and a consume town on the other side(Marek, 1965, p. 125). The urban population grew particularly in the 1450s and 1460s due to new incomersfrom Silesia and North Moravia. Among them, there were craftsmen from 85 percent, mostly cloth weavers, butalso representatives of other textile, food, shoe, leather, and wood processing crafts, ranking into sociallyweaker groups, while the number of merchants was much smaller (Mezník, 1958, pp. 350-353). From theviewpoint of the economic structure, Olomouc was close to Breslau in Silesia.In the 1420s, catholic Olomouc spent a lot of money for its defense against attacks of the Hussite troops, for the building wooden fortifications and for its own mercenary troops. During fights, its burghers had todispatch city troops and to get armor for the king, all beyond the usual yearly tax. So for example, in 1424interests from the war debts of the city exceeded an amount of 200 marks which substantially strangled itsTAXES, LOANS, CREDIT AND DEBTS IN THE 15TH CENTURY TOWNS OF MORA VIA 284trading activities (Nešpor, 1998, p. 79). In connection with the blockade of Olomouc in the second half of the1420s, the long-distance trade was put at risk. The city council covered financial expenses by the sale of realestate, of yearly pays of altar servers and by loans from the Jews as well as from own burghers. The Jewishloans were, however, burdened with a high interest and the council used them only once for the war with theHussites.2Loans from own burghers for the so-called fair credit up to 10 percent were more advantageous.The Role of Jewish CapitalYet the Jewish capital represented an important reservoir of financial means for many inhabitants. The surviving Olomouc Jewish register dated back to 1413-1428, which makes it possible to look into the practiceof lending money, gives evidence on the Jewish loans of craftsmen, merchants, and shopkeepers (Kux, 1905).3However, many other hidden loans, which had been going on with the active participation of Christianinhabitants, did not get into the register at all. The credit had three forms: loans in cash, pledge loans, or tradetransactions with goods. As it was necessary to sell unpaid pawns, the usurer became a shopkeeper and hissmall shop was a junk shop at the same time.The Jews usually required one groschen a week as the interest from each shock or mark of silver which they justified by high taxes and other charges. The average yearly credit taxation reached 86 percent from oneshock (= 60 Prague groschen), respectively 81 percent from one mark(= 64 Prague groschen, a half of pound).The debtor paid so 112 groschen per year from one shock and 116 groschen from one mark (Kux, 1905, pp.24-25). At lower installments, the interest could farther go up and when installments have not been paid at allthe debt grew in geometric progression.All Rights Reserved.Unless the debtor was not able to refund an amount, which he had loaned, the creditor could exact some goods in the loan value, such as expensive cloth, furs, gold jewels, silver dishes, horses, or cattle. Carpets,armor, wine barrels, or real estate are documented among pledges as well. A number of the Olomouc Jews,having been engaged in trade with money, ranged between 12 in 1413 and 20 in 1420. Some of them granted10, the others 100 and more loans. Forty percent of all deposits were entered by Solomon, the richest Jewishcreditor in Olomouc. The most frequently lent amounts ranged between one and six pounds, the lowest loanmade 10 groschen, the largest 100 marks, which was a value of two or even three houses located in the centerof Olomouc(Veselý & Zaoral, 2008, pp. 40-41).A general lack of money among inhabitants, particularly in the post-Hussite period in the 1430s and 1440s,played into hands of the Jewish usurers. A high number of small debts in range between one and 10 shocks(mostly three-five shocks) and a small number of big debts were typical for that period. The fact that amountsof the two thirds of debtors represented only 13 percent of all debts gave evidence on the general becomingpoor of population. On the other side, the only entry of the sum of 600 Hungarian florins, which Johann vonAachen owed to Johann Weigle, represented 42 percent of all declared owed money in the 1440s (Zaoral, 2009,p. 111). In the 1450s, a number of the highest (above 100 shock of silver) and of the lowest debts (under oneshock of silver) increased, which was the evidence on a slight economic recovery and on the graduallyincreasing social differentiation of the Olomouc inhabitants. Superiority in single-entry accounting, onedebtor-one creditor relations, attests, however, insufficiently developed finance in the milieu of guild craftsmenand shopkeepers. The Jewish credit represented, to the contrary, a source of more flexible forms of enterprise.2Olomouc District State Archive, Olomouc City Archive, books, sign. 164, fol. 235r.TAXES, LOANS, CREDIT AND DEBTS IN THE 15TH CENTURY TOWNS OF MORA VIA 285 Despite a danger of large indebtedness, some wealthy people were lending money from the Jews for more times. The owner of the magistrate mansion Wenceslas Greliczer is entered into the Jewish register even 26times. He made loans from more usurers at the same time, going once in cash, going twice he bought horses oncredit and at another time he pledged silk bedding or pearl bracelet of his wife. The Greliczer family, whichplayed a leading role in the city for some 10 years, had at the end to sell all its property and after 1430 itdisappeared out of stage (Kux, 1905, p. 27). The presence of a number of other prominent councilors in theJewish register was a symptom of their later financial bankruptcy, which strengthened anti-Jewish mood in thecity.A lack of money among burghers occurred again in the 1440s as it was evident from the Olomoucmemorial book dated back to 1430-1492 (Spáčilová & Spáčil, 2004). Particularly the year 1442 was critical formany inhabitants as it was evident from the number of loans. In response to rapidly worsening financialsituation, the council decided in 1446 to grant loans in an amount of 10 pounds of silver for damage reduction(Zaoral, 2009, p. 112). Some years later, in 1454, Ladislaus Posthumus, King of Bohemia (1453-1457),expelled the Jews from Moravian royal towns.Urban TaxesThe annual tax in an amount of 600 marks of groschen, collected in Brno and Olomouc, was slightly changing during the 15th century. In 1437 the margrave Albrecht II of Austria (1437-1439) cut Olomouc urbantaxes as a reward for help in fight against the Hussites. After 1454 the annual tax in Olomouc decreased from600 to 587 marks and 40 groschen and this amount remained unchanged until 1526. On the contrary, the tax in All Rights Reserved.Brno increased from 600 to 656 pounds 16 groschen as a recompense for the expelled Jews. Such a tax burdenwas not proportional to the economic power and population of both cities and gave preferential benefit toOlomouc (Dřímal, 1962, pp. 86-87, 116; Zaoral, 2009, pp. 107-109). The different economic potential ofOlomouc and Brno could be also seen from a number of yearly markets which increased in Olomouc from twoup to three and decreased in Brno from four to two (Šebánek, 1928, p. 51; Čermák, 2002, pp. 25-27).Despite the fact that the city had to pay war debts to private creditors with difficulty and for a long time, the standard of living of the urban population in Olomouc was gradually increasing during the 15th century.The municipal tax-payers growth was so big in the second half of the 15th century that collected moneyexceeded the municipal tax amount more than three times (Dřímal, 1962, pp. 122-123). To the contrary, anumber of taxpayers in Brno was decreasing during the whole 15th century and still in 1509 their number wasunder the level of the year 1432. At the same time a number of members of the middle strata, poor craftsmenand sole traders even decreased on one half of the state in 1365 (Dřímal, 1964, pp. 277-280).The administration of urban finances was characterized by a disorganized evidence of assets and liabilities.The municipal collection (the so-called losunga), collected from all town inhabitants with a sufficient propertybase, represented a relevant quota of municipal incomes. The “losunga” amount, paid from a concrete house,was determined by three criteria: a built-up surface, a house location, and an existence of the certain rightconnected with the house. This amount was intentionally undervalued; it did not reflect price fluctuations ofreal estates and remained more or less the same. Craft plying, beer and wine sale, lucrative cloth trade, andannuities were a subject of taxation as well. But only a part of collected money flew to the royal treasury, whichwas often used as pledges for aristocrats. In 1514, pledges in Olomouc were even higher than an amount of themunicipal tax (Dřímal, 1962, p. 93).TAXES, LOANS, CREDIT AND DEBTS IN THE 15TH CENTURY TOWNS OF MORA VIA 286The increasing purchases of houses on the basis of the Law of Emphytheusis4represented another serious problem. Some noblemen ignored compulsory payments from these properties. It caused conflicts withburghers, but the pressure put by the urban representation was only partly successful.In the 1490s, the citycouncil expressed concern about the fact that it supported high nobility and clergy from its own money andjoined insurgent burghers. In the early 16th century, the city found a solution how to get rid of unwelcomecreditors. In 1508, it offered the Bohemian king Vladislaus II (1471-1516) to pay off pledged revenues. Thecity used them to its own benefit for 20 years (Dřímal, 1962, pp. 89-94).Under these circumstances, taxes and administrative fees, which the town succeeded to buy back from the ruler, gained importance all the more. Provincial castle tolls, customs duties (ungelt), and bridge tolls belongedto the most important. The incomes from the town overhead business and from various financial operationsincreased. The town council bought up villages and yards in the immediate walls surroundings. However, thereal value of charges from the town villages was gradually decreasing because charges did not reflect adecrease of the payment power of money in circulation. Thanks to completion of the large farm system in thetown ownership at the end of the 15th century, Olomouc was offered a considerable space for series ofactivities. The incomes from brewing and fish farming were not negligible as well. But the main share ofmunicipal incomes was represented by money paid from the town property and toll (Kux, 1918, pp. 12-13).Despite a varied scale of incomes, the town was never endowed with large sums in cash. Practically all gained money was immediately given out. Particularly taxes as a relevant phenomenon of municipal economicswere draining big amounts of money from the city budget.Superiority of weight unites (marks) over numeric units (shocks of groschen) in all types of written All Rights Reserved.sources gave evidence on a general lack of quality coins. In the 1450s, when the financial crisis culminated, theking Ladislaus gave the burghers of Olomouc permission to repay loans in the petty coins and thereby made awidely used practice legal.5At the same time, gold coins, which replaced counting in marks, have started topenetrate into everyday life since the 1440s. The Olomouc burghers repaid two thirds of their loans in silverand one third in gold. The creditors accepted as a general rule groschen coins from the craftsmen andHungarian florins from the merchants. Payments in goldguldens occurred rarely in the sources. The increaseddemand for gold coins reflected a contradiction between a long-term lack of gross silver coins in circulationand a necessity of the financial covering of trade transactions with real estates and credit (Zaoral, 2009, pp.118-119).The oldest surviving tax register in Olomouc came from 1527. According to it, about two thirds of taxpayers paid less than eight groschen, middle class (about 25 per cent) paid 10 to 26 groschen from the taxbase of 1.5 to four marks and eight percent of wealthy people paid 32 to 102 groschen from the tax base of fiveto 16 marks. These 89 richest burghers owned more than 40 percent of all taxed property. The tax was paid by1,096 persons. Among that, there were about 25 percent of cottars, who did not own any immovable property.Even when it takes into account that most payers also paid the craft tax in an amount of six groschen, a totalaverage levy did not exceed 20 groschen per head (Szabó, 1983, p. 57). Thus the tax burden itself was not highin the case of at least minimal incomes. It ranged on the level of some percent of yearly income. Much bigger4The Law of Emphyteusis is a feudal form of a hereditary land lease. It is a right, susceptible of assignment and of descent,charged on productive real estate, the right being coupled with the enjoyment of the property on condition of taking care of theestate and paying taxes, and sometimes the payment of a small rent.TAXES, LOANS, CREDIT AND DEBTS IN THE 15TH CENTURY TOWNS OF MORA VIA 287 damage was caused to city population and to the royal treasury by reduction of the groschen value and by riseof prices. Unlike Brno, in the long-term low share of persons, having been unable to pay a municipal tax, andan increasing share of poor journeymen and cottars in the urban population are apparently other valuableindicators of growing prosperity in Olomouc (Veselý & Zaoral, 2008, pp. 48-51).Urban Public Finance at the Turn of the 16th CenturyLoans and debts started to increase after the overcoming of financial crisis and the losses reduction from the Bohemian-Hungarian war. The total volume of money in circulation increased particularly in the 1480s and1490s, when debt amounts usually reached even some hundreds of florins.6Since the second half of the 15thcentury, the credit enterprise has been closely connected with trade. Bills of debt and entries into shopkeeper’sregisters became the most common record form of loans. Objections to Christian usurers, which lent moneyinstead of the Jews, were frequent. A number of wealthy burghers sold pays with interest, lent money on credit,or practised open usury. Some amounts were quite high, when, for example, the town Mohelnice borrowed 300marks of silver on 10 percent interest from Nicolas Erlhaupt, burgher of Olomouc.7The city council ofOlomouc also conducted financial business. In 1509, for example, it bought from Wolfgang of Liechtenstein(1475-1525), the owner of Mikulov (Nikolsburg), annuities from the South Bohemian town Pelhřimov(Pilgrams) and became a tax collector there (Zemek & Turek, 1983, p. 507).Tradesmen who could not invest money to trade started to speculate with land estates, for example, the Salzer family held a hereditary magistrate mansion and two villages. Speculations with land estates weretypical also for the city council. While in the early 15th century Olomouc owned six villages, at the end of the All Rights Reserved.same century the extent of the city landed property increased twofold to 12 villages and this upward trendcontinued also in the 16th century (Papajík, 2003, p. 51). A lot of money was spent for various buildingactivities (reconstruction of the municipal hall, new buildings of monasteries, churches and chapels) as well asfor hospitals and other forms of social care (Kuča, 2000, pp. 650-652).Corruption, monopolization of the brewing and other rights as well as bias in favor of guilds were the causes of disputes between elites and other segments of the urban population. It led to open revolts of thecommunity against shopkeepers in 1514 and once again in 1527. A letter of complaint, sent to the king in1514, referred to economic privileges of shopkeepers, free market right, beer prices, and mile right(Dřímal, 1963, pp. 133-142). A strong core of the old type patricians in Olomouc caused the craftsmengained control over urban finances only in the mid-16th century, while in Brno they occurred in the citycouncil already in the 15th century (Kux, 1942, pp. 190-197; Mezník, 1962, pp. 291, 302-306; Szabó, 1984,pp. 68-73).ConclusionsFinancial crises and social conflicts directed the aim of restructuring power of the old ruling elites, and finally were centered round the wish for a more efficient management of urban financial resources and moreintensive control rights for those urban social groups that provided the capital for the realization and protectionof “common” urban interests. It was a common feature for the cities in the West just as in the East of the6Disputes over repayments of debts, debated before the councillors of Breslau, can serve as an example. In 1485-1496 an amountof bills of debt of Olomouc burghers ranged between 30 and 700 florins. See Olomouc District State Archive, Olomouc CityArchive, books, sign. 6671, fol. 2r-18v.。

国际会议级别

Asian Control Conference (ASCC)
European Association for Signal Processing 18.
(EURASIP)
European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO)
19. European Graphics Society
The Optoelectronics and Communications Conference (OECC)光電與通訊工程國際研討會
International Symposlum on Growth of
19. Association for "Optoelectronics Frontier by Nitride Ⅲ-Nitrides(ISGN)三族氮基半導體生長國際研討
23. European Union Control Association (EUCA)
European Control Conference (ECC)
Innovative Computing, Information and Control 24.
(ICIC)
International Symposium on Intelligent Informatics (ISII)
6. Society (WSEAS)
八)
Administered by UCMSS Universal Conference The International Conference on e-Learning,
7. Management Systems & Support/The University of e-Business, Enterprise Information Systems, and

john-donne-英国诗人约翰邓恩(英文版)PPT(全)全文

The Metaphysical School
• The diction is simple, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.
• The imagery is drawn from the actual life.
• The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet’s beloved, with god, or with himself.
subtle and often outrageous logic.
• It is usually organized in the dramatic or rhetorical form of an urgent or heated argument (first drawing in the reader and then launching the argument).
Donne's first literary work, satires was written during this period . This was followed by Songs and Sonnets.
Then in 1617 Anne Donne died in giving birth to the couple's 12th child. Her death affected Donne greatly, though he continued to write, notably Holy Sonnets (1618).
Mighty and dreadful, for, thou art not soe,...

综合英语教程第五册课后答案课件Unit-09 Kids and Computers

digitaldanger新世纪高等院校英语专业本科系列教材修订版综合教程第五册第2版电子教案上海外语教育出版社南京信息工程大学刘杰海综合教程5第2版电子教案contentspagecontentslearningobjectivesprereadingactivitiesglobalreadingdetailedreadingconsolidationactivitiesfurtherenhancement综合教程5第2版电子教案learningobjectiveslearningobjectivesrhetoricalskill
综合教程5(第2版)电子教案
Detailed Reading
KIDS AND COMPUTERS: DIGITAL DANGER Alison Sperry
1. There's a familiar saying, "Play is children's work." Through play, people who study child development tell us, children develop the skills and outlooks that determine the adults they will become. Playing house or school, for example, helps them "try on" the roles of Mom or Dad or teacher. Athletic activities help kids develop coordination, learn to work as part of a group, and gain confidence and a sense of fair play. Even solitary activities like reading connect children with the wider world, encouraging a sense of empathy with the greater human family.

Lesson 4 Edgar Allen Poe 美国文学

II. Life and Career
• Poe 生在一个演员家庭，当Poe很小的时候他的父母就过世了，由弗吉尼亚的商人 John Allan 收养。Poe 17岁进入弗吉尼亚大学学习。他在西点军校任职期间开始写诗歌，神话，做过杂志的编辑如《南方文学信使》，《格雷厄姆杂志》等。
• At 27 he married his 13-year-old cousin Virginia who died very young in 1847. Poe 27岁时和他13岁的表妹结婚，他的表妹太太很年轻就离开了人世，1847.
死去也是一个最诗意的主题。
• C. Purity: Poe is opposed to the heresy of the didactic and called for pure poetry. What he seems to be saying is that art lies not so much in what is being said as in the way it says it. • 纯正：Poe被认为是主流诗歌之外的一个异类，他认为艺术并不在于它被说成该是艺术的样子。 • Besides, he stresses rhythm, defines true poetry as ―the rhythmical creation of beauty‖ and declares that ―music is the perfection of the soul, or ideas, of poetry.‖ Poe 强调诗歌的韵律，他认为诗歌是音律创造的美，并称音乐使得灵魂，思想，诗歌更完美。 • He cited his own poem ―The Raven‖ of 108 lines to show his aesthetics : a sense of melancholy over the death of a beloved beautiful young woman pervades the whole poem. • 他以自己的108行诗《乌鸦》为例子，该诗歌整个气氛就是哀伤– 作者喜欢的美丽姑娘死去，这一悲伤充满了整首诗歌。

高效液相色谱法测定烧烤食品中苯并芘含量

高效液相色谱法测定烧烤食品中苯并芘含量李秋雨（贵州检测技术研究应用中心，贵州贵阳 550014）摘　要：苯并芘是一种致癌物质，易在烧烤食品中出现。

本文利用高效液相色谱法检测烧烤食品中的苯并芘含量，以正己烷为提取溶剂，提取15 min，选择流动相为乙腈+水=80+20，使用高效液相色谱仪检测。

苯并芘的检出限为0.2 μg·kg-1，定量限为0.5 μg·kg-1。

本方法操作简单，回收率高，检测经济成本低，适合用于烧烤食品中苯并芘的测定。

关键词：苯并芘；烧烤食品；回收率；固相萃取柱；高效液相色谱仪Determination of Benzopyrene Content in Barbecue Food by High Performance Liquid ChromatographyLI Qiuyu(Guizhou Testing Technology Research and Application Center, Guiyang 550014, China) Abstract: Benzopyrene is a carcinogen that is easily found in barbecue food. In this paper, the benzopyrene content in barbecue food was detected by HPLC. N-hexane was used as extraction solvent for 15 min. The mobile phase was acetonitrile + water = 80 + 20. The detection limit and quantitation limit of benzopyrene were 0.2 μg·kg-1 and 0.5 μg·kg-1, respectively. This method has the advantages of simple operation, high recovery and low cost, and is suitable for the determination of benzopyrene in barbecue food.Keywords: benzopyrene; barbecue food; recovery; solid phase extraction column; high performance liquid chromatography年轻人越来越喜欢烧烤食品，烧烤味道浓郁、种类繁多、物美价廉。

《芒果街上的小屋》中的女性形象

《芒果街上的小屋》中的女性形象乐山师范学院学士学位论文On the Female Images in The House on Mango Street 浅析《芒果街上的小屋》中的女性形象作者胡丽完成日期2013年 4月 27日指导教师车欢欢职称讲师院别外国语学院专业英语班级 2009级 1 班学号 09280115 二○一三年四月二十七日AcknowledgmentsI gratefully acknowledge the following people who have helped me in various ways in this graduation paper.Firstly, I want to show my sincere appreciation to my supervisor Miss Che, she spent a lot of time and shows her great concern to my paper. Miss Che inspired me to create new idea, perfected my writing style and corrects my errors in my creation with her profound knowledge.Secondly, I’d like to express my thanks to all teachers who have taught me during my studies for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in Leshan Teachers College, for their instructive and insightful lectures and their general supports in writing the present paper.Thirdly, I want to show my gratitude to my parents and classmates, they encouraged me a lot in this graduation paper. Without them, I can not finish it successfully. So thanks again.AbstractThe House on Mango Street is a novel by Mexican-American female writer Sandra Cisneros. From the perspective of the heroine Esperanza, the book records the growth of her in the form of monologue. It also reflexes the suffering of the heroine and the females on mango street from sexism, racialism and patriarchy. By analyzing the typical female images, this paper aims to express the feminism the author intends to convey, to introspect the traditional value of Mexican females and to advocate females’ real independence. This paper comprises three parts. The first consists of two points. The first one is a brief introduction to feminism theory, and the second one on research background, brief analysis of current research achievements concerning this book. The second part is introduction, comparison, and analysis of the typical female characters in this book, for example, heroine’s mother and aunt, who are the La Virgen de Guadulupe type representing traditional female image in Mexican culture, and La Malinche type like Marlyn and Sally. The third part mainly analyzes life experience of Esperanza, then highlights new women images and due value, outlook on life for new women through her several awakenings.Key words: The House on Mango Street; Ethnic women; female image; value摘要《芒果街上的小屋》是美国墨西哥裔女性作家桑德拉•希斯内罗丝的成名作，书中通过主人公小女孩埃斯佩朗莎•科尔德罗的视角，用日记样的独白记录下了她自身的成长。

17John-Steinbeck-(1902-1968)

Influence
Prior to the speech, R. Sandler, Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences, commented, «Mr. John Steinbeck - In your writings, crowned with popular success in many countries, you have been a bold observer of human behaviour in both tragic and comic situations. This you have described to the reading public of the entire world with vigour and realism. Your Travels with Charley is not only a search for but also a revelation of America, as you yourself say: ‹This monster of a land, this mightiest of nations, this spawn of the future turns out to be the macrocosm of microcosm me.› Thanks to your instinct for what is genuinely American you stand out as a true representative of American life.»
Nobel Acceptance Spextbooks.
The Grapes of Wrath
---- John Steinbeck

韩国电视剧《垂涎之岛》中哈姆雷特的故事和“泊珍”的声音

The Story of Hamlet and the Voice of"Bujin"in Korean Drama Tamra,the Island韩国电视剧《垂涎之岛》中哈姆雷特的故事和“泊珍”的声音申惠媛【摘要】莎士比亚笔下的哈姆雷特，在其父亲——仁慈而受人爱戴的丹麦国王——突然去世之后，极度渴望找出背后隐藏的真相。

他制定了审慎的计划，以验证刚刚亡故父亲的鬼魂所讲述的离奇故事。

《垂涎之岛》中威廉•J.斯宾塞(William J.Spencer)横跨海洋到达了地球另一侧，他在朝鲜王朝仁祖(1623—1649)的宫廷中将莎士比亚著名的《哈姆雷特》(1602)的故事作为宫廷娱乐活动进行展示。

然而威廉的哈姆雷特戏剧表演却“大大冒犯”了国王及其朝臣，国王决定处罚无辜的威廉。

剧中有一位朝鲜女性主角，她并不像奥菲莉娅那样被塑造成消极的角色。

这位朝鲜女主角拒绝接受早期现代朝鲜社会所赋予的性别角色以及不公平的阶级系统。

《垂涎之岛》这部现代浪漫喜剧将背景设置在17世纪的朝鲜王朝仁祖统治时期(1623-1649),是2009年韩国最受欢迎的电视剧之一。

它探究了诸如政治阴谋和较量、性别和阶级不平等、排外和欧洲殖民者在远东的扩张等主题。

在本文中，笔者将探讨《垂涎之岛》这部韩国流行电视剧把韩国和莎士比亚之间的戏剧化相互联系的方式。

【关键词】莎士比亚；《哈姆雷特》；韩国；《垂涎之岛》【Abstract]Shakespeare's Hamlet,desperate to find out the truth behind the sudden and unexpected death of his father,the benevolent and loving king of Denmark,makes adeliberate plan to put to test the troubling story of the apparition of his recentlydeceased father.Across the ocean—the other side of the world—William J.Spencer,in Tamra,the Island,tells the story of Shakespeare's famous Hamlet(1602—)as a courtly entertainment at the court of King Injo(1623—1649)in Korea.However,William's theatrical rendition of Hamlet"has much offended^^the King and his courtand leads to the King's determination to get rid of the innocent William.There is aKorean female protagonist in Tamra,the Island.Unlike Ophelia who is oftenrepresented as passive,the Korean female protagonist(nick-named"Virgin")refuses toaccept gender role and unfair class system given by early modem Korean society.Tamra,the Island—the modern romantic comedy historically set in the seventeenthcentury Korea during the reign of King Injo(1623—1649),the Sixteenth King of theJoseon Dynasty—is one of the most popular2009Korean television series.It・101・explores several themes,such as political intrigue and rivalry,gender and classinequality,xenophobia and the European colonial expansion in the Far East.In thisessay,I will examine the ways in which the popular Korean TV series titled Tamra,theIsland dramatizes interconnections between Korea and Shakespeare.[Key Words】Shakespeare;Hamlet;Korea;Tamra,the IslandHamlet.For murder,though it has no tongue,will speakWith most miraculous organ.I'll have these playersPlay something like the murder of my fatherBefore mine uncle,ril observe his looks,Ell tent him to the quick:If he but blench,I know my course.The play's the thingWherein I'll catch the conscience of the king.(Shakespeare's Hamlet2.2.605-610) William.I will tell the story of Hamlet to entertain the king.(Tamra)Ophelia.I do not know,my lord,what I should think.(Hamlet1.3.104)Bujin.I do know what I want...I want to find what I want and who I am,not what you want me to be or what society expects me to be.I want to live a life to be true to myself.(Tamra)Shakespeare^protagonist Hamlet,desperate to find out the truth behind the sudden and unexpected death of his father—the benevolent and loving king of Denmark一makes a deliberate plan to put to test the troubling story of the apparition of his recently deceased father. The Ghost urges Hamlet to avenge the tragic murder committed by Claudius,his own brother and Hamlet's uncle,who unlawfully usurped the throne and married the widowed queen Gertrude. Determined to verify the Ghost's story,Hamlet decides to use"the play within a play"(titled The Murder of Gonzago)to"catch the conscience of the king".It turns out his play reveals what he might have been running away from,and he gets the grim truth out of the secret darkness.On the other side of the world,William J.Spencer,in Tamra,the Island,tells a story similar to Shakespeare's Hamlet(1602—)as entertainment for the court of King Injo(1623—1649)in Korea. Like Hamlet,William's theatrical rendition of Hamlet"much offended''the King and his court, which leads to the King's determination to get rid of the in n ocent William.There is a Korean female protagonist in Tamra.Unlike Ophelia in Hamlet who appears to be a symbolic representation of the idealized female passivity as women's virtue in early modern England—at least until act four when she becomes deranged and eventually expresses her own pain and loss一1the Korean female protagonist(nicknamed"Bujin")in Tamra refuses to accept①Goodland,Katharine.u The Gendered Poetics of Tragedy in Shakespeare's Hamlet.M In Female Mourning in Medieval andRenaissance English Drama:From the Raising ofLazarus to King Lear(Aidershot,U.K.:Ashgate,2005),171-99.•102・the strict gender role and unfair class system prescribed by early modern Korean society.Tamra,the Island—the modern romantic comedy historically set in the seventeenth century Korea during the reign of King Injo(1623—1649),the sixteenth King of the Joseon Bynasty—is one of the most popular2009South Korean television series.It explores several themes,such as political intrigue and rivalry,gender and class inequality,xenophobia,and European aspiration for colonial expansion in the Far East.Tamra creates a riveting world replete with rivalry,greed,and betrayal,but eventually shows an idealized comic world filled w让h hope,forgiveness,and faith in the goodness of mankind.More like Shakespearean romantic comedies such as Twelfth Night and late romances such as Alls Well That Ends Well,the Korean romantic comedy ends with hope, reconciliation,and an unlikely marriage between the low-born poor Bujin and the high-born aristocrat Park Gyu,just like the poor Helena who manages to marry the wealthy smug aristocrat Bertram in All s Well.It has been a cliche to say that“Shakespeare belongs to the world^^in the age of globalization (31).1For example,recent Asian adaptations of Shakespearean theatrical works have enjoyed a great deal of artistic and commercial success.2Plenty of research on global Shakespeare has been devoted to the political meanings of staging Shakespeare's plays on foreign soil.For example, Andre Lefevere argues for the legitimacy and necessity of the political use of literature as a way of effective struggle against Western ideology.1Harold Bloom creates the idea of literary universalism,applies the theory of universalism to Shakespeare,and explains the very reason for Shakespeare's uncanny longevity.1In a counter movement,scholars,such as Huang,departed from politicized,institutionalized Shakespeare to more personalized adaptations of Shakespeare, claiming the significance of"'individual engagements or re-framings of Shakespeare's plays that reaffirm local reading positions^^(33).5Martin Orkin also brings our attention to a more personal and localized understanding of Shakespeare in his book titled Local Shakespeares.61Hamlet and WilliamFor a long time,it appeared that Shakespeare remained unknown in the Korean Peninsula but in1906"the name of Shakespeare appeared for the first time"in a magazine titled Joyangbo,where the famous Bard's name was not written as Shakespeare,but as"Saygusbeea"—an indication of the heavy influence of Japanese colonization(Kim38).Given the fact that Shakespeare appears to①Alexa Huang"Shakespeare,Performance,and Autobiographical Interventions^^in the Shakespeare Bulletin:A Journal ofPerformance Criticism and Scholarship24.2(Summer2006):31-47.②Ibid.31-33.③Lefevere,Andre.“Why Waste Our Time on Rewrites?The Trouble with Intrepretation and the Role of Rewriting in anAlternative Paradigm,''The Manipulation of L iterature:Studies in L i terary'Translation Ed.T.Hermans.London:Croom Helm, 1983.④Bloom,Harold.Shakespeare:the Invention of t he Human.New York:Riverhead,199&⑤Alexa Huang“Shakespeare,Performance,and Autobiographical Interventions”in the Shakespeare Bulletin:A Journal ofPerformance Criticism and Scholarship24.2(Summer2006):31-47.⑥Orkin,Martin.Local Shakespeares:Proximations and Power.London:Routledge,2005.⑦"Shakespeare in a Korean Cultural Context''by Jong-hwan Kim in Asian Theatre Journal,Vol12,no1Spring1995,pp37-49.•103・have been unknown to the general public until the early twentieth century,it is quite intriguing to see Tamra's dramatic representation of perhaps the first possible encounter—at least at the court一between King Injo along with his high officials and Shakespeare's Hamlet during the seventeenth century.Koreans might not have known Shakespeare before1906,but they did know about Western world and its unique culture as early as the middle of the sixteenth century(Seth217).1For example,around1627,a group of Dutch sailors were captured and ended up living in Korea for about a decade.Hendrick Hamel(1630一1692)was the first Westerner to write his first-hand experience of living in Korea during the Joseon Dynasty era.Hamel wrote a diary based on his life experiences,which are known as“the earliest report in a western language on the land,people and customs of Korea"(Underwood ix).②His book,titled Hamel's Journal and a Description of the Kingdom of Korea,1653was eventually published after his returning to his homeland,the Netherlands.Hamel describes in his journal of"what happened to the surviving officers and sailors of the ship Sperwer(Sparrow Hawk)from the time this ship was lost on August16,1653on the island Quelpaert(belonging to the King of Korea)until14September1666,when eight of the crew escaped to Nagasaki in Japan,and what happened in the Kingdom of Korea"(1).③Tamra's dramatic portrayal of its fictional character,William,and his unexpected arrival at Tamra(now called"Jeju Island^^)has many surprising similarities with Hamel's historical account of his equally unexpected visit to Jeju Island,and his forced stay in Korea during the period from 1653to1666.Both Hamel and William found themselves shipwrecked ashore on Jeju Island off the southern coast of Korea and captured by its inhabitants.After that,they both were sent away to the King to be investigated about the purpose of their visits,since the Joseon Dynasty operated under a strict foreign policy that prohibited any trade with Westerners,earning it the nickname“the hermit kingdom."Eventually both Hamel and William managed to escape to Japan after years of several escape attempts in vain.In Tamra,William is portrayed as a young British aristocrat living in the1640s with a fascination for East Asian arts and culture.Initially he left for Japan;however,on his way to Japan, he suffered a shipwreck off the coast of Jeju island,captured and sent to the court of King Injo for interrogation.At the court,the captured,desperate William uses a pivotal scene from Shakespeare's Hamlet一"the play within a play"—to please the King and his court so that he could survive in captivity.His theatrical attempt to please the King reflects his growing desperation to leave Korea and continue his interrupted journey to Nagasaki,Japan,his original destination,to"pave the road①Read Michael J.Seth's A concise History of Korea'.From the Neolithic Period to the Nineteenth Century(Lanham,USA:Roman and Littlefield,2006).Seth argues that the first known Westerner to visit Korea was Gregorio de Cespedes,a Jesuit priest that accompanied the Japanese during the Japaneseinvasions in1597.The Koreans'first personal interactions with Westerners would not actually occur in Korea,but in China and Japan since they opened their doors to Westerners first.For Example,one Korean named Antonio Corea was baptized in Japan and eventually made his way to Italy and lived where he met Matteo Ricci,a Jesuit priest that was living in China,met a Korean scholar named Yi Su-kwang.From Ricci,Yi learned about western technology and maps and later published what he learned in his own encyclopedia”).②Read Hamel's Journal And A Description Of The Kingdom Of Korea1653-1666(Royal Asiatic Society,Korea Branch;3rdRevised edition,2011)by Hendrick Hamel(Author)and Jean-Paul Buys(Translator).③Read Hamel's Journal.・104・between East Asia and England"(Tamra).Another reason for his travel to the East was that he wanted to escape his domineering mother and an arranged marriage forced by his family upon him. However,his royal entertainment efforts backfire since the play Hamlet he reenacts resonates with all the terrible things King Injo has done in the past and desperately wants to put behind him.The things he did in the past continue to haunt him and his court,reminding them of his relentless political ambition,his usurpation of King Kwanghae,his own brother,and later his murder for the sake of his new kingdom.However,William unknowingly brings these tragic events to light.The drama moves swiftly from the chaotic political scene of the Joseon Dynasty to a more personal account of the lowly born,uneducated,poor young female heroine Beo-jin(or"Bujin"). The story follows her determined search for"tme"love and her own identity through her personal journey.It is surprising to see the lowly born,poor young woman appears as a central figure in the drama given the fact that a woman was only valued as a caretaker of a family,such as a wife,a daughter,or a mother during the Jose o n Dynasty.1However,her personal journey to find her own identity on her own terms succeeds not in relation to her familiar duties,but through her surprising friendship with the unwelcomed British visitor William—despite a deep seated sense of cultural fears,fear of foreigners or xenophobia—and later her romantic involvement with the well-educated handsome aristocrat Pak Hyun.2BujinThe Korean drama Tamra subverts many of the traditionally held Confucian values represented during the Joseon Dynasty.First,it employs a strong-willed female as its protagonist.Women did not have strong presence in ancient Korean history and literature due to the long held influence of Confucianism,which viewed women as weak and incapable.2The principles of Confucianism, therefore,highlighted the significance of women's submission to men(as men's property)and female chastity.3However,the drama Tamra,based upon the seventeenth century Joseon Dynasty, defies society's prescribed and predetermined strict gender roles by allowing the heroine actively to find her own true identity.It was considered untraditional for early modem Korean society to witness women consciously making choices for themselves;however,she refuses to see herself as "passive,silent,and victimized objects"and bravely takes life-threatening risks to participate in the process of shaping her own destiny.1It would be highly idealistic to have a lowly bom poor young female to overcome the oppressive cultural environment of the Joseon Dynasty.Jahyun Kim Haboush argues in"Versions and Subversions:Patriarchy and Polygamy in Korean Narratives'':①Yung-Chung Kim,Women of K orea'.A History f rom Ancient Times to1945(Seoul:Ewha Womans University Press,1979.②Michael J.Seth,A Concise History of K orea'.From the Neolithic Period throughout the Nineteenth Century(Oxford:Rowman&Littlefield,2006).③Ibid,155.④There are so many similarities between early modem Korea and early modem England in terms of gender inequalities.ReadValerie Wayne's"Some Sad Sentence:Vives'Instruction of a Christian Woman"in Margaret Pattemson Hannay,ed..Silent But for the Word'.Tudor Women as Patrons.Translators,and Writers of Religious Works(Kent:Kent State University Press, 1985)15-29.•105・“The modern view of premodern women as helpless victims devoid of agency who could write only to express their victimhood...Korean thinkers of the early modern era portrayed traditional Korean women as an oppressed lot without autonomy or agency^^(Haboush282).1However,Tamra creates an unlikely heroine who defies the hierarchical class system and gender roles,and who argues that she is as autonomous as her male counterparts and determined to create her own destiny. Tamra's portrayal of Bujin is the anti-embodiment of the idealized womanhood created by the Confucian Korean society of the time period.During the Joseon Dynasty era,most of books and pamphlets that were written,published, widely read,and highly emphasized the significance of moral values and social norms.Elementary Learning was one of the“required"books,compiled by the Chinese philosopher Zhu Xi in1189, and it became a major textbook of the Chinese New・Confucian education for children in Korea. Elementary Learning was brought to Korea probably in the early fourteenth century and it quickly became“compulsory reading for beginners in1407?,(Deuchle145).2The book,Illustrated Guide to the Three Bonds(Samgang Haengsilto),probably written in1432,was brought to the attention of the public in1434by King Sejong,who was determined to teach“the book's basic message to all members of society regardless of social status"(Deuchler146).^Illustrated Guide served as one of the most popular moral guidelines during the Joseon Dynasty.These books,originally written in Chinese,were later translated into Korean in order to provide accessibility toa wider audience, including the less educated,the socially Deprived lower class,and women.It helped inculcate conservative,traditional values of Confucianism to maintain the social and cultural norms.In particular,the Joseon Dynasty of this time period was concerned about women and their"proper" roles in society,defined as limited to the domestic sphere away from the public eye.During the late Joseon Dynasty,more progressive Confucian scholars such as Yi Sangjoung actively advocated for education regardless of gender,social or economic class:"Moral principles are rooted in a person's heart;whether they are fully or poorly developed does not depend on being high or low in status,or male or female.Thus,without instruction of books and practice,or without the guidance of teachers and friends,it is not possible to develop innate nature.5,4However,it was clear that educational opportunities for women were more readily available to the elite women of higher social status, who were born and raised in the scholarly ambience of their parents1households.There were several books on moral guidelines exclusively for women,such as Instruction for Women complied by Queen Consort Sohye,Lady Han,the mother of the King Songjoung in1475. Unlike most of the conservative books,Lady Han argued for the necessity of women's education: "All human beings were born with the spirit of Heaven and Earth,and all are endowed with the virtues of the Five Relationships...there is no difference between jade and stone,yet whether...an orchid or a bitter smelling shrub depends entirely on the method of self-cultivation...The rise or①Jahyun Kim Haboush"Versions and Subversions:Patriarchy and Polygamy in Korean Narratives5'in Women and ConjucianCultures in Premodern China,Korea,and Japan(Berkely and Los Angeles:University of California Press,2003),279-303.②P」45,read Martina Deuchler's"Propagating Female Virtues in Choson Korea”in Women and Confucian Cultures inPremodem China,Korea,and Japan(Berkely and Los Angeles:University of California Press,2003),PP.142-169.③Ibid.,p.146.④Yi Sangjong,"So Im Yolbujon Hu,”Taesan sonsaeng munjip,45:19a-b.•106•fall of the political order,although connected with the husband's character,also depends on the wife's goodness.She therefore must be educated.M1Though she advocated for women's education, her argument was limited in a sense that it would be only valuable if it lies in line with domestic duties,such as those of a wife,mother,and daughte匚Unlike the depressing social milieu of the early modern Joseon Dynasty,the modern Korean drama Tamra creates a surprisingly positive,passionate,and strong-willed female heroine who, despite mounting private and public obstacles,refuses to see herself as a poor,vulnerable, compliant,socially isolated victim and makes enormous efforts to create her new identity.She cries out that she is valuable and she proves that she can be independent.Bujin is from the lower-class background,and her"lowly"social status makes it much more difficult to navigate:"the inequalities imposed on women and their offspring by Confucian ideology, thus,were much more pronounced than in China.The Confucian social system as it emerged in Korea tightened the native criteria of aristocratic status and reached its fullest elaboration in the second half of the dynasty.Despite important economic developments in late Joseon that gave rise to a degree of social diversification,Korean society remained highly stratified and never had the fluidity and mobility of late imperial China^^(Deuchler144).Depressingly harsh social immobility in the Confucian class system coupled with patriarchal propaganda,forced lower class Koreans一in particular,poor women——to conform to those values and find their socially approved and "appropriate"places in society with contentment.In addition,Bujin and her mother,Choi Jang-nyeo,are"Haenye"(or called“Jam・Nyo"in the drama).The women divers called“Jam・Nyo"in Jeju Island were oftentimes frowned upon by Korean society since the sea women or women divers were the main breadwinners in their households and provocatively represented the sort of the matriarchal family structure in the deeply patriarchal Joseon society.Their independent spirit and strong-willed nature must have raised eyebrows of the conservative male-dominated Korean society.However,there was a reason for their independent spirit.Since sea related products were the main sources of their income and basis of their livelihood in Jeju Island,the roles of these female fishers became significant and subsequently challenged the gender dynamic.Therefore,the reversal of gender roles in Jeju island might have collided with JoseorTs rigid binary gender and social hierarchy,which was deeply rooted in Confucian culture in which women were considered to be inferior to men and thus expected to be compliant,obedient, and submissive to every needs of their male counterparts and their in-laws,similar to the way the Yangban(the ruling upper class)were expected to be"masters"to the sangnom(the lower class of the society).The self-sufficient and financially independent female divers might have been perceived as a grave threat to the social norm.Tamra represents the reversed gender-roles through Bujin and her family.Bujin's mother plays the role of a strong matriarch,a respected leader of the“haenyes"in the community.Bujin herself is①Preface,Naehun in Naehun-Yosaso(rpt.Seoul:Asea Numhwasa,1974).・107・encouraged and expected to follow in her mother's footsteps to continue family tradition of “haenye."Due to this expectation,Bujin becomes a frequent target of harsh punishments both verbally and sometimes physically by her mother—not by her father一when she fails to do what has been expected of he匚Her father plays the role of a married woman,responsible for taking care of the household in a passive and silent manne匚During this time period,harsh punishments were often times reserved for male children.However,the mother's desperate desire to have her daughter well-trained shows how much she tt values^^independence.The mother becomes the head of the household,the leader of her coworkers,a respected member of the community,and a strong,affectionate parent to her daughte匚Even though she plays a disciplinarian role to her daughter,the mother is willing to provide full support to her daughter when the unmarried young Bujin,without any necessary resources,plans to run away with William, a captured foreigner,and take an unexpected journey to find her“true love"and self-worth.During this time period,women traveling without the protection of family members was culturally prohibited or strongly discouraged due to the danger of rape,harassment,death,etc.Nevertheless, Bujin takes extra precautions and decides to do a male disguise to protect herself.Women,in general,were supposed to be confined to the areas of the inner home to prevent contact with the outside world.When Bujin leaves behind her family,she expresses her deep desire to leave her small hometown:an isolated,poor,and vulnerable island that she believes cannot provide any valuable opportunities for he匸I do not want to live a poor,tough,wild life like you,mom.Pm just so sick and tired ofthis way of life as haenye in the island.I want more...I want to have a taste of a bigger and better life for me.I want to find what I want and who I am,not what you want me to be or what society expects me to be.I want to live a life to be true to myself.Although confronted with her mother's strong opposition,Bujin decides to strike out on her own along with her two unlikely male companions,William(a shipwrecked British foreigner who runs away from the nationalistic Korean government)and later Park Gyu(a wrongfully accused high level government official who also runs away from his political opponents).This desire to leave her home with the British fugitive William illustrates her deep wish for a change in scenery, even if that means living in a foreign place where she has absolutely no history and no sense of belonging.Bujin searches for her own individual identity,veering away from the collectivist culture of Korea.Her willingness and determination to carve out her own path despite mounting challenges demonstrates her strong sense of independence and will to write her own story—one that is the exact opposite of what the society expected to see from women of the time period.She realizes that she does not have to follow the social norm expected for women and put up with unfair and abusive treatments by both men and society.Thus,as she continues on this untraditional path,she develops and fosters her confidence and self-worth.・108・In the finale,it is Bujin who is able to save the lives of Park Gyu and William when both of them face the death sentence because of a false accusation of high treason by Park Gyu's political opponents and corrupt government officials who manipulate the King.Although she is a commoner without any political power who is not able to get access to the King in the court,she manages to infiltrate into the court as one of"court maids"and tell the King the truth.Tamra depicts Bujin as someone who is not only able to defend herself,but is also a fierce advocate for the interests of her dear friend,William,and her future husband,Park Gyu,before the King.Courageously revealing her true identity that she is not a palace maid,and thus,not supposed to be at the court at all—a lie punishable by death,Bujin desperately cries out to the King for“justice"and declares the innocence of the wrongfully accused men.Like a lawyer,Bujin pleads with the King:I am not a palace maid and I am a female diver from Tamra...I am here to save theirinnocent lives and I can put my life on it.Please spare them.Unlike your court filled withpolitical intrigue,rivalry,greed and manipulation,in Tamra,we do not fight or murdereach othe匚We do not care if someone is a member of the nobility like Sir Park Gyu or acommoner like me,or a foreigner like William.We treat each other as human beings withrespect.Ultimately,she proves their innocence before the King and is portrayed as an active participant in the lives of her close allies,not as a hapless victim who blindly follows and obeys social convention and accepts her given destiny.As she progresses on her journey,she continues her personal development by finding her own voice.When she comes back to Tamra with Park Gyu and William,Bujin is informed of the forced labor experienced by many of the Jeju inhabitants,their fear of the East India Company,and the Seo-in faction which attempted to establish free and independent trade in Japan and other various foreign countries.However,the Seo・in faction is seen as going too far to obtain its own gains,even at the expense of the national interests and interests of its people.Bujin leads the community to fight off the forced labour and the possible Japanese mercenary invasion of Jeju.With Park Gyu's timely help,Bujin and the entire community are able to repel the Japanese forces.Her active participation and willingness to take responsibility for the unfair treatment is a significant departure from the traditional values of women during the time period.3ConclusionBy the seventeenth century,there emerged a new spirit of progressive thinking regarding women and their right to pursue individual happiness.For example,in"Treatise on Virtuous Wives,"the famous scholar Chong Yagyong boldly denounced strict social conventions unfairly placed upon women.His philosophy came from a new idea of humanism that valued individuality,•109・。

The tragedy of Tess(苔丝的悲剧)

The tragedy of Tess（苔丝的悲剧）“Tess of the d'Urbervilles ” is generally regarded as Hardy's finest novel. A brilliant tale of seduction, love, betrayal, and murder, Tess of the d'Ubervilles yields to narrative convention by punishing Tess's sin, but boldly exposes this standard denouement of unforgiving morality as cruelly unjust. Throughout, Hardy characterizes Tess as a daughter of nature who endures the brutality of industrialism through the people and circumstances in her life. Using specific language, character depiction, and story development, Hardy provides a strong argument against the urban movement by showing the reader its harsh effects on the agrarian lifestyle. The novel centers around a young woman who struggles to find her place in society.Tess is a beautiful,intelligent and distinguished woman.But those advantages do not take her happiness or good lucky. It didn't like Jane Eyrea good ending the satisfaction of all with the help of oversea colony's money. In her life is full of Suffering and Unfortunate.Who and what couse the tragedy of Tess? I think there are four factors.At first of all, Tess is the tragedy of the times. Tess was living in the late nineteenth century .At that time, British capitalism begin invading rural. This Phenomenon sets conflicting betweeting country and city. In part, Tess represents the changing role of the agricultural workers in England in the late nineteenth century. Hardy shows that life as a maiden begins in the natural country and ends in the brutal city. Tess's life begins in the rural secluded town of Marlott where the country atmosphere allows her to grow into a virtuous caring young girl. In contrast, Tess's downfall occurs in the city. Towards the end of the tale, when Tess is once again in Alec's possession, negative consequences ensue. She murders Alec in the city of Sandbourne that was like a "fairy place suddenly created by the stroke of a wand." (Pg. 296) The suddenness with which the city is created parallels the quick actions of Tess in murdering Alec d'Urberville. In both scenarios it seems like there was no thought before the action was orchestrated. Once Tess is put to death in the city, the harsh realities of justice and punishment remind the reader of Hardy's pessimistic view of industrialism. Hardy purposely begins and ends Tess's life in such a manner to show her as a sacrifice of rural landscape to the urban movement. Through his portrayal of Tess, Hardy is able to use her entire being to make his negative attitude towards urbanity known.Many people in England were forced to make sacrifices during the industrial revolution. Through language, character depiction, and specific scenes in the novel, Hardy illustrates the harsh effects of industrialism on certain agrarian lifestyles. He shows the reader that the commercialism and emphasis on modernistic ways of life did not fall well with all the people in the land. The substitute of machinery to manual labor came at a heavy price for the beautiful English land and the families who inhabited it. Hardy allows his readers to see that progress may not always be a positive occurrence and good intentions may cause dire consequences.At the beginning of stoy,Tess is a naive country girl. She is primarily a daughter of nature upon whom urbanity will leave its lasting marks. but one day , When her fathe discovere that the low-class Durbeyfield family is in reality the d'Urbervilles,he want Tess to recognizes the relative. Because the family circumstances are poor.tess complies by unvoluntary,even if she feels very ashamed.In there she meets master’s son Alec d’Urberville,who plays a character as chief criminal in her tragic life.An insouciant twenty-four-year-old man, heir to a fortune, and bearer of a name that his fatherpurchased, Alec is the nemesis and downfall of Tess’s life. His first name, Alexander, suggests the conqueror—as in Alexander the GreatZ，who seizes what he wants regardless of moral propriety. His full last name, Stoke-d’Urberville, symbolizes the split character of his family, whose origins are simpler than their pretensions to grandeur. After all, Stokes is a blunt and inelegant name.At the very end of the novel,he becomes a reverent Christian On surface.But when he remeeting Tess, he quickly abandons his newfound Christian faith. It is hard to believe Alec holds his religion, or anything else, sincerely. His supposed conversion may only be a new role he is playing. Indeed Alec is diabolical. Alec creeps up on Tess in the darkness of the Chase and lies with her without her knowing it.He deco nstructed the tess’s chastity and pure.At last,he forces tess to be his lover.Not aslo he really love tess,but only regards tess as his toy. It can be said,he is the immediate cause of tess’s tragedy.Angel Clare is also one of the important factors, caused more serious and terrible harm on tess psychological. Angel Clare is a complex art image. On the one hand,he is Bourgeois intellectuals , having Open minds and independent thinking.He hope depend on his own labor to survive and do not want to inherit his father's mantle..He is a secularist who yearns to work for the “honor and glory of man,” as he tells his father in Chapter XVIII, rather than for the honor and glory of God in a more distant world. A typical young nineteenth-century progressive, Angel sees human society as a thing to be remolded and improved, and he fervently believes in the nobility of man. He rejects the values handed to him, and sets off in search of his own. Indeed Angel Clare is a fascinating and good-hearted man. When he was working on the Pasture,a lot of girls admired him. But his love for Tess, a mere milkmaid and his social inferior, is one expression of his disdain for tradition. This independent spirit contributes to his aura of charisma and general attractiveness that makes him the love object of all the milkmaids with whom he works at Talbothays.But on the other hand, Angel Clare aslo is one of the male chauvinist supporters. In his heart, he is still difficult to get rid of controling by feudal morals.His love for Tess may be abstract, as we guess when he calls her “Daughter of Nature” or “Demeter.”. Tess may be more an archetype or ideal to him than a flesh and blood woman with a complicated life. So Angel deserts Tess when he finds the innocent country girl he fell in love with is not so pure.On their wedding night, tess confesses that she is not a virgin and explains what happened with Alec d'Urberville. Even though he himself has also had an affair out of wedlock, he becomes upset and is unable to reconcile his real affection for Tess, his wounded pride, and his image of Tess as a pure and virginal figure. He can’t forgive her for having another man’s child even though she forgives him everything. Angel abandons Tess and tells her she cannot contact him; he will contact her. But he has not divorced with tess, because of Men's dignity.At last, after his failure in Brazil, and only then Angel realizes he has been unfair to Tess. His moral system is readjusted as he is brought down to Earth. But to his sorrow, when returning to England to find Tess, he discovers tess living in a hotel with Alec d'Urberville.Everthing is too late.In addition, Tess’s character is also an important reason for the tragedy.Although Tess has great courage to against social injustice,she can’t get rid of astrology from her own moral traditions. She understood herself is a victim of the social violence and ethics morals victim. But in while receives which the native place person’s censures, she also consider herselves guilty. To forget the past ,she is Far away her family and home to Tabou Lei. Falls in love with Angel Clare makes her happiness,howere,her heart still fell suffered.Facing Angel Clare’s abandon,she think that is her own crime. Thus she silently endures the unjust fate.In herthingking, strong moral consciousness and religious sense is very obvious. The intense moral sensitivity and psychological atonement causes her to fall into the mire of suffering and tragedy. Tess has a lot of advantages, for instance saidindustriously, selfless, simple. Among them, her most Prominent advantages is pure, as the author described in subheading-“A pure woman”.But the such commendable moral excellence makes her go to the Abyss of tragedy. She is unable to live with Alec for the matter to enjoy ,while she can’t deceive Angel for Own happiness. If Tess is willing, she can request Alec to marry with her,when she was pregnant with his child, and does not have to endure other people's criticism.On wedding night, Listening to the advice of her mother,she can chooses to Hide her busband the matter happened with Alec d'Urberville,like any other women who have suffered simila matter as her.but her pure don’t allow her to do such “simple” matter.Tess thus represents what is known in Christian theology as original sin, the degraded state in which all humans live, even when—like Tess herself after killing Prince or succumbing to Alec—they are not wholly or directly responsible for the sins for which they are punished. This torment represents the most universal side of Tess: she is the myth of the human who suffers for crimes that are not her own and lives a life more degraded than she deserves.In a word, Tess is a really pure woman. She has many valuable advantages.But because of Personal reasons, soc ial reasons and time reasons,she didn’t have a good end. Her tragedy is inevitable.摘要：《德伯家的苔丝》是英国文学的瑰宝。

苔丝的反叛精神

苔丝的反叛精神AbstractTess of the D’Urbervilles is regarded as the most successful tragic masterpiece of Thomas Hardy. In this thesis, the author tries to analyze the revolt of Tess in two main aspects: reasons for the rebellion and characters of the rebellion. The former one is caused by human’s instinct and nature. The human instinct leads Tess to opposing her fate. Tess’s healthy desire simply to be happy is perhaps the source of her great courage and moral strength. The latter takes on the resolution and cowardliness of the rebellion, and the surface of the cowardliness of the rebellion is the awakening of consciousness and noble personality, which foils the novel’s theme and its value and further illustrates the injustice for female in Victorian England. So such a rebellion is impossible to be avoided.Key WordsRebellion; self-respect; resolution; women awakening; women consciousness摘要《德伯家的苔丝》是托马斯.哈代最杰出的悲剧作品。