英语欧洲文化期末复习

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欧洲文化知识点复习

第三章1、the Middle ages名词解释In European history， the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.2、The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific (具体说来)， from the 5th century to 15th century.3、The transitional (过渡时期) period is called the middle ages， between ancient times and modern times.4、The transitional (过渡时期) period is called the 17th century， between the middle ages and modern times.5、In 476 A.D. a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 西罗马476灭，东罗马1653年灭6、Feudalism名词解释Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding (土地所有) — a system of holding land in exchange for military service (军事力量)。

The word “feudalism” was derived (来源) from the Latin “feudum”，a grant (许可的) of land.7、fiefs(次划分)名词解释In Feudalism， the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors (有功的大臣) or soldiers as a reward (奖赏) for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs.8、vassals (占有fiefs的人)名词解释In Feudalism， the ruler of the government redivided the large lands intosmall pieces to be given to chancellors (有功的大臣) or soldiers as a reward (奖赏) for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs. The owners of the fiefs was call vassals.9、code of chivalry (骑士制度)名词解释As a knight， he were pledged to protect the weak， to fight for the church，to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry， from which the western idea of good manners developed.10、dubbing (骑士头衔加冕仪式)名词解释After a knight was successful in his trained and tournaments， there was always a special ceremony (选择) to award him with a title， knight. This special ceremony is called dubbing.11、knight trained for war by fighting each other in mock battles called tournaments.(模拟战场)12、The crusades ended up with the victory of Moslems.(穆斯林)13、The Manor (领地所有制)名词解释The centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lords (农场主)。

欧洲文化常识测试英语题型

《欧洲文化入门》复习题（一）Division One: Greek Culture and Roman Culture Greek CultureI.填空1.European culture is made up of many elements, two of these elements are considered to bemore enduring and they are the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element.2.Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century.3.In the second half of the 4th century B. C., all Greece was brought under the rule of Alexander,king of Macedon.4.In 146 B. C. the Romans conquered Greece.5.Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century.6.Revived in 1896, the Olympic Games have become the world’s foremost amateur sportscompetition.7.Ancient Greeks considered Homer to be the author of their epics.8.The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led byAgamemnon in their war against the city of Troy.9.The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home, island ofIthaca.10.Of the many lyric poets of ancient Greece, two are still admired by readers today: Sapphoand Pindar.11.Sappho was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece.12.Pindar is best known for his odes celebrating the victories at the athletic games, such as the14 Olympic odes.13.The three great tragic dramatists of ancient Greece are Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides.14.Aeschylus wrote such plays as Prometheus Bound, Persians and Agamemnon.15.Sophocles wrote such tragic plays as Oedipus the King, Electra, and Antigone.16.Euripides wrote mainly about women in such plays as Andromache, Medea, and TrojanWomen.edy also flourished in the 5th century B. C.. Its best writer was Aristophanes, who hasleft eleven plays, including Frogs, Clouds, Wasps and Birds.18.Herodotus is often called “Father of History”. He wrote about the wars be tween Greeks andPersians.19.Thucydides described the war between Athens and Sparta and between Athens and Syracuse,a Greek state on the Island of Sicily.20.Pythagoras was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers.21.Pythagoras was the founder of scientific mathematics.22.Heracleitue believed fire to the primary element of the universe, out of which everything elsehad arisen.23.The greatest names in European philosophy are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.24.Democritus was one of the earliest philosophical materialists and speculated about the atomicstructure of matter.25.In the 4th century B. C., four schools of philosophers often argued with each other, they arethe Cynics, the Sceptics, the Epicureans, and the Stoics.26.Euclid is well-known for his Elements, a textbook of geometry.27.To illustrate the principle of the level, Archimedes is said to have told the king: “Give me aplace to stand, and I will move the world.”28.Greek architecture can be grouped into three styles: the Doric style which is also called themasculine style; the Ionic style which is also called the feminine style; and a later style that is called the Corinthian style.29.The Acropolis at Athens and the Parthenon are the finest monument of Greek architecture andsculpture in more than 2000 years.30.In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernistmasterpiece Ulysses.II.选择1.Which culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B. C.?A.Greek CultureB.Roman CultureC.Egyptian CultureD.Chinese Culture2.In ___________ the Roman conquered Greece.A.1200B.C.B.700 B.C.C.146 B. C.D.The 5th century3.Which of the following works described the war led by Agamemnon against the city of Troy?A.Oedipus the KingB.IliadC.OdysseyD.Antigone4.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Aeschylus?A.AntigoneB.AgamemnonC.PersiansD.Prometheus Bound5.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Sophocles?A.ElectraB.AntigoneC.Trojan WomanD.Oedipus the King6.Which of the following is the play written by Euripides?A.AntigoneB.PersiansC.ElectraD.Medea7.Which of the following is NOT the greatest tragic dramatist of ancient Greece?A.AristophanesB.EuripidesC.SophoclesD.Aeschylus8.Who ever said that “You can not step twice into the same river”?A.PythagorasB.HeracleitusC.Aristotle9.Who was the founder of scientific mathematics?A.HeracleitusB.AristotleC.SocratesD.Pythagoras10.Who is chiefly noted for his doctrine that “man is the measure of all things”?A.ProtagorasB.PythagorasC.PyrrhonD.EpicurusIII.名词解释1.Aeschylus2.Plato3.The CynicsIV.简答与问答1.What are the major elements in European culture?2.What were the main features of ancient Greek society?3.Who were the outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece? What important plays did each of them write?4.Tell some of P lato’s ideas. Why do people call him an idealist?5.Give some examples to show the enormous influence of Greek culture on English literature.Roman CultureI. 填空1.The burning of Corinth in 146 B. C. marked Roman conquest of Greece, which was thenreduced to a province of the Roman Empire.2.The Roman writer Horace said: “Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”.3.In 27 B. C. Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus.4.The Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting two hundred years, a remarkablephenomenon in history known as the Pax Romana.5.In the 4th century, the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium,renamed it Constantinople ( modern Istanbul ).6.In 476 the last emperor of the west was deposed by the Coths and marked the end of the WestRoman Empire.7.The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.8.Julius Caesar recorded what he did and saw in the various military campaigns he took part inand these writings, collected in his Commentaries, are models of succinct Latin.9.Virgil was the greatest of Latin poets and wrote the great epic, the Aeneid.10.The Pantheon is the greatest and the best preserved Roman temple, which was built in 27 B. C.And reconstructed in the 2th century A. D..11.She-wolf is the statue which illustrates the legend of creation of Roman.II.选择1.Who wrote, “I came, I saw, I conquered”?A.HoraceB.Julius CaesarC.VirgilD.Marcus Tullius Cicero2.The author of the philosophical poem On the Nature of things is ___________.A.VirgilB.Julius CaesarC.HoraceD.Lucretius3.Which of the following is not Roman architecture?A.The ColosseumB.The PanthenonC.The ParthenonD.Pont du Gard4.Who wrote, “Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”?A.SapphoB.PlatoC.VirgilD.HoraceIII.名词解释1.Julius Caesar2.The Pax RomanaIV.简答与问答1.What did the Romans have in common with the Greeks? And what was the chief differencebetween them?2.What is the book for which Virgil has been famous throughout the centuries? In what way is thebook linked with the Greek past?3.Why do we say Aeneas is a truly tragic hero?Division Two: The Bible and ChristianityThe Old TestamentⅠ填空题1.Among all the religions by which people seek to worship, Christianity is by far the mostinfluential in the West.2.Both Judaism and Christianity originated in Palestine the hub of migration and trade routes,which led to exchange of ideas over wide areas.3.Some 3800 years ago the ancestors of the Jews – the Hebrews – wandered through the desertsof the Middle East.4.About 1300 B.C., the Hebrews came to settle in Palestine, known as Canaan at that time, andformed small kingdoms.5.The king of the Hebrews was handed down orally from one generation to another in the formof folktales and stories, which were recorded later in the Old Testament.6.The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the Old Testament and theNew Testament.7.The old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are first fivebooks, called Pentateuch.8.When the Hebrews left the desert and entered the mountainous Sinai, Moses climbed to thetop of the mountain to receive from God message, which came to be known as the Ten Commandments.9.Chronologically Amos is the earliest prophet in the Old Testament.10.In Babylon in the 6th century B.C., the Hebrews, now known as Jews, formed synagogues topractise their religion.II 选择题1.Which of the following is by far the most influential in the West?_______A. BuddismB. IslamismC. ChristianityD. Judaism2.The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the firstfive books, called __________.A. ExodusB. CommandmentsC. AmosD. Pentaeuch3.Which of the following is NOT the content of the Ten Commandments?_______A.Honour your father and your motherB.Do not commit suicideC.Do not desire your neighbour’s wifeD.Do not take the name of God in vain4.When in Babylon the Hebrews formed synagogues to practise their religion? ______A. in 169B.C. B. in the 4th centuryC. in 76 B.C.D. in the 6th centuryⅢ名词解释1.the Bible2.the Pentateuch3.Ten CommandmentsⅣ简答与问答1.What was the Hebrews major contribution to world civilization?2.Why do we say Judaism and Christianity are closely related?3.What are the Ten Commandments about?Rise of ChristianityⅠ填空题1.At the age of 30, Jesus received the baptism at the hands of John Baptist.2.Jesus spent most of his life in Galilee, where he apparently made a sensation.3.Jesus of Nazareth lived in Palestine during the reign of the first Roman Emperor Augustus.4.Jesus went with his disciples to Jerusalem for the Passover, but was betrayed by Juda.5.In 313 the Edict of Milan was issued by Constantine I and granted religious freedom to all andmade Christianity legal.6.In 392 A.D, Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religions of the empire andoutlawed all other religions.7.After Jesus died, St. Peter and St. Paul led the disciples of Jesus to spread gospel in theMediterranean regions.Ⅱ选择题1.After the _______ century Nestorianism reached China.A. sixthB. fifthC. secondD. third2.Which of the following emperors made Christianity the official religion of the empire andoutlawed all other religions? __________A. TheodosiusB. AugustusC. Constantine ID. Nero Caesar3.Which of the following emperors issued the Edict of Milan and made Christianity legal in 313?__________A. AugustusB. ThedosiusC. NeroD. Constantine I4.At the age of 30, Jesus Christ received the baptism at the hands of _________.A. St. PeterB. St. PaulC. John BaptistD. John WycliffⅢ名词解释1.The Edict of MilanⅣ简答与问答1.How did the relations between Christians and the Roman government change?The New TestamentⅠ填空题1.By 300 A.D. each local church was called a parish and had a full time leader known as priest.2.Towards the end of he fourth century four accounts were accepted as part of the NewTestament, which tells the beginning of Christianity.3.When as Jesus’ mother Mary was espoused to Joseph, before they came together, she wasfound with child of the Holy Ghost4.Jesus went with his disciples to Jerusalem for the Passover, but was betrayed by Juda andcaught at the Last Supper.Translations of the BibleⅠ填空题1.Except a few passages in the related Armaic dialect the Old Testament was originally writtenin Hebrew. And the New Testament was originally written in a popular form of Greek.2.The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint, asaccording the fictional letter of Aristeas, it was translated by 72 translators in 72 days.3.The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition, which wasdone in 384 –405 A.D. by St. Jerome in common people’s la nguage.4.The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 andwas copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.5.The most important and influential of English Bible is the “Authorized” or King James’version, first published in 1611.Ⅱ选择题1.By 1693, the whole of the Bible had been translated in _________languages.A. 228B. 974C. 1202D. 1542.The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as ________.A. the Latin VulgateB. the AristeasC. the “Authorized”D. the Septuagint3.When printing was invented in the 1500’s, the _______ Bible was the first complete workprinted.A. EnglishB. LatinC. AramaicD. Hebrew4.When did the standard American edition of the Revised Version appear? _______A. 1885B. 1611C. 1901D. 1979Division Three: The Middle AgesManor and ChurchⅠ填空题1.In European history, the thousand year period following the fall of the West Roman Empire inthe fifth century is called the Middle Ages.2.Between the fifth and eleventh centuries, West Europe was the scene of frequent wars andinvasions.3.The Middle Age is a period in which classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritage merged.4.Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding –a system of holding land inexchange for military service.5.In 732 Charles Martel, a Frankish ruler gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs as a reward fortheir service.6.The center of medieval life under feudalism was the manor.7.By the 12th century manor houses came to be called castle, which were made of stone anddesigned as fortress.8.As a knight, he was pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lordand to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed.9.In the medieval days a knight was trained for war by fighting each other in mock batterscalled tournaments.10.After 1054, the Church was divided into the Roman Catholic Church and the EasternOrthodox Church.11.The most important of all the leaders of Christian thought was Augustine of Hippo who livedin North Africa in the fifth century.12.Under feudalism, people of western Europe were mainly divided into three classes: clergy,lords and peasants.13.The Pope not only ruled Roman and parts of Italy as a king, he was also the head of allChristian churches in western Europe.14.In the Medieval times the Church set up a church court –the Inquisition to stamp outso-called heresy.15.One of the most important sacraments was Holy Communion, which was to remind peoplethat Christ had died to redeem man.16.To express their religious feelings, many people in the Middle Ages went on journeys tosacred places where early Christian leaders had lived. The most important of all was Jerusalem.17.With a return attack against the Moslems, the Western Christians launched a series of holywars called the Crusades.Ⅱ选择题1.In the later part of the 4th century, which of the following tribes swept into Europe fromcentral Asia, robbing and killing a large numbers of the half civilized Germanic tribes?________A. the MongoliansB. the HunsC. the TurkishD. the Syrians2.The Middle Ages is also called the _________.A. “Age of Christianity”B. “Age of Literature”C. “Age of Holy Spirit”D. “Age of Faith”3.According to the code of chivalry, which of the following is not pledged to do for a knight?_______A. To be loyal to his lordB. To fight for the churchC. To obey without question the orders of the abbotD. To respect women of noble birth4.In 732, who gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs as a reward for their service? _________A. Charles Martel, a Frankish rulerB. Charles I, a Turkish rulerC. Constantine I, a Frankish rulerD. St. Benedict, a Italian ruler5.When was the Church divided into the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern OrthodoxChurch?_________A. after 1066B. after 1296C. after 1054D. after 4766.Which of the following about the knight or noble in the Middle Ages in Western Europe isNOT true?____________A.Almost all nobles were knights in the Medieval days.B. A noble began his education as a page at the age of seven.C.As a knight, he was pledged to fight for the church.D.At about fourteen, the page became a knight.7.When was a noble crowned as a knight in the Middle Ages in Western Europe? _______A.At the age of 14.B.When he was taught to say his prayers, learned good manners and ran errands for theladies.C.At a special ceremony known as dubbing.D.When he was pledged to fight for the church.8.Which of the following is NOT true about what the monks must do before entering themonastery according to the Benedictine Rule?A.They had to attend service 6 times during the day and once at midnight.B.They could promise to give up all their possession before entering the monastery.C.They were expected to work 5 hours a day in the fields surrounding the monastery.D.They had to obey without question the orders of the abbot.9.Under feudalism, what were the three classes of people of western Europe?________A. clergy, knights and serfsB. Pope, bishop and peasantsC. clergy, lords and peasantsD. knights, nobles and serfs10.By which year the Moslems had taken over the last Christian stronghold and won the crusadesand ruled all the territory in Palestine that the crusaders had fought to control? ________A. 1270B. 1254C. 1096D. 1291Ⅲ名词解释1.the Middle Ages2.Manor3.Code of Chivalry4.Benedictine Rule5.the CrusadesⅣ简答与问答1.Who was Charles Martel?2.What was the difference between a serf and a free man?3.Into what three groups were people divided under feudalism?4.What happened in Western Europe after the decline of the Roman Empire?Learning and Science, Literature, Art and ArchitectureⅠ填空题1.Charlemagne, who temporarily restored order in western and central Europe, was perhaps themost important figure of the medieval period.2.Charlemagne w as crowed “Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope in 800.3.The Summa Theologica by St. Thomas Aquinas forms an enormous system and sums up allthe knowledge of medieval theology.4.Roger Bacon was one of the earliest advocates of Scientific research and called for carefulobservation and experimentation.5.“National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages – that is, the languages ofvarious national states that came into being in the Middle Ages.6.Beowulf is an Anglo-Sexon epic, in alliterative verse, originating from the collective efforts oforal literature.7.Dante Alighieri was the greatest poet of Italy, his masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one ofthe landmarks of world literature.8.Chaucer was a great English poet, The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work for theirpower of observation, piercing irony, sense of humor and warm humanity.9.Chaucer writers in dialect used by Londoners, and by the sheer weight and popularity of hiswritings he sets it firmly on the way towards Modern English.10.The style of architecture under Romanesque art is characterized by massiveness, solidity andmonumentality with all overall blocky appearance.11.The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of western Europe.Ⅱ选择题1.Which of the follo wing was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope in 800? ______A. St. Thomas AquinasB. CharlemagneC. ConstantineD. King James2.Who was the ruler of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex and contributed greatly to themedieval European culture? _________A. Charles IB. Constantine IC. Alfred the GreatD. Charles the Great3.Does Song of Roland belong to which country’s epic? _________A. EnglishB. GermanicC. HebrewD. French4.Who is the author of the Opus Maius? ________A. Roger BaconB. Dante AlighieriC. ChaucerD. St. Thomas AquinasⅢ名词解释1.Carolingian Renaissance2.Beowulf3.Song of Roland4.The Canterbury tales5.Romanesque6.GothicⅣ简答与问答1.What was the merit which Charlemagne and Alfred the Great share?Division IV: Renaissance and ReformationRenaissance in ItalyⅠ填空题1.Generally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid 17th century.2.Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.3.In essence, Renaissance was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers andscholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman Church authorities.4.Renaissance started in Florence and Venice with the flowering of paintings, sculpture andarchitecture.5.Beginning from the 11th century, cities began to rise in central and north Italy.6.Decameron is a collection of 100 tales told by 7 young ladies and 3 younger gentlemen ontheir way to escape the Black Death of 1348.7.Petrach was best known for Canzoniers, a book of lyrical songs written in his Italian dialect.8.The Renaissance artists introduced in their works scientific theories of anatomy andperspective.9.The four representative artists of High Renaissance in Italy are Leonardo da Vinci,michelangelo, Raphael and Titian.10.Loenar do da Vinci’s major works: Last Supper is the most famous of religious pictures; MonaLisa probably is the world’s most famous portrait.11.Michelangelo created a style of art in which he freed himself from the old tradition ofdecoration on the one hand and documentary realism on the other.12.Titian’s painting is acknowledged to have established oil colour on canvas as the typicalmedium of the pictorial tradition in western art.13.In world trade, Italy had lost its supremacy because of the discovery of America in 1492 andthe rounding of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488, the opening of an all-water route to India which provided a cheaper means of transport.14.Petrach is looked up as the father of modern poetry.15.Italy is regarded as the birthplace of the Renaissance.Ⅱ选择题1.Where did the Renaissance start with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture?_______A. in Greece and RomeB. in Florence and VeniceC. in Milan and FlorenceD. in Italy and Germany2.When did the Renaissance reach its height with its center moving to Milan, then to Rome, andcreated High Renaissance? ___________A. in the 11th centuryB. in the 15th centuryC. in the 16th centuryD. in the 17th century3.Which of the following works is written by Boccaccio? _______A. DecameronB. CanzoniersC. DavidD. Moses4.Who is the author of the painting, Betrayal of Judas? ________A. GiottoB. BrunelleschiC. DonatelloD. Giorgione5.Which of the following High Renaissance artists is the father of the modern mode of painting?_______A. RaphaelB. TitianC. da VinciD. Michelangelo6.Which of the following High Renaissance artists was best known for his Madona (VirginMary)?A. TitianB. da VinciC. MichelangeloD. Raphael7.Which of the following paintings was based on the story in the Bible with Maria riding on adonkey ready to face the hardship ahead? ________A. TempestaB. Sacred and Profane LoveC. Flight into EgyptD. The Return of the HuntersⅢ名词解释1.Renaissance2.DecameronⅣ简答与问答1.What made Italy the birthplace of the Renaissance?2.What are the main elements of humanism? How are these elements reflected in art andliterature during the Italian Renaissance?3.How did Italian Renaissance art and architecture break away from medieval tradition?4.In what way was Leonardo da Vinci important during the Renaissance?Reformation and Counter-ReformationⅠ填空题1.The Reformation led by Martin Luther which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed atopposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible.2.Martin Luther was the German leader of the Protestant Reformation. His doctrine marked thefirst break in the unity of the Catholic Church.3.When the Pope refused to recognized Henry’s marriage with Anne Boleyn, British Parliament,in 1534, passed the Act of Supremacy which marked the formal break of the British with the Papal authorities.4.Ignatius and his followers called themselves the Jesuits, members of the Society of Jesus.5.John Calvin put his theological thoughts in his Institutes of the Christian Religion, which wasconsidered one of the most influential theological works of all times.Ⅱ选择题1.Who took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time? ________A. Jan HusB. John WyliffC. Martin LutherD. John Calvin2.Who is the author Institutes of the Christian Religion?A. John WycliffB. Jan HusC. John CalvinD.Erasmus3.In whose reign did the formal break of the British with the papal authorities take place?____A. Elizabeth IB. William IC. Edward IIID. Henry VIII4.After the formal break of the British with the papal authorities, who was the head of the church? _______A. KingB. PopeC. BishopD. QueenⅢ名词解释1.Calvinism2.the Council of Trent3.Counter-ReformationⅣ简答与问答1.What are the doctrines of Martin Luther?2.What was the significance of the Reformation in European civilization?Renaissance in other CountriesⅠ填空题1.The Protestant group in France was known as the Huguenots whose rivalry with the CatholicChurch led to the wars of religion from 1562 to 1598.2.In 1492 the Moors that had ruled Spain for four centuries were driven out from their laststronghold.3.In 1492 Columbus discovered American and claimed America for Spain.4.The author of Don Quixote is Cervantes.5.Albrecht Dürer was the leader of the Renaissance in Germany. His engravings areunsurpassed and his paintings of animals and plants are exceedingly sensitive.6.Under the reign of Elizabeth I, England began to embark on the road to colonization andforeign control that was to take it onto its heyday of capitalist development.7.Thomas More was a great humanist during the Renaissance. Among his writings the bestknown is Utopia.8.Cervantes crowned literature of Spain and Shakespeare of England during the Renaissance.Ⅱ选择题1.Which of the following works was written by Rabelais, in which he praises the greatness ofman, expresses his love of love and his reverence and sympathy for humanist learning?_______A.Gargantua and PantagruelB. Don QuixoteC. The Praise of FollyD. Utopia2.Whose motto put down in his essays “What do Know” is world famous?________A. CervantesB. RabelaisC. MontaigneD. Shakespeare3.Which of the following works is worth reading for Montaigne’s humanist ideas and a stylewhich is easy and familiar? ________A. SonnetsB. DecameronC. RabelaisD. Of Repentance4.Which of the following is NOT French writer poet? _______A. CervantesB. Pierre de RonsardC. RabelaisD. Montaigne5.In 1516 who published the first Greek edition of the New Testament?_________A. BruegelB. ErasmusC. El GrecoD. Rabelais6.“To be, or not to be, -- that is the question ” from whose works? _______A. ChaucerB. DanteC. Roger BaconD. ShakespeareⅢ简答与问答1.Why did England come later than other countries during the Renaissance? In what way wasEnglish Renaissance different from that of other countries? Who were the major figures and what were their contributions?Science and Technology during the RenaissanceⅠ填空题1.The Renaissance was the golden age of geographical discoveries: by the year of 1600 thesurface of the known earth was doubled.。

欧洲文化入门(阅读)期末复习资料

欧洲文化入门（阅读）欧洲文化入门课程期末考试为闭卷考试，考试范围为课本以下章节：古代近东、古希腊、古罗马、中世纪中期、文艺复兴和宗教改革。

考试题型为单选题和判断正误题，题库为各章后的练习选择题1、Greek myths reflect Greeks' exploration of the followings except___.C.the mysterious outer space2、The name Jesus suggests__. B.that God saves us from sin3、Odysseus___ returned to his faithful wife after the ten-year TrojanWar. C.was a Greek hero who4、In the Renaissance, the ancient myths___. A.served as sources ofinspiration for artistic creation5、According to Greek myths about creation, ____was the foundation ofall things. D.Chaos6、Common types of myths exclude___. D.myths of mortals7、No hero of Greek mythology has proved more fascinating than Oedipusfor __.A.he fulfilled the prophecy of killing his father and marrying his mother8、According to Greek mythology ___, which goes well with the idea ofDaoism in China. A.something can be produced from nothing9、The original language of the New Testament was used ___. D.in homesand marketplaces10、The religious ministry of Jesus was followed by his 12 apostlesfor ___. D.Israel was made up of 12 tribes11、1066 marked the__. B.Norman Conquer of England12、Overgrowth of population in Europe in the Late Middle Ages caused__. B.the shortage of food supply13、In the 13th century, many schools _. A.were organized intouniversities14、In the Carolingian time popes__. B.were regarded as models of piety15、___ were regarded as heretics in the Middle Ages. B.Those who didnot believe in Christianity16、Of the following orders of columns, which one is more formal and dignified and mainlyused in mainland Greece? A.Doric17、The Council of Constance marked B.the end of the Western Schism.18、Which of the following statements about Western Schism is NOT true? D.The emperorof Holy Roman Empire in Germany recognized Clement.19、Beginning in the 4th century, army units of German were__.C.welcomed into theRoman Empire to defend the Romans20、Which Hellenistic kingdom ruled Egypt and parts of the Middle East?A.PtolemaicKingdom21、Which is not one of the things that the Viscontis, the Sforzas and the Medicis had incommon? B.They were rulers of Milan during the Renaissance.22、Which one is not a period of Italian Renaissance Art? B.Middle Renaissance23、1066 marked the__B.Norman Conquest of England24、For some Muslims, Qur’an should not be translated because_____.C.the originalme aning of Qur’an would be distorted.25、The Late Middle Ages were marked by the following features, EXCEPT? C.Rivalrybetween feudal governments led to wars, the most violent being the Hundred Years’ War fought between Germany and Italy.26、Which of the following statements about villages in the Middle Ages is NOT true? D.Fewvillages had a few artisans and traders who combined farm work with other labor.27、The second founding father of Christianity was _____.B.St. Paul28、Who was not a representative writer of Northern Renaissance? A.Giovanni Boccaccio29、Who was not a believer in the heliocentric theory? D.Francis Bacon30、Which of the following statements about ciompi is NOT true? D.They had not lost theirhold on power.31、What event marked the climax of Charlemagne’s career and the formation of westernEuropean civilization? D.Charlemagne was crowned “Holy Roman Emperor” by the Pope.32、The first city- builders in Italy were ________.C.the Etruscans33、All of the following Roman officers were produced by election EXCEPT ____.B.dictator34、Who replaced the Council of 400 with the Council of 500? C.Cleisthenes35、In the first Greco-Persian War, Greek army defeated the Persian forces and won asmashing victory in the battle of ____.B.Marathon36、Which of the following statements about the third Crusade is NOT true? D.Richardstayed longer, and took Jerusalem.37、The ethnic origin of Jesus was ____.C.Hebrew38、Major changes in Roman religious life were mainly a result of _____.C.territorialexpansion of Rome39、Which description of the Hellenistic civilization is incorrect? D.Its commercial, culturaland intellectual centre was Athens.40、Which description of the traditional Greek religion is incorrect? C.In ancient Greece, themain religious ceremony took place inside the temple.41、In the Early Middle Ages, the Roman Church and the Eastern Church were divided overthe following issues EXCEPT for ______.D.baptism42、Epicureanism and Stoicism are similar in the following ways except for____.B.Both wereidealistic in world view.43、Which description of Greek democracy of the Archaic Period is not true?B.It is thesame with modern democracy.44、What was the main difference between serfs and slaves in Western Europe? C.themilitary protection provided by the lord45、Which description of the Age of Pericles is NOT true? D.It was when the nobles becamea major force in politics.46、Which of the following statements about the Crusades is NOT true? A.On the way tothe Holy Land, a crusader wore the white cross on his outfit47、Which one is NOT the reason that Justinian is considered the first great Byzantineemperor? C.He declared himself to be God’s representative on earth.48、Which of the following descriptions of pre-Islamic Arabia is not true?B.Pre-IslamicArabs showed no interest in sea trade.49、Which one does NOT indicate that Euripides was the most revolutionary dramatist inancient Greece? D.His use of graceful language and perfect form.50、During the Great Famine, starvation even drove some people to eat the following livingcreatures, EXCEPT C.snakes51、Which of the following is NOT true about Emperor Constantine the Great? B.He madeChristianity the state religion.52、The gladiator show indicated Romans’ love for _____.C.violence53、The Italian Renaissance scholars did all the following things except for ____. C.refusingto accept religious teaching or read religious works.54、Which description of Petrarch is wrong? C.He valued his Italian writings more than hisLatin writings.55、Who did not belong to the Florentine School of the Early Renaissance art? D.Raphael56、Which of the following was NOT true about the early Christians? B.They accepted theidea that emperors were divine.57、In the year of ____, Constantine the Great issued Edit of Milan which officially madeChristianity legal. B.31358、Which city was NOT a prominent trading centre during the Early Middle Ages?C.Medina59、Which one of the following statements about the English Parliament in 1259 is NOTtrue? D.it was a major check on royal authority60、Christianity originated from__. B.Palestine61、Which categories of publication does Erasmus’s The Praise of Fo lly belong to? A.cleversatires to expose people’s errors62、In terms of science, what was the significant shift in thinking during the RenaissanceAge? B.the emphasis on how things happened in nature63、All the following constitute the main forms of heresy, EXCEPT D.worshipers64、Which description of the Islamic philosophy is true? B.Al-Ghazali regarded Greekphilosophy as corrupters of Islamic faith.65、Which one of the following architectural constructions was not typical Roman?D.column66、Olive trees and grapevine were introduced into Italy by ______. B.Greeks67、Britain was turned into a Roman province in ________. B.the 1st century68、Which of the following group of people did not constitute a class in Sparta? D.nobles69、What is the Central Middle Ages also called? C.“Age of Faith”70、Constantine the Great declared __. B.toleration for all religions71、For those who want to convert to Islam, which of the following pillars of Islam is of theutmost importance? A.reciting the Muslim statement of faith with conviction72、Concerning the economy of the Byzantine Empire, Islamic Empire and western Europeduring the Middle Ages, which statement is NOT true? B.Islamic economy in the 7th century was already very prosperous.73、The government of the Roman Republic included all of the following branches EXCEPT______. D.the judicial branch74、Which is the correct description of life in the Byzantine Empire? A.Peasants had a hardlife due to the high tax on land.75、Compared with Italian Renaissance, Northern Renaissance had the following distinctivefeatures except for ______. C.influence of classicism76、The following descriptions of the Mycenaean culture are true EXCEPT for ____. C.TheMycenaean raid on Crete was recorded in Homer’s epics.77、Which factor directly resulted in the first great split in Christianity in 1054? D.Pope LeoIX asserted the supreme authority of the papacy and clashed with the Patriarch of Constantinople Michael Cerularius78、Which factor did not facilitate the Islamic expansion? D.the influence of the strictmonotheism of Islam79、The following descriptions of the second Greco-Persian War are true EXCEPT for _____.B.All Greek city-states united to counter the Persian invasion.80、The Black Death struck a serious blow to the Catholic Church in the following ways,EXCEPT B.Many clergy stuck to their Christian duties and died.81、Three of the following statements are true with the early experience of Christianity.Which one is the exception? A.Unlike the Jews, the early Christians of the Roman Empire suffered persecution.82、All the following statements featured the Capetian kings of France, EXCEPT A.TheCapetian kings established strong royal power by conquest, as William had done in England83、Christians considered pagan gods_____. A.as demons84、Who was regarded as the “father of oil painting”?D.Jan van Eyck85、Pope Urban VI started to reform the church and wanted to abolish the following abuses,EXCEPT D.homosexual86、Which of the following statements about Byzantine classicism is true? A.The Byzantinesrevered ancient Greek literature, philosophy and historiography.87、It was during the ____ that the Romans were defeated by the famous Carthaginiangeneral Hannibal. B.the 2nd Punic War88、Which one of the following was NOT a member of the First Triumvirate? B.Sulla89、In the early days of the Roman Republic, ______ had the most important law makingpower. C.the Assembly of Curiae90、All the following statements about the medieval commune are true EXCEPT__. C.Nocommunes battled violently for rights of self-governance.91、What were the three forms of vernacular literature for town dwellers? D.fabliaux, fablesand dramas92、Which one of the following groups of the people could vote in the Roman assemblies?A.Roman generals and adult male plebians93、All of the following political ideas can be accredited to the Romans EXCEPT ____.C.democracy94、Which one does not belong to the Bronze Age civilizations of ancient Greece?C.Hellenistic civilization95、The Hundred Years’ War arose from the following causes, EXCEPT,C.Famine, plague,economic turmoil, social upheaval.96、All the following made up the basic social structure of medieval rural communitiesEXCEPT___. D.The guild97、Which is not the similarity shared by Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales and Boccaccio’sDecameron? D.religious themes98、Which of the following statements about The Hundred Years’ War is NOT true?C.Horse-riding knights became more important army force than infantry.99、In Early Middle Ages, Western European civilization differed from the Byzantine andIslamic Empires in the following aspects EXCEPT for _____. C.the influence of ancient Greco-Roman civilizations.100、Which one of the following statements was NOT a factor that brought about the agricultural growth during the Central Middle Ages? D.The food price dropped drastically. 101、The Roman expansion had many consequences EXCEPT ______. B.economic gains for all Romans102、Which one of the following statements about the medieval universities is NOT true? D.A migration of scholars from Cambridge led to the establishment of the University of Oxford in England.103、Which one of the following statements about “Jacques rebellion” is NOT true?A.The peasants involved in the rebellion had a clear political program and organization.104、Which of the following statements about Joan of Arc is NOT true? C.Charles refused her to accompany the army.105、Which of the following reform measures resulted in the moral decline of the Romans?B.selling grain at a low price to citizens106、The economic success of the early Roman Empire was mainly achieved by _____.B.slaves107、Who is usually regarded as the “father of history”?A.Herodotus108、Which is not one of the three great achievements of Italian Renaissance art?A.the revival of classical texts109、What were the three forms of vernacular Literature for nobles? C.lyric poetry, epic poetry and romance poetry110、Jesus lived in the __. A.early 1st century111、Which form of literature was unpopular in the medieval Islamic world? D.drama112、Which one of the following statements about the Black Death is NOT true? D.Death caused by the Black Death worsened the situation of surviving peasants and laborers.113、Which of the following Renaissance writers was not known for his sonnets? A.Dante114、Which is not true in the following about the disruptive deities?C.They were in fact mortals115、The images of gods in Greek mythology are_________. C.as emotional as those of humans;116、The history of the English Bible is the history of the formation of the English language__.A.from a mixture of French, Anglo-Norman, and Anglo-Saxon;117、 A gospel in the New Testament ___. A.is a series of individual accounts of acts or sayings118、Which of the following is Not included in the major themes of the New Testament?B.the human persons119、In the New Testament Jesus was portrayed as the following figure except____. D.the almighty God120、Greek mythology relates the development of the order of the universe to_____ .C.Chaos121、The kingdom of God refers to__. B.the rule of God122、William Tyndale translated the New Testament in the 16 century from ___. B.the Greek text123、In the Middle Ages, the ancient myths___. C.were interpreted allegorically124、Roman writers like Virgil and Ovid were famous as they ___. B.created an inspiring Greco-Roman mythology125、The 19th-century interpretation of myths became more___. C.scientific126、The first complete English Bible was the work of translation by John Wycliffe from___.A.the Latin text127、According to the New Testament, the central message of Jesus was__.A.the kingdom of God128、New schools in the Central Middle Ages attracted__.C.teachers all over Europe129、Which of the following does not contribute to our knowledge of Greek mythology?D.Guesswork130、The deeds of the heroes Heracles and Theseus embody the conflict between___.D.civilization and wild savagery131、Which of the following is Not included in the major themes of the Old Testament?C.the Holy Spirit132、In the Age of Enlightenment, there was emphasis on____.B.rationality133、The early Christians were against ___.D.pagan culture134、Greek mythology influenced Western culture in the following aspects except_.B.architecture135、Which of the following is not true about the Greeks? A.They produced their sacred written text like the Bible136、Which of the following is Not true about the early experience of Jesus? D.His family returned home at last137、The Spanish monarchy was __.A.set up by the Christians138、Jews in the cities were__.D.persecuted by Christians139、By myths the Greeks could do the following except____.D.replacing the roles of gods140、Greek mythology reflects the following except_____ . D.how the Greeks interpreted the world as being orderly141、Greek mythology influenced Western culture in the following aspects except_.B.architecture142、Before the First Crusade, Jews__.C.were forced into the cities143、Roman mythology is actually___.B.not purely Roman144、Greek gods resembled human beings in the following aspects except ___.D.being immortal145、The early Hebrews___.A.concentrated on the role of a supreme god146、It was ____who unified England for the first time. D.King Alfred and his successors 147、Jews in the cities were good at__.A.doing business148、Monasteries were made rich by__.D.the kings and nobles149、The Late Middle Ages almost at the same time__.A.began with the Renaissance150、Historical narrative is best represented in the New Testament by the___.C.Acts of the Apostles151、The images of Cronus and Rhea reflect ___________.C.the communal marriage in the primitive society152、Which of the following is Not true about monasteries? C.Monks did not have to work in the fields at all153、Which of the following is Not true about Jesus? B.His real father was Joseph154、The Greeks’ sense of gods is shared by __.A.the Romans155、Which of the following is Not true about the king Herod? C.He killed all the boys where Jesus lived156、According to the New Testament the Christian church __.C.spoke more of salvation判断题1、In Virgil's Aeneid,Juno was described as the wife of Zeus in Greek mythology. ×2、The historical narratives of the Old Testament are popular. √3、Jupiter was the protector of the Roman state. √4、The Greek equivalent of Jupiter was Apollo. ×5、Observing Sunday as a holy day is not included in the spiritual standards of the Old Testament.×6、The Old Testament is regarded as a book recording the past event of the Jewish people. ×7、Early Christians regarded the Old Testament as an agreement God made through Moses. ×8、Aeneas arrived in Italy with Dido. ×9、The most significant part of the Christian Old Testament lies in books on laws. √10、All the narratives in the Old Testament may be called salvation stories because they areconcerned with showing how human beings were freed from sin. ×11、Recently, scholars argue for the Hebrew cultural influence on apocalyptic literature. √12、The Birth of Venus, created in the Renaissance,was a painting inspired by Virgil's vividdescriptions. ×13、In the story of the founding of Rome,the twins Romulus and Remus were the sons of agod and a woman. √14、Early Romans began to build temples for their gods 170 years before the city wasfounded. ×15、The Old Testament is a collection of books recording oral traditions in the Near East. √16、Early Christians regarded the New Testament as an agreement God made with Adamand Eve. ×17、The exodus from Egyp is related to the earliest history of Israel. √18、The major theological theme of the Old Testament is that Yahweh is the only God in theworld. ×19、There are ten major spiritual standards in the Old Testament. √20、The common feature of Hebrew poetry is rhyming. ×21、The second law in the Old Testament refers to the book of Genesis. ×22、The Ten Commandments are statements of human behavior. ×23、In the development of the Old Testament all the books came into being after oraltraditions. √24、The word renaissance originated in the belief that Europeans had rediscoveredthe superiority of Greek and Roman culture after many centuries of what they considered intellectual and cultural decline. √25、The era preceding the Renaissance became known as the Middle Ages. √26、Participants in the Renaissance studied the great civilizations of ancient Israel andGreece. ×27、Separation of church and state remains the political practice in the western world today.√28、At the beginning of the Middle ages the eastern half of the Roman Empire began tofragment.. ×29、By the 15th century the Pope had become powerful in both the secular life of theEuropeans as well as in their religious life. √30、All city-states of northern Italy belonged to the Holy Roman Empire during theRenaissance. ×31、During the Renaissance, many Italian scholars began to learn Greek because theywanted to translate Latin works into Greek. ×32、Romanesque architecture was known by its massive quality, round arches, barrel vaults,thick walls, sturdy pillars, small windows, large towers and decorative arcading. √33、Medieval fables are regarded as forerunners of the modern short story. ×34、The Hammurabi Code is the oldest known legal document in human history. ×35、The word “tyranny” was just as derogative in ancient Greece as today.×36、After Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire in the 4th century, allother religious beliefs disappeared. ×37、Christian Humanism helped pave the way for the Protestant Reformation. √38、According to Luther, the Bible was the only source of political and religious authority.√39、An important product of vernacular romance literature was the Romance of the Rose.√40、That the early Christians suffered systematical persecution by the Roman authoritieswas a myth. √41、“Middle English” was the national language of the England during the Early MiddleAges. ×42、In the Roman Empire, a foreign soldier could earn citizenship through his militaryservice. √43、Legends have it that the Garden of Eden situated on the Mesopotamian plain. √44、The Hammurabi Code ensured that every one is equal before the law. ×45、The Greek city-states varied greatly in their governmental structures. ×46、Reading of the Bible and his theological teaching made clearer Luther’s idea about themalpractices of the Church. √47、Out of great respect for traditions, the Romans were reluctant to make reforms. ×48、Octavian kept the republican system in name in order to gain support. √49、Martin Luther first expressed his idea of reforming the Church by criticizing the sale ofindulgences. √50、Florence was the major centre of the High Renaissance Art at the early 16th century.×51、Marsilio Ficino, the first man to translate Plato’s complete works from Greek into Latin,was known as a Neo-Platonist. √52、Universities served only a limited sector of the medieval population, only for men andthe wealthy; women and the poor were kept out of education. √53、Earlier Christian leaders all agreed that the gospel was intended for Jews and non-Jewsas well to hear. ×54、Mesopotamian civilization was based on the tradition, culture and custom of one singlegroup of ancient people living in the region. ×55、judaism instilled a sense of individualism ａnd equality into the hebrew society. √56、Athenian magistrate Solon devised the Council of 500 as a check to the power of thenobles. ×57、In the Middle Ages, Christians in Western Europe only needed to pay one tenth of theirannual income to the Church of Rome. ×58、During the 12th and 13th centuries, Romanesque style gradually took the place ofGothic style in architecture. ×59、In his incomplete Summa of Theology, Thomas Aquinas sought to reconcilesystematically Christian doctrine and Greek philosophy. √60、During the Renaissance, all scholars and artists abandoned medieval qualities andembraced modern values over night. ×61、In the Roman Republic, citizenship was determined by blood only. In other words, onlywhen both parents were native Romans could a person become Roman citizen. ×62、The Laws of the Twelve Tables was the first written law in Rome. √63、The Americans learnt from the ancient Rome in creating their federal government. √64、The Roman government offered free food to the poor people to achieve greaterharmony. ×65、The basic units of the first human civilization were city-states. √66、All Egyptian gods have a human body and an animal head. ×67、Among the Olympian gods, Zeus was the chief deity and he was mainly worshipped atOlympia. √68、Due to the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Counter-Reformation, the Churchof Rome lost its authority to settle all disputes among Christians. √69、According to Aristotle, Form (or Idea) exists as a higher reality than the material world.×70、To allow a person to buy God’s forgive ness and ransom his way out of hell, the Churchdeveloped the sale of indulgences. √71、The characteristic features of the Gothic style included pointed arches, ribbed vaults,flying buttresses, thinner walls, large and stained-glass windows. √72、The Romans were extremely intolerant of foreign religions. ×73、The Italian Renaissance was largely credited to the economic success in Italy at thattime. √74、The term “dictator” did not have its present day’s derogatory meaning in the period ofthe Roman Republic. √75、Officers in the Roman Republic were produced by drawing lots. ×76、Although people from different regions in the Roman Empire spoke different mothertongues, they could always communicate with strangers either in Latin or in Greek, the official languages of the Empire. ×77、The Romans were extremely intolerant of foreign religions. ×78、Similar to all ancient agricultural societies, ancient Egyptians also divided a year intofour seasons. ×79、The Minoan civilization is often regarded as the first advanced civilization of Europe. √80、The sales of Church offices led to low religious and personal standards of the clergymen.√81、Lyric is a poetic form so called because it was originally sung by individuals or a chorusaccompanied by a musical instrument called the lyre. √82、The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V helped the Pope in the movement of CatholicCounter-Reformation. ×83、The Northern Renaissance is the term used to describe the Renaissance in northernEurope, or more broadly in Europe outside Italy. √84、It was the Romans who created the name “Africa” after they conquered the CarthageEmpire. √85、Romance combined features of both vernacular epic and vernacular lyric. √86、At the age of 30, Jesus started to preach; but he had no intention to create a newreligion. √87、It was the Sumerians who first started systematic agriculture. √88、Though the idea of democracy originated in Athens, the practice was very differentfrom today’s western countries.√89、In the tale of Aeneas concerning Rome's founding, Aeneas was the son of a god and agoddess. ×90、Major changes in Roman religious life were due to expansion of Roman influence. √91、The historical narratives of the Old Testament are popular. √92、Rome used to be the religious centre, which caused foreign gods to find their way intoRome. ×93、In terms of literature, the Old Testament is an anthology because it is a collection ofmyths. ×94、The most significant part of the Christian Old Testament lies in books on laws. √95、Many books in the Old Testament are narratives because they report the events in thepast. √96、The Protestant version of the Old Testament is made up of the Jewish Bible only. √97、The Birth of Venus, created in the Renaissance,was a painting inspired by Virgil's vividdescriptions. ×98、Romulus and Remus decided to found a city of their own when they came to the throne.×99、The Throne Succession History of David in the Old Testament comes closer to themodern understanding of history. √100、Most of the prophetic books are Hebrew narratives in form. ×101、The thinking of the Renaissance participants was also influenced by the idea of freedom and equality, which emphasizes the worth of the individual. ×102、That you should not have sex with others beyond marriage is included in the spiritual standards of the Old Testament. √103、The apocalyptic writings concern the past events of the Jews. ×104、The early Romans cared about the human characters of gods. √105、The Old Testament tells the true history of the Jews. ×106、Etiological stories are those which explain the origin of some place, practice or name.√107、Practical advice for living a successful life is one of the general thems of the Hebrew wisdom poetry. √108、Renaissance began in Italy. √109、According to Roman mythology, the Romans originated from Asia Minor. √110、In the Jewish Bible there are 27 books in Hebrew. ×111、The word renaissance means "renewal".×112、Roman mythology involved the founding of all cities. ×113、Scholars now recognize that a number of characteristics of Renaissance art and society had their origins in the Middle Ages. √114、The early Christian church included in the Christian Bible the written records of both the Old and the New Testament because it believed in the continuity of history and of divine activity. √115、The Roman Catholic version of the Old Testament is made up of the Jewish Bible and some other books. √116、Hebrew prophetic books are made up of prophetic speeches. ×117、According to the Old Testament, death is a cruel reality. ×118、According to the Old Testament, Man is a unity of life and death. ×119、Renaissance eventually expanded into Germany, France, England, and other parts of the Mediterranean Sea. ×120、More accurately, the patriarchal stories in Genesis should be called families stories. √121、That different from other creatures, man is a unity of physical matter and life is one of the major theological themes of the Old Testament. ×。

（必考）欧洲文化入门复习资料

（必考）欧洲文化入门复习资料第一章填空题：1. The richness of European Culture was created by ________element and _________element. Greco-Roman Judeo-Christian2. The Homer’s epics consisted of_________. Iliad and Odyssey3. ________ is the first writer of “problem plays”. Euripides4. __________ is called “Father of History”. Herodotus5. ________The greatest historian that ever lived. ThucydidesThe dividing range in the Roman history refers to ________. 27 B.C.“I came, I saw, I conquered.” By _______. Julius CaesarThe representation form of Greek Democracy is __________. citizen-assembly.判断题1. Euclid says “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”. (×) Archimedes2. Herodotus’s historical writing is on the war between Anthens and Sparta. (×) Greeks and Persians名词解释：1. Pax Romana答：In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana2. “Democracy” in anc ient Greece答： 1）Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”, but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeksmeant only the adult male citizens.2）Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy.论述题：1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop?答：1) Probably around 1200 B.C., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics.2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century.B. The establishment of democracy.C. The flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens.3)The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.4) In the second half of the 4th century B.C., Greece was conquered by Alexander, king of Macedon. Whenever he went and conquered, whenever Greek culture was found.5) Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146B.C., the Romans conquered Greece.2. What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development?答： There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.1) Spirit of innovationThe Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history asopposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters of any inherited orthodoxy.2) Supreme AchievementThe Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour努力: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.3) Lasting effectA. Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer’s epics, the tragedies of Aesc hylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’s comedies, Plato’s Dialogues,ect.B. In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become clas sics: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn.C. In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.3. What is the similarity and difference between Greek culture and Roman culture?答：1) similarities:A. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly.B. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified, and their myths to be fused.C. Their languages worked in similar ways, both being members of the Indo-European language family.2) differences:A. The Romans built up a vast empire; the Greeks didn’t,except for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegra ted.B. The Romans were confident in their own organizational power, their military and administrative capabilities.4. What is the Rome historical background?答：1) The history of Rome divided into two periods: Before the year 27 B.C., Rome had been a republic; from the year 27 B.C., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus and Roman Empire began.2) Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its climax, marked by land area’s extension: Encircling the Mediterranean.3) Strong military power: the famous Roman legions.4) In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana.5) Another important contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman Law.6) The empire began to decline in the 3rd century.A. In the 4th century the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium. Renamed it Constantinople (modern Istanbul).B. After 395, the empire was divided into East (The Byzantine Empire) and WestC. In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire.D. The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.第二章填空题：1. ___________is by far the most influential in the West.Christianity2. The Hebrews history was recorded in _________of the Bible. the Old Testament3. The New Testament is about _________. the doctrine of Jesus Christ4. The story about God’s flooding to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, the Bible, which was known as _________. Noah’s Ark.5. The Birth of Jesus was recorded in ________. Matthew6. The story about Jesus being pinned in the cross to death was known as _________. The Last Supper.7. The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by _________. John Wycliff.名词解释:1. The Old TestamentThe Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.2. PentateuchThe Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy.3. GenesisGenesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious account of the origin of the Hebrews people, including the origin of the world and of man, the career of Issac and thelife of Jacob and his son Joseph.4. ExodusExodus is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt, the period when they began to receive God’s Law. Joshua brought the people safely back toCanaan.5. The Book of DanielThe Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. It tells about the Hebrews being carried away into Babylon.论述简答题：1. What are the beliefs of Christianity?答：Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it from all other religions. 1）One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind.2）The other is that God gave his only begotten son , so that whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.2. What are the different translation editions of the Bible?答：1)The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint. And it is still in use in the Greek Church today. But it only translated the Old Testament.2) The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition, which was done in 385-405 A.D. By St. Jerome in common people’s language. It became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world.3) The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.4) After John Wycliff’s version, appeared William Tyndale’sversion. It was based on the original Hebrew and Greek sources.5) The Great Bible ordered by Henry Ⅷin 1539 to be placed in all the English churches was in part founded on Tyndale’s work.6) The most important and influential of English Bible is the “Authorized” or “King James” version, first published in 1611. It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James. With its simple, majestic Anglo-Saxon tongue, it is known as the greatest book in the English languages.7) The Revised Version appeared in 1885, and the standard American edition of the Revised Version in 1901.8) The Good News Bible and the New English Bible.3. What is the great significance of the translations of the bible?答：1) It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.2) Miltion’s Paradise Lost, Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, u p to the contemporary Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck’s East of Eden. They are not influenced without the effect of the Bible.第三章填空题：1. In _______ a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 4762. After 1054, the church was divided into _________ and _______. the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.3. _______ is the one who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. St. Jerome4. ______introduced French and Italy writing the English nativealliterative verse.5. Both ___________are the best representative of the middle English. Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales6. _________ paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture. the Middel Ages名词解释1. the Middle agesIn European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages. The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century.2. FeudalismFeudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding—a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.3. The ManorThe centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lords. By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.4. Carolingian RenaissanceCarolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.5. Gothic1) The Gothic style started in France and quickly spreadthrough all parts of Western Europe.2) It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history.3) The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque.论述简答题：1. Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith？答：1) During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.2) The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence.3) In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learningfor hundreds of years.4) It shaped people’s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.2. What is the great significance of the Crusades?答：1) The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe.2) During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine, kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other things, Crusades helped to break down feudalism, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies.3) Besides, through their contact with the more cultured Byzantines and Moslems, the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals.4) The Crusades also resulted in renewing people’s interest in learning and invention. By the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals, algebra , and Arab medicine were introduced to the West.5) As trade increased, village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and tradein western Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments.3. How did learning and science develop in the Middle Ages?答：1) Charlemagne and Carolingian Renaissance:A. He was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the pope in 800.B. Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The mos t interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.2) Alfred the Great and Wessex Centre of Learning:A. He promoted translations into the vernacular from Latin works.B. He also inspired the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.3) St. Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism:4) Roger Bacon and Experimental Science:A. Roger Bacon, a monk, was one of the earliest advocates of scientific research.B. He called for careful observation and experimentation. His main work was the Opus maius.4. How did literature develop in the middle ages?答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was animportant and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy:A. His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.B. The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance.C. Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin.3) Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales:A. The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.B. Most of the tales are written in verse which reflects Chaucer’s innovation by introducing into the native alliterative verse the French and Italian styles.C. Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English literature.D. Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages.5. What is the difference between the vernacular language used in the National epics and the vernacular language used by Mark twain?答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being inthe Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) The vernacular language used by Mark twain refers to both local and colloq language used in the Mississippi area, with a strong characteristic of that region. Mark twain used vernacular language not only in dialogue, but also in narration.3) His representative works Life on the Mississippi.6. What were the power and influence of the Roman Catholic church in the Medieval times?1) With a highly centralized and disciplined international organization from priests to Pope, the Roman Catholic Church seemed to be the only unity across the western Europe of the Medieval times. It developed a civilization based on Christianity and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage of the classical cultures by the official language of Latin.2) with the Pope as the supreme head of all the Christian Churches of the western Europe, the Catholic (meaning universal) church received heavy taxes from lay people and various supports from nobles and kings. Church could remove any opponents political rights or even emperors, with the powerful symbol of the Inquisition, the Church court to punish heresy.3) The Medieval Church was the center of the Europeans’ daily life and almost everyone became a member of the Church. People turned to the Church for comfort and spiritual guidance; the Church also was the center of holy communion, recreation, trade and communal activity.4) Clergy then was the only literate class, so kings and noblesused them to implement important secular governmental duties.5) The Church took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning throughout the “Age of Faith”. For example, Romanesque and Gothic arts were predominantly religious; in learning, it influenced greatly the western thinking with the monk s’ work on copying and tr anslating ancient books, the Church Fathers’ philosophy, Monasticism, Scholasticism and Experimental science.6) originally for regaining the holy city of Jerusalem, the Church launched 200-year Crusades, which helped to bread down feudalism and enhanced the cultural contact between the West and the East.第四章填空题：1. Renaissance started in ________ and ________ with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture. Florence and Venice2. In Renaissance literature of Italy, _______ was the representative poet. Petrarch3. At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of _________. the greatness of man.4. The idea of the greatness of man is reflected in __________ literature. Shakespeare’s5. The national religion established after reformation in England was called _______. The church of England or The Anglican Church.6. It was under the reign of _______ that reformation was successful in England. Henry Ⅷ7. Montaigne was a French humanist known for his _______. “Essais”(Essays).8. The representative novelist of Renaissance in Spain was __________ with his famous work_______, which marked European culture entry into a new stage. Cervantes Don Quixote9. The Venus of Urbino is ___________ works. Titian10. _______ translated the whole Bible with the vernacular language. Martin Luther名词解释:1. RenaissanceGenerally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. Theword “Renaissance” means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.2. ReformationThe Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues. 3. Counter-ReformationBy late 1520 the Roman Catholic Church had lost its control over the church in Germany. The Roman Catholic Church did notstay idle. They mustered their forces, the dedicated Catholic groups, to examine the Church institutions and introduce reforms and improvements, to bring back its vitality. This recovery of power is often called by historians the Counter-Reformation.论述简答题：1. What are the Geographical Discoveries in the Renaissance?答：The Renaissance was the golden age of geographical discoveries: by the year of 1600 the surface of the known earth was doubled.1)Columbus: Columbus discovered the land of America. On his fourth voyage he explored the coast of Central America.2)Dias: Dias was a Portuguese navigator who discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1487.3)Da Gama: Gama was a Portuguese navigator, who discovered the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope between the years of 1497 and 1498.4)Amerig：Amerigo was the Italian navigator on whose honour America was named. His discovered and explored the mouth of the Amazon and accepted South America as a new continent.2. What positive influence does the reformation exert on world culture?答:1)The Roman Catholic Church was never the international court to which all rulers and states were to be morally responsible for.2)Economically, peasants all over Europe had no need to paya good amount of their gains to the Pope.3)In educational and cultural matters, the monopoly of the church was broken.4)In religion, Protestantism brought into being differentforms of Christianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church.5)In language, the dominant position of Latin had to give way to the national languages as a result of various translations of the Bible into the vernacular.6)In spirit, absolute obedience became out-moded and the spirit of quest, debate , was ushered in by the reformists.3. What contribution did the Renaissance make to the world culture?答：1、The Renaissance created a culture which freed man to discover and enjoy the world in a way not possible under the medieval Church’s dispensation.2、The Reformation dealt the feudal theocracy a fatal blow.。

英语欧美文化期末练习题

英语欧美文化期末练习题2006-2007学年第一学期欧美文化期末练习题班级_________ 姓名__________ I.Multiple choices (80%)1.Which of the following works described the war led by Agamemnon againstthe city of Troy?A. OdysseyB. Iliad C Agamemnon D. Trojan Womenth2.In the 20 century, the Irish writer James Joyce?s Ulysses is a parallel to Homer?s epic_______.A. OdysseyB. Iliad C Agamemnon D. Trojan Women 3.Which of the following is not written by Aeschylus?A. Prometheus BoundB. AntigoneC. Persians D Agamenon4.The Austrian psych iatrist Siugmund Freud …s term “the Oedipus complex”was derived from ________?s play Oedipus the King.A. AeschylusB. EuripdesC. SophoclesD. Aristophane5.Among ancient Greek dramatist, ______may be called the first writer of“problem plays”.A. AeschylusB. EuripdesC. SophoclesD. Aristophane6.In which comic play did Aristophanes attack Socrates?A. WaspsB. BirdsC. CloudsD. Frogs7.Who initiated the concept of point, line, surface, bpdy, etc. and was regardedas the founder of scientific mathematics?A. AristotleB. ArchimedesC. PythagorasD. Democritus8.Socrates …s teaching method is well known as the _________.A.dialectic methodB. dialoguesC.Cartesian doubtD. doubting method9.Which is Plato?s belief?A. Men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general“ideas”.B. Men have knowledge because of experience.C. Mind and matter are completely apart from each otherD. The world is matter and acrivity.10.Among the Greek philosophers, who believed that form and matter togethermade up concrete individual realities?A. AristotleB. PlatoC. SocratesD. Epicurus11.Among Greek scientists, who dicovered the principle of the lever and onceclaimed that “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.”?A. EuclidB.ArchimedesC. DemocritusD. Pythagoras 12.________ is one of the finest representatives of ancient Greek sculpture.A. Venus de MiloB. Constantine the GreatC. She-wolfD. Moses13. Ancient Roman writer _____ was noted for his oratory and fine writingstyle and had an enormous influence on the development of European prose.A. LucretiusB.CiceroC. CaesarD. Virgil14. ____ is the greatest Latin poet, who wrote the great epic Aeneid.A. LucretiusB.CiceroC. CaesarD. Virgil 15. ______ is the best preserved Roman temple.A. ParthenonB.PantheonC. the ColosseumD. the temple in jerusalem16.________ is a statue which illustrates the legend of creation of Rome.A. Venus de MiloB. Constantine the GreatC. She-wolfD. Moses17. Both Judaism and Christianity originated in ___________. It wasthe_________tradition that gave birth to Christianity.A. Egypt; JewishB. Turkey; IslamicC. Palestine; JewishD. Israel; Islamic18.The Old Testament consists of ___books, while the New Testament consistsof ___books.A. 39; 27B. 27; 39C. 30; 27D. 5; 3419.The first five books of the Old Testament is called_____.A. PentateuchB. GenesisC. DeuteronomyD. Exodus20.According to the Old Testament, when the wandering Hebrew tribesleft thedesert and entered the mountainous Sinai, _______ climbed to the top of themountain to receive from God message, which came to be known as Ten Commandments.A. DavidB. SolomonC. SaulD. Moses 21. By 305 the Roman emperor stopped the persecution of Christians. And in313, ______issued the Edict of Milan and made Christianity.A. ConstantineB. NeroC. DiocletianD. Theodosius.22. In _____, the Roman Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the officialreligion of the empire.A. 305B. 313C. 392D. 47623. At the age of 30, Jesus Cxhrist received the baptism at the hands of _____.A. JosephB. St. PaulC. John BaptistD. St. Peter24. The four accounts of Jesus? birth, teaching, death and resurrection were believed to have been written byA. Matthew , Mark, Luke and JohnB. Paul, Peter, Luke and JohnC. Joseph, Mark, Paul and PeterD. Matthew , Mark, Peter and Joseph25.The most important and influential of English Bible is _________.A. The Great BibleB. the Good News BibleC. the “authorized” or King James’ versionD. the Vulgate 26. The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the _____ edition.A. the SeptuagintB. the VulgateC. The Great BibleD. the Good News Bible27. What is the Middle Ages also called for?________________A. “Age of Reason”B. “Age of Art”C. “Age of Faith”D. “Age of science” 28. When did the Western Roman Empire fall and the Middle Ages began?A. In A. D. 476B. In A. D. 27C. In B.C. 27D.In B. C. 47629. To become a knight, a noble began his education as a ____ at 7, then hebecame a ___ to a knight at about 14. If he proved to be a good fighter, hecould be made a knight at the ceremony of dubbing.A. squire, pageB. page, squireC. soldier, pageD. assistant, protector 30. ________, ruler of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Wessex, made Wessex theAnglo-Saxon cultural centre and contributed greatly to the medieval Europeanculture.A. CharlemagneB. CarolusC. Alfred the GreatD. Henry VIII31. _______, the writer of Opus Maius, was one the earliest adovocates of scientific research.A. Francis BaconB. Roger BaconC. Thomas AquinasD. Dante 32._________ is an Anglo-Saxon epic telling about how the hero fightedagainst the monster Grendel and the fire dragon.A. Song of RolandB. BeowulfC. AfricaD. Canzoniers33.__________is the soul of Renaissance.A. New sciencesB. HumanismC. New literatureD. the interest in ancient Greek and Roman art34. _____ is the birthplace of Renaissance.A. EnglandB. ItalyC. SpainD. France35. Of the four major artists in High Renaissance, ___was best known for hisMadonnas.A. da VinciB. MichelangeloC. RaphaelD. Titian.36. ________ established the pictorial tradition in western art by using oil coloron canvas and was ranked the father of the modern mode of painting.A. da VinciB. MichelangeloC. RaphaelD. Titian.37.Da Vinci, _____ and Raphael are the best representatives of highRenaissance in Florence.A. GiottoB. GiorgioneC. MichelangeloD. David38. _________ …s open protest agains t the indulgence in 1517 started theReformation movement in Europe.it challenged the absolute authority of the theChurch and replaced it with the absolute authority of the ______.A. Martin Luther; BibleB. John Calvin; the GodC. Jan Hus; BibleD. John Wycliffe; the God39. Which is John Calvin?s belief?A. Men are redeemed by faith and not by the purchase of indulgences.B. The bible should be translated into vernacular so that the Bible can beaccessible to evbery man.C. All believers are priests and all occupations are holy and thus equal.D. Any form of sinfulness is a likely sign of damnatiom whereas ceaselesswork could be sign of salvation.40. From which of Shakespear?s plays comes the sentence:”To be, or not to be,that is the quest ion.”A. OthelloB. King LearC.MacbethD.Hamlet 41. With the great progess in science, in the___century Europe advanced fromthe Middle ages to the Modern times.A. 15ththththB. 16C. 17D. 1842. “I think therefore I am” is ________?s motto. A. So crates B. Descartes C. Locke D. Kantth43. The major literary form of neoclassicism in france in the 17 century was_________.A. novelB. proseC. dramaD. poetry 44. __________ rejected the traditional deductive method and founded theinductive method.A. John LockeB. Thomas HobbsC. Francis BaconD. John Milton45. ______said:”Knowledge is power.” A. Plato B. LockeC. BaconD. Kant46. There were two leaders in the English revolution,Cromwell was the man ofaction and ___the man of thought.A. John LockeB. Thomas HobbsC. Francis BaconD. John Milton 47. Phaedra is one of the masterpeices of ________________.A. Pierre CorneilleB. Jean RacineC. MoliereD. Lessing 48. The Enlightenment is also called ___________.A. “Age of Reason”B. “Age of Art”thC. “Age of Faith” D. “Age of science”49. The most important forerunners of the Enlightenment were two17Englishmen________.A. Francis Bacon and John MiltonB. John Locke and Isaac NewtonC. Thomas Hobbs and John LockeD. Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes50. In art and literature, what coincided with the Age of Reason wasa periodcalled_________.A. classicismB. neoclassicism c. romanticism D. realism51.Which book discussed the spearation of the legislative, executive and judicalpowers?A. The Spirit of the LawsB. Lettres AnglaiseC. The Origin of Human InequalityD.Rameau’s Nephew52. In Rousseau?s opinion, _____ was the origin of social inequality.A. human natureB. absoute monarchyC. vices in th esocietyD. private property53. Rousseau?s __________ is an important work on education; and hisautobiography __________ foreshadows the trend of Romanticism.A. New Heloise; EmileB.Emile; The ConfessionsC. On Education; Poetry and TruthD. Philosophical Thoughts; Persian Letters54. Who represented the rationalistic neoclassical tendency inEnglish literatureand has often been called the spokesman in verse of the Age of Reaon? One ofhis masterpieces is The Rape of the Lock.A. Samuel JohnsonB. Henry FieldingC. Alexander PopeD. William Blake55. In ______, Swift bitterly criticized theBritish government by suggestingthat the children be fattened and eaten.A. Essay on CriticismB. A Modest Proposal c. Essay on ManD.Gulliver?s Travels 56._________ is often called the founder of English domestic novel, orepistolary novel. One of his masterpieces is Pamela. A. Samuel Johnson B. Henry FieldingC. Walter ScottD. Samuel Richardson57.Goethe? epistolary novel _________played an enormous role in the spreadof Romanticism.A. The Sorrows of Young WertherB. Wilhelm Meister’s ApprenticeshipC. Nathan the WiseD. Poetry and Truth58. _______ , written by Goethe, is the greatest work of German literature.A. The Sorrows of Young WertherB. Wilhelm Meister’s Apprentices hipC. FaustD. Poetry and Truth59. _______ is the key figure of the German philosophy and sometimes calledthe “waterhead of Modern philosophy”.A.Martin lutherB. HegelC. LessingD. Kant 60. Romanticism devoped in the late _____ and early ___centuryies.thththththththth A. 18; 19 B. 17; 18 C. 16; 17 D. 19; 20 61.______________ is not a Lake poet.A. SoutheyB. KeatsC. WordsworthD. Coleridge62 “If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?” is from the ending of _____. A. Ode on a Grecian Urn B. Ode to the West WindC. Don JuanD. Ode to a Nightingale63. Which of the following writers is a female writer and tried hard to proveherself equal to the challenge of a woman?A. Victor HugoB. John KeatsC. George SandD. Mikhail Y. Lemontov64. The preface of the play ________, written by ________ is a veritablemanifesto of French Romanticism in Literature.A. Cromwell; HugoB.Hernati; HugoC. Atala; ChateaubriandD. Rene; Chateaubriand 65. Wordsworth and Colerridge were well known for their collective work,__________, the preface of which marked the beginning of romanticism inEnglish literature.A. Ballads and RomancesB. Lyrical BalladsC. Balladskers67. _______ was generally considered Byron?s masterpiece. A.Cain B. ManfredC. Child e Harold’s PilgrimageD. Don Juan 69. In_________,_________ created the first “superfluous man” in Russian literature.A. Eugene Onegin; PushkinB. A Hero of Our Times; Mikhail Y. LemontovC. The Betrothed; ManzoniD. To Sylvia; Leopardi 70. John Keats, a telented English poet, is best known for his beautiful poems, such as ________.A.To a SkylarkB. To ItalyC. Odes to a NightingaleD. The Lady of the LakeII. Connect the names of the writers to their respective masterpieces20%Chauccer Gargantua and PantagruelFielding Utopia Boccaccio The New Method Petrach Paradise Lost Rabelais Les MiserablesThomas More The Canterbury Tales Hugo Le CidMilton DecameronBacon Don QuixoteCorneille CanzoniersCervantes The History of Tom Jones, a FoundlingWordsworth Divine ComedyDante AeneidSchiller Cabal and LoveMoliere Robinson Crusoe Pushikin FaustVirgil Lyrical BalladsDefoe Eugene Onegin Goethe TartuffeShelley Prometheus UnboundGiotto Mona LisaTitian Sleeping Venus Michalangelo The Sistine Madonna Raphael Flight into Egypt Giorgione DavidDa Vinci Sacred and Profane Love。

(0174)《欧洲文化入门》复习思考题

（0174）《欧洲文化入门》复习思考题I. Choose the most appropriate one for the following blanks.1. Two major elements in European culture are ____.A. the Greek and RomanB. the Judaism and ChristianityC. the Greco-RomanD. A and B2. ____ deals with the Trojan War (the Greek states led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy ).A. The OdysseyB. The IliadC. Prometheus BoundD. Persians3. The play Prometheus Bound was written by _____.A. AeschylusB. AristophanesC. EuripidesD. Sophocles4. The best writer of comedy of the ancient Greece was ____ , who is Father of Comedy.A. EuripidesB. AristophanesC. SophoclesD. Aeschylus5. ____ was one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory.A. HomeB. HeracleitueC. DemocritusD. Socrates6, ____by Plato is a book about the ideal state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets.A. DialoguesB. The ApologyC. The RepublicD. Symposium7. Dante called ____ “ the master of those who know”.A, Aristotle B. Plato C. Socrates D. Archimedes8. Euclid is even now well-known for his ____.A. ElementsB. PoeticsC. EthicsD. Politics9. ____ has been a big subject for discussion among writers and artists.A, Discus Throwe r B, Venus de MiloC, Laocoon group D, Parthenon10. Herodotus , Father of History, wrote about the war between ____ .A. Athens and SpartaB. Athens and SyracuseC. Athens and PersiansD. Greeks and Persians11. It is _____ who was the founder of scientific mathematics.A. HeracleitusB. AristotleC. SocratesD. Pythagoras12.Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of ____ in 27 B. C..A.RomeB. AugustusC. The Roman EmpireD. Pax Romana13. The great epic, The Aeneid, was written by _____.A. LucretiusB. VirgilC. Julius CaesarD. Cicero14. The oldest and most important of the Old Testament of 39 books are the first five books, called ____.A. DeuteronomyB. ExodusC. the PentateuchD. Genesis15. In ____ the Jews were carried away into the Babylonian Captivity(巴比伦之囚).A. 169B.C. B. 586 B. C. C. 536 B. C. D, 721 B.C.16. The most important and influential of English Bible is ____, first published in 1611.A. The SeptuagintB. The VulgateC.Wycliff’s versionD. Authorized version17. ____ is the oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament.A. The SeptuagintB. The VulgateC. Wycliff’s versionD. Authorized version18. It is generally accepted that ____ and Shakespeare are two great reserviors of Modern English.A. the BibleB. the English BibleC. the New TestamentD. the Old Testament19. The Middle Ages is a period in which _____ , _____ and Gothic heritages merged.A. Greco-Roman, ChristianityB. classical, ChristianC. Greek, RomanD. classical, Hebrew20. The centre of medieval life under feudalism was _____.A. knighthoodB. the manorC. the ChurchD. polis21. In 1054, the Christian Church was divided into ____ and the Eastern Orthodox Church.A. ChristianityB. the Roman ChurchC. the Roman Catholic ChurchD. the Western Catholic22. _____ by Aquinas forms an enormous system and sums up all the knowledge of medieval theology.A. Summa TheologicaB. Summa Contra GentilesC. Opus maiusD. Beowulf23. The Anglo-Saxon epic ____ originated from the collective effort of oral literature.A. Song of RolandB. the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.C. BeowulfD. the Divine Comedy24. Generally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between ____.A. the 13th and 15th centuriesB. the 14th and mid-17th centuryC. the 15th and 16th centuriesD. the 14th and 16th centuries25. ____ is the essence of the Renaissance.A.The revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman cultureB.Attempts to get rid of conservatismC.The flowering of paintings, sculpture and architectureD.Humanism26. Fracesco Petrarch, the author of ____, is known as Father of Humanism.A. the DecameronB.CanzoniersC. DavidD. Sleeping Venus27. After Reformation, _____ came into being.A. ChristianityB. CalvinismC. LutheranismD. Protestantism28. Which was NOT true about Durer?A, The leader of the Renaissance in Germany B, A master of woodcutC, Never being to Italy D, A follower of Martin Luther29. Father of modern astronomy is ____.A. Da VinciB. Amerigo VespucciC. Nicolaus CopernicusD. Marchiavelli30. Vasari was best known for his entertaining biographies of _____.A. FabricaB. PrinceC. the Divine ComedyD. Lives of the Artist s31. _____’s theories have given rise to important developments of modern science, ranging from Freudian psychology to Einsteinian physics.A. Galileo GalileiB. Gottfried Wilhelm von LeibnizC. Sir Isaac NewtonD. Johannes Kepler32. In the first _____ , Locke flatly rejected the theory of divine right of kings.A. the Advancement of LearningB. the New AtlantisC. Essay Concerning human UnderstandingD. Treatise of Civil Government33. Thomas Hobbes’s _____ is one of the most celebrated political treatises in European literature.A. LeviathanB. the Advancement of LearningC. Essay Concerning human UnderstandingD. Treatise of Civil Government34. The theme of _____ is the fall of men.A. New MethodB. Treatise of Civil GovernmentC. Essay Concerning human UnderstandingD. Paradise Lost35. _____ was the best representative dramatist of French classical comedies.A. CorneilleB. RacineC. MolièreD. Descartes36. Which of the following artists helped to gring the Roman Baroque style to its climax?A. RubensB. BerniniC. BorrominiD. Caravaggio37. Whose doctrines of the separation of powers became one of the most important principles of the U.S.constitution? ______A. John LockeB. RousseauC. V oltaireD. Montesquieu38. In which of Diderot’s works, the author developed his materialist philosophy and fore-shadowed the doctrine of evolutions as later proposed by Charles Darwin? ______A. Philosophical ThoughtsB. Rameau’s NephewC. Elements of PhysiologyD. Encyclopedie39. _____ , novelist, is often called the founder of English domestic novel.A. Walter ScottB. Henry FieldingC. Samuel JohnsonD. Samuel Richardson40. Which of the Lessing’s works was a landmark in the 18th-century German drama? _____A. Minna Von BarnhelmB. LaocoonC. Hamburgische DramaturgieD. Nathan the Wise41. In _____ , Goethe draws on a immense variety of cultural material. It is not only his own masterpiece but the greatest work of German literature.A. the Sorrow of Young WertherB. FaustC. Wilhelm Meister’s TravelsD. Poetry and Truth42. Among Schiller’s works, _____ was a play best known to the Chinese audience.A. The RobbersB. WallensteinC. Cabal and LoveD. Wilhelm Tell43.Kant’s years of his philosophical studies are crystalized in three difficult books; among them ,_____ was the most important single book by any modern pholosopher.A.General History of Nature and Theory of the HeavensB.Critique of Practical ReasonC. Critiquue of JudgementD. Critique of Pure Reason44. It has been said that “ the world had waited centuries for _____ and he was only to remain here a momen t”.A. BeethovenB. HaydnC. MozartD. Bach45. Which of the following writers or poets is usually called the father of European historical novel? ______.A. GoetheB. Victor HugoC. Daniel DefoeD. Walter Scott46. In 1798, _______, a volume of poems by Wordsworth and Coleridge, made literary history.A. Songs of ExperienceB. Lyrical BalladsC. Isles of GreeceD. Ode to the West Wind47. Which of the following Romant ic writers ever fought for women’s freedom in love and marriage? _____A. George SandB. Victor HugoC. Daniel DefoeD. Henry Fielding48. ______ stood in the van of the Romantic movement in Russia, ______ is generally recognized as his masterpiece.A. Lermontov, A Hero of Our TimeB. Pushkin, Luslan and LiudmilaC. Pushkin, Boris GodunovD. Pushkin, Eugene Onegin49. The publication of Mickiewicz’s _____ is uaually taken as the beginning of Romantic ism in Polish literature.A. Sonnets from the CrimeaB. Konrad WallenrodC. Ballads and RamancesD. Pan Tadeusz50. Beethoven’s _____ is a choral symphony, choosing as a text for the finale Shiller’s Ode to Joy.A. Symphony No. 3B. Symphony No. 5C. Symphony No. 6D. Symphony No. 951. _____ sought to revolutionize the opera by making it a combination of the arts: dramatic, musical, and scenic.A. BerliozB. ChopinC. WagnerD. Verdi52. Based on _____ , Marx and Engels developed their own dialectical materialism.A.the German classical philosophyB. the English classical political economyC.the Utopian SocialismD. the Manifesto of the Communist Party53. Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of _____, so Marx discovered the law of development of _____.A.the survival of the fittest, the communist partyB.the natural selection, the scientific socialismanic nature, human historyD. natural species, historical societies54. In 1858 Darwin received a letter from _____, who, working independently, also came to the conclusion concerning the origin of the species by means of natural selection.A. John Stevens HenslowB. Charles LyellC. Thomas HuxleyD. Alfred Russel Wallace55. Zola defined the theory of _____ and illustrated it in his great work entitled _____.A.naturalism, Les Rougen-MacquartsB. naturalism, Madame BovaryC. realism, the Human ComedyD. realism, the Charterhouse of Parma56. ____ was the first master of fiction in Russia to leave romantic conventions and go to life for his subjects.A. Nikolai GogolB. Ivan Sergeyevich TurgenevC. Fyodor DostoyevskyD. Count Leo Tolstoy57. _____ holds an important position in his own country’s cultural history as an ethical philosopher and religious reformer.A. Nikolai GogolB. Ivan Sergeyevich TurgenevC. Fyodor DostoyevskyD. Count Leo Tolstoy58. Amo ng Ibsen’s masterpieces, _____ is a plea for the emancipation of women.A. GhostsB. A Doll’s HouseC. the Wild DuckD. Hedda Gabler59. Among Charles Dickens’s works, _____ has the most intricate, complic ated plot.A. Oliver TwistB. Hard TimesC. David CopperfieldD. Bleak House60. _____, George Eliot’s masterpiece, is regarded by some critics as the finest English novel of the 19th century.A. MiddlemarchB. The Mill on the FlossC. Adam BedeD. Silas Marner61. The term “ impressionism” was taken directly from the title of _____ Impressionism: Sunrise (1872).A. Renoir’sB. Pissarro’sC. Manet’sD. Monet’s62. _____ was particularly good at doing portraits of ballet dancers in opera houses.A. RenoirB. DegasC. MonetD. Pissarro63. ______ reacted against impressionism by using color to suggest his own emoyion and temperament.A. Paul CézanneB. Paul GauguinC. Vincent van GoghD. Auguste Rodin64. In Freudian system, _____ is the container of the instrinctual urges.A. IdB. EgoC. SuperegoD. Oedipus Comlex65. T.S. Eliot’s long poem _____ is his major contibution to English poetry.A.the Love Song of J. Alfred PrufrockB. Four QuartetsC. the Waste LandD. imagism66. _____ by James Joyce is considered his most mature work and the single best fiction ever written since the beginning of the 20th century.A. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young ManB. DublinersC. Finnegans WakeD. Ulysses67. The term “ Angry Young Man” came to be widely used only after the publication of _____ play Look Back in Anger (1956).A. John Osborne’sB. Kingsley Amis’sC. Allen Ginsberg’sD. Jack Kerouac’s68. _____ poem Howl, written in 1956, was regardedas an important development in American poetry.A. John Osbor ne’sB. Kingsley Amis’sC. Allen Ginsberg’sD. Jack Kerouac’s69. _____ is known as the first “ cubist” novel: in his novels , one finds a precise, neutral description of things, registered with a camera’s eye.A. Samuel BeckettB. Nathalie SarrauteC. Jean-Paul SartreD. Alain Robbe-Grillet70. _____ masterpiece was a play called Waiting for Godot (1952), which was rememdered as one of the most famous Absurd Drama.A. Nathalie Sarraute’sB. Sam uel Beckett’sC. Jean-Paul Sartre’sD. Alain Robbe-Grillet’sII．Match the names of Column A with the appropriate items of Column B. Column A Column B1. Sophocles a. the founder of the inductive method2. Democritus b. Don Giovanni3. Virgil c. one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory4. Thomas Aquinas d. a universal genius5. Da Vinci e. The Execution of the Third of May6. John Calvin f. Eugene Onegin7. Andreas Vesalius g. the Oedipus complex8. Giorgio Vasari h. The Aeneid9. Goya i. Fabrica10. Percy Bysshe Shelley j. Prometheus Unbound11. Alessandro Manzoni k. Critique of Pure Reason12. Aleksander Pushkin l. The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs13. Immanuel Kant m. Encyclopédie14. Jean-Jacques Rousseau n. the first to use the term Renaissance15. RenéDescartes o. Institutes of the Christian Religion16. Francis Bacon p. the supreme figure in scholasticism17. Nicolaus Copernicus q. The Betrothed18. Jean Racin r. The Social Contract19. Diderot s. Phaèdra20. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart t. the founder of analytical geometryIII. Decide the following statements true or false.1. Homer’s epics described the events of Homer’s own time. ( )2. Sappho was considered the most important lyric peot of ancient Greece. ( )3. Venus de Milo was discovered in the island of Milo in 1920. ( )4. Roman law eventually became the core of modern civil and commercial law in many Western countries. ( )5. The Bible is much more than a religious book; it is really an encyclopaedia: history, literature, philosophy and record of great minds. ( )6. The Old Testament was originally written in Hebrew, the New Testament in apopular form of Latin. ( )7. Some of the hermits were great scholars known as “ Father of the Church”, whose work is generally considered orthodox. ( )8. Charlemagne wanted to rule as the emperors of Rome had done in ancient times and eventually was crowned “ Emperor of the Romans” by himself in 800. ( ) 9. The Gothic style started in France, quickly spread through all parts of western Europe and flourished and lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 17th . ( ) 10. In the period of Renaissance, where the impact with Italy was most strongly felt in fine arts, in France it was literature and in England it was philosophy and drama. ( ) 11. Chritopher Columbus was discoverer of the New World and the American continent was named after him. ( ) 12. It is generally believed that modern philosophy begins with Francis Bacon in England and with RenéDescartes in France. ( ) 13. Baroque art, flourished first in Spain was characterized by Dramatic intensity and sentimental appeal with a lot of emphasis on light and color. ( ) 14. Throughout his life, Peter Paul Rubens did 1,204 paitings and 300 drawings, something that is unprecedented in the history of art. ( ) 15. The most important forerunners of the Enlightenment were two 17th century Englishmen Francis Bacon and Isaac Newton. ( ) 16. The three composers of the classical music , Bach ,Haydn and Mozart are known as the Viennese School. ( ) 17. Marxism was linked to a great intellectual tradition extending into the 18th century French Enlightenment, german post-Kantian philosophy, English classical political economy, and early 18th century European socialism. ( ) 18. As Isaac Newton dominated 17th-century science with his discovery of the laws governingthe bodies of the universe, so Charles Darwin dominated 18th-centuryscience, for he discovered the laws governing the evolutionof man himself. ( ) 19. Black humor is a kind of desperate humor. It is the laughter at tragic things. Man’s fate is decided by comprehensible powers. We can’t do anything about it, therefore we may as well laugh. ( ) 20. Expressionist art is marked by the expression of reality by means of distortion to communicate one’s inner vision. The artists of this school used bright colors to bring out their pessimistic views on life. ( )IV. Explain the following.1.Renaissance2.Reformation3.French Classicism4.Baroque Art5.Enlightenment6.Romanticism7.Realism8.Dadaism9.The Human Comedy10.The Bible。

欧洲文化入门复习重点

Introduction1、There are many elements constituting European Culture.2、There are two major elements: Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.The richness of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.Division One：Greek Culture and Roman Culture1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labour.3、Ancient Greece’s epics was created by Homer.4、The Home r’s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.5、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.6、Three masters in tragedy三大悲剧大师①AeschylusPrometheus Bound —→Shelly Prometheus Unbound②SophoclesOedipus the King —→ Freud’s “the Oedipus complex” (恋母情结)—→ David Herbert Lawrence’s Sons and lovers③EuripidesA．Trojan WomenB．He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧)C．Realism can be traced back to the Ancient Greece，to be specific, Euripides.7、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes.Aristophanes writes about nature.8、History (Historical writing)“Father of History” —→ Herodotus —→ war (between Greeks and Persians)“t he greatest historian that ever lived.” —→ Thucydides —→ war (between Sparta and Athens) 9、①Euclid’s Elements解析几何It was in use in English schools until the early years of the 20th century.②ArchimedesHis work laid basis for not only geometry几何学,but also arithmetic算术, mechanics机械, and hydrostatics.流体静力学“Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”.（Archimedes）10、The melting between Roman Culture and Greek Culture. (罗马征服希腊的标志)From 146 B.C., Latin was the language of the western half of the Roman Empire, and Greek that of the eastern half.Both Latin and Greek belong to Indo-European language.11、The dividing range in the Roman history refers to 27 B.C.12、The year 27 B.C. Divided the Roman history into two periods: republic and empire.13、The idea of Republic can be traced back to Plato’s republic.14、In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteedby the Roman legions(罗马军团)15、In the Roman history, there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was known asPax Romana.(神圣罗马帝国)16、In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteedby the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana17、The Roman Law protected the rights of plebeians (平民).18、The important contribution made by the Romans to the European culture was the Roman Law.19、After 395,the empire was divided into East (the Byzantine Empire) and West.20、Cicero西赛罗his legal and political speeches are models of Latin diction拉丁语用词described as Ciceronian.西赛罗式的an enormous influence on the development of European prose.21、Virgil: Aeneid 阿尼德22、The pantheon was built in 27 B.C.The world’s first vast interior space.世界上第一所最大的室内场所23、The representation form of Greek Democracy is citizen-assembly.古希腊民主的表现形式24、The embodiment of Greek democracy is citizen-assembly. 古希腊民主的具体形式25. Many of Plato’s ideas were later absorbed into Christian thought.How did the Ancient Greek philosophy develop?(1)、Three founders1、Pythagoras①All things were numbers.②Scientific mathematics.③Theory of proportion.比例的理论2、Heracleitue①Fire is the primary elements of the universe.火是万物之源②The theory of the mingling of opposites produced harmony.矛盾的对立统一3、Democritus①the atomic theory.第一个原子理论开拓者②materialism.唯物主义(2)、Three thinkers1、Socrates①He hadn’t works. We can know him from Plato’s dialogues.②The dialectical method was established by Socrates.2、Plato①The Academy is the first school in the world, it was established by Plato.②He has four works. Dialogues, Apology, Symposium and Republic.3、Aristotle①The Lyceum is the second school in the world, it was established by Aristotle.②Aristotle is a humanist.(2)、Five contending schools1、The Sophists诡辩派①Under the leadership of Protagoras.②The representative of work is On the God.诸神论③His doctrine is “man is the measure of all things”.2、The Cynics犬儒派①Under the leadership of Diogenes.②The word “cynic” means “dog” in English.③He proclaimed his brotherhood. And he had no patience with the rich and powerful.3、The Sceptics置疑学派①Under the leadership of Pyrrhon.②His thought is not all knowledge was attainable, and doubting the truth of what others accepted as true.4、The Epicureans享乐派①Under the leadership of Epicurus.②Pleasure to be the highest good in life but not sensual enjoyment.Pleasure could be attained by the practice of virtue.Epicurus was a materialist. He believed that the world consisted of atoms.5、The Stoics斯多哥派①Under the leadership of Zeno.②His thought is duty is the most important thing in life.One should endure hardship and misfortune with courage.He developed into Stoics’ duty.He was also a materialist.What’s the difference between Plato and Aristotle in terms of their philosophical ideas(system)？1、For one thing, Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato’s reliance on subjective thinking.2、For another, he thought that “form” and matter together made up concrete individual realities. Here, too, he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world3、Aristotle thought happiness was men’s aim in life，but not happiness in the vulgar sense, but something that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason, goodness and contemplation.What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development?There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere. Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.1、Spirit of innovation创新精神The Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters of any inherited orthodoxy.2、Supreme Achievement至高无上的成就The Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.3、Lasting effect持续的影响①Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer’s epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’s comedies, Plato’s Dialogues,ect. ②In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics经典之作: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn. ③In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.Division Two：The Bible and Christianity1、Christianity is by far the most influential in the West.2、Judeo-Christian tradition constitutes one of the two major components of European culture: Judaism and Christianity.3、The Jewish tradition, which gave birth to Christianity. (犹太教是基督教的前身)Both originated in Palestine, which was known as Canaan.4、The ancestors of the Jews — the Hebrews.5、The Hebrews history was recorded in the Old Testament of the Bible.6、The Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament.7、The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God.8、The New Testament is about the doctrine of Jesus Christ.9、The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.10、The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch.摩西五经11、The Fall of Man was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, The Bible.12、Noah’s Ark was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, The Bible.13、The content of historical Books: 1200B.C. 586 B.C.Dealing with history of the Hebrew people from their entry into Palestine around 1200 B.C., till the fall of Palestine into hands of Assyrians and Chaldeans in 586 B.C.14、The History Books① The development of system of landed nobles.② The development of monarchy. 君主专制③ Establishment of the two Kingdoms. 两大王国的初步形成④ The settlement in the highlands⑤ Age of great prosperity under Saul, David and Solomon.15、Towards the end of the fourth century four accounts were accepted as part of the New Testament, which tells the beginning of Christianity.16、The Birth of Jesus was recorded in Matthew (马修福音书)17、The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.What difference between Christianity and the other religions?Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it from all other religions.1、One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind.2、The other is that God gave his only begotten son, so that whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life. (加尔文主义也有这样的观点)What is the great significance of the translations of the bible?1、It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.2、Miltion’s Paradise Lost , Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, up to the contemporary Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck’s East of Eden.Division Three：The Middle Ages1、the Middle agesIn European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.The middle ages is so called because it was the transitional period(过渡时期) between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century.2、In 476 A.D. a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 西罗马476灭，东罗马1653年灭3、Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding (土地所有) — a system of holding land in exchange for military service (军事力量). The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”,a grant of land.4、5、The Catholic Church made Latin the official language and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage (传统) of the Roman Empire.6、The word “catholic” meant “universal”.(广泛的，无处不在的)7、St. Jerome, who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. Vulgate (拉丁语圣经)8、Augustine —→ “Confession” and “The City of God”9、The most important of all courses was Jerusalem. (耶路撒冷)10、Crusades went on about 200 years. There were altogether eight chief Crusades.11、The crusades ended up with the victory of Moslems.(穆斯林)By 1291 the Moslems (穆斯林) had taken over the last Christian stronghold. They won the crusades and ruled all the territory in Palestine that the Crusaders had fought to control.12、Carolingian RenaissanceCarolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet (一面) of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle (有见解) of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate (吸收) the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.13、National Epics(民族史诗运动)The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states (民族国家) that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics.14、Chaucer (乔叟) 的诗歌特点：① power of observation (观察)② piercing irony (敏锐的讽刺) ③ sense of humour ④ warm humanity (温暖的人性)15、Gothic① The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.② It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history.③ The Gothic was an outgrowth (丰富与发展) of the Romanesque.（罗马式）16、The Canterbury Tales:① The Canterbury Tales was written by Chaucer.② Chaucer introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.③ Both Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales are the best representative of the middle English.17 In the middle ages, what cultures began to merge？Classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritages merged (文化融合). It paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture.Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith (信仰的年代)？1、During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.2、The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence.3、In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds of years.4、It shaped people’s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.How did Feudalism develop in Europe in middle ages?1、feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding — a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.2、In order to seek the protection of large land-owners, the people of small farms or land gave their farms and land to large land-owners, but they still had freedom, they were called freemen.3、While the people from towns and cities did not possess farms or land. They had nothing but their freedom to be given to large land-owners, and then they lost their freedom for protection. They were called serfs.4、In Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors or soldiers as a reward for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs. The owners of the fiefs was call vassals.5、There came a form of local and decentralized (分散) government.6、As a knight, he were pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed.What positive influence does the Crusades exert on the European Culture?(What is the great significance of the Crusades?)1、The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe. (拉近了东西方的交流)2、During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine, kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other things, Crusades helped to break down feudalism, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies. (取而代之的是君主专制)3、Besides, through their contact with the more cultured Byzantines and Moslems, the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals.4、The Crusades also resulted in renewing people’s interest in learning and invention. By the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals (阿拉伯数字), algebra (代数), and Arab medicine (医学) were introduced to the West.5、As trade increased, village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade inwestern Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments.How did literature develop in the middle ages?1、The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states (民族国家) that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2、Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy: (但丁与神曲)① His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.② The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed (预示) the spirit of Renaissance.③ Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin. (只用意大利语创作)3、Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales: (乔叟与坎特布雷集)① The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.②Most of the tales are written in verse (诗) which reflects(反映) Chaucer’s innovation (改革) by introducing into the native alliterative verse (压头韵) the French and Italian styles.③ Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English literature.短篇写作第一人④ Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages.Division Four：Renaissance and Reformation1、RenaissanceGenerally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. The wo rd “Renaissance” means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism (保守主义思想) in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie (资产阶级), to lift the restrictions (禁忌) in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.Renaissance started in Florence and Venice with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture.2、In Renaissance literature of Italy, Petrarch (彼得拉克) was the representative poet.3、Intellectuals became closely tied up with the rising bourgeoisie. (人文主义兴起的重要原因Humanistic ideas to develop)4、At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of the greatness of man.(以人为本—人文主义的核心)5、Last Supper adapted from the New Testament of the Bible.6、Michelangelo —— David —— Sistine Chapel (from the First book of the Bible, the Genesis ) —— Dying Slave (垂死的奴隶) —— Moses (摩西)7、Raphael was best known for his Madonna. (圣母玛利亚)He painted his Madonnas in different postures against different backgrounds.8、One of the famous paintings besides the Madonnas is School of Athens (雅典学派). Plato and Aristotle engaged in argument.9、Titian —— The Venus of Urbino (维纳斯)10、John Wyclif —— translation of the Bible into English for the first time.11、Martin Luther —— translation of the whole Bible with the vernacular language.12、The reformation get its victory first in England.13、ReformationThe Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political (社会政治) movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues.宗教改革的实质是：反对罗马天主教，直接形式是用母语翻译圣经14、CalvinismCalvinism was established by Calvin in the period of Renaissance. Presbyterian government (长老会). Only those specially elected by God can be saved (上帝的选民) . This belief serves so well to help the rising bourgeoisie on its path (有助于资本主义的兴起)。

高中英语教学论文欧洲文化入门复习资料

欧洲文化入门复习资料精选第二章1、Christianity is by far the most influential in the West. 在西方最具影响力的宗教2、Judeo-Christian tradition constitutes one of the two major components of European culture： Judaism and Christianity.3、The Jewish tradition， which gave birth to Christianity. （犹太教是基督教的前身） Both originated in Palestine， which was known as Canaan.4、The ancestors of the Jews — the Hebrews. 犹太人的祖先是希伯来人5、They called “Hebrews”，which means “wanderers”。

商旅6、About 1300 B.C.， the Hebrews came to settle （定居） in Palestine.7、The Hebrews history was recorded in the Old Testament of the Bible.8、The Bible was divided into two sections： the Old Testament and the New Testament.9、The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. 上帝与上帝的教义10、The New Testament is about the doctrine （教义） of Jesus Christ11、The New Testament is， in essence （实质上）， the four accounts （四福音书）， written by the four disciples.弟子12、The word “Testament” means “agreement”， the agreement between God and Man.13、Bible is representative of Christianity and 新旧约14、The Old Testament名词解释The Bible was divided into two sections： the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. The word “Testament” means “agreement”， the agreement between God and Man.15、The New Testament名词解释The Bible was divided into two sections： the Old Testament and the New Testament. The New Testament is about the doctrine （教义） of Jesus Christ. The word “Testament” means “agreement”， the agreement between God and Man.16、The Old Testament consists of 39 books， the oldest and most important of which are the first five books， called Pentateuch.摩西五经17、Pentateuch名词解释The Old Testament consists of 39 books， the oldest and most important of which are the first five books， called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books：Genesis （创世记）， Exodus （出埃及记）， Leviticus（教义记）， Numbers （逃亡记）， Deuteronomy （摩西遗言记）。

欧洲文化入门总复习题

欧洲文化入门复习题（2、3章）一：选择（51’）1:Hebrew---Israelite---Jew Jew---Jewish---Judaism Judaism---Christianity2:Pentateuch(摩西五经)：Genesis(创世纪)、Exodus(出埃及记)、Leviticus(利未记)、Numbers(民数计)、Deuteronomy(申命记)3：The fall of man: Adam and Eve、the Garden of Eden4: Noah’s Ark5:Moses(a famous Hebrew leader) 、Exodus、40 years、the mountainous Sinai、Ten Commandments6:While in Babylon in the 6th century B.C., the Hebrews, now known as Jews, formed synagogues(大会堂) to practise their religion.7:如今有多少犹太人？15 million8:Jesus 出生地：那瑟勒死亡地：耶路撒冷郊外髑髅地·各各地Baptism: 30 years、John baptist9:Diocletian destroyed、Constantine and the Edict of Milan in 133、Theodosius official10: the new testament(新约)：the birth、teaching、death（The Crucifixion耶稣被钉十字架）、resurrection of Jesus11：现代英语两大宝库：the English Bible and Shakespeare12:228 years13:the Code of Chivalry：to protect the week, to fight for church, to be loyal to his lord, to respect women of noble birth.14:half civilized Germanic tribes: Visigoths, the Franks, the Angle and Saxons, the Vandals15:Feudalism(封建主义) the Manor(庄园) serfs(农奴) Charles Martel in 732. 16:After 1054, the Roman Catholic church and Eastern Orthodox church17:three groups in feudalism: clergy(牧师最高) lords peasants(农民最低)18：the crusades(十字军) 8 times 200 yearsBy 1291, the moslems had taken over the last Christain stronghold.19:Emperor of the Romans(神圣罗马皇帝): Charlemagne(查理曼大帝)20:Alfred the Great(Anglo-Saxdon) contributed to medieval European culture21:real scientific progress began in the 12th and 13th centuries.Roger bacon(a monk) is an advocate of scientific research.Opus maius, and encyclopedia（自然哲学总则）22:National Epics: Beowulf(Anglo-saxon/英国) Song of Roland(French/法国) 荷马史诗代表作Iliad(伊利亚特）和Odysse（奥德赛）Geoffrey Chaucer(杰弗里乔叟) and the Canterbury tales(坎特伯雷故事)23：Romanesque(罗马建筑) Gothic(哥特式建筑)：stained glass windows are the Holy Scriptures24:哲学三杰（苏格拉底，柏拉图，亚里士多德）顺序不能打乱二：简答（6道）1:Two Major Elements in European CultureEuropean culture is made up of many elements, which have gone through changes over the centuries. Two of these elements are considered to be more enduring and they are: the Greco-Roman element, and the Judeo-Christian element. However, there has been a complex interplay between the two, which adds to the richness of the culture.2:Why should Chinese students of English bother about European culture?Well, English culture is a part of European culture and language cannot be learned without some knowledge of the culture Behind it.Further, European culture itself is a part of world culture. Some knowledge of it is necessary to us as citizens of the world, particularly when our country is going ahead with modernization and taking an active part in world affairs.3：Ten Commandments(摩西十诫)1）You shall have no other gods before me.除了我以外，你不可有别的神。

欧洲文化常识测试英语题型

《欧洲文化入门》复习题（一）Division One: Greek Culture and Roman Culture Greek Culture I.填空these elements of these elements are two of to be be considered to are considered elements, two culture is many elements, 1.European is made European culture of many up of made up more enduring and they are the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element. th century. 2.Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B. C., all Greece was brought under the rule of Alexander, 3.In the second half of the 4king of Macedon. 4.In 146 B. C. the Romans conquered Greece. th century. 5.Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5become the world’s foremost amateur sports sports have become foremost amateur the world’s Revived in 6.Revived in 18961896, , the Olympic Games the Olympic Games have competition. 7.Ancient Greeks considered Homer to be the author of their epics. southern mainland the southern mainland of Greece, led of the led by of Greece, by with the deals with 8.The Iliad deals the alliance alliance of the states of the states of Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy. war to Trojan war the Trojan to his his home, island of home, island of after the deals with 9.The Odyssey deals with the the return of Odysseus return of Odysseus after Ithaca. 10.Of the many lyric poets of ancient Greece, two are still admired by readers today: Sappho and Pindar. 11.Sappho was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece. 12.Pindar is best known for his odes celebrating the victories at the athletic games, such as the 14 Olympic odes. 13.The three great tragic dramatists of ancient Greece are Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. Prometheus Bound, Persians and Agamemnon. 14.Aeschylus wrote such plays as Antigone. Oedipus the King, , Electra, and A ntigone15.Sophocles wrote such tragic plays as such plays plays as and Trojan in such as Andromache, Medea, , and mainly about 16.Euripides Euripides wrote wrote mainly women in about women W omen. th century B. C.. Its best writer was Aristophanes, who has edy also flourished in the 5left eleven plays, including Frogs, Clouds, Wasps and Birds. tween Greeks and 18.Herodotus is often called ―Father of Historyǁ. He wrote about the wars bePersians. 19.Thucydides described the war between Athens and Sparta and between Athens and Syracuse, a Greek state on the Island of Sicily. 20.Pythagoras was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers. 21.Pythagoras was the founder of scientific mathematics. 22.Heracleitue believed fire to the primary element of the universe, out of which everything else had arisen. 23.The greatest names in European philosophy are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. 24.Democritus was one of the earliest philosophical materialists and speculated about the atomic structure of matter. 25.In the 4th century B. C., four schools of philosophers often argued with each other, they are the Cynics, the Sceptics, the Epicureans, and the Stoics. Elements, a textbook of geometry. 26.Euclid is well-known for his 27.To illustrate the principle of the level, Archimedes is said to have told the king: ―Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.ǁ28.Greek architecture can be grouped into three styles: the Doric style which is also called the masculine style; the Ionic style which is also called the feminine style; and a later style that is called the Corinthian style. 29.The Acropolis at Athens and the Parthenon are the finest monument of Greek architecture and sculpture in more than 2000 years. 30.In the 2020th century, In the Irishman James James Joyce’s modernist Joyce’s modernist the Irishman are Homeric century, there there are Homeric parallels parallels in in the masterpiece Ulysses. II.选择th century B. C.? 1.Which culture reached a high point of development in the 5A.Greek Culture B.Roman Culture C.Egyptian Culture D.Chinese Culture 2.In ___________ the Roman conquered Greece. A.1200 B. C. B.700 B. C. C.146 B. C. D.The 5th century 3.Which of the following works described the war led by Agamemnon against the city of Troy? A.Oedipus the King B.Iliad C.Odyssey D.Antigone 4.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Aeschylus? A.Antigone B.Agamemnon C.Persians D.Prometheus Bound 5.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Sophocles? A.Electra B.Antigone C.Trojan Woman D.Oedipus the King 6.Which of the following is the play written by Euripides? A.Antigone B.PersiansC.ElectraD.Medea7.Which of the following is NOT the greatest tragic dramatist of ancient Greece? A.Aristophanes B.Euripides C.Sophocles D.Aeschylus 8.Who ever said that ―You can not step twice into the same riverǁ?A.Pythagoras B.Heracleitus C.Aristotle 9.Who was the founder of scientific mathematics? A.Heracleitus B.Aristotle C.Socrates D.Pythagoras the measure of all thingsǁ?10.Who is chiefly noted for his doctrine that ―man isA.Protagoras B.Pythagoras C.Pyrrhon D.Epicurus III.名词解释1.Aeschylus 2.Plato 3.The Cynics IV.简答与问答1.What are the major elements in European culture? 2.What were the main features of ancient Greek society? 3.Who were the outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece? What important plays did each of them write? lato’s ideas. Why do people call him an idealist?4.Tell some of P l ato’s ideas. Why do people call him an idealist?5.Give some examples to show the enormous influence of Greek culture on English literature. Roman Culture I. 填空conquest of C. marked marked Roman of Greece, Greece, which then was then which was Roman conquest burning of The burning 1.The of Corinth Corinth in 146 B. in 146 B. C. reduced to a province of the Roman Empire. 2.The Roman writer Horace said: ―Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captiveǁ.3.In 27 B. C. Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus. lasting two peace lasting two hundred years, a a remarkable remarkable of peace hundred years, 4.The period of The Romans Romans enjoyed long period enjoyed a a long phenomenon in history known as the Pax Romana. the 44th century, 5.In In the from Rome Rome to to Byzantium, Byzantium, capital from emperor Constantine the capital the emperor century, the Constantine moved moved the renamed it Constantinople ( modern Istanbul ). 6.In 476 the last emperor of the west was deposed by the Coths and marked the end of the West Roman Empire. 7.The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453. 8.Julius Caesar recorded what he did and saw in the various military campaigns he took part in and these writings, collected in his Commentaries, are models of succinct Latin. Aeneid. 9.Virgil was the greatest of Latin poets and wrote the great epic, the 10.The Pantheon is the greatest and the best preserved Roman temple, which was built in 27 B. C. And reconstructed in the 2th century A. D.. 11.She-wolf is the statue which illustrates the legend of creation of Roman. II.选择1.Who wrote, ―I came, I saw, I conqueredǁ?A.Horace B.Julius Caesar C.Virgil D.Marcus Tullius Cicero On the Nature of things is ___________. 2.The author of the philosophical poem A.Virgil B.Julius Caesar C.Horace D.Lucretius 3.Which of the following is not Roman architecture? A.The Colosseum B.The Panthenon C.The Parthenon D.Pont du Gard 4.Who wrote, ―Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captiveǁ?A.Sappho B.Plato C.Virgil D.Horace III.名词解释1.Julius Caesar 2.The Pax Romana IV.简答与问答the Greeks? And what what was with the Greeks? And common with the chief difference was the chief What did have in common did the 1.What Romans have in the Romans between them? 2.What is the book for which Virgil has been famous throughout the centuries? In what way is the book linked with the Greek past? 3.Why do we say Aeneas is a truly tragic hero? Division Two: The Bible and Christianity The Old Testament Ⅰ填空题is by worship, Christianity by far Christianity is to worship, most the most far the all the the religions Among all 1.Among seek to religions by people seek which people by which influential in the West. 2. Both Judaism and Christianity originated in Palestine the hub of migration and trade routes, which led to exchange of ideas over wide areas. 3. Some 3800 years ago the ancestors of the Jews – the Hebrews – wandered through the deserts of the Middle East. 4. About 1300 B.C., the Hebrews came to settle in Palestine, known as Canaan at that time, and formed small kingdoms. 5. The king of the Hebrews was handed down orally from one generation to another in the form of folktales and stories, which were recorded later in the Old Testament . . 6. The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the Old Testament and the and the New Testament. 7. The old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are first five books, called Pentateuch. 8. When the Hebrews left the desert and entered the mountainous Sinai, Moses climbed to the top top of of the the mountain mountain to to receive receive from from God God message, message, which which came came to to be be known known as as the the Ten Ten Commandments. 9. Chronologically Amos is the earliest prophet in the Old Testament. 10. In Babylon in the 6th century B.C., the Hebrews, now known as Jews, formed synagogues to practise their religion. II 选择题1. Which of the following is by far the most influential in the West?_______ A. Buddism B. Islamism C. Christianity D. Judaism 2. The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called __________. A. Exodus B. Commandments C. Amos D. Pentaeuch3. Which of the following is NOT the content of the Ten Commandments?_______ A. Honour your father and your mother B. Do not commit suicide C. Do not desire your neighbour’s wifeD. Do not take the name of God in vain 4. When in Babylon the Hebrews formed synagogues to practise their religion? ______ A. in 169 B.C. B. in the 4th century C. in 76 B.C. D. in the 6th centuryⅢ 名词解释1. the Bible 2. the Pentateuch 3. Ten Commandments Ⅳ 简答与问答1. What was the Hebrews major contribution to world civilization? 2. Why do we say Judaism and Christianity are closely related? 3. What are the Ten Commandments about? Rise of Christianity Ⅰ填空题1.At the age of 30, Jesus received the baptism at the hands of John Baptist. 2.Jesus spent most of his life in Galilee, where he apparently made a sensation. 3.Jesus of Nazareth lived in Palestine during the reign of the first Roman Emperor Augustus. 4.Jesus went with his disciples to Jerusalem for the Passover, but was betrayed by Juda. 5.In 313 the Edict of Milan was issued by Constantine I and granted religious freedom to all and made Christianity legal. 6.In 392 A.D, Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religions of the empire and outlawed all other religions. of Jesus disciples of the disciples Jesus to to spread in the gospel in spread gospel led the the Jesus died, After Jesus 7.After died, St. St. Peter St. Paul and St. Peter and Paul led Mediterranean regions. Ⅱ选择题1.After the _______ century Nestorianism reached China. A. sixth B. fifth C. second D. third the official religion of official religion empire and and the empire of the emperors made Which of 2.Which of the the following made Christianity following emperors Christianity the outlawed all other religions? __________ A. Theodosius B. Augustus C. Constantine I D. Nero Caesar 3.Which of the following emperors issued the Edict of Milan and made Christianity legal in 313? __________ A. Augustus B. Thedosius C. Nero D. Constantine I4.At the age of 30, Jesus Christ received the baptism at the hands of _________. A. St. Peter B. St. Paul C. John Baptist D. John Wycliff Ⅲ名词解释1.The Edict of Milan Ⅳ简答与问答1.How did the relations between Christians and the Roman government change? The New Testament Ⅰ填空题1.By 300 A.D. each local church was called a parish and had a full time leader known as priest. accepted as as part accounts were of the New the New four accounts part of were accepted the end Towards the century four end of 2.Towards fourth century he fourth of he Testament, which tells the beginning of Christianity. before they they came Joseph, before she was was together, she came together, to Joseph, as Jesus’ When as 3.When Jesus’ mother mother Mary was espoused Mary was espoused to found with child of the Holy Ghost the Passover, but was Passover, but was betrayed betrayed by Juda and by Juda and disciples to for the Jesus went 4.Jesus with his went with Jerusalem for to Jerusalem his disciples caught at the Last Supper. Translations of the Bible Ⅰ填空题1.Except a few passages in the related Armaic dialect the Old Testament was originally written in Hebrew. And the New Testament was originally written in a popular form of Greek. is known Testament is known as the Septuagint, as Old Testament as the Septuagint, as oldest extant 2.The The oldest the Old extant Greek of the translation of Greek translation according the fictional letter of Aristeas, it was translated by 72 translators in 72 days. Vulgate edition, which was 3.The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the nguage. done in 384 –405 A.D. by St. Jerome in common people’s la4.The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff. is the the ――AuthorizedBible is English Bible King James’ or King Authorizedǁ ǁ or James’ The most 5.The of English most important important and influential of and influential version, first published in 1611. Ⅱ选择题1.By 1693, the whole of the Bible had been translated in _________languages. A. 228 B. 974 C. 1202 D. 154 2.The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as ________. A. the Latin Vulgate B. the Aristeas C. the ―Authorizedǁ D. the SeptuagintBible was was the _______ Bible complete work work first complete the first the _______ 1500’s, the When printing 3.When was invented printing was invented in the 1500’s, in the printed. A. English B. Latin C. Aramaic D. Hebrew 4.When did the standard American edition of the Revised Version appear? _______ A. 1885 B. 1611 C. 1901 D. 1979 Division Three: The Middle Ages Manor and Church Ⅰ填空题1.In European history, the thousand year period following the fall of the West Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages. Europe was scene of was the and wars and frequent wars of frequent the scene the fifth Between the 2.Between fifth and and eleventh centuries, West eleventh centuries, West Europe invasions. 3.The Middle Age is a period in which classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritage merged. system of holding ––a a system of holding land in of land in holding land land holding in Europe Feudalism in 4.Feudalism Europe was was mainly system of mainly a a system exchange for military service. 5.In 732 Charles Martel, a Frankish ruler gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs as a reward for their service. 6.The center of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. By the the 1212th century 7.By castle, which which were made of and stone and of stone were made manor houses century manor called castle, houses came came to be called to be designed as fortress. 8.As a knight, he was pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed. for war by fighting war by each other other in batters mock batters in mock fighting each the medieval In the trained for medieval days 9.In days a a knight knight was was trained called tournaments. Church and Roman Catholic Catholic Church the Eastern the Roman Eastern and the the Church After 1054, 10.After 1054, the Church was divided into was divided into the Orthodox Church. 11. The most important of all the leaders of Christian thought was Augustine of Hippo who lived in North Africa in the fifth century. 12. Under Under feudalism, feudalism, people people of of western western Europe Europe were were mainly mainly divided divided into into three three classes: classes: clergy, clergy, lords and peasants. 13. The The Pope Pope not not only only ruled ruled Roman Roman and and parts parts of of Italy Italy as as a a king, king, he he was was also also the the head head of of all all Christian churches in western Europe. 14. In In the the Medieval Medieval times times the the Church Church set set up up a a church church court court –– the the Inquisition Inquisition to to stamp stamp out out so-called heresy. 15. One of the most important sacraments was Holy Communion, which was to remind people that Christ had died to redeem man. 16. To To express express their their religious religious feelings, feelings, many many people people in in the the Middle Middle Ages Ages went went on on journeys journeys to to sacred sacred places places where where early early Christian Christian leaders leaders had had lived. lived. The The most most important important of of all all was was Jerusalem. 17. With With a a return return attack against attack against the the Moslems, Moslems, the the Western Christians Western Christians launched launched a a series series of of holy holy wars called the Crusades. Ⅱ 选择题 1. In In the the later later part part of of the the 44th century, century, which which of of the the following following tribes tribes swept swept into into Europe Europe from from central central Asia, Asia, robbing robbing and and killing killing a a large large numbers numbers of of the the half half civilized civilized Germanic Germanic tribes? tribes? ________ A. the Mongolians B. the HunsC. the Turkish D. the Syrians 2. The Middle Ages is also called the _________. A. ―Age of Christianityǁ B. ―Age of LiteratureǁC. ―Age of Holy Spiritǁ D. ―Age of Faithǁ3. According to the code of chivalry, which of the following is not pledged to do for a knight? _______ A. To be loyal to his lord B. To fight for the church C. To obey without question the orders of the abbot D. To respect women of noble birth 4. In 732, who gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs as a reward for their service? _________ A. Charles Martel, a Frankish ruler B. Charles I, a Turkish ruler C. Constantine I, a Frankish ruler D. St. Benedict, a Italian ruler 5. When When was was the the Church Church divided divided into into the the Roman Roman Catholic Catholic Church Church and and Eastern Eastern Orthodox Orthodox Church?_________ A. after 1066 B. after 1296 C. after 1054D. after 476 6. Which of the following about the knight or noble in the Middle Ages in Western Europe is NOT true?____________ A. Almost all nobles were knights in the Medieval days. B. A noble began his education as a page at the age of seven. C. As a knight, he was pledged to fight for the church. D. At about fourteen, the page became a knight. 7. When was a noble crowned as a knight in the Middle Ages in Western Europe? _______ A. At the age of 14. and ran errands good manners and ran errands for the B.When he was learned good manners for the was taught taught to prayers, learned to say say his his prayers, ladies. C.At a special ceremony known as dubbing. D.When he was pledged to fight for the church. what the monks must the monks must do do before entering the before entering the is NOT of the Which of 8.Which the following following is true about NOT true about what monastery according to the Benedictine Rule? A.They had to attend service 6 times during the day and once at midnight. B.They could promise to give up all their possession before entering the monastery. C.They were expected to work 5 hours a day in the fields surrounding the monastery. D.They had to obey without question the orders of the abbot. 9.Under feudalism, what were the three classes of people of western Europe?________ A. clergy, knights and serfs B. Pope, bishop and peasants C. clergy, lords and peasants D. knights, nobles and serfs 10.By which year the Moslems had taken over the last Christian stronghold and won the crusades and ruled all the territory in Palestine that the crusaders had fought to control? ________ A. 1270 B. 1254 C. 1096 D. 1291Ⅲ名词解释1.the Middle Ages 2.Manor 3.Code of Chivalry 4.Benedictine Rule 5.the Crusades Ⅳ简答与问答1.Who was Charles Martel? 2.What was the difference between a serf and a free man? 3.Into what three groups were people divided under feudalism? 4.What happened in Western Europe after the decline of the Roman Empire? Learning and Science, Literature, Art and Architecture Ⅰ填空题1.Charlemagne, who temporarily restored order in western and central Europe, was perhaps the most important figure of the medieval period. Emperor of the Romansǁ by the Pope in 800.2.Charlemagne w as crowed ―E mperor of the Romans3.The Summa Theologica by St. Thomas Aquinas forms an enormous system and sums up all the knowledge of medieval theology. research and and called Scientific research careful for careful of Scientific called for Bacon was 4.Roger advocates of Roger Bacon was one of earliest advocates the earliest one of the observation and experimentation. vernacular languages – that is, the languages of 5.―National epicǁ refers to the epic written in various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. 6.Beowulf is an Anglo-Sexon epic, in alliterative verse, originating from the collective efforts of oral literature. , is one of 7.Dante Alighieri was the greatest poet of Italy, his masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature. 8. Chaucer was a great English poet, The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work for their were his most popular work for their power of observation, piercing irony, sense of humor and warm humanity. 9. Chaucer writers in dialect used by Londoners, and by the sheer weight and popularity of his writings he sets it firmly on the way towards Modern English. 10. The style of architecture under Romanesque art is characterized by massiveness, solidity and monumentality with all overall blocky appearance. 11. The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of western Europe. Ⅱ 选择题1. Which of the follo wing was crowned ―Emperor of the Romansǁ by the Pope in 800? ______ A. St. Thomas Aquinas B. CharlemagneC. Constantine D. King James 2. Who Who was was the the ruler ruler of of the the Anglo-Saxon Anglo-Saxon kingdom kingdom of of Wessex Wessex and and contributed contributed greatly greatly to to the the medieval European culture? _________ A. Charles I B. Constantine I C. Alfred the Great D. Charles the Great 3. Does Song of Roland belong to which country’s epic? _________A. English B. Germanic C. Hebrew D. French4. Who is the author of the Opus Maius ? ________ A. Roger Bacon B. Dante Alighieri C. Chaucer D. St. Thomas Aquinas Ⅲ 名词解释1. Carolingian Renaissance 2. Beowulf 3. Song of Roland 4. The Canterbury tales 5. Romanesque 6. Gothic Ⅳ 简答与问答1.What was the merit which Charlemagne and Alfred the Great share? Division IV: Renaissance and ReformationRenaissance in ItalyⅠ 填空题1. Generally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid 17th century. 2. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. 3. In essence, Renaissance was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that that expressed expressed the the interests interests of of bourgeoisie, bourgeoisie, to to lift lift the the restrictions restrictions in in all all areas areas placed placed by by the the Roman Church authorities. 4. Renaissance Renaissance started started in in Florence Florence and and V enice V enice with with the the flowering flowering of of paintings, paintings, sculpture sculpture and and architecture. 5.Beginning from the 11th century, cities began to rise in central and north Italy. 6.Decameron is a collection of 100 tales told by 7 young ladies and 3 younger gentlemen on their way to escape the Black Death of 1348. Canzoniers, a book of lyrical songs written in his Italian dialect. 7.Petrach was best known for 8.The Renaissance artists introduced in their works scientific theories of anatomy and perspective. 9.The four representative artists of High Renaissance in Italy are Leonardo da Vinci, michelangelo, Raphael and Titian. Mona do da Vinci’s major works: Last Supper is the most famous of religious pictures; Loenardo da Vinci’s major works: 10.LoenarLisa probably is the world’s most famous portrait.from the himself from freed himself the old tradition of of he freed old tradition of art created a a style Michelangelo created style of 11.Michelangelo in which art in which he decoration on the one hand and documentary realism on the other. colour on oil colour on canvas canvas as established oil as the typical the typical have established 12.Titian’s painting is Titian’s painting to have acknowledged to is acknowledged medium of the pictorial tradition in western art. 13.In world trade, Italy had lost its supremacy because of the discovery of America in 1492 and the rounding of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488, the opening of an all-water route to India which provided a cheaper means of transport. 14.Petrach is looked up as the father of modern poetry. 15.Italy is regarded as the birthplace of the Renaissance. Ⅱ选择题1.Where did the Renaissance start with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture? _______ A. in Greece and Rome B. in Florence and VeniceC. in Milan and Florence D. in Italy and Germany 2.When did the Renaissance reach its height with its center moving to Milan, then to Rome, and created High Renaissance? ___________ A. in the 11th century B. in the 15th century C. in the 16th century D. in the 17th century 3.Which of the following works is written by Boccaccio? _______ A. Decameron B. Canzoniers C. DavidD. Moses4.Who is the author of the painting, Betrayal of Judas? ________ A. Giotto B. Brunelleschi C. Donatello D. Giorgione 5.Which of the following High Renaissance artists is the father of the modern mode of painting? _______ A. Raphael B. Titian C. da Vinci D. Michelangelo known for best known for his Madona (Virgin (Virgin artists was his Madona was best Which of Renaissance artists of the 6.Which High Renaissance following High the following Mary)? A. Titian B. da Vinci C. Michelangelo D. Raphael7.Which of the following paintings was based on the story in the Bible with Maria riding on a donkey ready to face the hardship ahead? ________ A. Tempesta B. Sacred and Profane Love C. Flight into Egypt D. The Return of the Hunters。

欧洲文化入门复习重点

Introduction1、There are many elements constituting European Culture.2、There are two major elements: Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.The richness of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.Division One：Greek Culture and Roman Culture1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labour.3、Ancient Greece’s epics was created by Homer.4、The Home r’s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.5、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.6、Three masters in tragedy三大悲剧大师①AeschylusPrometheus Bound —→Shelly Prometheus Unbound②SophoclesOedipus the King —→ Freud’s “the Oedipus complex” (恋母情结)—→ David Herbert Lawrence’s Sons and lovers③EuripidesA．Trojan W omenB．He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧)C．Realis m can be traced back to the Ancient Greece，to be specific, Euripides.7、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes.Aristophanes writes about nature.8、History (Historical writing)“Father of History” —→ Herodotus —→ war (between Greeks and Persians)“t he greatest historian that ever lived.” —→ Thucydides —→ war (between Sparta and Athens) 9、①Euclid’s Elements解析几何It was in use in English schools until the early years of the 20th century.②ArchimedesHis work laid basis for not only geometry几何学,but also arithmetic算术, mechanics机械, and hydrostatics.流体静力学“Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”.（Archimedes）10、The melting between Roman Culture and Greek Culture. (罗马征服希腊的标志)From 146 B.C., Latin was the language of the western half of the Roman Empire, and Greek that of the eastern half.Both Latin and Greek belong to Indo-European language.11、The dividing range in the Roman history refers to 27 B.C.12、The year 27 B.C. Divided the Roman history into two periods: republic and empire.13、The idea of Republic can be traced back to Plato’s republic.14、In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteedby the Roman legions(罗马军团)15、In the Roman history, there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was known asPax Romana.(神圣罗马帝国)16、In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteedby the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana17、The Roman Law protected the rights of plebeians (平民).18、The important contribution made by the Romans to the European culture was the Roman Law.19、After 395,the empire was divided into East (the Byzantine Empire) and West.20、Cicero西赛罗his legal and political speeches are models of Latin diction拉丁语用词described as Ciceronian.西赛罗式的an enormous influence on the development of European prose.21、Virgil: Aeneid 阿尼德22、The pantheon was built in 27 B.C.The world’s first vast interior space.世界上第一所最大的室内场所23、The representation form of Greek Democracy is citizen-assembly.古希腊民主的表现形式24、The embodiment of Greek de mocracy is citizen-assembly. 古希腊民主的具体形式25. Many of Plato’s ideas were later absorbed into Christian thought.How did the Ancient Greek philosophy develop?(1)、Three founders1、Pythagoras①All things were numbers.②Scientific mathematics.③Theory of proportion.比例的理论2、Heracleitue①Fire is the primary elements of the universe.火是万物之源②The theory of the mingling of opposites produced harmony.矛盾的对立统一3、Democritus①the atomic theory.第一个原子理论开拓者②materialis m.唯物主义(2)、Three thinkers1、Socrates①He hadn’t works. We can know him from Plato’s dialogues.②The dialectical method was established by Socrates.2、Plato①The Academy is the first school in the world, it was established by Plato.②He has four works. Dialogues, Apology, Symposium and Republic.3、Aristotle①The L yceum is the second school in the world, it was established by Aristotle.②Aristotle is a humanist.(2)、Five contending schools1、The Sophists诡辩派①Under the leadership of Protagoras.②The representative of work is On the God.诸神论③His doctrine is “man is the measure of all things”.2、The Cynics犬儒派①Under the leadership of Diogenes.②The word “cynic” means “dog” in English.③He proclaimed his brotherhood. And he had no patience with the rich and powerful.3、The Sceptics置疑学派①Under the leadership of Pyrrhon.②His thought is not all knowledge was attainable, and doubting the truth of what others accepted as true.4、The Epicureans享乐派①Under the leadership of Epicurus.②Pleasure to be the highest good in life but not sensual enjoyment.Pleasure could be attained by the practice of virtue.Epicurus was a materialist. He believed that the world consisted of atoms.5、The Stoics斯多哥派①Under the leadership of Zeno.②His thought is duty is the most important thing in life.One should endure hardship and misfortune with courage.He developed into Stoics’ duty.He was also a materialist.What’s the difference between Plato and Aristotle in terms of their philosophical ideas(system)？1、For one thing, Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato’s reliance on subjective thinking.2、For another, he thought that “form” and matter together made up concrete individual realities. Here, too, he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world3、Aristotle thought happiness was men’s aim in life，but not happiness in the vulgar sense, but something that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason, goodness and contemplation.What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development?There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere. Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.1、Spirit of innovation创新精神The Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters of any inherited orthodoxy.2、Supreme Achievement至高无上的成就The Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.3、Lasting effect持续的影响①Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer’s epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’s comedies, Plato’s Dialogues,ect. ②In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics经典之作: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn. ③In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.Division Two：The Bible and Christianity1、Christianity is by far the most influential in the West.2、Judeo-Christian tradition constitutes one of the two major components of European culture: Judais m and Christianity.3、The Jewish tradition, which gave birth to Christianity. (犹太教是基督教的前身)Both originated in Palestine, which was known as Canaan.4、The ancestors of the Jews — the Hebrews.5、The Hebrews history was recorded in the Old Testament of the Bible.6、The Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament.7、The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God.8、The New Testament is about the doctrine of Jesus Christ.9、The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.10、The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch.摩西五经11、The Fall of Man was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, The Bible.12、Noah’s Ark was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, The Bible.13、The content of historical Books: 1200B.C. 586 B.C.Dealing with history of the Hebrew people from their entry into Palestine around 1200 B.C., till the fall of Palestine into hands of Assyrians and Chaldeans in 586 B.C.14、The History Books① The development of system of landed nobles.② The development of monarchy. 君主专制③ Establishment of the two Kingdoms. 两大王国的初步形成④ The settlement in the highlands⑤ Age of great prosperity under Saul, David and Solomon.15、Towards the end of the fourth century four accounts were accepted as part of the New Testament, which tells the beginning of Christianity.16、The Birth of Jesus was recorded in Matthew (马修福音书)17、The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin V ulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.What difference between Christianity and the other religions?Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it from all other religions.1、One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind.2、The other is that God gave his only begotten son, so that whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life. (加尔文主义也有这样的观点)What is the great significance of the translations of the bible?1、It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.2、Miltion’s Paradise Lost , Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, up to the contemporary Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck’s East of Eden.Division Three：The Middle Ages1、the Middle agesIn European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.The middle ages is so called because it was the transitional period(过渡时期) between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century.2、In 476 A.D. a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 西罗马476灭，东罗马1653年灭3、Feudalis m in Europe was mainly a system of land holding (土地所有) — a system of holding land in exchange for military service (军事力量). The word “feudalis m” was derived from the Latin “feudum”,a grant of land.4、5、The Catholic Church made Latin the official language and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage (传统) of the Roman Empire.6、The word “catholic” meant “universal”.(广泛的，无处不在的)7、St. Jerome, who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. Vulgate (拉丁语圣经)8、Augustine —→ “Confession” and “The City of God”9、The most important of all courses was Jerusalem. (耶路撒冷)10、Crusades went on about 200 years. There were altogether eight chief Crusades.11、The crusades ended up with the victory of Moslems.(穆斯林)By 1291 the Moslems (穆斯林) had taken over the last Christian stronghold. They won the crusades and ruled all the territory in Palestine that the Crusaders had fought to control.12、Carolingian RenaissanceCarolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet (一面) of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle (有见解) of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate (吸收) the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.13、National Epics(民族史诗运动)The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states (民族国家) that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics.14、Chaucer (乔叟) 的诗歌特点：① power of observation (观察)② piercing irony (敏锐的讽刺) ③ sense of humour ④ warm humanity (温暖的人性)15、Gothic① The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.② It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history.③ The Gothic was an outgrowth (丰富与发展) of the Romanesque.（罗马式）16、The Canterbury Tales:① The Canterbury Tales was written by Chaucer.② Chaucer introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.③ Both Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales are the best representative of the middle English.17 In the middle ages, what cultures began to merge？Classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritages merged (文化融合). It paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture.Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith (信仰的年代)？1、During the Medieval t imes there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.2、The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence.3、In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in wes tern Europe was a Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds of years.4、It shaped people’s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.How did Feudalism develop in Europe in middle ages?1、feudalis m in Europe was mainly a system of land holding — a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalis m” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.2、In order to seek the protection of large land-owners, the people of s mall farms or land gave their farms and land to large land-owners, but they still had freedom, they were called freemen.3、While the people from towns and cities did not possess farms or land. They had nothing but their freedom to be given to large land-owners, and then they lost their freedom for protection. They were called serfs.4、In Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors or soldiers as a reward for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs. The owners of the fiefs was call vassals.5、There came a form of local and decentralized (分散) government.6、As a knight, he were pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed.What positive influence does the Crusades exert on the European Culture?(What is the great significance of the Crusades?)1、The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe. (拉近了东西方的交流)2、During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine, kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other things, Crusades helped to break down feudalis m, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies. (取而代之的是君主专制)3、Besides, through their contact with the more cultured Byzantines and Moslems, th e western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals.4、The Crusades also resulted in renewing people’s interest in learning and invention. By the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals (阿拉伯数字), algebra (代数), and Arab medicine (医学) were introduced to the West.5、As trade increased, village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade inwestern Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments.How did literature develop in the middle ages?1、The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states (民族国家) that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2、Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy: (但丁与神曲)① His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.② The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed (预示) the spirit of Renaissance.③ Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin. (只用意大利语创作)3、Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales: (乔叟与坎特布雷集)① The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.② Most of the tales are written in verse (诗) which reflects(反映) Chaucer’s innovation (改革) by introducing into the native alliterative verse (压头韵) the French and Italian styles.③ Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English literature.短篇写作第一人④ Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages.Division Four：Renaissance and Reformation1、RenaissanceGenerally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. The wo rd “Renaissance” means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism (保守主义思想) in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie (资产阶级), to lift the restrictions (禁忌) in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.Renaissance started in Florence and V enice with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture.2、In Renaissance literature of Italy, Petrarch (彼得拉克) was the representative poet.3、Intellectuals became closely tied up with the rising bourgeoisie. (人文主义兴起的重要原因Humanistic ideas to develop)4、At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of the greatness of man.(以人为本—人文主义的核心)5、Last Supper adapted from the New Testament of the Bible.6、Michelangelo ——David —— Sistine Chapel (from the First book of the Bible, the Genesis ) —— Dying Slave (垂死的奴隶) —— Moses (摩西)7、Raphael was best known for his Madonna. (圣母玛利亚)He painted his Madonnas in different postures agains t different backgrounds.8、One of the famous paintings besides the Madonnas is School of Athens (雅典学派). Plato and Aristotle engaged in argument.9、Titian —— The V enus of Urbino (维纳斯)10、John Wyclif —— translation of the Bible into English for the first time.11、Martin Luther —— translation of the whole Bible with the vernacular language.12、The reformation get its victory first in England.13、ReformationThe Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political (社会政治) movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replac ing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues.宗教改革的实质是：反对罗马天主教，直接形式是用母语翻译圣经14、Calvinis mCalvinis m was established by Calvin in the period of Renaissance. Presbyterian government (长老会). Only those specially elected by God can be saved (上帝的选民) . This belief serves so well to help the rising bourgeoisie on its path (有助于资本主义的兴起)。

英语欧美文化期末练习题

英语欧美文化期末练习题英语欧美文化期末练习题2006-2007学年第一学期欧美文化期末练习题班级_________ 姓名__________ I.Multiple choices (80%)1.Which of the following works described the war led by Agamemnon againstthe city of Troy?A. OdysseyB. Iliad C Agamemnon D. Trojan Womenth2.In the 20 century, the Irish writer James Joyce?s Ulysses is a parallel to Homer?s epic_______.A. OdysseyB. Iliad C Agamemnon D. Trojan Women 3.Which of the following is not written by Aeschylus?A. Prometheus BoundB. AntigoneC. Persians D Agamenon4.The Austrian psych iatrist Siugmund Freud …s term “the Oedipus complex”was derived from ________?s play Oedipus the King.A. AeschylusB. EuripdesC. SophoclesD. Aristophane5.Among ancient Greek dramatist, ______may be called the first writer of“problem plays”.A. AeschylusB. EuripdesC. SophoclesD. Aristophane6.In which comic play did Aristophanes attack Socrates?A. WaspsB. BirdsC. CloudsD. Frogs7.Who initiated the concept of point, line, surface, bpdy, etc. and was regardedas the founder of scientific mathematics?A. AristotleB. ArchimedesC. PythagorasD. Democritus8.Socrates …s teaching method is well known as the _________.A.dialectic methodB. dialoguesC.Cartesian doubtD. doubting method9.Which is Plato?s belief?A. Men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general“ideas”.B. Men have knowledge because of experience.C. Mind and matter are completely apart from each otherD. The world is matter and acrivity.10.Among the Greek philosophers, who believed that form and matter togethermade up concrete individual realities?A. AristotleB. PlatoC. SocratesD. Epicurus11.Among Greek scientists, who dicovered the principle of the lever and onceclaimed that “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.”?A. EuclidB.ArchimedesC. DemocritusD. Pythagoras 12.________ is one of the finest representatives of ancient Greek sculpture.A. Venus de MiloB. Constantine the GreatC. She-wolfD. Moses13. Ancient Roman writer _____ was noted for his oratory and fine writingstyle and had an enormous influence on the development of European prose.A. LucretiusB.CiceroC. CaesarD. Virgil14. ____ is the greatest Latin poet, who wrote the great epic Aeneid.A. LucretiusB.CiceroC. CaesarD. Virgil 15. ______ is the best preserved Roman temple.A. ParthenonB.PantheonC. the ColosseumD. the temple in jerusalem16.________ is a statue which illustrates the legend of creation of Rome.A. Venus de MiloB. Constantine the GreatC. She-wolfD. Moses17. Both Judaism and Christianity originated in ___________. It wasthe_________tradition that gave birth to Christianity.A. Egypt; JewishB. Turkey; IslamicC. Palestine; JewishD. Israel; Islamic18.The Old Testament consists of ___books, while the New Testament consistsof ___books.A. 39; 27B. 27; 39C. 30; 27D. 5; 3419.The first five books of the Old Testament is called_____.A. PentateuchB. GenesisC. DeuteronomyD. Exodus20.According to the Old Testament, when the wandering Hebrew tribesleft thedesert and entered the mountainous Sinai, _______ climbed to the top of themountain to receive from God message, which came to be known as Ten Commandments.A. DavidB. SolomonC. SaulD. Moses 21. By 305 the Roman emperor stopped the persecution of Christians. And in313, ______issued the Edict of Milan and made Christianity.A. ConstantineB. NeroC. DiocletianD. Theodosius.22. In _____, the Roman Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the officialreligion of the empire.A. 305B. 313C. 392D. 47623. At the age of 30, Jesus Cxhrist received the baptism at the hands of _____.A. JosephB. St. PaulC. John BaptistD. St. Peter24. The four accounts of Jesus? birth, teaching, death and resurrection were believed to have been written byA. Matthew , Mark, Luke and JohnB. Paul, Peter, Luke and JohnC. Joseph, Mark, Paul and PeterD. Matthew , Mark, Peter and Joseph25.The most important and influential of English Bible is _________.A. The Great BibleB. the Good News BibleC. the “authorized” or King James’ versionD. the Vulgate 26. The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the _____ edition.A. the SeptuagintB. the VulgateC. The Great BibleD. the Good News Bible27. What is the Middle Ages also called for?________________A. “Age of Reason”B. “Age of Art”C. “Age of Faith”D. “Age of science” 28. When did the Western Roman Empire fall and the Middle Ages began?A. In A. D. 476B. In A. D. 27C. In B.C. 27D.In B. C. 47629. To become a knight, a noble began his education as a ____ at 7, then hebecame a ___ to a knight at about 14. If he proved to be agood fighter, hecould be made a knight at the ceremony of dubbing.A. squire, pageB. page, squireC. soldier, pageD. assistant, protector 30. ________, ruler of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Wessex, made Wessex theAnglo-Saxon cultural centre and contributed greatly to the medieval Europeanculture.A. CharlemagneB. CarolusC. Alfred the GreatD. Henry VIII31. _______, the writer of Opus Maius, was one the earliest adovocates of scientific research.A. Francis BaconB. Roger BaconC. Thomas AquinasD. Dante 32._________ is an Anglo-Saxon epic telling about how the hero fightedagainst the monster Grendel and the fire dragon.A. Song of RolandB. BeowulfC. AfricaD. Canzoniers33.__________is the soul of Renaissance.A. New sciencesB. HumanismC. New literatureD. the interest in ancient Greek and Roman art34. _____ is the birthplace of Renaissance.A. EnglandB. ItalyC. SpainD. France35. Of the four major artists in High Renaissance, ___was best known for hisMadonnas.A. da VinciB. MichelangeloC. RaphaelD. Titian.36. ________ established the pictorial tradition in western art by using oil coloron canvas and was ranked the father of the modern mode of painting.A. da VinciB. MichelangeloC. RaphaelD. Titian.37.Da Vinci, _____ and Raphael are the best representatives of highRenaissance in Florence.A. GiottoB. GiorgioneC. MichelangeloD. David38. _________ …s open protest agains t t he indulgence in 1517started theReformation movement in Europe.it challenged the absolute authority of the theChurch and replaced it with the absolute authority of the ______.A. Martin Luther; BibleB. John Calvin; the GodC. Jan Hus; BibleD. John Wycliffe; the God39. Which is John Calvin?s belief?A. Men are redeemed by faith and not by the purchase of indulgences.B. The bible should be translated into vernacular so that the Bible can beaccessible to evbery man.C. All believers are priests and all occupations are holy and thus equal.D. Any form of sinfulness is a likely sign of damnatiom whereas ceaselesswork could be sign of salvation.40. From which of Shakespear?s plays comes the sentence:”To be, or not to be,that is the quest ion.”A. OthelloB. King LearC.MacbethD.Hamlet 41. With the great progess in science, in the___century Europe advanced fromthe Middle ages to the Modern times.A. 15ththththB. 16C. 17D. 1842. “I think therefore I am” is ________?s motto. A. So cratesB. DescartesC. LockeD. Kantth43. The major literary form of neoclassicism in france in the 17 century was_________.A. novelB. proseC. dramaD. poetry 44. __________ rejected the traditional deductive method and founded theinductive method.A. John LockeB. Thomas HobbsC. Francis BaconD. John Milton45. ______said:”Knowledge is power.” A. Plato B. LockeC. BaconD. Kant46. There were two leaders in the English revolution,Cromwell was the man ofaction and ___the man of thought.A. John LockeB. Thomas HobbsC. Francis BaconD. John Milton 47. Phaedra is one of the masterpeices of ________________.A. Pierre CorneilleB. Jean RacineC. MoliereD. Lessing 48. The Enlightenment is also called ___________.A. “Age of Reason”B. “Age of Art”thC. “Age of Faith” D. “Age of science”49. The most important forerunners of the Enlightenment were two17Englishmen________.A. Francis Bacon and John MiltonB. John Locke and Isaac NewtonC. Thomas Hobbs and John LockeD. Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes50. In art and literature, what coincided with the Age of Reason wasa periodcalled_________.A. classicismB. neoclassicism c. romanticism D. realism51.Which book discussed the spearation of the legislative, executive and judicalpowers?A. The Spirit of the LawsB. Lettres AnglaiseC. The Origin of Human InequalityD.Rameau’s Nephew52. In Rousseau?s opinion, _____ was the origin of social inequality.A. human natureB. absoute monarchyC. vices in th esocietyD. private property53. Rousseau?s __________ is an important work on education; and hisautobiography __________ foreshadows the trend of Romanticism.A. New Heloise; EmileB.Emile; The ConfessionsC. On Education; Poetry and TruthD. Philosophical Thoughts; Persian Letters54. Who represented the rationalistic neoclassical tendency inEnglish literatureand has often been called the spokesman in verse of the Age of Reaon? One ofhis masterpieces is The Rape of the Lock.A. Samuel JohnsonB. Henry FieldingC. Alexander PopeD. William Blake55. In ______, Swift bitterly criticized theBritish government by suggestingthat the children be fattened and eaten.A. Essay on CriticismB. A Modest Proposal c. Essay on ManD.Gulliver?s Travels 56._________ is often called the founder of English domestic novel, orepistolary novel. One of his masterpieces is Pamela. A. Samuel Johnson B. Henry FieldingC. Walter ScottD. Samuel Richardson57.Goethe? epistolary novel _________played an enormous role in the spreadof Romanticism.A. The Sorrows of Young WertherB. Wilhelm Meis ter’s ApprenticeshipC. Nathan the WiseD. Poetry and Truth58. _______ , written by Goethe, is the greatest work of German literature.A. The Sorrows of Young WertherB. Wilhelm Meister’s Apprentices hipC. FaustD. Poetry and Truth59. _______ is the key figure of the German philosophy and sometimes calledthe “waterhead of Modern philosophy”.A.Martin lutherB. HegelC. LessingD. Kant 60. Romanticism devoped in the late _____ and early ___centuryies.thththththththth A. 18; 19 B. 17; 18 C. 16; 17 D. 19; 20 61.______________ is not a Lake poet.A. SoutheyB. KeatsC. WordsworthD. Coleridge62 “If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?” is from the ending of _____. A. Ode on a Grecian Urn B. Ode to the West WindC. Don JuanD. Ode to a Nightingale63. Which of the following writers is a female writer and tried hard to proveherself equal to the challenge of a woman?A. Victor HugoB. John KeatsC. George SandD. Mikhail Y. Lemontov64. The preface of the play ________, written by ________ is a veritablemanifesto of French Romanticism in Literature.A. Cromwell; HugoB.Hernati; HugoC. Atala; ChateaubriandD. Rene; Chateaubriand 65. Wordsworth and Colerridge were well known for their collective work,__________, the preface of which marked the beginning of romanticism inEnglish literature.A. Ballads and RomancesB. Lyrical BalladsC. Ballads/doc/4f18198997.htmlkers67. _______ was generally considered Byron?s masterpiece.A.CainB. ManfredC. Child e Harold’s PilgrimageD. Don Juan 69. In_________,_________ created the first “superfluous man” in Russianliterature.A. Eugene Onegin; PushkinB. A Hero of Our Times; Mikhail Y. LemontovC. The Betrothed; ManzoniD. To Sylvia; Leopardi 70. John Keats, a telented English poet, is best known for his beautiful poems, such as ________.A.To a SkylarkB. To ItalyC. Odes to a NightingaleD. The Lady of the LakeII. Connect the names of the writers to their respective masterpieces20%Chauccer Gargantua and PantagruelFielding Utopia Boccaccio The New Method Petrach Paradise Lost Rabelais Les MiserablesThomas More The Canterbury Tales Hugo Le CidMilton DecameronBacon Don QuixoteCorneille CanzoniersCervantes The History of T om Jones, a FoundlingWordsworth Divine ComedyDante AeneidSchiller Cabal and LoveMoliere Robinson Crusoe Pushikin FaustVirgil Lyrical BalladsDefoe Eugene Onegin Goethe TartuffeShelley Prometheus UnboundGiotto Mona LisaTitian Sleeping Venus Michalangelo The Sistine MadonnaRaphael Flight into Egypt Giorgione David Da Vinci Sacred and Profane Love。

英语欧洲文学知识点总结

英语欧洲文学知识点总结One of the key characteristics of European literature is its diversity. The continent is home to many different languages, cultures, and traditions, and this diversity is reflected in its literary output. From the magical realism of Latin American literature to the existential angst of Scandinavian crime fiction, European literature encompasses a wide range of styles and genres.European literature has also been shaped by its history. The continent has been the site of many important political and social movements, from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment to the two World Wars, and these events have left a lasting mark on its literature. For example, the upheaval of the Russian Revolution led to the birth of Soviet literature, while the horrors of the Holocaust have been a major theme in post-war European fiction.Another important aspect of European literature is its influence on the rest of the world. Many of the continent's most famous authors, such as Shakespeare, Dante, and Goethe, have had a profound impact on global literature, and their works continue to be studied and admired by readers and writers around the world. In addition, European literary movements such as romanticism, modernism, and postmodernism have had a significant influence on the development of literature in other parts of the world.Some of the key works of European literature include:- The Iliad and The Odyssey by Homer: These epic poems are among the oldest and most influential works of Western literature, and they have had a profound impact on the development of the novel and the epic poem.- The Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri: This three-part epic poem is one of the most important works of Italian literature and a key text of the Western canon.- Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes: This novel, which tells the story of an idealistic knight and his loyal squire, is often considered one of the first modern novels and a classic of Spanish literature.- War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy: This epic novel, which tells the story of Russian society during the Napoleonic Wars, is one of the longest and most celebrated works of Russian literature.- Ulysses by James Joyce: This modernist novel, which follows a day in the life of its protagonist, is one of the most important and challenging works of 20th-century literature.- One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel García Márquez: This novel, which tells the story of a multi-generational family in a fictional Colombian town, is a prime example of magical realism and a key work of Latin American literature.In addition to these individual works, there are also many important literary movements and themes in European literature. For example, the Renaissance was a period of greatcultural and intellectual ferment in Europe, and it produced many important literary works, such as William Shakespeare's plays and Miguel de Cervantes's Don Quixote. The Enlightenment, on the other hand, was a time of great social and intellectual upheaval, and it led to the development of many important philosophical and political writings, such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau's The Social Contract and Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.European literature has also been a major vehicle for exploring important social and political issues. For example, many European writers have used their works to critique the injustices of their societies, such as Charles Dickens's novels about poverty and inequality in Victorian England and Émile Zola's novels about social and political corruption in 19th-century France. Similarly, European literature has also been a vehicle for exploring important philosophical and existential questions, such as the nature of reality and the human condition, as seen in the works of Franz Kafka and Albert Camus.In conclusion, European literature is a diverse and rich tradition that has had a profound impact on the culture and society of the continent and the world. Its diverse styles, genres, and themes have made it a major force in global literature, and its enduring influence can be seen in the works of writers and readers around the world. Whether through its epic poems, its modernist novels, or its exploration of important social and political issues, European literature continues to be a vital and vibrant part of the global literary landscape.。

欧洲文化英语试题及答案

欧洲文化英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 欧洲联盟（EU）的总部设在哪个城市？A. 伦敦B. 布鲁塞尔C. 巴黎D. 柏林答案：B2. 下列哪个节日起源于欧洲？A. 春节B. 圣诞节C. 感恩节D. 元宵节答案：B3. 欧洲的哪种建筑风格以尖塔和彩色玻璃窗著称？A. 哥特式B. 巴洛克式C. 罗马式D. 文艺复兴式答案：A4. 以下哪个国家不是申根区成员国？A. 法国B. 德国C. 美国D. 意大利答案：C5. 欧洲哪个国家以生产葡萄酒而闻名？A. 俄罗斯B. 西班牙C. 希腊D. 波兰答案：B6. 欧洲的哪个城市被誉为“艺术之都”？A. 伦敦B. 巴黎C. 罗马D. 柏林答案：B7. 欧洲的哪种语言使用最广泛？A. 英语B. 德语C. 法语D. 西班牙语答案：A8. 欧洲哪个国家是联合国安全理事会常任理事国之一？A. 挪威B. 瑞典C. 英国D. 爱尔兰答案：C9. 欧洲哪个国家有“千湖之国”之称？A. 芬兰B. 瑞士C. 丹麦D. 荷兰答案：A10. 欧洲哪个国家是世界著名的钟表制造中心？A. 法国B. 意大利C. 瑞士D. 德国答案：C二、填空题（每空2分，共20分）1. 欧洲的货币联盟使用的主要货币是________。

答案：欧元2. 欧洲最大的国家是________。

答案：俄罗斯3. 欧洲最长的河流是________。

答案：伏尔加河4. 欧洲的________是世界著名的旅游胜地。

答案：威尼斯5. 欧洲的________是世界文化遗产之一。

答案：布拉格城堡6. 欧洲的________被誉为“音乐之都”。

答案：维也纳7. 欧洲的________是世界著名的电影节之一。

答案：戛纳电影节8. 欧洲的________是世界著名的汽车制造商。

答案：宝马9. 欧洲的________是世界著名的时尚之都。

答案：米兰10. 欧洲的________是世界著名的啤酒节举办地。

答案：慕尼黑三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）1. 简述欧洲文化的特点。

欧洲文化复习资料原版

欧洲文化复习资料原版2. Parthenon in Greece is the place where people worship ________.a. many godsb. one godc. many goddessesd. many gods and goddesses3．In the early days of Christianity, it was a religion of _______.a. the richb. the poorc. the ruling classd. all people4. Which of the following statements about Knighthood is NOT true?a. a nobleman was born a knightb. knighthood had to be earnedc. one had to be trained in order to become a knightd. after being dubbed a knight, he had to observe the Code of Chivalry.5. The Inquisition was _____.a. a church court set up to try hereticsb. an organization for church investigationc. a court in many kingdomsd. the decision-making body of the church6. The Statue of Liberty was a gift from ________ to the American people for the100-year anniversary of the independence of the U.S.A.a. U.K.b. Francec. Germanyd. Italy7. Counter- Reformation means that the Roman Catholic Church ____反宗教改革运动a. suppressed the Reformation movement by forceb. refused to accept any reformc. re-established itself as a dynamic force in European affairs by introducingreforms and improvementsd. ganged up with the Spanish monarchy to set up the Inquisition8. Kepler?s contribution to astronomy is _______.a. his discovery of the law of inertiab. his discovery of the Ptolemaic systemc. his discovery of the three laws of planetary motiond. none of the above9. The symbolic event of the French Revolution in 1789 was ______.a. the issuance of the Declaration of Independenceb. the founding of the First Republicc. the seizure of the Bastilled. the publication of The Spirit of the Laws10. The twelve tables were laws written by ______.a. the Romansb. the Greeksc. the Americansd. the French11. In 313 the Edict of Milan was issued by _________ and granted religious freedomto all and made Christianity legal.a. Theodosiusb. Constantine Ic. Caesard. Octavian12. The _______ type is the most beautiful column in Greek architecture..a. Ionicb. Doricc. Corinthiand. all of the above13. Which one is the figure in Homer?s Odyssey?a. Agamemnonb. Hectorc. Achillesd. Penelope14. In the 13th century, many schools_________.a. were organized into universitiesb. gave way to universitiesc. were state-rund. were government-funded15. The representation form of Greek Democracy is ___________.a. constitutional monarchb. representative democracyc. citizen-assembly.d. separation of powers16. The Academy is the first school in the world，it was established by _________.a. Aristotleb. Plato.c. Socratesd. Democritus17. The following works were written by Plato except _______.a. Dialoguesb. Apologyc. On the Godd. Republic.18. “Man is the measure of all things.” is the doctrine of __________.a. Aristotleb. Plato.c. Socratesd. Protagoras19. The Birth of Jesus was recorded in _________.a. Matthewb. Markc. Luked. John20. The Bible contains 66 books: __________.a. 39 OT, 27 NT.b. 36 OT, 30 NTc. 30 OT, 36 NTd. 27 OT, 27 NT21. The most important and influential of English Bible is the ________ version.a. “Authorized”b. “King James”c. John Wycliff?sd. both a and b22. Dante wrote his masterpiece in _______.a. Italianb. Latin.c. Germand. English23. Renaissance started in _________ with the flowering of paintings, sculpture andarchitecture.a. Florenceb.Venicec. Miland. both a and b24. The reformation go t it…s victory first in _________.a. Franceb. Germanyc. Englandd. Italy25. Romanesque style appeared__________.a. earlier than Gothic styleb. later than Gothic stylec. higher and lighterd. more mysterious26. ________ edited the famous Encyclopédie.a. Montesquieub. V oltairec. Rousseaud. Diderot27. The following works were written with the effect of the Bible.a. Milton?s Paradise Lostb. Bunyan?s Pilgrim…s Progressc. Byron?s Caind. all of the above28. Cement was invented by the _________.a. Frenchb. Romansc. Greeksd. Germans29. The most important contribution made by the Romans to the European culture wasthe Roman ________.a. lawsb. architecturec. literatured. sculpture30. The famous tourist attraction Bath in England was originally set up by the peoplefrom ________.a. Ancient Romeb. Ancient Greecec. the Great Britaind. Egypt31. The Fall of Man was recorded in_______，Pentateuch，the Old Testament，The Bible.a. Genesisb. Exodusc. Leviticusd. Numbers32. Christianity originated from________.a. Turkeyb. Palestinec. North Africad. the Western Europe33. Monks then by no means________.a. gave up material comfortb. marriedc. remain singled. spent much of their time in prayer to God34. After _______，the church was divided into the Roman Catholic Church and theEastern Orthodox Church.a.1054b. 1066c. 1215d. 96635. ________，who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from theHebrew and Greek originals. It became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world.a. John Wycliffb. St. Jeromec. Martin Lutherd. King James37. By the end of the 16th century，Calvinism had spread to England. As a result，the _______ Movement was started in England.a. Reformationb. Puritanc. Counter-Reformationd. Progressive38. As a knight，he were pledged to ________. These ruleswere known as code ofchivalry，from which the western idea of good manners developed.a. to protect the weakb. to fight for the churchc. to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birthd. all the above39. The theory of the separation of powers was put forward by in his work The Spiritof the Laws.a. Lockeb. Montesquieuc. V oltaired. Jefferson40. Guilds in the cities then were________.a. religious clubs onlyb. trade associationsc. only controlling everythingd. communities of the craftsmen41. “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains”This is a remark made by_________.A. V oltaireB. DiderotC. MontesquieuD. Rousseau42. “Carolingian Renaissance”, as the first of the three medieval renaissances, occurred mostly during the reign of the Carolingian ruler _________.A. JustinianB. Elisabeth IC. CharlemagneD.Charles Martel43. After defeating the Trojan people, Odysseus was on his way back to get together with his wife_______.A. HellenB. IthacaC. ElectraD. Penelope44. Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian areA. CitizensB. ColumnsC. City-StatesD. Roads45. Machiavelli was called ________ in the West.A.Father of historyB. Father of political scienceC. Father of humanismD. Father of democracy46. In Locke?s political philosophy, the chief reason for the institution of civil government was _________.A. the protection of private propertyB. the upholding of free thinkingC. the abolishment of the rule of the churchD. regulation of economy47. The Praise of Folly, a literary work in which a lady named Folly criticized the fallacies and hypocrisy of human being, was written by _______.A. ShakespeareB. CervantesC. ChaucerD. Erasmus49. The Catholic Church should be characterized as _________.A. A loosely organized religious institutionB. A highly centralized and disciplined international organizationC. A loosely organized European institutionD. A highly disciplined western organization50. In which of the following books is the theory of the separation of powers proposed and illustrated?A.The Social ContractB. Essay on CriticismC. The Justinian CodeD. The Spirit of Laws51. The long period of peace in history known as Pax Romana began from the reign of ________ to that of ________.A.Julius Caesar,... Theodosius IB. Julius Caesar,...Marcus AureliusC. Augustus,...DiocletianD. Augustus, ...Marcus Aurelius52. The Middle Ages is also called the _______.A. Age of FaithB. Age of ReasonC. Age of Renaissance C. Age of Byzantine Empire53. Hammurabi?s Code, the Ten Commandments,and the Twelve Tables were all significant to their societies because they established _______.A.democratic governmentsB. official religionsC. rules of behaviorD. economic systems54. Which of the following laws was discovered by Newton?/doc/4516831748.html,w of inertiaB. Law of falling bodiesC. Law of relativityD. Law of universal gravitation55. The Latin Vulgate, translated by________ in common people?s language, became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic church throughout the world.A. John WycliffB. Jan HusC. St. JeromeD. Mattin Luther56. Example of ancient architecture using columns that still exists in Greece todayA. ColosseumB. ParthenonC. Pont du GardD.Panthenon57. The most important and influential English Bible is the ________ version.A. “King James”B. John Wycliff?sC. William Tyndale?sD. Miles Converdale?s58. In 313, _________ issued the Edict of Milan and granted Romans religious freedom, thus making Christianity legal.A. DiocletianB. Constantine IC. TheodosiusD. Octavius59. These people staged battles that were fought in the Roman Colosseum for an audience of thousands.A. actorsB. senatorsC.philosophersD. gladiators60. According to Exodus, Moses and his Hebrews followers took a journey fromEgypt to the Promised Land which lasted ______.A.Ten yearsB. Forty daysC. Forty yearsD. Twenty years61. The story of Noah?s Ark was recorded in_______，Pentateuch，the Old Testament，The Bible.A.ExodusB. LeviticusC. NumbersD. Genesis62. According to the Old Testament, God promised Abraham and his son Jacob the land of Canaan, and suggested that Jacob change his name into Israel, which means__________.A. GraspingB. HairyC. Wrestling with GodD. Father of many nations63. Which ancient civilization is associated with the Twelve Tables, an extensive road system, and the poets Horace and Virgil?A.BabylonianB. PhoenicianC. GreekD. Roman64. Who were considered as citizens by the ancient Athens?A. womenB. slavesC. adult free malesD. foreigners and children65. The Age of Enlightenment is also called the __________。

欧洲文化复习终结版

欧洲文化复习终结版————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：1 Four contending schools of ThoughtIn the 4th century B.C, there were four contending schools of philosophers arguing with each other. They were as follows:1 Cynics: the Cynics got their names because Diogenes, one of their leaders, decided to live like a dog and the word “Cynic” means “dog” in Greek. Diogenes lived by begging; he rejected all conventions and advocated self-sufficient and extreme simplicity in life. He proclaimed his brotherhood, not only with the whole human race, but also with animals. And he has no patient with the rich and powerful.The first and most direct Cynic influence is upon the founding of Stoicism. Within political philosophy, the Cynics can be seen as originators of anarchism. The impact of Cynicism is also felt in Christian, Medieval, and Renaissance though. Finally, the mark of the Cynic is found throughout the texts of literature and philosophy.2. The Sceptics: the Sceptics followed Pyrrhon, who held that not all knowledge was attainable. He and his followers doubted the truth of what others accepted as true.The spirit of doubt influence many later philosophers and sictists, which encourage them to be creativity, and pushes the flourish of the diversity3. The Epicureans: the Epicureans were dispels of Epicurus. He wasa materialist who believed pleasure to be the highest goal in life. But by pleasure, he meant, not sensual enjoyment, but freedom from pain and emotional upheaval. This he thought could be attained by the practice of virtue.His teaching was misunderstood by later people and the word” Epicurean” has come to mean indulgence in luxurious living.4. The Stoics: the most important thing for the Stoics was not “pleasure”, but “duty”. This developed into the theory that one should endure hardship and misfortune with courage. The representative was Zeno. He was a materialist, asserting the existence of the real world. He believed no such thing as chance, and that the course of nature is rigidly determined by natural law. In the life of an individual man, virtue is the sole good and it resides in the will.The Stoic philosophy had its biggest impact on law, ethics and political science throughout the world and history. It also contributed many significant theories on knowledge, logic and natural philosophy.2 ChristianityIt originated in the 1st century, and firmed its roots in the second century, was widespread in the third century, and became the official religion of Roman Empire in the 392AD. In the fifth century, Christianity was quite popular and Christian church was widespread in the late middle ages. The middle age is called “the Age of Faith”. Until now, Christianity is still popular in the west world.It was founded by Jesus. He taught that man should believe in god and love each other as god’s children. After he died, st peter and st Paul began to preach in the Mediterranean region. Saint Paul transformed a Jewish sect into a new religion built on the personalism and universalism implicit into teachings of Jesus for humanity.Its teaching is that Christians should believe that every man is sin. They are all God’s children and should share brotherly love. God have become human and the savior of humanity and Jesus is the Son of God. He was sent to the earth to suffer to save all the people. He will send information to people which are called the Gospel. People can communicate with god through Jesus or reading bible.Christianity has its own appeal.1The Christian message of a divine savior, a concerned father, and brotherly love attracts many people.2 Christianity offers people what the Roman Empire could not: an intensely personal relationship with god, an intimate connection witha higher world, and membership in a community of the faithful,3 It stresses the intellect and self-reliance. The poor, the oppressed, and the slaves were attracted to the personality, death, and resurrection of Jesus, his love for all, and his concern for the suffering humanity.It has 5 main impacts:1. Christianity established the basic value of the west world.2.1t lay the foundation of the western system of education and politic, especially the democracy politics. 3it transmit the traditional culture and helped cultivated new civilization 4it helps each of the western regions communicate and interact with each other.5. Christianity has a great effect on Western culture in literature, music, architecture, painting and scripture, which contributes to the development of western cultural revival and lays the foundation of Renaissance in Europe.3. FeudalismFeudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding---a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land. It flourished between the ninth and fifteenth centuries and Crusades helped to break down it. It was also a system of government--- a form of local and decentralized government.Feudalism was a complicated system of government. The King granted the right to govern large sections of land as fiefs to great lords, these lords known as vessels in turn promised to fight for the King. And they themselves further granted parts of their fiefs to lesser vassals.The centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. They were founded on the fiefs of lords. Everything needed to live was supplied on the manors. It was self-sufficient. By the 12th century, they came to be called castles. At the centre of the manor stood the church, which was very popular and had a great and powerful influence on the feudal society.Almost all nobles were knights in the medieval days. But no one was born a knight---knighthood had to be earned and the training was long and hard. As a knight, he was pledged to protect the week, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth, this was known as code of chivalry.Charlegne was the most important figure in this period. He kept order throughout his realm and encouraged interest in the Christian religion and ancient learning. The result of his efforts was called “Carolingian Renaissance”.Alfred the Great, ruler of Wessex, contributed greatly to the medieval European culture. He introduced teachers and scholars, found new monasteries, promoted translations into the vernacular from Latin works and inspired the compilation of Anglo- Saxon Chronicles. Feudalism played a major role in the reorganization of medieval Europe. It affected political, social, religious, and economical aspects of the middle Ages. During this period, experimental science came into being and art and architecture flourished. Old English, instead of Latin language became popular in Europe. From European feudalism emerged different forms of constitutional government. But it brought about the class structures that persisted despite the rise of the burgesses (burghers, bourgeoisie) until well into the 20th century.4. RenaissanceIt refers to the period between 14th and 17th century. The renaissance means revival, revival of interest in an ancient Greek and Roman culture. In essence, it was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars attempted to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie.There are three characteristics of Renaissance. They are humanism, Secularity and Individualism.Humanism refers to people’s thoughts centers on human beings and their values, capacities, and worth instead of god. People were taught not only knowledge but also how to communicate one’s knowledge and how to use it. In academic area, the most famous and influential humanist were Sir Thomas and William Shakespeare.People pursued secularity at that time. They paid more attention on the secular happiness and became more rational and pragmatic rather than relied on the church for comfort.Individualism is another feature of renaissance. People began to pay attention on self-consciousness and self-independence and sought personal development and personal interests.The renaissance started in Florence and Venice in Italy. And spread to Germany, France, England and Spain in the late 15th century.It was a period during which art, architecture, and literature flourished. There are three great artists in high renaissance they are Leonardo da Vinci, whose masterpiece is the Last Supper, Michelangelo Buonanrroti with his Statue of David, and Raphael Santi with his the Alba Madonna. Shakespeare was the most famous figure of English renaissance. He has many famous works such as 4 tragedies.The Renaissance created a culture which freed man to discover and enjoy the world in a way not possible under the medieval church’s control. The renaissance marks the birth of modernity. And it brings a new view of human nature. It also boosts the flourish of the literature, art architecture, which has left many precious cultural heritages to us.5. ReformationIt was a 16th century religious movement as well as a social-political movement. It swept over the whole Europe and was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the authority of the Bible.Martin Luther was the important leader of the reformation. The starting poi nt was Luther’s attack in 1517 on the church’s practice of selling indulgences. The followers were called Protestants. He translated the Bible that he thought was the supreme authority and man was the only bound to the God’s words not the clergy’s. He was also a fighter for democracy and nationalism, a humanist who helped build an educational system and his German translation of bible helped fixed the standard of the modern German.Another influential figure was the English king, Henry 8, who established the Church of England with the king rather than the Pope as the head.The reformation has great influences. It challenged the medieval church and shattered its control over man. It contributed to the shaping of modernity by fighting against political authority, which promoted political liberty and the idea of equality. Thus it contributed to pave the way for capitalism.It has challenged the medieval culture education. They gave way to imagination, creation and free thinking. Scientific discoveries and inventions paved the way for scientific revolution and provided the chances for the communication between different countries.The Protestantism came into being. Their thoughts of individualism: self assurance, individual ethics have great impact on the later modern politics and business.Calvinism stressed on hard work and thrift, which accelerated the production and trade.6. EnlightenmentIt was an intellectual movement started from France, which attracted widespread support among the ruling and intellectual classes of Europe and North America in the second half of the 18th century.Its characters are that the European writers used critical reasons to free minds from prejudice, authority and oppression from church or state. It is called the age of reason.The enlightenment involved in many fields:1 In the political area, the thinkers regarded government as the political expression of law and the law originated from nature.2 As regard to religion, the enlightenment was secular. They advocated the deism which illustrated everything worked according to natural laws.3 In art and literature, the neo-classicism is the outcome of it. It stressed on harmony, proportion, balance, and restraint.4 in economic thought, the rationalists favored laissez-faire policy. Through the enlightenment, there were many outstanding English literatures such as Jonathan swift with his Gulliver’s Travels, Daniel Defoe with his Robinson Crusoe.Enlightenment has great effect on people’s thinking of reason, and philosophers sought to analyze nature, government, religion, and economy through reasons alone, which promoted the later development of philosophy. and for the common people, reasonable and critical thinking led them to seek secular life.It also boosts the flourish of the literature, art, music, which have left many precious cultural heritages to us.The political philosophy was based on a new modern concept, whose purpose was to enhanced the human happiness and protect individual freedom.7 RomanticismRomanticism was a movement in literature, philosophy, music and art which developed in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It emphasized individual values and aspiration above the society.The central message of the romantics was that the imagination of the individual should determine the form and content of an artistic creation. It emphasized human diversity and uniqueness. For them, feelings were the essence of being human and they saw spontaneous, unbounded feelings as the avenue to truth. They worshiped nature, thought nature was alive and suffered with god’s presence; they viewed God as an inspiring spiritual force.In painting period, they stated that in the use of the color, there was lavishness, a brilliant and fluidity, along with which was the technique to be free in contours and outlines.In music, they allowed freedom of form and stress strong feeling, imagination, the love of nature and used national folk-rhythms and turns of melody.Literature took the full force of Romanticism. It brought forth a full flowering of literary talents. For example, William Wordsworth, one of the three “Lakers” published a volume of poems named Lyrical Ballads and George Gordon Byron, Don Juan was his masterpiece.As a reaction to the industrial revolution, Romanticism looked to the Middle Ages and to direct contact with nature for aspiration. It gave impetus to the national liberation movement in the 19th century. The romantics shed light on a side of human nature that the philosopher had often overlooked or undervalued and greatly enriched European cultural life. Because it valued a nation’s past, it contributed to nationalism and conservatism. However, the excessive zeal of the romantic’s attack on reason undermined the rational foundations of the West.8 DarwinismDarwinism is a set of movements and concepts related to ideas of transmutation of species or evolution, including ideas of Charles Darwin in the 2nd half of the 19th century.Charles Darwin made a great contribution. In the Origin of Species and the Decent of Man, he used empirical evidence to show that the wide variety of animal species was due to a process of development over many millennia, and he supplied a convincing theory that explained how evolution operates.In addition, he adopted the Malthusian idea that the population reproduces faster than the food supply, causing a struggle for existence.The principle of natural selection, which contains four major arguments and was constructed from three apparently independent generalizations about the properties of organisms, determined which members of the species have a better chance of survivalHe also marshaled the evidence that man is related to all animal life in his work the Decent of Man.Those who transferred Darwin’s scientific theories to social and economic issues were called Social Darwinists. They used the terms “struggle for existence “and “survival of the fittest” to buttress economic individualism and political conservation. This also happened in other fields such as biology. Thus the concept of Social Darwinism came into being.Darwinism ultimately helped to end the practice of relying on the Bible as an authority in questions of science, completing a trend initialed earlier by Galileo. It contributed to the waning of religious belief and to a growing secular designed by God and a soul that rises to heaven.9．RealismIn art and literature, realism is used to identify a literary movement in Europe and the United States in the last half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th century. It originated in France and arose to protest against romanticism. The fundamental difference between them was the former depicted what people really are, while the later depicted what they should be like.Realism centered in the novel and lay emphasis on fidelity to actual experience. It had detailed descriptions of people and environment. Its language was simple, clear and direct, and the tone was objective, detached and satiric.There were lots of representatives in this period. Take some of them in literature field of England for example, Charles Dickens, wrote a kind of autobiographical romance named David Copperfield; George Eliot, whose masterpiece Middlemarch is regarded as the finest novel of the 19th century; William Makepeace Thackeray who wrote Vanity Fair and Thomas Hardy, one of whose famous novels is The Return of the Native.It has a great impact on Modernism.10. ModernismIt refers to a complex and diverse international movement in all the creative arts from the end of the 19th century to the mid 40th in the 20th century. It was made up many facets such as symbolism, surrealism, cubism, expressionism futurism.Its characteristics are anti-tradition in form and style with new experimental and innovative thoughts. It was against established rules and provided the fresh new ways of looking at man’s position and function in the universe. It has been called the “tradition of the new” and the” dehumanization of art”.Modernism involves in the field of literature, philosophy and arts. In literature, the stream of consciousness was represented by the famous English literature includes Mrs Dalloway by Virginia Woolf, Sons and Lovers by D.H. Laurence. Black humor was marked by catch-22 by Joseph Heller. There were also many famous plays like Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett which belongs to the theater of the absurd.Modernism has provided a new way for people to look at the word and their relation with the world also the function of themselves. It stirs up a new tide in the area of literature, arts philosophy and architecture, where people reconsidered themselves and the world and expressed their independent and creative thoughts.。

欧洲文化英语试题及答案

欧洲文化英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 欧洲文艺复兴运动开始于哪个国家？A. 法国B. 意大利C. 英国D. 德国答案：B2. 以下哪位作曲家不是古典音乐时期的代表人物？A. 贝多芬B. 莫扎特C. 巴赫D. 瓦格纳答案：D3. 欧洲联盟的总部设在哪个国家？A. 法国B. 比利时C. 荷兰D. 德国答案：B4. 欧洲最大的河流是？A. 多瑙河B. 莱茵河C. 伏尔加河D. 泰晤士河5. 以下哪个节日不是欧洲传统节日？A. 圣诞节B. 复活节C. 万圣节D. 春节答案：D6. 欧洲最高的山峰是？A. 阿尔卑斯山B. 勃朗峰C. 珠穆朗玛峰D. 乞力马扎罗山答案：B7. 以下哪个国家不是申根区成员国？A. 法国B. 德国C. 英国D. 意大利答案：C8. 欧洲哪个城市被誉为“音乐之都”？A. 维也纳B. 柏林C. 巴黎D. 伦敦答案：A9. 欧洲的官方货币是什么？B. 欧元C. 英镑D. 瑞士法郎答案：B10. 以下哪位作家不是诺贝尔文学奖得主？A. 加西亚·马尔克斯B. 阿尔贝·加缪C. 弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫D. 米兰·昆德拉答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 欧洲的四大文化中心包括罗马、雅典、______和君士坦丁堡。

答案：亚历山大2. 欧洲最大的经济体是______。

答案：德国3. 欧洲的官方语言之一是______。

答案：英语4. 欧洲最长的河流是______河。

答案：伏尔加5. 欧洲的宗教主要分为基督教、伊斯兰教和______。

答案：犹太教6. 欧洲联盟的旗帜上有______颗金星。

答案：127. 欧洲的______是世界著名的旅游胜地。

答案：威尼斯8. 欧洲的______是世界著名的艺术博物馆。

答案：卢浮宫9. 欧洲的______是世界著名的音乐厅。

答案：维也纳国家歌剧院10. 欧洲的______是世界著名的电影节。

答案：戛纳三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）1. 简述欧洲文化的特点。

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