symposium_preparing_for_the_GREs
医学英语期末试题及答案
医学英语期末试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is NOT a type of cancer?A. MelanomaB. LeukemiaC. CarcinomaD. Fibroma2. The term "cardiology" refers to the study of:A. The heartB. The lungsC. The brainD. The kidneys3. What is the medical term for inflammation of the stomach lining?A. GastritisB. BronchitisC. HepatitisD. Nephritis4. The abbreviation "MRI" stands for:A. Magnetic Resonance ImagingB. Medical Records IndexC. Myocardial Resection ImagingD. Maximum Respiratory Index5. Which hormone is responsible for the regulation of bloodsugar levels?A. InsulinB. ThyroxineC. CortisolD. Estrogen6. The process of healing a broken bone is called:A. FractureB. OsteogenesisC. OsteoporosisD. Osteolysis7. A "diagnosis" in medicine is:A. The treatment of a diseaseB. The identification of a diseaseC. The prevention of a diseaseD. The cause of a disease8. What is the medical term for a surgical incision into the chest cavity?A. LaparotomyB. ThoracotomyC. CraniotomyD. Hysterectomy9. The abbreviation "HIV" stands for:A. Human Influenza VirusB. Hepatitis Infection VirusC. Human Immunodeficiency VirusD. Hereditary Immune Virus10. A "pathogen" is:A. A type of medicationB. A disease-causing microorganismC. A symptom of a diseaseD. A preventive measure against disease二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）1. The medical term for the surgical removal of the appendix is __________.2. The study of the nervous system is known as __________.3. A condition characterized by high levels of blood sugar is called __________.4. The process of the body fighting off pathogens is known as __________.5. The abbreviation for the common cold is __________.6. The medical term for inflammation of the heart muscle is __________.7. The medical specialty dealing with the urinary system is __________.8. A person who specializes in the study and treatment of cancer is called an __________.9. The abbreviation for the human papillomavirus is__________.10. A medical condition where the body's immune system attacks its own tissues is known as __________.三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. Explain the difference between a virus and a bacterium.2. Describe the function of the thyroid gland.3. What is the purpose of vaccination?4. Define the term "epidemic" and give an example.四、翻译题（每题5分，共20分）1. 翻译以下医学术语："急性阑尾炎"2. 翻译以下医学术语："慢性支气管炎"3. 翻译以下医学术语："高血压"4. 翻译以下医学术语："糖尿病"五、病例分析题（每题10分，共20分）1. 患者，男性，45岁，主诉胸痛，呼吸困难。
生物工程专业英语[整理版]
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生物工程专业英语[整理版]Specialized English in BiotechnologyThis material is dedicated to studentsmajoring in Biotechnology at Hefei University.All rights reservedContentsLesson 1 What isBiotechnology? ......................................................... ....................... 3 Lesson 2 Where Did BiotechnologyBegin? ................................................................4 Lesson 3 Brief History ofBiotechnology .......................................................... .......... 7 Lesson 4 Dogma, DNA, andEnzymes ...................................................................... 10 Lesson 5 Polymerase Chain Reaction - XeroxingDNA ............................................ 12 Lesson 6 Monoclonal AntibodyTechnology .............................................................14 Lesson 7 The Human GenomeProject ................................................................ ...... 16 Lesson 8 Whose Genome is It, Anyway?................................................................. .. 19 Lesson 9 Agriculture - AnOverview ............................................................... .......... 21 Lesson 10 Gene Gun Speeds Search for New OrchidColors .................................... 24 Lesson 11 Transforming Plants ................................................................. ................. 26 Lesson 12 Animals and AnimalHealth ................................................................. ..... 29 Lesson 13Biomining .............................................................. ................................... 31 Lesson 14Biofuel ................................................................ ...................................... 32 Lesson 15 New Foods and Food Producers ...............................................................34 Lesson 16 Blazing a Genetic Trail inMedicine (37)Readingmaterials .............................................................. . (39)Lesson 1 What is Biotechnology?Biotechnology in one form or another has flourished sinceprehistoric times. When the first human beings realized that they could plant their own crops and breed their own animals, they learned to use biotechnology. The discovery that fruit juices fermented into wine, or that milk could be converted into cheese or yogurt, or that beer could be made by fermenting solutions of malt and hops began the study of biotechnology. When the first bakers found that they could make a soft, spongy bread rather than a firm, thin cracker, they were acting as fledgling biotechnologists. The first animal breeders, realizing that different physical traits could be either magnified or lost by mating appropriate pairs of animals, engaged in the manipulations of biotechnology.What then is biotechnology? The term brings to mind many different things. Some think of developing new types of animals. Others dream of almost unlimited sources of human therapeutic drugs. Still others envision the possibility of growing crops that are more nutritious and naturally pest-resistant to feed a rapidly growing world population. This question elicits almost as many first-thought responses as there are people to whom the question can be posed.In its purest form, the term "biotechnology" refers to the use of living organisms or their products to modify human health and the humanenvironment. Prehistoric biotechnologists did this as they used yeast cells to raise bread dough and to ferment alcoholic beverages, and bacterial cells to make cheeses and yogurts and as they bred their strong, productive animals to make even stronger and more productive offspring.Throughout human history, we have learned a great deal about the different organisms that our ancestors used so effectively. The marked increase in our understanding of these organisms and their cell products gains us the ability to control the many functions of various cells and organisms. Using the techniques of gene splicing and recombinant DNA technology, we can now actually combine the genetic elements of two or more living cells. Functioning lengths of DNA can be taken from one organism and placed into the cells of another organism. As a result, for example, we can cause bacterial cells to produce human molecules. Cows can produce more milk for the same amount of feed. And we can synthesize therapeutic molecules that have never before existed.Lesson 2 Where Did Biotechnology Begin?With the BasicsCertain practices that we would now classify as applications of biotechnology have been in use since man's earliest days. Nearly 10,000 years ago, our ancestors were producing wine, beer, and bread by using fermentation, a natural process in which the biological activity of one-celled organisms plays a critical role.In fermentation, microorganisms such as bacteria, yeasts, and molds are mixed with ingredients that provide them with food. As they digest this food, the organisms produce two critical by-products, carbondioxide gas and alcohol.In beer making, yeast cells break down starch and sugar (present in cereal grains) to form alcohol; the froth, or head, of the beer results from the carbon dioxide gas that the cells produce. In simple terms, the living cells rearrange chemical elements to form new products that they need to live and reproduce. By happy coincidence, in the process ofdoing so, they help make a popular beverage.Bread baking is also dependent on the action of yeast cells. Thebread dough contains nutrients that these cells digest for their own sustenance. The digestion process generates alcohol (which contributesto that wonderful aroma of baking bread) and carbon dioxide gas (which makes the dough rise and forms the honeycomb texture of the baked loaf).Discovery of the fermentation process allowed early peoples to produce foods by allowing live organisms to act on other ingredients.But our ancestors also found that, by manipulating the conditions under which the fermentation took place, they could improve both the quality and the yield of the ingredients themselves.Crop ImprovementAlthough plant science is a relatively modern discipline, its fundamental techniques have been applied throughout human history. When early man went through the crucial transition from nomadic hunter tosettled farmer, cultivated crops became vital for survival. These primitive farmers, although ignorant ofthe natural principles at work, found that they could increase the yield and improve the taste of crops by selecting seeds fromparticularly desirable plants.Farmers long ago noted that they could improve each succeedingyear's harvest by using seed from only the best plants of the current crop. Plants that, for example, gave the highest yield, stayed the healthiest during periods of drought or disease, or were easiest to harvest tended to produce future generations with these same characteristics. Through several years of careful seed selection, farmers could maintain and strengthen such desirable traits.The possibilities for improving plants expanded as a result of Gregor Mendel's investigations in the mid-1860s of hereditary traits in peas. Once the genetic basis of heredity was understood, the benefits of cross-breeding, or hybridization, became apparent: plants with different desirable traits could be used to cultivate a later generation that combined these characteristics.An understanding of the scientific principles behind fermentation and crop improvement practices has come only in the last hundred years. But the early, crude techniques, even without the benefit of sophisticated laboratories and automated equipment, were a true practice of biotechnology guiding natural processes to improve man's physical and economic well-being.Harnessing Microbes for HealthEvery student of chemistry knows the shape of a Buchner funnel, but they may be unaware that the distinguished German scientist it was named after made the vital discovery (in 1897) that enzymes extracted from yeast are effective in converting sugar into alcohol. Major outbreaks of disease in overcrowded industrial cities led eventually to the introduction, in the early years of the present century, of large-scale sewage purification systems based on microbial activity. By this time it had proved possible to generate certain key industrial chemicals (glycerol, acetone, and butanol) using bacteria.Another major beneficial legacy of early 20th century biotechnology was the discovery by Alexander Fleming (in 1928) of penicillin, an antibiotic derived from the mold Penicillium. Large-scale production of penicillin was achieved in the 1940s. However, the revolution in understanding the chemical basis of cell function that stemmed from the post-war emergence of molecular biology was stillto come. It was this exciting phase of bioscience that led to the recent explosive development ofbiotechnology.Lesson 3 Brief History of BiotechnologyBiotechnology seems to be leading a sudden new biological revolution. It has brought us to the brink of a world of "engineered" products that are based in the natural world rather than on chemical and industrial processes.Biotechnology has been described as "Janus-faced." This implies that there are two sides. On one, techniques allow DNA to be manipulated to move genes from one organism to another. On the other, it involves relatively new technologies whose consequences are untested and should be met with caution. The term "biotechnology" was coined in 1919 by Karl Ereky, an Hungarian engineer. At that time, the term meant all the lines of work by which products are produced from raw materials with the aid of living organisms. Ereky envisioned a biochemical age similar to the stone and iron ages.A common misconception among teachers is the thought that biotechnology includes only DNA and genetic engineering. To keep students abreast of current knowledge, teachers sometimes have emphasized the techniques of DNA science as the "end-and-all" of biotechnology. This trend has also led to a misunderstanding in the general population. Biotechnology is NOT new. Man has been manipulating living things to solve problems and improve his way of life for millennia. Early agriculture concentrated on producing food. Plants and animals were selectively bred, and microorganisms were used to make food items such as beverages, cheese, and bread.The late eighteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth century saw the advent of vaccinations, crop rotation involving leguminous crops, and animal drawn machinery. The end of the nineteenth century was a milestone of biology. Microorganisms were discovered, Mendel's work on genetics was accomplished, and institutes forinvestigating fermentation and other microbial processes were established by Koch, Pasteur, and Lister.Biotechnology at the beginning of the twentieth century began to bring industry and agriculture together. During World War I, fermentation processes were developed that produced acetone from starch and paint solvents for the rapidly growing automobile industry. Work in the 1930s was geared toward using surplus agricultural products to supply industry instead of imports or petrochemicals. The advent of World War II brought the manufacture of penicillin. The biotechnical focus moved to pharmaceuticals.The "cold war" years were dominated by work with microorganisms in preparation for biological warfare, as well as antibiotics and fermentation processes.Biotechnology is currently being used in many areas including agriculture, bioremediation, food processing, and energy production. DNA fingerprinting is becoming a common practice in forensics. Similar techniques were used recently to identify the bones of the last Czar of Russia and several members of his family. Production of insulin and other medicines is accomplished through cloning of vectors that now carry the chosen gene. Immunoassays are used not only in medicine for drug level and pregnancy testing, but also by farmers to aid in detection of unsafe levels of pesticides, herbicides, and toxins on crops and in animal products. These assays also provide rapid fieldtests for industrial chemicals in ground water, sediment, and soil. Inagriculture, genetic engineering is being used to produce plants that are resistant to insects, weeds, and plant diseases.A current agricultural controversy involves the tomato. A recent article in the New Yorker magazine compared the discovery of the edible tomato that came about by early biotechnology with the new "Flavr-Savr" tomato brought about through modern techniques. In the very near future, you will be given the opportunity to bite into the Flavr-Savr tomato, the first food created by the use of recombinant DNA technology ever to go on sale.What will you think as you raise the tomato to your mouth? Will you hesitate? This moment may be for you as it was for Robert Gibbon Johnson in 1820 on the steps of the courthouse in Salem, New Jersey. Prior to this moment, the tomato was widely believed to be poisonous. As a large crowd watched, Johnson consumed two tomatoes and changed forever the human-tomato relationship. Since that time, man has sought to produce the supermarket tomato with that "backyard flavor." Americans also want that tomato available year-round.New biotechnological techniques have permitted scientists to manipulate desired traits. Prior to the advancement of the methods of recombinant DNA, scientists were limited to the techniques of their time - cross-pollination, selective breeding, pesticides, and herbicides. Today's biotechnology has its "roots" in chemistry, physics, andbiology . The explosion in techniques has resulted in three majorbranches of biotechnology: genetic engineering, diagnostic techniques, and cell/tissue techniques.Lesson 4 Dogma, DNA, and EnzymesThe Central DogmaThough it comes as no surprise that the composition of DNA between different organisms is different, it is not immediately obvious why the muscle cells, blood cells, and brain cells of any one particular vertebrate are so different in their structure and composition when the DNA of every one of their cells is identical. This is the key to one of the most exciting areas of modern cell biology. In different cell types, different sets of the total number of genes (genome) are expressed. In other words, different regions of the DNA are "active" in the muscle cells, blood cells, and brain cells.To understand how this difference in DNA activity can lead to differences in cell structure and composition, it is necessary to consider what is often known as the central dogma of molecular biology: "DNA makes RNA makes protein." In molecular terms, a gene is thatportion of DNA that encodes for a single protein. The dictum "one gene makes one protein" has required some modification with the discoverythat some proteins are composed of several different polypeptide chains, but the "one gene makes one polypeptide" rule does hold.DNA Contains the Blueprint for all Cell ProteinsMessenger RNA is a precise copy (transcript) of the coded sequenceof nucleic acid bases in DNA, and this message is translated into aunique protein molecule on specialist organelles (ribosomes) present in the cytoplasm of all cells. Proteins, which are largely made up of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (0), and nitrogen (N), are constructed from 20 different, common amino acids. The versatility of proteins, the workhorse molecules of the cell, stems from the immense variety of molecular shapes that can be created by linking amino acids together in different sequences. The smaller proteins consist of only a few dozen amino acids, whereas the larger ones may contain in excess of 200 amino acids, all linked together in a linear chain by peptide bonds.As the proteins are released from the ribosome, they fold intounique shapes, under the influence of chemical forces that depend on the particular sequence of amino acids. So the protein primary sequence, encoded in the gene and faithfully transcribed and translated into an amino acid chain, determines the three-dimensional structure of the emerging molecule. The human body possesses some 30,000 different kinds of proteins and several million copies of many of these. Each plays a specific role - for example, hemoglobin carries oxygen in the blood, actin and myosin interact to generate muscle movement, and acetylcholine receptor molecules mediate chemical transmission between nerve and muscle cells.Enzymes - Protein BiocatalystsAn essential group of proteins - the enzymes - act as biological catalysts and regulate all aspects of cell metabolism. They enable breakdown of high-energy food molecules (carbohydrates) to provideenergy for biological reactions, and they control the synthetic pathways that result in the generation of lipids (e.g., fats, cholesterol, and other vital membrane components), carbohydrates (sugars, starch, and cellulose - the key components of plant cell walls), and many vital small biomolecules essential for cell function.Though grouped together for their capacity to speed up chemical reactions that would proceed only very slowly at room temperature, different classes of enzymes vary greatly in their structure and function. Most cells contain about a thousand different enzymes, each capable of catalyzing a unique chemical reaction.Lesson 5 Polymerase Chain Reaction - Xeroxing DNAWho would have thought a bacterium hanging out in a hot spring in Yellowstone National Park would spark a revolutionary new laboratory technique? The polymerase chain reaction, now widely used in research laboratories and doctor's offices, relies on the ability of DNA-copying enzymes to remain stable at high temperatures. No problem for Thermus aquaticus, the sultry bacterium from Yellowstone thatnow helps scientists produce millions of copies of a single DNA segment in a matter of hours.In nature, most organisms copy their DNA in the same way. The PCR mimics this process, only it does it in a test tube. When any cell divides, enzymes called polymerases make a copy of all the DNA in each chromosome. The first step in this process is to "unzip" the two DNAchains of the double helix. As the two strands separate, DNA polymerase makes a copy using each strand as a template.The four nucleotide bases, the building blocks of every piece of DNA, are represented by the letters A, C, G, and T, which stand for their chemical names: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. The A on one strand always pairs with the T on the other, whereas C always pairs with G. The two strands are said to be complementary to each other.To copy DNA, polymerase requires two other components: a supply ofthe four nucleotide bases and something called a primer. DNA polymerases, whether from humans, bacteria, or viruses, cannot copy a chain of DNA without a short sequence of nucleotides to "prime" the process, or getit started. So the cell has another enzyme called a primase thatactually makes the first few nucleotides of the copy. This stretch of DNA is called a primer. Once the primer is made, the polymerase can take over making the rest of the new chain.A PCR vial contains all the necessary components for DNA duplication: a piece of DNA, large quantities of the four nucleotides, largequantities of the primer sequence, and DNA polymerase. The polymerase is the Taq polymerase, named for Thermus aquaticus, from which it was isolated.The three parts of the polymerase chain reaction are carried out in the same vial, but at different temperatures. The first part of the process separates the two DNA chains in the double helix. This is donesimply by heating the vial to 90-95 degrees centigrade (about 165 degrees Fahrenheit) for 30 seconds.But the primers cannot bind to the DNA strands at such a high temperature, so the vial is cooled to 55 degrees C (about 100 degrees F). At this temperature, the primers bind or "anneal" to the ends of the DNA strands. This takes about 20 seconds.The final step of the reaction is to make a complete copy of the templates. Since the Taq polymerase works best at around 75 degrees C (the temperature of the hot springs where the bacterium was discovered), the temperature of the vial is raised.The Taq polymerase begins adding nucleotides to the primer and eventually makes a complementary copy of the template. If the template contains an A nucleotide, the enzyme adds on a T nucleotide to the primer. If the template contains a G, it adds a C to the new chain, and so on to the end of the DNA strand. This completes one PCR cycle.The three steps in the polymerase chain reaction - the separation of the strands, annealing the primer to the template, and the synthesis of new strands - take less than two minutes. Each is carried out in the same vial. At the end of a cycle, each piece of DNA in the vial has been duplicated.But the cycle can be repeated 30 or more times. Each newlysynthesized DNA piece can act as a new template, so after 30 cycles, 1 billion copies of a single piece of DNA can be produced! Taking intoaccount the time it takes to change the temperature of the reaction vial, 1 million copies can be ready in about three hours.PCR is valuable to researchers because it allows them to multiply unique regions of DNA so that they can be detected in large genomes. Researchers in the Human Genome Project are using PCR to look for markers in cloned DNA segments and to order DNA fragments in libraries.Lesson 6 Monoclonal Antibody TechnologySubstances foreign to the body, such as disease-causing bacteria, viruses and other infectious agents, known as antigens, are recognizedby the body's immune system as invaders. Our natural defenses against these infectious agents are antibodies, proteins that seek out the antigens and help destroy them.Antibodies have two very useful characteristics. First, they are extremely specific; that is, each antibody binds to and attacks one particular antigen. Second, some antibodies, once activated by the occurrence of a disease, continue to confer resistance against that disease; classic examples are the antibodies to the childhood diseases chickenpox and measles.The second characteristic of antibodies makes it possible to develop vaccines. A vaccine is a preparation of killed or weakened bacteria or viruses that, when introduced into the body, stimulates the productionof antibodies against the antigens it contains.It is the first trait of antibodies, their specificity, that makes monoclonal antibody technology so valuable. Not only can antibodies beused therapeutically, to protect against disease; they can also help to diagnose a wide variety of illnesses, and can detect the presence of drugs, viral and bacterial products, and other unusual or abnormal substances in the blood.Given such a diversity of uses for these disease-fighting substances, their production in pure quantities has long been the focus ofscientific investigation. The conventional method was to inject a laboratory animal with an antigen and then, after antibodies had been formed, collect those antibodies from the blood serum (antibody-containing blood serum is called antiserum). There are two problems with this method: It yields antiserum that contains undesired substances, and it provides a very small amount of usable antibody.Monoclonal antibody technology allows us to produce large amounts of pure antibodies in the following way: We can obtain cells that produce antibodies naturally; we also have available a class of cells that can grow continually in cell culture. If we form a hybrid that combines the characteristic of "immortality" with the ability to produce the desired substance, we would have, in effect, a factory toproduce antibodies that worked around the clock.In monoclonal antibody technology, tumor cells that can replicate endlessly are fused with mammalian cells that produce an antibody. The result of this cell fusion is a "hybridoma," which will continually produce antibodies. These antibodies are called monoclonal because they come from only one type of cell, the hybridoma cell; antibodies producedby conventional methods, on the other hand, are derived from preparations containing many kinds of cells, and hence are called polyclonal. An example of how monoclonal antibodies are derived is described below.A myeloma is a tumor of the bone marrow that can be adapted to grow permanently in cell culture. When myeloma cells were fused withantibody-producing mammalian spleen cells, it was found that the resulting hybrid cells, or hybridomas, produced large amounts of monoclonal antibody. This product of cell fusion combined the desired qualities of the two different types of cells: the ability to grow continually, and the ability to produce large amounts of pure antibody.Because selected hybrid cells produce only one specific antibody, they are more pure than the polyclonal antibodies produced by conventional techniques. They are potentially more effective than conventional drugs in fighting disease, since drugs attack not only the foreign substance but the body's own cells as well, sometimes producing undesirable side effects such as nausea and allergic reactions. Monoclonal antibodies attack the target molecule and only the target molecule, with no or greatly diminished side effects.Lesson 7 The Human Genome ProjectSince the beginning of time, people have yearned to explore the unknown, chart where they have been, and contemplate what they have found. The maps we make of these treks enable the next explorers to push ever farther the boundaries of our knowledge - about the earth, the sea,the sky, and indeed, ourselves. On a new quest to chart the innermost reaches of the human cell, scientists have now set out on biology's most important mapping expedition: the Human Genome Project.Its mission is to identify the full set of genetic instructions contained inside our cells and to read the complete text written in the language of the hereditary chemical DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). As part of this international project, biologists, chemists, engineers, computer scientists, mathematicians, and other scientists will work together to plot out several types of biological maps that will enable researchers to find their way through the labyrinth of molecules that define the physical traits of a human being.Packed tightly into nearly every one of the several trillion body cells is a complete copy of the human "genome" - all the genes that make up the master blueprint for building a man or woman. One hundred thousand or so genes sequestered inside the nucleus of each cell are parceled among the 46 sausage-shaped genetic structures known as chromosomes.New maps developed through the Human Genome Project will enable researchers to pinpoint specific genes on our chromosomes. The most detailed map will allow scientists to decipher the genetic instructions encoded in the estimated 3 billion base pairs of nucleotide bases that make up human DNA. Analysis of this information, likely to continue throughout much of the 21st century, will revolutionize our understanding of how genes control the functions of the human body. Thisknowledge will provide new strategies to diagnose, treat, and possibly prevent human diseases. It will help explain the mysteries of embryonic development and give us important insights into our evolutionary past.The development of gene-splicing techniques over the past 20 years has given scientists remarkable opportunities to understand the molecular basis of how a cell functions, not only in disease, but in everyday activities as well. Using these techniques, scientists have mapped out the genetic molecules, or genes, that control many life processes in common microorganisms. Continued improvement of these biotechniques has allowed researchers to begin to develop maps of human chromosomes, which containmany more times the amount of genetic information than those of microorganisms. Though still somewhat crude, these maps have led to the discovery of some important genes.By the mid-1980s, rapid advances in chromosome mapping and other DNA techniques led many scientists to consider mapping all 46 chromosomes in the very large human genome. Detailed, standardized maps of all human chromosomes and knowledge about the nucleotide sequence of human DNAwill enable scientists to find and study the genes involved in human diseases much more efficiently and rapidly than has ever been possible. This new effort - the Human Genome Project - is expected to take 15 years to complete and consists of two major components. The first - creating maps of the 23 pairs of chromosomes - should be completed in the first 5 to 10 years. The second component - sequencing the DNA。
宁波2024年11版小学5年级第6次英语第5单元期末试卷
47、填空题： I feel ________ (兴奋) about going to the amusement park.
48、填空题： My favorite fruit is _______ (樱桃).
52、听力题： I have a _____ (pen/pencil) in my backpack.
53、Which planet is known for its rings? A. Jupiter B. Saturn C. Neptune D. Earth 答案:B
54、What do we call the study of the Earth's structure and substance? A. Biology B. Chemistry C. Geology D. Physics 答案: C
13、填空题： I like visiting historical ________ (遗址) to learn more about my country’s past.
14、选择题： What do you call the study of ancient artifacts? A. Archaeology B. Anthropology C. Sociology D. History
20、填空题： I like to go ______ (远足) to enjoy the beauty of nature.
21、填空题： My brother loves __________ (做实验).
22、What do you call a story that is not true? A. Fact B. Fiction C. History D. Biography 答案: B
宜昌2024年小学四年级第八次英语第一单元期末试卷
宜昌2024年小学四年级英语第一单元期末试卷考试时间：80分钟（总分:120）A卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题)1、听力题：The _____ (socks) are mismatched.2、听力题：The main component of air is ______.3、听力题：The antelope leaps over the ____.4、What do we call the time of day when the sun sets?A. NoonB. MorningC. EveningD. Midnight答案:C5、听力题：We are going to the ________.6、填空题：I want to _______ (学习) how to drive.7、听力题：The chemical formula for potassium dichromate is ______.8、What do we call a young female zebra?A. CalfB. FoalC. KidD. Pup答案：B9、Which of these is a fruit?A. SpinachB. TomatoC. PotatoD. Carrot答案:B10、填空题：I like to go ________ (划船) during summer.11、听力题：The flowers bloom in _____ (spring/winter).12、What do we call the study of the Earth?A. GeologyB. GeographyC. EcologyD. Environmental Science13、What do you call the longest bone in the human body?A. TibiaB. FemurC. HumerusD. Radius14、填空题：Lily pads float on the _______ of the pond.15、听力题：I have a ______ of marbles. (bag)16、填空题：My uncle is a __________ (飞行员).17、填空题：A _____ (果园) is where we grow fruits like apples and oranges.18、填空题：The __________ (历史的传说) often contain moral lessons.19、填空题：My ________ (兄弟) plays football every weekend.20、听力题：The process of breaking down water into hydrogen and oxygen is called _______.21、填空题：The _______ (小龙) is a symbol of power in tales.22、听力题：A __________ is formed by the movement of glaciers over rock.23、听力题：Acids turn blue litmus paper ______.24、n River flows through _____ (4) countries. 填空题：The Amaz25、填空题：My ________ (玩具名称) is a wonderful gift.26、What do we call the act of telling a story?A. NarrationB. DescriptionC. ExplanationD. Presentation答案:A27、听力题：The chicken pecks at _____ grains.28、填空题：I like to help my parents ________ (打扫) the house.29、What is the primary color of the sky on a clear day?A. BlueB. GreyC. WhiteD. Black答案:A30、填空题：In geography, __________ refers to the height above sea level. (海拔)31、填空题：We learned about plants in ________ class.32、What is the name of the fairy tale character who climbs a beanstalk?A. JackB. JohnC. JimD. Jake答案:A33、What do we call a baby dog?A. KittenB. PuppyC. CubD. Foal答案: B34、听力题：The element with the symbol I is __________.35、听力题：A mixture that can be separated by physical means is called a _______ mixture.36、听力题：The __________ is a famous site for tourists.37、填空题：I watched a _______ (小鸟) build its nest.38、填空题：We have a ______ (快乐的) time during family gatherings.39、听力题：The boy has a new ________.40、填空题：The ________ (季节) change brings different weather.41、选择题：What is the name of the famous bear who loves honey?A. PaddingtonB. Winnie the PoohC. Yogi BearD. Smokey Bear42、填空题：The butterfly has beautiful _______ (翅膀).43、听力题：A rabbit’s ears are very ______.44、填空题：A _____ (frond) is a leaf of a fern.The __________ is the capital city of Italy. (罗马)46、填空题:I want to become a ________ when I grow up.47、听力题：She is ___ (reading/writing) a letter.48、What is the capital of Algeria?A. AlgiersB. OranC. ConstantineD. Annaba答案:A49、听力题：The fish swims ___ the water. (in)50、What do you call a person who cuts hair?A. BarberB. StylistC. HairdresserD. Cosmetologist答案: A51、听力题：In a precipitation reaction, the formation of a solid occurs when two _____ combine.52、填空题：The _______ (The Space Race) was a competition for space exploration between the US and USSR.53、填空题：古代的________ (ruins) 在世界各地都能找到，代表着过去的文化。
2014年全国医学考博英语试题
2014MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚,并按“考场指令”要求,将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。
2.试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上,不要做在试卷上。
3.试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔,将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑;如要更正,先用橡皮擦干净。
书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。
4.标准答题卡不可折叠,同时答题卡须保持平整干净,以利评分。
5.听力考试只放一遍录音,每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。
国家医学考试中心1 / 18PAPER ONEPart 1 :Listening comprehension(30%)Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen shortconversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a questionabout what is said, The question will be read only once, After you hearthe question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D.Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. About 12 pints B. About 3 pintsC. About 4 pintsD. About 7 pints2. A. Take a holiday from work. B. Worry less about work.C. Take some sleeping pills.D. Work harder to forget all her troubles.3. A. He has no complaints about the doctor.B. He won’t complain anything.C. He is in good condition.D. He couldn’t be worse.4. A. She is kidding.B. She will get a raise.C. The man will get a raise.D. The man will get a promotion.5. A. Her daughter likes ball games.B. Her daughter is an exciting child.C. She and her daughter are good friends.D. She and her daughter don’t alway s understand each other.6. A. She hurt her uncle.B. She hurt her ankle.C. She has a swollen toe.D. She needs a minor surgery.7. A. John likes gambling.B. John is very fond of his new boss.C. John has ups and downs in the new company.D. John has a promising future in the new company.8. A. She will get some advice from the front desk.B. She will undergo some lab tests.C. She will arrange an appointment.D. She will get the test results.9. A. She’s an odd character.B. She is very picky.C. She is easy-going.D. She likes fashions.10.A. At a street corner.B. In a local shop.C. In a ward.D. In a clinic.11.A. Sea food. B. Dairy products.C. Vegetables and fruits.D. Heavy foods.12.A. He is having a good time.B. He very much likes his old bicycle.C. He will buy a new bicycle right away.D. He would rather buy a new bicycle later.13.A. It is only a cough.B. It’s a minor illness.C. It started two weeks ago.D. It’s extremely serious.14.A. The woman is too optimistic about the stock market.B. The woman will even lose more money at the stock market.C. The stock market bubble will continue to grow.D. The stock market bubble will soon meet its demise.15.A. The small pills should be taken once a day before sleep.B. The yellow pills should be taken once a day before supper.C. The white pills should be taken once a day before breakfast.D. The large round pills should be taken three times a day after meals.Section BDirection:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, readthe four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Dialogue16.A. Because he had difficulty swallowing it.B. Because it was upsetting his stomach.C. Because he was allergic to it.D. Because it was too expensive.17.A. He can’t play soccer any more.B. He has a serious foot problem.C. He needs an operation.D. He has cancer.18.A. A blood transfusion.B. An allergy test.C. A urine test.D. A biopsy.19.A. To see if he has cancer. B. To see if he has depression.C. To see if he requires surgery.D. To see if he has a food allergyproblem.20.A. Relieved.B. Anxious.C. Angry.D. Depressed.Passage One21.A. The cause of COPD.B. Harmful effects of smoking.C. Men more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.D. Women more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.22.A. 954.B. 955.C. 1909.D. 1955.23.A. On May 18 in San Diego. B. On May 25 in San Diego.C. On May 18 in San Francisco.D. On May 25 in San Francisco.24.A. When smoking exposure is high.B. When smoking exposure is low.C. When the subjects received medication.D. When the subjects stopped smoking.25.A. Hormone differences in men and women.B. Genetic differences between men and women.C. Women’s active metabolic rate.D. Women’s s maller airways.Passage Two26.A. About 90,000.B. About 100,000.C. Several hundreds.D. About 5,000.27.A. Warning from Goddard Space Flight Center.B. Warning from the Kenyan health ministry.C. Experience gained from the 1997 outbreak.D. Proper and prompt Aid from NASA.28.A. Distributing mosquito nets.B. Persuading people not to slaughter animals.C. Urging people not to eat animals.D. Dispatching doctors to the epidemic-stricken area.29.A. The higher surface temperatures in the equatorial part of the Indian Ocean.B. The short-lived mosquitoes that were the hosts of the viruses.C. The warm and dry weather in the Horn of Africa.D. The heavy but intermittent rains.30.A. Warning from NASA.B. How to treat Rift Valley fever.C. The disastrous effects of Rift Valley fever.D. Satellites and global health – remote diagnosis.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection:In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A B C and D .are given beneath each of them. You are tochoose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then markyour answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.A good night’s sleep is believed to help slow the stomach’s emptying, produce asmoother, less abrupt absorption of sugar, and will better__________ brain metabolism.A. regulateB. activateC. retainD. consolidate32.The explosion and the oil spill below the surface of the Gulf of Mexico left mymind in such a ________ that I could n’t get to sleep.A. catastropheB. boycottC. turmoilD. mentality33.Coronary heart attacks occur more commonly in those with high blood pressure,in the obese, in cigarette smokers, and in those _________ to prolonged emotional and mental strain.A. sympatheticB. ascribedC. preferableD. subjected34.Most colds are acquired by children in school and then___________ to adults.A. conveyedB. transmittedC. attributedD. relayed35.Several of the most populous nations in the world ________ at the lower end ofthe table of real GDP per capita last year.A. fluctuatedB. languishedC. retardedD. vibrated36.Presently this kind of anti-depressant is still in clinical_______, even though theconcept has been around since 1900s.A. trialsB. applicationsC. implicationsD. endeavors37.Studies revealed that exposure to low-level radiation for a long time may weakenthe immune system, ________ aging, and cause cancer.A. haltB. postponeC. retardD. accelerate38.The mayor candidate’s personality traits, being modest and generous, _______people in his favor before the election.A. predisposedB. presumedC. presidedD. pressured39.With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health, Tai Chi has a strong________ to a vast multitude of people.A. flavorB. thrillC. appealD. implication40.If you are catching a train, it is always better to be _______ early than even afraction of a minute too late.A. infinitelyB. temporarilyC. comfortablyD. favorably Section BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence, Choose theword or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the originalsentence if it is substituted for the underlined part, Mark your answeron the ANSWER SHEET.41.All Nobel Prize winners’ success is a process of long-term accumulation, in whichlasting efforts are indispensable.A. irresistibleB. cherishedC. inseparableD. requisite42.The Queen’s presence imparted an air of elegance to the drinks reception atBuckingham Palace in London.A. bestowedB. exhibitedC. imposedD. emitted43.Physicians are clear that thyroid dysfunction is manifest in growing children in theform of mental and physical retardation.A. intensifiedB. apparentC. representativeD. insidious44.The mechanism that the eye can accommodate itself to different distances hasbeen applied to automatic camera, which marks a revolutionary technique advance.A. yieldB. amplifyC. adaptD. cast45.Differences among believers are common; however, it was the pressure ofreligious persecution that exacerbated their conflicts and created the split of the union.A. eradicatedB. deterioratedC. vanquishedD. averted46.When Picasso was particularly poor, he might have tried to obliterate the originalcomposition by painting over it on canvases.A. duplicateB. eliminateC. substituteD. compile47.For the sake of animal protection, environmentalists deplored the constructionprogram of a nuclear power station.A. disapprovedB. despisedC. demolishedD. decomposed48.Political figures in particular are held to very strict standards of marital fidelity.A. loyaltyB. moralityC. qualityD. stability49.The patient complained that his doctor had been negligent in not giving him a fullexamination.A. prudentB. ardentC. carelessD. brutal50.She has been handling all the complaints without wrath for a whole morning.A. furyB. chaosC. despairD. agonyPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For eachblank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.For years, scientists have been warning us that the radiation from mobile phones is detrimental to our health, without actually having any evidence to back these __51__ up. However, research now suggests that mobile phone radiation has at least one positive side effect: it can help prevent Alzheimer’s, __52__ in the mice that acted as test subjects.It’s been suspect ed, though never proven, that heavy use of mobile phones is bad for your health.It’s thought that walking around with a cellphone permanently attached to the side of your head is almost sure to be __53__ your brain. And that may well be true, but I’d rather wait until it’s provenbefore giving up that part of my daily life.But what has now been proven, in a very perfunctory manner, is that mobile phone radiation can have an effect on your brain. __54__ in this case it was a positive rather than negative effect.According to BBC news, the Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center conducted a study on96 mice to see if the radiation given off by mobile phones could affect the onset of Alzheimer’s.Some of the mice were ―genetically altered to dev elop beta-amyloid plaques in their brains‖__55__ they aged. These are a marker of Alzheimer’s. all 96 mice were then ―exposed to the electro-magnetic__56__ generated by a standard phone for two one-hour periods each dayfor seven to nine months.‖ The luck y things.__57__ the experiment showed that the mice altered to bepredisposed to dementia were protected from the disease if exposedbefore the onset of the illness. Their cognitive abilities were so unimpaired as to be virtually __58__ to the mice not genetically altered in any way.Unfortunately, although the results are positive, the scientists don’t actually know why exposure to mobile phone radiation has this effect. But it’s hoped that further study and testing could result in a non-invasive __59__ for preventing and treating Alzheimer’s disease.Autopsies carried out on the mice also concluded no ill-effects of their exposure to the radiation.However, the fact that the radiation prevented Alzheimer’s means mobile phones __60__ our brains and bodies in ways not yet explored. And it’s sure there are negative as well as this one positive.51. A. devicesB. risksC. phenomenaD. claims52. A. at leastB. at mostC. as ifD. as well53. A. blockingB. cookingC. exhaustingD. cooling54. A. ExceptB. EvenC. DespiteD. Besides55. A. untilB. whenC. asD. unless56. A. rangeB. continuumC. spectrumD. field57. A. ReasonablyB. ConsequentlyC. AmazinglyD. Undoubtedly58. A. identicalB. beneficialC. preferableD. susceptible59. A. effortB. methodC. huntD. account60. A. do affectB. did affectC. is affectingD. could have affectedPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B,C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Passage oneI have just returned from Mexico, where I visited a factory making medical masks.Faced with fierce competition, the owner has cut his costs by outsourcing some of his production. Scores of people work for him intheir homes, threading elastic into masks by hand. They are paid below the minimum wage, with no job security and no healthcare provision.Users of medical masks and other laboratory gear probably givelittle thought to where their equipment comes from. That needs to change.A significant proportion of these products are made in the developing world by low-paid people with inadequate labor rights. This leads to human misery on a tremendous scale.Take lab coats. Many are made in India, where most cotton farmers are paid an unfair price for their crops and factory employees workillegal hours for poor pay.One-fifth of the world’s surgical instruments are made in northern Pakistan. When I visited the area a couple of years ago I found most workers toiling 12 hours a day, seven days a week, for less than adollar a day, exposed to noise, metal dust and toxic chemicals. Thousands of children, some as young as 7, work in the industry.To win international contracts, factory owners must offer rock-bottom prices, and consequently drive down wages and labor conditions as far as they can. We laboratory scientists in the developed world may unwittingly be encouraging this: we ask how much our equipment will cost, but which of us asks who made it and how much they were paid?This is no small matter. Science is supposed to benefit humanity, but because of the conditions under which their tools are made, may scientists may actually be causing harm.What can be done? A knee-jerk boycott of unethical goods is not the answer; it would just make things worse for workers in those manufacturing zones. What we need is to start asking suppliers to be transparent about where and how their products are manufactured and urge them to improve their manufacturing practices.It can be done. Many universities are committed to fair trade inthe form of ethically sourced tea, coffee or bananas. That model should be extended to laboratory goods.There are signs that things are moving. Over the past few years I have worked with health services in the UK and in Sweden. Both have recently instituted ethical procurement practices. If science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit.61. From the medical masks to lab coats, the author is trying totell us ________.A. the practice of occupational protection in the developing worldB. the developing countries plagued by poverty and disease.C. the cheapest labor in the developing countries.D. the human misery behind them.62. The concerning phenomenon the author has observed, according to the passage,________.A. is nothing but the repetition of the miserable history.B. could have been even exaggerated.C. is unfamiliar to the wealthy west.D. is prevailing across the world.63. The author argues that when researchers in the wealthy west buy the tools oftheir trade, they should ___________.A. have the same concern with the developing countries.B. be blind to their sources for the sake of humanityC. pursue good bargains in the international market.D. spare a thought for how they were made.64. A proper course of action suggested by the author is___________.A. to refuse to import the unethical goods from the developing world.B. to ask scientists to tell the truth as the prime value of their work.C. to urge the manufacturers to address the immoral issues.D. to improve the transparency of international contracts.65. By saying at the end of the passage that if science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit, the author means that ___________.A. the scientific community should stand up for all humanityB. the prime value of scientists’ work is to tell the truth.C. laboratory goods also need to be ethically sourced.D. because of science, there is hope for humanity.Passage twoA little information is a dangerous thing. A lot of information, if it’s inaccurate orconfusing, even more so. This is a problem for anyone trying to spend or invest in an environmentally sustainable way. Investors arebarraged with indexes purporting to describe companies’ eco-credentials, some of dubious quality. Green labels on consumer products are ubiquitous, but their claims are hard to verify.The confusion is evident form New Scientist’s analysis of whether public perceptions of companies’green credentials reflect reality. It show s that many companies considered ―green‖ have done little to earn that reputation, while others do not get sufficient credit for their efforts to reduce their environmental impact. Obtaining better information is crucial, because decisions by consumers and big investors will help propel us towards a green economy.At present, it is too easy to make unverified claims. Takedisclosure of greenhouse gas emissions, for example. There are voluntary schemes such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, but little scrutiny ofthe figures companies submit, which means investors may be misled.Measurements can be difficult to interpret, too, like those for water sue. In this case, context is crucial: a little from rain-soaked Ireland is not the same as a little drawn from the Arizona desert.Similar problems bedevil ―green‖ labels attached to individual products. Here, the computer equipment rating system developed by the Green Electronics Council shows the way forward. Its criteria come from the IEEE, the world’s lead ing professional association for technology/Other schemes, such as the ―sustainability index‖planned by US retail giant Walmart, are broader. Developing rigorous standards for a large number of different types of product will be tough, placing a hugeburden on the academic-led consortium that is doing the underlying scientific work.Our investigation also reveals that many companies choose not to disclose data. Some will want to keep it that way. This is why we need legal requirements for full disclosure of environmental information, with the clear message that the polluter will eventually be required to pay. Then market forces will drive companies to clean up their acts.Let’s hope we can rise to this challenge. Before we can have a green economy we need a green information economy –and it’s the quality of information, as well as its quantity, that will count.66. “The confusion” at the beginning of the 2nd paragraph refers to ________.A. where to spend or invest in a sustainable wayB. an array of consumer products to chooseC. a fog of unreliable green informationD. little information on eco-credibility67. From the New Scientist’s analysis it can be inferred that in many cases ________.A. eco-credibility is abusedB. a green economy is crucialC. an environmental impact is lessenedD. green credentials promote green economy68. From unverified claims to difficult measurements and then to individual products, the author argues that ________.A. eco-credibility is a game between scientists and manufacturesB. neither scientists nor manufactures are honestC. it is vital to build a green economyD. better information is critical69. To address the issue, the author is crying for ________.A. transparent corporate managementB. establishing sustainability indexesC. tough academic-led surveillanceD. strict legal weapons70. Which of the following can be the best inference from the last paragraph?A. The toughest challenge is the best opportunity.B. It is time for another green revolution.C. Information should be free for all.D. No quantity, no quality.Passage ThreePeople are extraordinarily skilled at spotting cheats –much better than they are detecting rule-breaking that does not involve cheating. A study showing just how good we are at this adds weight to the theorythat our exceptional brainpower arose through evolutionary pressures to acquire specific cognitive skills.The still-controversial idea that humans have specialized decision-making systems in addition to generalized reasoning has been around for decades. Its advocates point out that the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionarily, since cheats risk undermining the social interactions in which people trade goods or services for mutual benefit.The test whether we have a special ability to reason about cheating, Leda Cosmides, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and her colleagues used a standard psychological test called the Wason selection task, which tests volunteers’ ability to reason about ―if/then‖ statements.The researchers set up scenarios in which they asked undergraduate volunteers to imagine they were supervising workers sorting appliancesfor admission to two schools;a good one in a district where school taxes are high, and a poorone in an equally wealthy, but lightly taxed district. The hypothetical workers were supposed to follow a rule that specified ―if a student isadmitted to the good scho ol‖, they must live in the highly taxed district.Half the time, the test subjects were told that the workers had children of their own applying to the schools, thus having a motive to cheat; the rest of the time they were told the workers were merely absent-minded and sometimes made innocent errors. Then the test subjects were asked how they would verify that the workers were not breaking the rule.Cosmides found that when the ―supervisors‖thought they were checking for innocent errors, just 9 of 33, or 27 percent, got the right answer – looking for a student admitted to the good school who did not live in the highly taxed district. In contrast, when the supervisors thought they were watching for cheats, they did much better, with 23 of 34, or 68 percent, getting the right answer.This suggests that people are, indeed, more adept at spotting cheat than at detecting mere rule-breaking, Cosmides said. ―Any cues thatit’s just an innocent mistake actually inactivate the detection mechanism.‖Other psych ologists remain skeptical of this conclusion. ―If you want to conclude that therefore there’s a module in the mind for detecting cheaters, I see zero evidence for that,‖ says Steven Sloman, a cognitive scientists at Brown University in Province,Rhode Is land. ―It’s certainly possible that it’s something we learned through experience. There’s no evident that it’s anything innate.‖71. The findings of the study were in favor of ____________.A. the highly developed skills of cheating at schoolB. the relation between intelligence and evolutionC. the phenomenon of cheating at schoolD. the human innate ability to cheat72. The test “supervisors” appeared to be more adept at ________.A. spotting cheats than detecting mere rule-breakingB. detecting mere rule-breaking than spotting cheatsC. spotting their own children cheating than others doing itD. detecting cheats in the highly taxed district than in thelightly taxed one73. When she says that …that can’t be the only thing going on i n the mind, Cosmides most probably implies that ________.A. cheating is highly motivated in the social interactionsB. our specific cognitive skills can serve an evolutionary purposeC. there is no such a mental thing as a specialized decision-making systemD. the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionary74. In response to Cosmides’ claim, Sloman would say that ________.A. it was of great possibilityB. it could be misleadingC. it was unbelievableD. it’s acquired75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Cheating at SchoolB. Cheating as the Human NatureC. Imaginary Intelligence and CheatingD. Intelligence Evolved to Root Out CheatsPassage FourFor many environmentalists, all human influence on the planet is bad. Many natural scientists implicitly share this outlook. This is not unscientific, but it can create the impression that greens and environmental scientists are authoritarian tree-huggers who value nature a bove people. That doesn’t play well with mainstream society, as the apparent backlash against climate science reveals.Environmentalists need to find a new story to tell. Like it or not, we now live in the anthropocene (人类世) – an age in which humans are perturbing many of the planet’s natural systems, from the water cycle to the acidity of the oceans. We cannot wish that away; we must recognize it and manage our impacts.Johan Rockstrom, head of the Stockholm Environment Institute in Sweden, and colleagues have distilled recent research on how Earth systems work into a list of nine ―planetary boundaries‖that we must stay within to live sustainably. It is preliminary work, and many will disagree with where the boundaries are set. But the point is to offer a new way of thinking about our relationship with the environment – a science-based picture that accepts a certain level of human impact and even allows us some room to expand. The result is a breath of fresh air: though we are already well past three of theboundaries, we haven’t trashed the place yet.It is in the same spirit that we also probe the basis for key claims in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 2007 report on climate impacts. This report has been much discussed since our revelations about its unsubstantiated statement on melting Himalayan glaciers. Why return to the topic? Because there is a sense that the IPCC shares the same anti-human agenda and, as a result, is too credulous of unverified numbers. While the majority of the report is assuredly rigorous, there is no escaping the fact that parts of it make claims that go beyond the science.For example, the chapter on Africa exaggerates a claim about crashes in farm yields, and also highlights projections of increased。
严重过敏反应急救指南00
血压（休克）、 速下降、低氧血症 心律失常等。
临床表现
04 小部分患者会发生迟发性严重过敏反应，
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严重过敏 反应的诊 断
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1. 婴儿与儿童：收缩压低于相应年龄的正常值
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缩压<(70 mmHg+2×年龄)；ll—17岁，收
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缩压<90 mmng]或比基础值下降>30％
2. 成人：收缩压低于90 mmHg或比基础值下
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变态反应的类型
Gell-Coombs分类法 （1963，1975） 抗体 Ⅰ过敏反应型 介导 Ⅱ 细胞毒型
细胞刺激型
Ⅲ 免疫复合物型 细胞 介导 Ⅳ型 迟发型
Roitt分类法 （1974，1977）
Ⅰ过敏反应型 Ⅱ 细胞毒型
细胞刺激型 ADCC型
Ⅲ 免疫复合物型
Ⅳ型 迟发型
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病理机理
三个阶段：
(1D，强推荐，极低质量证据)
临床问题 7．5 肌内 注射肾上腺 素应该在什 么部位?
推荐意见 肌内注射肾上腺素的部位为大腿中部外侧。 (1c，强推荐，低质量证据)
1 2
4
3 危险因素
其他 未及时
药学英语翻译练习
•2）形容词转换为汉语动词 英语中有些表示感觉、情感、愿望等意义的形容词，与系动词 连用构成谓语时，可译成动词。 •The conditions mentioned are merely conducive to sleep. •上 述 条 件 仅 能 促 进 睡 眠 。 •( c o n d u c i v e 译 为 汉 语 动 词 “ 促 进 ” ) •The old are particularly susceptible to brain damage and are less likely to completely recover from it. •老 年 人 特 别 容 易 遭 受 脑 损 害 ， 而 且 不 大 可 能 完 全 恢 复 。 •(susceptible 译为汉语动词“容易遭受”， likely 译为汉语动词“可能” )
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•It has been reported that DMSO has some desirable properties that are considered to be useful in managing the brain trauma patient. •报道称二甲亚砜具备一些可取的特质 ，被认为可用于治疗创伤性脑损伤 。
the skeleton depeintenance. • 正如身体依赖骨骼以维持其结构的稳定性那样，骨骼依靠身体以维持其生存。
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•Both the old and the new methods are useful in current analytical practice . •在现代分析技术中 ，新旧方法都很有用 。 •说明：本句原文中的形容词useful，在翻译时被译成了动词 “有用”。 •The stability of penicillin tablets is dependent on moisture content. •青霉素片剂的稳定性依赖于含水量 。 •Pharmacists should be familiar with the types of analyses. •药剂师应熟悉各种类型分析方法 。
Different kinds of meetings
Meeting
Meeting is a general and summary term of various kinds of assembly of people for a particular purpose. Its original meaning is to “meet with each other”, or to “put heads together.” In this sense, if there are more than two persons coming together, talking and discussing, the event can be called a meeting. So we often say or hear “Let’s have a meeting.” Since the definition of meeting is rather extended and not clearly demarcated, it can mean any kind of gathering, prearranged or non-arranged, formal or informal; the time can be long or short; the scale, large or small the participants, many or a few, and so on. To specifically clarify a meeting, therefore, the names of meeting should be further demarcated
Seminar（研讨会）
Seminar is usually a class-like meeting, where participants discuss a particular topic or subject that is presented by several major speakers. Different from the general situation of a meeting, the presentations are mainly given by chief speakers, while other people first listen and then join them. In this sense, a seminar can be taken as lecturing plus discussion--- the discussion being a follow-up of the lecturing. For example, we can say “this afternoon we’ll have a seminar on the topics presented this morning.”
药物补给英语作文
药物补给英语作文In the realm of healthcare, the continuity of medication is crucial for managing chronic conditions and ensuring patient well-being. A medication refill, simply put, is the process of obtaining more of a prescribed medicine after the initial supply has been used up. This essay will explore the significance of medication refill, the challenges that may arise, and the role of effective communication infacilitating this process.Firstly, the importance of timely medication refill cannot be overstated. For patients suffering from conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, or asthma, missing a dose can lead to a deterioration of their health condition. Regular refills help maintain a consistent level of medication in the body, which is essential for the treatment's efficacy.However, there are several challenges that can impede the refill process. One common issue is forgetfulness or lack of awareness about when a refill is due. This can be mitigated by setting reminders or using medication management apps that notify patients when it's time to refill their prescriptions.Another challenge is the financial burden that medication can impose on patients. The cost of prescriptions can be prohibitive, leading some to skip refills or split doses, which can be dangerous. To address this, healthcare providers and insurance companies often offer assistance programs orpayment plans to help patients afford their medications.The role of healthcare providers in the refill process is pivotal. Doctors and pharmacists must educate patients about the importance of adhering to their medication schedules. They should also be vigilant about potential side effects and drug interactions, adjusting prescriptions as necessary to ensure patient safety.Moreover, the advent of electronic health records and online pharmacies has streamlined the refill process. Patients can now request refills online or via mobile applications, making it more convenient and less time-consuming. This digital transformation has also improved the tracking of medication adherence, allowing healthcare providers to monitor patient compliance more effectively.In conclusion, medication refill is a critical component of healthcare management. It requires a combination of patient responsibility, provider education, and accessible healthcare systems to ensure that patients receive the medications they need in a timely manner. As the healthcare landscape continues to evolve, it is imperative that these systems adapt to meet the needs of patients, ultimately improving health outcomes and quality of life.。
希望研制出治疗癌症的药物作文
希望研制出治疗癌症的药物作文英文回答：The relentless battle against cancer has spurred scientists and researchers worldwide to dedicate theirlives to the development of innovative and effective therapies that can eradicate this devastating disease. Through cutting-edge advancements in precision medicine, targeted therapies, and immunotherapy, we are witnessing a paradigm shift in cancer treatment.Precision medicine employs genetic sequencing to identify specific mutations or genetic abnormalities that drive tumor growth. By targeting these unique genetic vulnerabilities, researchers can develop drugs that selectively inhibit cancer cell proliferation while sparing healthy cells. This approach has led to the development of highly effective therapies for certain types of cancer, such as vemurafenib for BRAF-mutant melanoma and imatinib for chronic myeloid leukemia.Targeted therapies, on the other hand, focus onspecific molecular pathways that are essential for cancer cell growth and survival. These therapies can inhibit key signaling molecules, growth factor receptors, or enzymes that are involved in tumor progression. For instance, trastuzumab, a targeted therapy for HER2-positive breast cancer, has significantly improved survival rates for patients with this aggressive subtype.Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising approach to harness the body's own immune system to fight cancer. These therapies work by either boosting the immune response to recognize and destroy cancer cells or by removinginhibitory factors that suppress the immune system. Examples of immunotherapies include immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as pembrolizumab, which have shown remarkable efficacy in treating various types of cancer.The development of novel cancer therapies requires a multifaceted approach involving basic research, clinical trials, and regulatory approvals. Collaborations betweenscientists, clinicians, and pharmaceutical companies are crucial to accelerate the discovery and development process. Moreover, funding for cancer research is essential to support the ongoing efforts and enable the translation of promising therapies into clinical practice.中文回答：癌症是一种无情疾病，已成为全球性的健康挑战。
复合麻醉 英语
复合麻醉英语Compound AnesthesiaAnesthesiology is a critical field of medicine that plays a pivotal role in modern healthcare. One of the fundamental techniques employed by anesthesiologists is the use of compound anesthesia, a method that combines multiple anesthetic agents to achieve a more effective and balanced anesthetic state. This approach has revolutionized the way surgical procedures are conducted, providing patients with a safer and more comfortable experience.The concept of compound anesthesia is rooted in the understanding that different anesthetic agents have unique properties and mechanisms of action. By combining these agents, anesthesiologists can capitalize on the synergistic effects, leading to a more comprehensive and controlled anesthetic plan. This approach not only enhances the overall efficacy of the anesthetic but also allows for a reduction in the dosage of individual agents, thereby minimizing the risk of adverse side effects.One of the primary advantages of compound anesthesia is its ability to provide a more stable and predictable anesthetic state. By utilizinga combination of anesthetic agents, such as inhalational anesthetics, intravenous anesthetics, and adjuvant drugs, anesthesiologists can fine-tune the anesthetic depth and maintain a consistent level of unconsciousness throughout the surgical procedure. This level of control is crucial in ensuring the patient's safety and comfort, as well as enabling the surgical team to perform their tasks with precision and confidence.Moreover, compound anesthesia offers a more personalized approach to patient care. Anesthesiologists can tailor the anesthetic regimen to the individual patient's needs, taking into account factors such as age, weight, medical history, and the specific surgical procedure being performed. This customized approach allows for a more targeted and effective anesthetic plan, minimizing the risk of complications and improving overall patient outcomes.One of the key components of compound anesthesia is the use of adjuvant drugs, which are pharmacological agents that enhance the effects of the primary anesthetic agents. These adjuvants can include analgesics, muscle relaxants, and antiemetics, among others. By incorporating these supplementary drugs into the anesthetic regimen, anesthesiologists can achieve a more balanced and comprehensive anesthetic state, addressing various aspects of the patient's physiological needs during the surgical procedure.The administration of compound anesthesia requires a deep understanding of pharmacology, physiology, and the intricate interplay between different anesthetic agents. Anesthesiologists must possess a thorough knowledge of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of each drug, as well as the potential interactions and synergistic effects that may occur when they are combined. This level of expertise is essential in ensuring the safe and effective delivery of anesthesia, minimizing the risk of adverse events and optimizing patient outcomes.In addition to the clinical benefits, compound anesthesia has also contributed to the advancement of surgical techniques and the expansion of surgical capabilities. By providing a more stable and predictable anesthetic environment, compound anesthesia has enabled surgeons to perform more complex and challenging procedures, pushing the boundaries of modern medicine. This has led to the development of new surgical approaches, improved patient safety, and better overall surgical outcomes.However, the implementation of compound anesthesia is not without its challenges. Anesthesiologists must be vigilant in monitoring the patient's physiological responses and making timely adjustments to the anesthetic regimen to maintain the desired level of anesthesia. Additionally, the use of multiple anesthetic agents can increase the complexity of the anesthetic management, requiring ahigh level of skill and experience to ensure the safe and effective delivery of the anesthetic plan.In conclusion, compound anesthesia is a critical component of modern anesthesiology, providing a more comprehensive and personalized approach to patient care. By combining multiple anesthetic agents, anesthesiologists can achieve a more stable and predictable anesthetic state, minimize the risk of adverse events, and enable the performance of complex surgical procedures. As the field of anesthesiology continues to evolve, the importance of compound anesthesia will only grow, further enhancing the safety and efficacy of surgical interventions and improving patient outcomes.。
针灸麻醉作文英文
针灸麻醉作文英文Acupuncture anesthesia is a traditional Chinese medical technique that involves inserting thin needles intospecific points on the body to alleviate pain and induce numbness. It has been used for centuries in China and is now gaining popularity in Western countries as an alternative form of anesthesia.The idea of using needles to numb the body may sound strange to some people, but acupuncture anesthesia has been proven to be effective in a wide range of surgical procedures. It is especially useful for patients who are unable to tolerate traditional anesthesia or who prefer a more natural approach to pain management.One of the main benefits of acupuncture anesthesia is that it has fewer side effects than traditional anesthesia. Because it does not involve the use of drugs, there is no risk of allergic reactions or other adverse effects. This makes it a safer option for many patients, especially thosewith underlying health conditions.In addition to its pain-relieving effects, acupuncture anesthesia can also help to reduce anxiety and promote relaxation. By stimulating the body's natural energy flow, it can create a sense of calm and well-being that can be beneficial for both the patient and the surgical team.Overall, acupuncture anesthesia offers a holistic approach to pain management that can be a valuable alternative to traditional anesthesia. Its ancient roots and modern applications make it a unique and effective option for patients seeking a natural and safe way to manage pain during surgery.。
基质金属蛋白酶的英文
基质金属蛋白酶的英文英文回答：Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of enzymes that are responsible for the degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, which are essential for tissue homeostasis and remodeling. MMPs are involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, including development, wound healing, inflammation, and cancer.MMPs are classified into different families based on their substrate specificity, structural motifs, andcellular localization. The main families of MMPs include:1. Collagenases: These MMPs degrade collagen, the most abundant protein in the ECM.2. Gelatinases: These MMPs degrade gelatin, a denatured form of collagen.3. Stromelysins: These MMPs degrade a variety of ECM components, including proteoglycans and elastin.4. Matrilysins: These MMPs are secreted MMPs that degrade a variety of ECM components.5. Membrane-type MMPs (MT-MMPs): These MMPs are anchored to the cell membrane and degrade ECM components that are adjacent to the cell surface.MMPs are regulated by a variety of factors, including cytokines, growth factors, and hormones. The activity of MMPs is also regulated by specific tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs).MMPs are involved in a variety of physiological processes, such as:1. Embryonic development: MMPs are essential for tissue remodeling during embryonic development.2. Wound healing: MMPs are involved in the degradationof ECM components during wound healing.3. Inflammation: MMPs are involved in the degradation of ECM components during inflammation.4. Cancer: MMPs are involved in the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells.MMPs are also involved in a variety of pathological processes, such as:1. Arthritis: MMPs are involved in the degradation of cartilage in arthritis.2. Emphysema: MMPs are involved in the degradation of elastin in emphysema.3. Atherosclerosis: MMPs are involved in the degradation of collagen in atherosclerosis.MMPs are potential therapeutic targets for a variety of diseases. The development of MMP inhibitors is an activearea of research.中文回答：基质金属蛋白酶 (MMPs) 是一组负责降解细胞外基质 (ECM) 组分的酶，而细胞外基质组分对于组织稳态和重塑至关重要。
医学英语术语解密_福建医科大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年
医学英语术语解密_福建医科大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.The combining form indicating a collection of capillaries in the kidneyis_______.答案:glomerul/o2.At the end stage of renal failure, there would be little or no production ofurine. This condition is termed _________.答案:anuria3.The outer part of the kidney is called_______________.答案:cortex4. A ____________ is a surgical incision into the kidney to remove stones.答案:nephrolithotomy5.The temporary reservoir for urine in the body is___________.答案:bladder6.Surgical repair of the rectum is called__________.答案:rectoplasty7. A dangerous twisting of the colon is called__________.答案:volvulus8.The condition known as stomatitis occurs in the __________.答案:mouth9.Paralytic obstruction is also known as_____________ obstruction.答案:Adynamic10._________ thermometer can be used in taking temperature for achild.答案:Rectal11.What is the test used to examine the nasal passages and the pharynx todiagnose structural abnormalities?答案:Nasopharyngoscopy.12.The air sacs through which gases are exchanged in the lungs are the___________.答案:alveoli13.The membrane surrounding the lungs is ___________.答案:pleura14.The term for the measurement of the movement of air in and out of the lungsduring various breathing maneuvers is ___________, which is the mostimportant pulmonary function test.答案:spirometry15.The __________ is the inner lining of the heart.答案:endocardium16.The two upper receiving chambers of the heart are called the right and left_________.答案:atria17.The mitral valve has __________ cusps or leaflets that open and close.答案:two18.__________ refers to the contraction phase of the ventricles in the heartbeatcycle.答案:Systole19.__________ is any irregularity of heart rhythm, such as an altered heart rate,extra beats, or a change in the pattern of the beat.答案:Arrhythmia20.The word "osteorrhaphy" should be pronounced as ________.答案:/ˌɔsti'ɔrəfi/21.Which of the following the correct pronunciation of "stomatoplasty"?答案:/ˈstəʊmətəˌplæstɪ/22.Which suffix indicates stopping, controlling?答案:-stasis23.Which suffix indicates discharge?答案:-rrhea24.Which prefix indicates between, among?答案:inter-25. A ______ is the smallest meaningful unit of a language.答案:morpheme26.How to pronounce the word peritonitis?答案:/ˌperɪtəˈnaɪtɪs/27.An orthodontist a dentist specializing in the prevention or correction ofirregularities of the teeth.答案:正确28.Etymology refers to the study of the origins of words.答案:正确29. The rod of Asclepius, a snake-entwined staff, remains a symbol of medicinetoday.答案:正确30.The plural form of "metastasis" is "metastases".答案:正确31.The terminology for the surgical removal of a kidney and a ureter isnephroureterectomy.答案:正确32.Jennie complained of painful urination. The medical term for this ishematuria.答案:错误33.Urethritis is the inflammation of urethra due to injury or infection.答案:正确34.Any minute globular particle is called corpus.答案:错误35. A dilatation of a calix of the kidney, usually due to obstruction or infection isnamed caliectasis.答案:正确36. A cell that engulfs and digests debris and invading microorganisms is knownas phagocyte.答案:正确37.Appendectomy is the surgical removal of appendix.答案:正确38.The combining form for “arteriole” is “arteri/o”.答案:错误39.“Thrombectomy” means excision of a clot from a blood vessel.答案:正确40.The word meaning pertaining to the pericardium is “pericardiac”.答案:错误41.The synonym for spir/o is hal/o.答案:正确。
中药材(英文字母顺序)
B白芍〔肝阳上亢〕功效：tonifying blood and regulating menstruation<补血调经>suppressing[抑制] hyperactivity[亢进] of liver-yang<平肝潜阳>astringing Yin to arrest sweating<敛阴止汗>白术〔燥湿〕功效：invigorating Qi and consolidating superficies<益气固表>removing dampness and inducing diuresis<燥湿利水>preventing miscarrage<安胎>白芷：〔治头痛之要药〕功效：expelling wind and dispel exopathogens<祛风解表>clearing passage<通鼻窍>relieving pain<止痛>removing dampness and arresting leukorrhea<燥湿止带>eliminating swelling and draining pus<消肿排脓>败酱草〔肠痈要药〕It is good at treating the accumulation <积累>of noxious heat<毒热>in the large intestine百部〔单入肺经蛲虫病[小儿肛周] 阴道滴虫[煎汤熏洗]〕功效：moistening the lung and relieving cough<润肺止咳>killing worms and insects,including louse<杀虫灭虱>板蓝根北沙参巴戟天半夏〔止胃气上逆〕功效：clearing dampness to reduce phlegm<燥湿化痰>lowering the adverse Qi to stop vomiting<降逆止呕>贝母〔川贝浙贝〕功效：resolving phlegm and relieving cough<化痰止咳>clearing heat and congestion<清热散结>槟榔：杀虫、消积、行气、利水、截疟补骨脂：薄荷：药性：pungent in flavour<味辛>cool in nature<性凉>acts on the lung and liver channels<入肺肝经>功效：dispersing wind-heat<疏散风热>easing sore throat and promoting eruption<利咽透疹>Soothing the liver and alleviating mental depression<疏肝解郁>C赤芍苍术：spot of oil cavity〔朱砂点〕川芎〔头痛要药血中之气药〕功效：Promoting Blood Circulation and flow of Qi<活血行气>dispelling wind and relieving pain<祛风止痛>川乌柴胡：〔治寒热往来之要药〕功效：dispel exopathogens to clear heat<解表退热> Soothing the liver and alleviating mental depression<疏肝解郁>elevating Yang and Qi<开举阳气>川楝子：行气止痛、杀虫车前草：清热利尿；凉血；解毒.穿心莲：清热解毒；泻火；燥湿穿山甲〔催乳〕功效：invigorating channels and collaterals to promote lactation<通经下乳> subduing swelling and draining pus<消肿排脓>车前子：陈皮〔桔皮中焦寒性气滞〕功效：promoting Qi circulaion and strengthening the spleen <行气健脾>eliminating dampness and relieving phlegm<燥湿化痰>沉香功效：promoting Qi circulaion and alleviating pain<行气止痛>lowering adverse flow of Qi and arresting vomiting<降逆止呕>helping inspiration and relieving asthma<纳气平喘>大青叶：功效：clearing away heat,detoxicating <清热解毒> removing blood heat and ecchymoses<凉血祛斑>大黄：药性：bitter in flavour,cold in nature,acts on the spleen,stomach,large intestine,heart and liver channels. 药效：It is an important herb for constipation<便秘>due to accumulation<积累> of heat of excess type,and gastro-intestinal fecal impaction<胃肠食积> due to heat.功效：purging heat and looseing the boeels<泻热通便>removing heat from the blood and clearing toxins<凉血解毒>promoting blood circulation to relieve blood stasis<破血逐瘀>当归〔月经病补而不滞〕功效：tonifying blood,promoting blood circulation<补血活血>regulating menstruation and alleviating pain<调经止痛> lubricating the bowels to relieve constipation<润肠通便>独活代赭石〔赤铁矿三氧化二铁〕功效：clearing the liver-yang and checking exuberance of Yang<平肝潜阳生用>checking and descending the upward rebellious Qi<重镇降逆生用>removing heat from blood and stop bleeding<凉血止血煅用>丹参〔心绞痛〕功效：Promoting Blood Circulation and Relieving Blood Stasis<活血化瘀>clearing heat from the blood and resolving swelling<凉血消痈>tranquilizing the mind<安神定志>丹皮：<痛经闭经>特点：Cooling blood and stop bleeding with out stasis<止血不留瘀>功效：cooling the blood<凉血>promoting blood circulation and relieving blood stasis<活血化瘀>党参：功效：reinforcing the spleen,tonifying the lung<补脾肺气>nourishing blood and promoting the production of the body fluid<养血生津>丁香〔止呕〕功效：warming the middle-jiao,lowering the adverse rising<降逆止呕>warming the kidney and supporting Yang<温肾助阳>淡竹叶：清心火,除烦热,利小便.杜仲：地骨皮〔枸杞根皮〕功效：bringing down heat of Yin-deficiency〔降阴虚热〕removing lung-fire<去肝火>地龙〔蚯蚓中风失语利尿入膀胱经〕功效：clearing away heat to arrest convulsion<清热止痉>relieving asthma and the obstruction in the channels<平喘通络>冬虫夏草〔虫感染菌类死亡后的虫草共生体〕功效：supplementing the lung and kidney<补肾益肺>stoping cough and relieving asthma<止咳平喘>E阿胶〔脾胃虚者慎用〕功效：replenishing blood and stoping bleeding<补血止血>nourishing Yin and moistening the lung<滋阴润肺>F防风：dispersing pathogenic wind and dispel exopathogens<祛风解表> relieving pain and spasm<止痛止痉> 菊花心：radial striations 蚯蚓头：head of earthworm附子：附子〔阳痿Impoten遗精Spermatorrhea大出血hemora〕功效：supplementing fire and Yang<补火助阳> disperse cold and alleviate pain〔散寒止痛〕recuperate depleted Yang to rescue patients from collapse.<回阳救逆>番泻叶：茯苓：G葛根甘草〔调和药性生用解毒甘草绿豆汤〕功效：tonyfing the heart and spleen<补益心脾>moistening the lung to arrest cough<润肺止咳>purging fire to remove toxins<清热解毒>relieving spasm to alleviate pain<缓急止痛>and moderating other herbs<调和诸药>甘遂〔有毒不溶于水〕功效：removing water retention<写下逐水>subduing swelling and masses<消肿散结>狗脊：贯众：枸杞子〔地道药材宁夏枸杞〕功效：reinforcing the kidney to benefit essence<补肾益精>tonifying the liver to improve vision<养肝明目>钩藤：清热平肝、息风止痉、清热透邪.桂枝：功效：inducing sweating to dispel exopathogens<发汗解表>warming the channels to clear obstruction<温经通脉>reinforcing Yang to promote Qi flow<助阳化气>干姜：功效：inducing sweating to dispel exopathogens<发汗解表>warming the middle Jiao to arrest vomiting<温中止呕>warming the lung to relieve cough<温肺止咳>瓜蒌功效：clearing away heat and resolving phlegm<清热化痰>soothing the chest oppression to promote Qi circulation<宽胸利气>moistening and relaxing the bowels<润肠通便>H合欢皮：黑芝麻：胡桃仁功效：tonifying the kidney and nourishing the lung<补肾益肺>helping inspiration to relieve asthma<纳气平喘>moistening the intestine and relaxing bowels<润肠通便>何首乌功效：replenishing the liver and kidney<补肝肾>enriching vital essence and blood<补益精血>lubricating the bowels and clearing away toxins<润肠解毒>黄连功效：Clearing away heat,dampness and fire and detoxicating toxins<清热燥湿去火解毒> 黄柏: 功效：Clearing away heat,dampness and fire and detoxicating toxins<清热燥湿去火解毒> 黄芪〔疮家圣药〕It is an important herb used to treat deficiency of the lung,lingering cough<久咳>,deficiency of the spleen and stomach,and sinking of Qi in the middle-jiao.功效：invigorating Qi to elevate Yang<补气升阳>consolidating superficies to stop sweating<固表止汗>inducing diuresis to remove edema<利水退肿>and promoting healing of sore to regenerate tissue<脱疮生肌>黄芩〔安胎圣药〕功效：clearing heat and fire<清热去火>eliminating dampness and detoxicating<燥湿解毒>stopping bleeding and preventing miscarriage<流产>〔止血安胎〕黑芝麻：补益肝肾；润肠通便.红花; 活血通经、祛瘀止痛.Promoting Blood Circulation by removing blood stasis,regulating menstruation and relieving pain<调经止痛>槐花：凉血止血、清肝泻火藿香：芳香化湿；和胃止呕；祛暑解表.红藤：厚朴：虎杖：海藻〔甲亢〕功效：removing heat-phlegm<清化热痰>relieving hard lumps<软坚散结>anddiuretic<利水消肿>IJ金樱子：酸、涩,归肾、膀胱、大肠经.固精缩尿止带；涩肠止泻.决明子功效:removing intensive heat from the liver and improving vision<清肝明目>moisturizing intestine and eazing the bowels<润肠通便>金银花：〔表里双解、外感风寒温病初期〕功效：clearing away heat,detoxicating,expelling wind-heat<除风热>清热解毒、疏散风热.[银翘散〔金银花连翘薄荷〕]菊花：疏散风热、平抑肝阳、清肝明目、清热解毒.dispersing wind-heat<疏散风热>purging heat from the liver and imprving eyesight<清肝明目>clearing heat and removing toxins<清热解毒> 荆芥：inducing sweating to dispel exopathogens<发汗解表>dispersing pathogenic wind and arresting bleeding<祛风止血>鸡血藤：鸡内金：桔梗〔开肺气通二便〕药效：引药上行<introduce drugs in to lungs>常作为引经药〔channel-guiding drug〕僵蚕〔蚕感染白僵菌后入药面瘫〕功效：expelling the wind and relaxing spasm<息风止痉>dispersing the wind-heat<疏散风热>Resolving phlegm and congestion<化痰散结>绞股蓝：K苦参功效clearing heat and dampness<清热燥湿>destroying intestinal parasites<寄生虫> and relieving itching<杀虫止痒>inducing diuresis<利尿>苦杏仁〔苦降肺气甜杏仁无药效富含油脂所以润肠通便〕功效：relieving cough and asthma 〔止咳平喘〕lubricating the bowels to relieve constipation<润肠通便>款冬花：nourishing the lung to send the adverse Qi downward<润肺下气>relieving cough and asthma<止咳平喘>昆布〔海带与海藻相须为用〕功效：relieving hard lumps<软坚散结>and diuretic<利水消肿>L鹿茸〔雄鹿带茸毛的幼角春初夏采〕功效：reinforcing kidney-yang<补肾阳>supplementing essence and blood<益精血>strengthening muscles and bones<强筋骨>龙胆草：功效：clearing heat and dampness<清热燥湿>purging fire in the liver and gallbladder<泻肝胆火>连翘〔与金银花相须为用创家圣药the holy medicine for doctors to cure sores〕功效：clearing away heat,detoxicating,subduing swellings and dissolving lumps<清热解毒消肿散结>dispelling win-heat芦根功效：cleearing heat,promoting the production of body fluid<清热生津>relieving restlessness and arresting vomiting<除烦止呕>羚羊角〔多用于儿科退高热抗惊厥仅次于蜈蚣全蝎〕功效：calming the liver to check endogenous<内生的> wind<平肝息风> clearing away the heat from liver to improve vision<清肝明目>and clearing away heat and toxins from the blood<凉血解毒>莱菔子：M牡丹皮<痛经闭经>特点：Cooling blood and stop bleeding with out stasis<止血不留瘀>功效：cooling the blood<凉血>promoting blood circulation and relieving blood stasis<活血化瘀> 墨旱莲功效：tonifying the liver and kidney<滋补肝肾>and clearing heat from blood to stop bleeding<凉血止血>木香:麦冬：功效：nourishing Yin and moistening the lung<滋阴润肺> tonifying the stomach to promote the production of the body fluid<养胃生津>dispelling heat from the heart and relieving vexation<清心排忧>木瓜：舒筋活络和胃化湿马钱子：散结消肿、通络止痛.麦芽:麻黄：药性<Properties>：pungent and slightly bitter in flavour<味辛微苦>warm in nature<性温>acting on the lung and urinary bladder channels<入肺、膀胱经>功效<Effects>：inducing sweating to dispel exopathogens<发汗解表> facilitating the circulation of lung-Qi to relieve asthma<宣肺平喘>inducing diuresis to remove edema<利水消肿>麻子仁〔moistening the bowels to relieve constipation 润肠通便〕木通：利水通淋、清心火、通经下乳马齿苋〔清肠止痢curing dysentery〕玫瑰花：N牛膝〔妇科调经〕功效：Promoting Blood Circulation and restoring menstruation<活血通经>conducting downward flow of heat<引火下行>inducing diuresis to treat strangury<利水通淋>tonifying the liver and kidney<补肝肾>牛黄〔牛胆结石安宫牛黄丸〕功效：cheching endogenous<内生的> wind to relieve convulsion<息风止痉>resolving phlegm to clear orifice and induce resuscitation<化痰开窍>clearing away heat and toxins<清热解毒>南沙参：沙参〔肺胃阴虚〕功效：nourishing Yin to clear heat from the lung<养阴清肺>tonifying the stomach to promote the production of the body fluid<养胃生津>牛蒡子：疏散风热；清热解毒透疹；宣肺利咽散肿.女贞子：滋补肝肾、乌须明目OP蒲公英:功效clearing away heat,detoxicating<清热解毒>subduing swellings<散结> removing dampness by diuresis for treating stranguria<尿淋沥> 〔祛湿利水〕蒲黄：止血、化瘀、利尿佩兰：胖大海：枇杷叶：Q羌活前胡〔表里同治外感风热内又热痰〕功效：sending down abnormally ascending Qi to resolve phlegm<降气化痰>expelling wind-heat<疏散风热>牵牛子：功效：removing water retention<写下逐水>subduing swelling and masses<消肿散结>and being parasiticidal<杀虫>青蒿：功效：clearing away heat of deficiency type<清虚热>relieving summer heat and preventing attack of malaria〔祛暑防疟〕青皮〔未成熟桔子的果实或皮比陈皮药效强〕功效：relieving stagnation of Qi and soothing the liver<疏肝破气>promoting digestion and resolving food retention<消积化滞>秦皮：秦艽：瞿麦：R人参〔加附子回阳救逆〕功效：invigorating Qi and treat collapes<益气固脱>reinforcing the spleen,nourishing the lung<补脾益肺>promoting the production of the body fluid,quenchingthirst<生津止渴>tranquilizing the mind and improving intelligence<安神益智>肉桂：supplementing fire and Yang<补火助阳> disperse cold and alleviate pain〔散寒止痛〕Conducting the fire back to its origin<引火归原>S生姜：功效：inducing sweating to dispel exopathogens<发汗解表>warming the middle Jiao to arrest vomiting<温中止呕>warming the lung to relieve cough<温肺止咳>石斛：益胃生津；滋阴清热.石决明〔明目〕功效：clearing the liver-yang and checking exuberance of Yang<平肝潜阳> clearing away the heat from liver to improve vision<清肝明目>石膏〔性寒质重非实热者不宜〕药性：pungent and sweet inflavour,cold in nature,acts on the lung and stomach channelsIt is one of the important drugs for treating the syndromes of excessive heat in the Qi sysstem,cogh and asthma<喘> caused by intense heat and excess of stomach fire.功效：Clearing away heat and fire<清热解火>relieving restlessness and thirst<除烦止渴>promoting the regeneration of the tissue and wound healing<促进组织再生伤口愈合>生地黄功效：clearing away heat and cooling the blood<清热凉血>nourishing Yin and promoting production of body fluid.<养阴生津>熟地黄〔补血第一要药与当归相须〕功效：replenishing blood and tonifying Yin〔补血滋阴〕山药功效：invigorating Qi,nourishing Yin<补气养阴>controlling spermatorrhea and reducing urination<涩精缩尿>沙参〔肺胃阴虚〕功效：nourishing Yin to clear heat from the lung<养阴清肺>tonifying the stomach to promote the production of the body fluid<养胃生津>沙苑子：补肾固精；养肝明目.砂仁：化湿行气、温中止泻、安胎.蛇床子：杀虫止痒、燥湿祛风、温肾壮阳.酸枣仁：养心益肝；安神；敛汗；生津止渴.桑白皮：〔药效平缓儿科常用利水作用强皮类药有利水消肿之功效〕功效：purging lung-heat to relieve asthma<泻肺平喘>diuresis to eliminate edema<利水消肿>桑叶：山楂：神曲：T天花粉功效：clearing heat,promoting the production of body fluid<清热生津>subduing swellings and draining pus<消肿排脓>天南星〔治疗风痰顽症之要药有毒药效大于半夏〕功效：clearing dampness to reduce phlegm<燥湿化痰>dispelling wind and relieve spasm<祛风解痉>天麻〔治眩晕之要药高血压入肝经〕功效：calming the liver to check endogenous<内生的> wind<平肝息风>clearing obstruction in the channels to expel evil-wind<祛风通络>桃仁：Promoting Blood Circulation by removing blood stasis,lubricating the bowels to relieve constipation<润肠通便>葶苈子：泻肺平喘；利水消肿.菟丝子：补肾益精；养肝明目；止泻安胎.太子参UVW五加皮：乌梅：敛肺止咳；涩肠止泻；安蛔止痛；生津止渴；消疮毒；炒炭固冲止漏.吴茱萸：散寒止痛、降逆止呕、助阳止泻五味子：收敛固涩；益气生津；补肾宁心.五灵脂〔鼯鼠的粪便包煎妇科止痛〕功效：Promoting Blood Circulation to relieve pain<活血止痛>stoping bleeding by removing the blood stasis<止血化瘀>X犀牛角:功效clearing heat and cool the blood<清热凉血>detoxicating and arresting convulsion<解毒镇惊>细辛西洋参〔花旗参凉性〕功效：invigorating Qi,nourishing Yin<补气养阴>clearing heat and promoting the generation of the body fluid<清热生津>玄参功效：clearing away heat and cooling the blood<清热凉血>detoxicating and dissolving lumps<解毒散结> nourishing Yin and purging the fire<滋阴去火>旋覆花〔质地轻但作用下包煎〕功效：lowering the adversely upward flowing of Qi and relieving vomiting<降逆止呕>Resolving phlegm<化痰>小茴香：散寒止痛、理气和胃辛夷：发散风寒、通鼻窍.香加皮：夏枯草功效：clearing up liver-heat and purging fire<清肝泻火>subduing swelling and resolving hard lumps<消肿散结>Y鱼腥草〔治肺痛之要药〕An important medicine for treating pulmonary<肺部的> abscess<脓肿>洋金花：益母草〔月经〕功效：Promoting Blood Circulation to regulate menstruation<活血调经>subsiding edema by inducing diuresis<利水消肿>茵陈：清热利湿、退黄.淫羊藿〔先灵脾〕功效：tonifying the kidney amd invigorating Yang<补肾助阳> strengtheningmuscles and bones<强筋骨>dispelling wind and dampness<祛风除湿>禹白附〔中风面瘫头面部的痰阻经络〕药效：removing wind-phlegm in head and face and pathogens of cold and dampness银柴胡：薏米：Z知母功效：Clearing away heat and fire,nourishing the Yin and moisturizing<湿润> dryness<滋阴润燥>栀子：purging fire and relieving dysphoria<泻火除烦>cooling blood and detoxication<凉血解毒>clearing heat and promoting diuresis<清热利湿>功效：clearing away heat,detoxicating,<清热解毒>treating boils<烫伤> and dissolving lumps<散结>枳实〔橙子幼果〕功效：relieving Qi stagnation and food retention<破气导滞>resolving phlegm and masses<化痰消痞>枳壳：猪苓：紫花地丁〔叮毒furunculosis 毒蛇咬伤snake-bite〕紫菀〔咳且有痰者〕功效：nourishing the lung to send the adverse Qi downward<润肺下气>relieving cough and asthma<止咳平喘>紫苏子〔富含油脂〕功效：send the adverse Qi downward<润肺下气>clearing phlegm,relieving cough and asthma<化痰止咳平喘>relaxing the bowels to relieve constipation<润肠通便>紫草：竹茹〔竹子中间层〕功效：removing heat-phlegm<清热化痰>relieving restlessness and vomiting<除烦止呕>竹沥〔竹子的烤汁澄清的淡黄色〕功效：removing heat-phlegm<清化热痰>arresting convulsion<定惊>珍珠母〔入心经〕功效：clearing the liver-yang and checking exuberance of Yang<平肝潜阳>clearing liver-heat to improve vision<清肝明目>relieving palpitation and tranquilizing<镇惊安神>。
GRE分类词汇记忆：药剂
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药物、药剂balm n. 药膏，香油;镇痛剂ointment n. 油膏，软膏salve n. 药膏;v. 减轻，缓和unguent n. 药膏，软膏reactant n. 反应物reagent n. 试剂(导致化学反应)additive n. 添加剂adhesive n. 胶合剂;adj. 带粘性的，胶粘的cement n. 胶结剂;水泥;v. 粘合，巩固concrete n. 混凝土;adj. 具体存在的analgesic n. 镇痛剂;止痛的anodyne n. 止痛药balm n. 镇痛剂;药膏，香油painkiller n. 止痛药anesthetic n. 麻醉剂;adj. 麻醉的antibiotic n. 抗生素;adj. 抗菌的penicillin n. 盘尼西林，青霉素antidote n. 解毒药toxin n. 毒素，毒质venom n. 毒液;恶毒，痛恨antihistamine n. (治疗过敏的)抗组胺剂antiseptic n. 杀菌剂;adj. 防腐的detergent n. 清洁剂;adj. 净化的disinfectant n. 消毒剂fungicide n. 杀真菌剂germicide n. 杀菌剂astringent n. 收缩剂，止血剂;adj. 止血的，收缩的coagulant n. 凝结剂;凝血剂hemostat n. 止血剂;止血器ligature n. 绑缚之物(尤指系住血管以免失血的线)tourniquet n. 止血带catalyst n. 催化剂;促使事物发展的因素(catalytic adj. 催化作用的catalyze v. 催化，促进，刺激catalysis n. 催化作用) inhibitor n. 抑制剂palliative n. 缓释剂;adj. 减轻的，缓和的caustic n. 腐蚀剂;adj. 腐蚀性的;刻薄的preservative n. 防腐剂;adj. 防腐的(preserve v. 保护，保藏) cordial n. 兴奋剂;adj. 热诚的stimulant n. 兴奋剂，刺激物(stimulate v. 刺激stimulatingadj. 使人兴奋的)stimulus n. 刺激物，激励defoliant n. 脱叶剂，落叶剂defoliate v. (使)落叶defoliator n. 落叶剂depressant n. 镇静剂;adj. 有镇静作用的sedative n. 镇静剂;adj. (药物)镇静的elixir n. 万灵药，长生不老药nostrum n. 万灵药;家传秘方panacea n. 万灵药emollient n. 润肤剂herbicide n. 除草剂hypnotic n. 催眠药;adj. 催眠的narcotic n. 催眠药;adj. 催眠的(narcotize v. 使昏迷narcosis n. 睡眠状态)opiate n. 安眠药，鸦片制剂(opium n. 鸦片)soporific n. 安眠药;adj. 催眠的(soporous adj. 昏睡的)injection n. 注射剂;注射syringe n. 注射器vaccine n. 牛痘苗，疫苗insecticide n. 杀虫剂pesticide n. 刹虫剂laxative n. 轻泻药;adj. (药)通便的;放松的purgative n. 泻药leaven n. 发酵剂;影响力;v. 发酵;影响enzyme n. 酵素，酶yeast n. 酵母;兴奋lubricant n. 润滑剂nurture n. 营养物，养育;[总称]环境因素;v. 抚育，给…营养物，教养nutrient n. 滋养物质(补品)tonic n. 增进健康之物，补品;adj. 滋补的placebo n. 安慰剂polish n. 上光剂;(态度等)优雅;v. 把…擦光亮，抛光precipitant n. 沉淀剂solvent n. 溶剂;adj. 有偿还能力的(solve v. 溶化，解决)vomit n. 催吐剂;呕吐;呕吐物alkali n. 碱(alkaline adj. 碱性的)bromide n. 溴化物;平庸的人或话carbohydrate n. 碳水化合物carcinogen n. 致癌物compost n. 混合肥料fertilizer n. 肥料，化肥manure n. 粪肥;v. 给…施加粪肥explosive n. 炸药;adj. 爆炸性的;使人冲动的glucose n. 葡萄糖hormone n. 荷尔蒙，激素iodine n. 碘;碘酒nicotine n. 尼古丁saccharin n. 糖精apothecary n. 药剂师medicate v. 用药医治，加入药物pharmaceutical adj. 制药的pharmacology n. 药理学，药物学presc ribe v. 开处方;规定pres cription n. 处方(上的药)dose n. 剂量，一剂overdose n. (药物)过大的剂量。
2024年统编版小学三年级第七次英语第三单元测验试卷
2024年统编版小学三年级英语第三单元测验试卷考试时间：100分钟（总分:100）B卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题)1、What is the opposite of fast?A. QuickB. RapidC. SlowD. Swift答案:C2、What do you call a story that is not true?A. FactB. FictionC. HistoryD. Biography3、听力题：A collection of atoms bonded together is called a ______.4、填空题：Ostriches cannot _______ (飞).5、填空题：A _______ (小浣熊) washes its food before eating.6、听力题：The chemical symbol for bismuth is ______.7、听力题：The chemical formula for ammonium sulfate is _______.8、填空题：A ______ (温室) extends the growing season for many plants.The __________ (城市生活) can be exciting and fast-paced.10、Which planet is known as the "Red Planet"?A. MarsB. VenusC. JupiterD. Saturn答案:A11、听力题：The ______ is very supportive of her students.12、s built their empire in _____. 填空题：The Azte13、听力题：The ____ is known for its colorful feathers and can mimic sounds.14、填空题：A garden needs regular ______ (浇水) to keep plants healthy.15、How many players are on a cricket team?A. 10B. 11C. 12D. 1316、填空题：The dolphin is known for its _______ (友好) behavior.17、听力题：The _______ is the center of an atom.18、填空题：A ___ (小刺猬) searches for food at night.19、听力题：The _____ (car/bike) is parked outside.20、填空题：We have a ______ (丰富的) range of activities at school.21、填空题：The __________ (历史的启发性) promotes innovation.A ____ is a gentle creature that enjoys eating fruits and vegetables.23、填空题：My sister is a big __________ of books. (爱好者)24、听力题：Telescopes can be ground-based or ______.25、听力题：The capital of Pakistan is _______.26、填空题：The weasel is very ______ (灵活).27、听力题：The ______ is a famous historian.28、填空题：The starfish can regenerate its _________. (手臂)29、选择题：What do we call the holiday on October 31st?A. ChristmasB. EasterC. HalloweenD. Thanksgiving30、听力题：I see a ______ (bird) in the tree.31、听力题：The ________ (basketball) game was exciting.32、听力题：They are going to ________ the zoo.33、What do you call a person who grows flowers?A. FloristB. GardenerC. BotanistD. All of the above34、听力题：She is _____ (reading) a magazine.The teacher is _____ (耐心) with all the students.36、填空题：The otter plays with _______ (石头) in the water.37、填空题：The _____ (honeybee) collects nectar from flowers.38、听力题：The gases we breathe in and out are primarily _______ and carbon dioxide.39、听力题：The element with the symbol Te is __________.40、填空题：The _____ (美洲豹) is known for its striking spots and agility.美洲豹以其醒目的斑点和灵活性而闻名。
中医四大名著的英文名
医宗金鉴 Golden Mirror of Medicine 中医学丛书，清代吴谦等撰。
临证指南医案 Guide to Clinical Practice with Medical Records
食医心鉴 Heart Mirror of Dietotherapy 中医食疗著作，唐代昝殷 撰。
海药本草 Oversea Materia Medica 中药著作，五代前蜀李珣撰。 太平圣惠方 Taiping Holy Prescriptions for Universal Relief 官修中 医方剂著作，北宋王怀隐等撰。
脉经 Pulse Classic中医脉学著作，西晋王叔和撰。 肘后备急方 Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergency 中医方剂著 作，东晋葛洪撰。
刘涓子鬼遗方 Liu Juanzi's Remedies Bequeathed by Ghosts 中医外 科著作，晋代刘涓子撰，南北朝齐龚庆宣整理。
伤寒论 Treatise on Cold Pathogenic Diseases 中医临床著作， 东汉张 仲景撰。
金匮要略 Synopsis of Golden Chamber中医临床著作，东汉张仲景 撰。
针灸甲乙经 A-B Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion针灸学著 作，魏晋间皇甫谧撰。
素问 Plain Questions《黄帝内经素问》的简称。现存最早的中医理 论著作，约成书于战国时期。
英语翻译(英+中)
1、Drug testing employs various laboratory techniques to detect even minute traces of the metabolic breakdown products of marijuana，cocaine, and many kinds of prescription drugs. If a person takes a drug overdose and loses consciousness and no one is sure which drug was consumed, physicians quickly test the urine to identify the drug and determine the best treatment for saving the patient’s life药检运用了许多实验室方法,甚至可以检测到大麻、可卡因和多种处方药代谢分解产物的蛛丝马迹。
如果有人服药过量失去知觉而又无人确定是哪种药物，医生可马上检验尿液来确定该药物并拿出拯救病人生命的最佳方案。
2、Chyme’s volu me and composition affect how fast the stomach empties. For example, large meals activate more stomach receptors, these call for more forceful contraction, and emptying speeds up.食糜的量和组成成分影响胃变空的速度。
例如，大餐会刺激更多胃感受器，这些命令造成更加强有力的收缩，胃变空的速度加快。
3.Closely associated with the urinary system is the reproductive system，by which human life is carried on to future generations. Sperm cells are produced in the testicles of the male and ejaculated through the penis into the female vagina. The fertilization of the female’s ovum (egg) by the male’s sperm is called conception. It usually occurs in one of the fallopian tubes, which the sperm reaches through active movement from the place of deposition. Normally, the fertilized egg then travels to the uterus与泌尿系统紧密联系的是生殖系统，通过生殖系统人类生命得以世代延续。
宁波2024年05版小学五年级下册第四次英语第四单元期末试卷(含答案)
宁波2024年05版小学五年级下册英语第四单元期末试卷(含答案)考试时间：80分钟（总分:120）B卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题共100分)1. ts are considered ______ and can harm the environment.(某些植物被视为外来物种，可能会危害环境。
) 填空题：Some pla2. 听力题：The Earth is divided into four main ______: crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core.3. 填空题：Gardening can teach valuable ______ (技能) for sustainability.4. 听力题：The chemical formula for potassium sulfate is ______.5. 听力题：The chemical symbol for calcium is _______.6. 填空题：The ______ (植物的分布) varies with geography.7. 填空题：The _____ (植物生境) supports various wildlife.8. 听力题：The chemical formula for calcium sulfate is ______.9. 选择题：How many days are in a typical year?A. 360B. 365C. 366D. 370答案：B10. 听力题：The energy from the Earth's core can drive ______.11. 听力题：The chemical symbol for tungsten is ______.12. 填空题：My favorite way to relax is _______ (听音乐).13. 选择题：What do we call the process of water turning into ice?A. FreezingB. MeltingC. EvaporatingD. Boiling答案: A. Freezing14. 听力题：She is _______ (organizing) her room.15. 选择题：What do we call the seasonal change from winter to spring?A. TransformationB. ChangeoverC. TransitionD. Thaw16. 选择题：What do we call a person who studies history?A. HistorianB. ArchaeologistC. AnthropologistD. All of the above17. 选择题：Which instrument is known for playing high-pitched notes?A. TromboneB. FluteC. TubaD. Bassoon18. 听力题：The _____ (starfish) is unique.The process of leaching removes soluble materials from ______.20. 填空题：When I’m bored, I like to build things with my ________ (玩具名) and see how tall I can make it.21. 听力题：The study of Earth's materials is crucial for understanding ______ processes.22. 填空题：The __________ (宗教改革) challenged the Catholic Church’s authority.23. 填空题：Having a variety of ________ (玩具名) allows me to be more ________ (形容词) in play.24. 选择题：What do we use to cut paper?A. KnifeB. ScissorsC. RulerD. Tape25. 填空题：Tropical plants thrive in warm ______. (热带植物在温暖的环境中茁壮成长。
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General Test Information
$115 to take it No registration deadline Once you are registered, ETS (Education Testing Service) will send a free copy of GRE Power Prep Software which takes four weeks to receive See V& Q scores right after test but analytical score arrives four weeks later
GENERAL SUBJECT
The General Test Setup
The Graduate Record Exam (GRE)
Analytical Writing
45 minutes to Present Your Perspective on a Topic 30 minutes to Analyze an Argument
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“Analyze an Argument”
The Argument task presents a different challenge: it requires test takers to critique an argument by discussing how well reasoned they find it. Test takers are asked to consider the logical soundness of the argument rather than agree or disagree with the position it presents.
Possible Scores Cont.
Score 1
provides little or no evidence of the ability to understand and analyze the issue provides little or no evidence of the ability to develop an organized response has severe problems in language contains pervasive errors in grammar, or mechanics that result in incoherence
"Five years ago, at a time when we had difficulties in obtaining reliable supplies of high-quality wool fabric, we discontinued production of our deluxe alpaca overcoats. Now that we have a new fabric supplier, we should resume production. This coat should sell very well: since we have not offered an alpaca overcoat for five years and since our major competitor no longer makes an alpaca overcoat, there will be pent-up customer demand. Also, since the price of most types of clothing has risen in each of the past five years, customers should be willing to pay significantly higher prices for alpaca overcoats than they did five years ago, and our company profits will increase."
A 45 minute “Present Your Perspective on an Issue” Task A 30 minute “Analyze an Argument” Task
“Present Your Perspective on an Issue”
The Issue task states an opinion on an issue of broad interest and asks test takers to address the issue from any perspective(s) they wish, so long as they provide relevant reasons and examples to explain and support their views.
Who will read my essays and what are they looking for??
GRE readers who are college and university faculty will read your responses and evaluate the overall quality, based on how well you do the following:
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The analytical writing section of the GRE is composed of two parts:
205 questions in two and a half hours! 40% Experimental 43% Social 17% Other
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Example Question
Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument: The following appeared in a memo from the new vice president of Sartorian, a company that manufactures men's clothing.
consider the complexities and implications of the issue organize, develop, and express your ideas on the issue support your ideas with relevant reasons and examples control the elements of standard written English
Possible Scores
Score 6
presents an insightful position on the issue develops the position with compelling reasons and/or persuasive examples sustains a well-focused, well-organized analysis, connecting ideas logically expresses ideas fluently and precisely, using effective vocabulary and sentence variety demonstrates facility with the conventions (i.e., grammar, usage, and mechanics) of standard written English but may have minor errors
Scoring
Each essay will be scored on a 6-point holistic scale. Although there are two sections, a single combined score is reported. The reported score will represent the average of the scores for the two tasks.