Rules versus Relationships Conley 001
孰对孰错03
今天，我们要谈谈关于正义的一个有力理论
这个理论认为，每个人都很重要，不是因为
个人是谋求社会更大利益的工具
或者是为了达到效用的最大化
个人是值得尊重的、有各自生活的独立个体
因此，根据这一理论
只是把大家的偏好、价值观叠加起来
来决定是否正义，是错误的
你不能只看最后的阶段，最后的结果。
你要看两个原则
第一：要看它一开始有什么，是怎么获得
也就是说，他们是公平地获得
他们所拥有的吗？
所以，我们需要知道它们一开始是否是公正的
是不是他们偷了一块地，或偷窃工厂或货物
才使他们得到这笔钱？
如果没有，如果他们有权
突然，大家决定他们想要一个滑板。
他们来到我家，
拿走我的那块滑板
我认为这是不公正的。
我认为在某些情况下，
有必要忽视或纵容这种不正义
例如，那个在船上活着被吃掉的男童（第一节的案例）
当人们在死亡的边缘，忽视不公正也许是必要的
但我认为
如果是能，是什么标准？这是个问题。
关于正义和人权，如果我们怀疑密尔是否是
隐性地倾向于推崇高贵
或者是尊重那些，不是严格意义上的功利主义者
我们需要看看，是否有一些更有力的理论
可以解释，密尔所直觉地认为的
尊重个人的原因
以及即使从长期来算效用更大，也不能过度地利用个人
{\fn\fs\an\c&HFF&}欲观看、下载高清视频，可移步
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我们上次结尾的时候
我们讨论到，约翰密尔
尝试对批判边沁的功利主义的人，作出回应。
在他的《功利主义》一书中，密尔试图告诉那些批评者
美国陪审团的一致裁决原则
美国陪审团的一致裁决原则：历史与当下关键词: 美国，陪审团，一致裁决原则内容提要: 陪审团的一致裁决原则起源于14世纪的英国，作为一项普通法的传统，它在美国确立后经历了一个联邦强制适用与各州选择适用并存这一局面被明确和强化的过程。
虽然饱受质疑，但是从一致裁决原则对陪审团司法工具价值和政治民主价值的发挥及对审判成本控制的影响这三个角度出发综合考虑，其在一定时间内还将继续存在下去。
“你为什么会认为他无罪？”“虽然你们11个都认为他有罪，但我想先和你们好好谈谈，否则我很难说服自己举手认同你们的观点，送这个男孩去死。
”[1]作为美国司法体系的核心组成部分，陪审团制度曾为其赢得了广泛的赞[2]。
陪审团审理案件时，在就相关情况进行充分的“秘密评议”[3]后，无论要做出有罪还是无罪裁决，均需首先在其内部达成一致意见，否则会导致无效审判（mistrial）的出现（此时陪审团相应地被称作“悬置陪审团”（hung ju-ry）—这就是美国陪审团的一致裁决原则[4]。
这项原则起源于英国，作为普通法的传统为美国所接受后，长期以来被视为一项“神圣不可侵犯的”[5]、“统治性的规则”[6]，并作为陪审团制度的“基石”[7]、裁决规则的“底线”[8]在美国联邦法院系统和州法院系统被严格遵行。
然而，随着一系列具有争议的陪审团裁决的出现[9]，美国民众对陪审团审判“不准确、不公正”的印象日益滋生，对其进行根本性改革的呼声也越来越高[10]。
在这种整体性的不满之中，指向一致裁决原则的自然也占有相当大的比重。
有学者认为这是一个“过时的传统”[11]，甚至认为它所带来的危害正是现在陪审团面临的“最严重的问题之一”[12]。
与民众的呼声和学界的议论相伴，在司法实践中，这一原则也已有所松动。
虽然在联邦层面，依然继续严格要求使用一致裁决，但是在各州，情况则发生了变化。
就刑事案件而言，路易斯安那州和俄勒冈州已经在州宪法中明确规定，除死刑案件外，其他案件允许非一致裁决。
关于intersectionality的书
关于intersectionality的书Intersectionality是一个重要的概念，指的是一种分析和理解社会不平等的框架，通过考虑种族、性别、阶级、性取向、残疾等身份认同的交织，揭示不同群体在社会结构中的交叉点和交叉影响。
在社会科学和人文学科中，intersectionality被广泛应用于研究不平等和社会正义。
关于intersectionality的书籍有很多，其中一些经典的著作包括：1. 《Intersectionality: An Intellectual History》：作者Kimberlé Crenshaw是intersectionality理论的先驱者之一，本书对intersectionality的理论发展历史进行了全面的介绍，解释了该概念的形成背景和重要性。
2. 《Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches》：作者Audre Lorde是一位著名的黑人女性主义者，她的这本书探讨了种族、性别和性取向等因素在社会中的交叉影响，展示了intersectionality的思想在文学和社会活动中的应用。
3. 《The Gender Knot: Unraveling Our Patriarchal Legacy》：作者Allan G. Johnson在本书中探讨了性别、种族和阶级等因素在社会中的交织关系，呼吁人们意识到不同身份认同的相互影响，从而建立更加包容和平等的社会。
4. 《Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment》：作者Patricia Hill Collins是一位知名的黑人女性主义者，她在本书中讨论了种族和性别在社会中的相互作用，探索了黑人女性的身份认同和社会地位，对intersectionality的理论进行了深入的探讨。
高中英语真题-同性恋婚姻禁令被推翻
高中英语真题:同性恋婚姻禁令被推翻A US federal judge in has ruled that the state's ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional.美国弗吉尼亚州一位联邦法官做出裁决，该州禁止同性婚姻的做法是违反宪法的。
It is the first time that a southern state has had a voter-approved prohibition on gay marriage overturned.The ruling will not apply pending a possible appeal. Same-sex marriages are legal in 17 states, most of them in the north-east, and Washington DC.Such unions have been approved either through legislation, cou rt rulings or voter referendums.'Adding momentum'The ruling by JudgeArenda Wright Allen in followed a legal challenge on same-sex marriage by a gay couple.The judge agreed with them that the ban infringes on（侵害） their constitutional rights and their fundamental freedom to marry.Many expect the case - or one like it - to go all the way to the U S Supreme Court, the BBC's Beth McLeod in reports.Virginia is the first state in the old confederacy（联盟） - a group of southern states that are traditionally seen as s ocially conservative - to have its ban overturned.The decision adds momentum to a growing acceptance of gay marriage in the , our corres pondent adds.Earlier this week, a federal judge in Kentucky - another souther n state - ruled that it must recognise same-sex marriages performed elsewhere in the .However, the judge did not rule on the legality of same-sex marriages inside , effectively meaning that the current ban r emained in place.同性恋婚姻禁令被推翻A US federal judge in has ruled that the state's ban on same-sex marriag e is unconstitutional.美国弗吉尼亚州一位联邦法官做出裁决，该州禁止同性婚姻的做法是违反宪法的。
泰勒规则及其在中国货币政策中的检验(谢平,罗雄)英文版!
Prior to the analysis of the time-inconsistent problem by Kydland and Prescott (1977), the main issues that economists argue about are whether monetary policy should be conducted according to a uniform rule, such as the nominal monetary aggregate k% growth rate, or the policy should be conducted discretionarily by central banks. When the issue is raised in this form, the discretionary policy is often viewed as an optimal policy. But Barro and Gordon (1983) show, with the discretionary policy, the output cannot be enhanced systematically and the society as a whole experiences high inflation. This result changes the long-term “discretion vs. rule” debate. Taylor (1993) introduces an interest rate rule that adjusts interest rate according to output gap and inflation gap. This is called the Taylor rule, which captures the essence of successful monetary policy practice in many advanced economies. The historical analysis and the reaction function are often employed to conduct empirical analyses in the Taylor rule framework. For example, Taylor (1999) and McCallum (2000) conduct counterfactual historical analysis of the Taylor rule. This analysis contrasts actual settings of instrument variables with values that would have been specified by the rules in response to prevailing conditions. Clarida, Gali and Gertler (1997, 2000) estimate the reaction functions of central banks. Judd and Rudebusch (1998), Gerlach and Schnabel (1999), and Nelson (2000) combine the two methods - analyzing the monetary history and estimating the reaction function. Many central banks’ conduct of monetary policy, including that of the Federal Reserve Board, Bank of England, Bank of Japan, the Bundesbank, and European Central Bank, has been examined according to the Taylor rule. Although the research in the monetary policy in major industry countries has been mushroomed, there is lack of study in the conduct of monetary policy according to the Taylor rule in transition economies and emerging market economies. The lack of studies perhaps reflects the existence of some obstacles in conducting such research. In the first place, the monetary policy in a transition and emerging market economy often lacks consistency. This may be due to the fact that the economy in these countries is under reconstruction or major reform. Indeed, many of these countries are in the course of major market-oriented reform. Moreover, the financial market in those economies is far from fully developed; and the interest rates are often distorted by the monetary authority, and there lacks the benchmark interest rate for the market. These practical obstacles frustrate this kind of research. In this paper, we try to analyze China’s monetary policy in the framework of the Taylor’s rule. The empirical analysis is conducted in two steps, employing the historical analysis and estimating the reaction function respectively. The second part employs the historical analysis method, comparing the rule value with the actual value
畅销书《原则》桥水资本_bridgewater对冲基金管理手册[精编版]
![畅销书《原则》桥水资本_bridgewater对冲基金管理手册[精编版]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/71d4d305c381e53a580216fc700abb68a982adcf.png)
Bridgewater对冲基金管理手册Ray Dalio经历出身中产家庭，上学成绩极其一般，从小就不喜欢别人强加给自己的学习任务，更不喜欢在不理解的情况下死记硬背，反而喜欢四处打工。
12岁起做球童，受“环境”影响，开始投资股票，因资金有限只能购买5元的东北航空公司，没想到公司很快面临破产被收购，股价翻了三倍。
不过当时并没有意识到是因为运气好才赚钱，果然很快就赔了很多钱。
悟出几点：一，做自己想做的；二，要有自己独立的观点；三，用“牛人”的逻辑对自己的观点进行“压力测试”；四，千万不可过度自信；五，在现实中不断检验自己的决策，了解不足。
1971年被哈佛商学院录取，这两年经历很重要。
当时布雷顿森林体系瓦解，全球货币体系一片混乱，于是利用假期来到纽交所，学习了解汇率市场。
上学期间同时对大宗商品感兴趣，找到机会成为美林大宗商品主管的助理。
毕业后，货币崩溃，大宗商品暴涨，1973年爆发第一次石油危机，Ray Dalio 凭借当时“几乎唯一拥有哈佛商学院学历应聘者”的背景，特别是对大宗商品交易的了解，被一家中等规模券商委任建立大宗商品部门，随后又跳到一家更大的券商负责机构和对冲业务，但均因“不服管”（insubordination）而离开。
这两年华尔街打拼的经历帮助他在1975年创办Bridgewater。
01-10 个人决策十步过程——思考概率和重要的问题1、决策的起点是：1）你的目标，2）准确理解现实。
2、不要让过去影响现在，不要将错误的决定制度化。
3、以预期收益的计算方式和角度，做符合逻辑的决策：不仅考虑各种结果的概率，还要确保出现毁灭性后果的机会为零。
4、遵守二八定律，区分重要和不重要（和小事不是一个概念）的事情，先做重要的事，警惕完美主义，细节焦虑症等等。
5、所有事情都是有可能的，所以要加上概率，区分轻重缓急。
6、理解并善用“大体上”，表达不致被误解。
7、发展的速度不是最重要的，关键是在怎样的区间里（所有重要指标应该在可接受的平均水平以上，向优秀迈进）。
关于潜规则的英语作文
关于潜规则的英语作文Unwritten Rules: The Subtle Undercurrents of SocietyIn the fabric of our social interactions, there exists a complex web of unwritten rules - implicit expectations and behavioral norms that are not explicitly stated, yet exert a powerful influence on our daily lives. These unspoken guidelines shape our conduct, guide our decisions, and subtly define the boundaries of acceptable behavior within various contexts. While often overlooked, these unwritten rules play a crucial role in maintaining the delicate balance and cohesion of our communities.At the most fundamental level, unwritten rules govern the basic courtesies and etiquette that grease the wheels of social interaction.A simple nod or smile when passing a stranger on the street, holding the door open for someone behind you, or refraining from talking on your phone in a quiet library - these are all examples of unwritten rules that we instinctively follow, often without even realizing it. They serve to create a sense of mutual understanding and respect, allowing us to navigate our daily lives with a certain level ofpredictability and comfort.However, the influence of unwritten rules extends far beyond these basic social norms. In the workplace, for instance, there are often unspoken expectations regarding punctuality, workplace attire, and the appropriate ways to communicate with colleagues and superiors. Failure to adhere to these unwritten rules can have serious consequences, potentially jeopardizing one's professional reputation and advancement opportunities. Similarly, in academic settings, students are expected to follow unwritten rules regarding academic honesty, class participation, and the proper way to engage with professors and classmates.Even within the realm of personal relationships, unwritten rules play a crucial role. In romantic partnerships, there may be unspoken understandings about the appropriate level of physical intimacy, the division of household responsibilities, or the acceptable ways to express affection and resolve conflicts. In friendships, unwritten rules govern the boundaries of trust, loyalty, and emotional support. Violating these unspoken agreements can lead to misunderstandings, hurt feelings, and the breakdown of these important relationships.One of the most intriguing aspects of unwritten rules is their ability to evolve and adapt to changing social contexts. As societal norms and values shift over time, the unwritten rules that govern ourbehavior also undergo transformation. What was once considered acceptable or even expected behavior may become taboo, while new unspoken rules emerge to address emerging social dynamics. This fluidity of unwritten rules reflects the dynamic nature of human societies and the need for constant renegotiation of the implicit social contract.Moreover, the existence of unwritten rules highlights the inherent complexity and nuance of human interactions. While explicit laws and regulations provide a clear framework for acceptable behavior, unwritten rules add an additional layer of social and cultural understanding that is essential for navigating the subtleties of everyday life. They allow us to anticipate and respond to the unspoken expectations of our peers, fostering a sense of belonging and facilitating smoother social interactions.At the same time, the prevalence of unwritten rules can also present challenges, particularly for those who are new to a particular social or cultural context. Failure to recognize and adhere to these implicit guidelines can lead to misunderstandings, social exclusion, and even unintended offense. This is especially true for individuals from diverse backgrounds, who may have been socialized with different sets of unwritten rules, or for those who are simply unaware of the prevailing norms within a given setting.In conclusion, unwritten rules are an integral and often overlooked aspect of human society. They shape our behavior, guide our interactions, and contribute to the overall cohesion and stability of our communities. While these implicit guidelines may seem inconsequential on the surface, their influence is far-reaching, permeating every facet of our social existence. Understanding and navigating the subtle currents of unwritten rules is a crucial skill for anyone seeking to thrive in the complex tapestry of human relationships and social structures. By recognizing and respecting these unspoken expectations, we can foster a more harmonious and inclusive society, where mutual understanding and respect are the foundations upon which we build our connections with one another.。
反常识经济学1
同性婚姻与契约婚姻作者:[美] 加里·贝克尔理查德·波斯纳西班牙曾经是对天主教虔诚度最高的欧洲国家（除了爱尔兰），它作出了一个惊人的决议——承认同性婚姻。
这一决议正好适用经济学来分析同性婚姻问题。
经济学主要研究社会行为的后果。
反对同性婚姻和同性恋权利的人感受到的愤怒就是一种明显的负面后果。
人们的愤怒来自于一种担心，即允许同性婚姻、尊重同性恋将导致更多的同性恋。
在这个层面上来说，问题变得更加复杂了。
大多数人不希望自己的儿女成为同性恋，而这种反对又是影响社会效用的一个因素。
一个更重要的经济学问题是：为什么婚姻应该是合法的？假定婚姻不具有任何法律效用，而只是纯粹出于宗教或礼仪原因，那么想要获得婚姻关系的夫妇（已婚或是未婚）将会依照自身意愿订立合同。
如此一来，就可能出现五年制婚姻、“开放式”婚姻、可以任意解除的婚姻（就像任意就业一样）、不能解除的婚姻等，并且赡养费和财产分配也可以自由商酌。
与所有的合同一样，法律会用某些强制性的规定来保护第三方的利益，特别是儿童的利益。
如果“愤怒”成本由一方承担，从经济学角度来看，纯粹的契约式婚姻则是合乎情理的，因为它能够使人们根据自己的意愿和需求来界定他们之间的法律关系。
对于那些不想费心订立“婚姻”契约的人来说，法律将提供一个默认的、一式通用的方法——美国州立《婚姻法》包括了这种惯例婚姻契约。
对赞同“格式合同”婚姻的人而言，这种方式能够减小交易成本。
但是，法律必须规定什么样的合同关系才有资格获得在现行法律下夫妇们所享受的社保和其他公共福利。
契约式婚姻看似极端，但那是因为没有从历史的角度来看待它。
随着历史的发展，婚姻关系也发生了巨大变化。
随着无过错离婚、婚前协议的产生和赡养费的减少，婚姻关系正往契约式方向演变。
这种演变推动了同性婚姻的发展。
随着婚姻变得越来越像一个契约，我也越发不理解，为什么同性恋者可以自由签署其他合同，而不能签署婚姻这个合同？作者：[美] 加里·贝克尔理查德·波斯纳译者：李凤出版：中信出版社在契约式婚姻制度下，可能就不存在所谓“同性婚姻”问题，因为国家不会一直被要求“认可”同性婚姻，也不会因为承认同性婚姻而触怒反对同性恋的人。
rorus体系管理准则
rorus体系管理准则英文回答：RUSOR Governance Code.The RUSOR Governance Code is a set of principles and best practices that govern the conduct of RUSOR, a leading provider of IT services. The Code is designed to ensure that RUSOR operates in a responsible and ethical manner, and that it meets the needs of its stakeholders.The Code is based on the following principles:Transparency: RUSOR is committed to being transparent in its operations and decision-making. The Code requires RUSOR to disclose all material information to its stakeholders in a timely and accurate manner.Accountability: RUSOR is accountable to its stakeholders for its actions and decisions. The Coderequires RUSOR to establish clear lines of authority and responsibility, and to hold its employees to high standards of conduct.Responsibility: RUSOR is committed to acting responsibly in all of its operations. The Code requires RUSOR to consider the environmental and social impacts of its decisions, and to operate in a sustainable manner.Fairness: RUSOR is committed to treating all of its stakeholders fairly. The Code requires RUSOR to avoid conflicts of interest, and to treat all stakeholders with respect and dignity.The Code is implemented through a variety of policies and procedures. These policies and procedures are designed to ensure that RUSOR complies with all applicable laws and regulations, and that it operates in a manner that is consistent with the principles of the Code.The RUSOR Governance Code is a living document that is subject to change as needed. The Code is reviewed andupdated regularly to ensure that it remains relevant and effective.中文回答：RUSOR 治理准则。
正确对待男女关系英语作文
正确对待男女关系英语作文The Importance of a Healthy and Respectful Approach to Gender Relations.Gender relations are a fundamental aspect of human interaction, shaping the way we perceive, understand, and engage with each other. A healthy and respectful approach to gender relations is crucial for fostering a harmonious society where individuals can thrive and achieve their full potential. In this essay, I will explore the importance of a balanced and equitable gender relationship, highlighting the need for mutual respect, communication, and understanding.Firstly, it is essential to recognize that gender relations are not simply a matter of biology or social constructs; they are deeply ingrained in our cultural, historical, and societal fabrics. From childhood, we are often taught gender roles and expectations that can limit our perspectives and interactions. Therefore, it is vitalto cultivate an awareness of these stereotypes and biases and strive to overcome them. This involves challenging traditional gender norms, promoting equality, and fostering a culture of inclusivity.Mutual respect is the cornerstone of any healthy relationship, and it is particularly crucial in gender relations. Both men and women should be treated withdignity and equality, regardless of their gender identity or expression. This means respecting each other's opinions, choices, and boundaries. It also means recognizing and valuing the unique contributions of both genders, acknowledging that each brings distinct strengths and perspectives to society.Communication is another crucial aspect of healthy gender relations. Effective communication involveslistening actively, expressing oneself openly and honestly, and seeking to understand the other person's perspective. This.。
威斯敏斯特小要理问答英文
威斯敏斯特小要理问答英文In the realm of Christian theology, the Westminster Shorter Catechism stands as a fundamental and concise summation of the essential beliefs and doctrines of the faith. Originally compiled in the 17th century by the Church of England, this catechism has since become a widely used and respected tool for teaching and understanding the basics of the Christian faith. Its influence extends beyond the borders of the Anglican Communion, serving as a valuable resource for Christians of various denominations. The Westminster Shorter Catechism consists of 107 questions and answers, each designed to illuminate a specific aspect of Christian belief and practice. The questions range from the fundamental ("What is the chief end of man?") to the more theological ("What is the resurrection of the dead?"). The answers, concise and to the point, provide a clear understanding of the biblical basis for each belief.One of the strengths of the Westminster Shorter Catechism is its ability to distill complex theological concepts into manageable chunks. This is particularlybeneficial for those new to the faith or those seeking to refresh their understanding of the basics. The questionsand answers are structured in a way that builds upon previous knowledge, gradually introducing more complex ideas.The catechism also serves as a valuable tool for catechetical instruction. By asking and answering questions, it encourages active engagement with the material, helping students to internalize and apply the principles of thefaith to their daily lives. This interactive approach to learning is not only effective but also engaging, makingthe catechism a popular choice for Sunday school classesand Bible studies.The Westminster Shorter Catechism's influence on Christian theology cannot be overstated. Its concise yet comprehensive approach to explaining the essentials of the faith has made it a staple of Christian education for centuries. Its legacy is one that continues to inspire and inform generations of Christians, serving as a constant reminder of the fundamental truths that undergird their faith.威斯敏斯特小要理问答：基督教信仰的基石在基督教神学的领域里，威斯敏斯特小要理问答（Westminster Shorter Catechism）是一部简洁而根本的基督教信仰与教义之概要。
Test Ch01
Chapter 1: Introduction to International and Comparative LawTrue or False Questions1. Equity is the practice between states of treating each other with goodwill and civility.2. A formal binding agreement between two states is called a multilateral treaty.3. Conventions are legally binding agreements between states sponsored by international organizations.4. The term “lex mercatoria” refers to the p rinciples of law common to the world’s legal systems.5. Jus cogens is a peremptory norm of general international law, recognized by the international community of states as a norm from which no derogation is permitted.6. The doctrine of incorporation holds that customary international law is not applicable until clearly adopted by legislative action, judicial decision, or established local usage.7. Executive agreements are made according to the Constitution’s provisions.8. Recognition comes about by a unilateral declaration, and it can be either explicit (express) or implicit (tacit).9. The declaratory doctrine holds that the legal existence of a government happens automatically by operation of law whenever a government is capable of controlling a territory and its people.10. Servitude is the right of a government to exclusively exercise its powers within a particular territory.11. A treaty concerned with rights over territory, such as boundaries and servitudes, is called a dispositive treaty.12. If territory from one state shifts to another, the law of state succession applies the Merger Rule.13. The private property rights of individuals lapse because of a change in government.14. A charter is a document outlining the principles, functions, and organization of a juridical entity.15. The United Nations is a nongovernmental organization.16. The General Assembly is an organ of the United Nations.17. The Security Council has 15 permanent member states.18. European Union law within its scope of applicability is superior to the laws of the member states.19. The European Commission is the administrative and executive arm of the EU.20. Free trade areas are intergovernmental organizations.21. All nongovernmental organizations are nonprofit organizations.22. Transnational corporations are nonprofit organizations.23. According to the law of state responsibility, the defendant can be from any state.24. Common law is the legal system of England and countries that were once English colonies.25. Islamic law is the principal source of law in Saudi Arabia.Multiple Choice Questions26. The practice or courtesy existing between states of treating each other with goodwill and civility is called ________.A. comityB. ususC. jus communeD. jus cogens27. A ________ is a legally binding agreement between two or more states.A. conventionB. comityC. treatyD. estoppel28. ________ are legally binding agreements between states sponsored by international organizations.A. ConventionsB. DoctrinesC. TreatiesD. Estoppels29. ________ is a peremptory norm of general international law, recognized by the international community of states as a norm from which no derogation is permitted.A. Public lawB. Jus communeC. Jus cogensD. Civil law30. Customary international law is part of domestic law to the extent that it is not inconsistent. This is called the ________.A. constitutive doctrineB. declaratory doctrineC. doctrine of transformationD. doctrine of incorporation31. Customary international law is applicable domestically only after it is adopted by legislation, court decision, or local usage. This is called the ________.A. constitutive doctrineB. declaratory doctrineC. doctrine of transformationD. doctrine of incorporation32. Which of the following best describes a self-executing treaty?A. It is a treaty that requires state parties to enact enabling legislation before it becomes effective domestically.B. It is a treaty containing a term that says that it is directly effective within the signatory states upon ratification.C. It is a treaty adopted according to the constitutional provisions of the ratifying state.D. It is a treaty or international agreement entered into by a state’s executive without following the state’s constitutionally required ratification procedure.33. A treaty that requires state parties to enact enabling legislation before it becomes effective domestically is known as a ________ treaty.A. bilateralB. dispositiveC. constitutionalD. non-self-executing34. Which of the following best describes an executive agreement?A. It is a treat y or international agreement entered into by a state’s executive without following the state’s constitutionally required ratification procedure.B. It is a treaty adopted according to the constitutional provisions of the ratifying state.C. It gives a person the right to use another person’s property.D. It is a document outlining the principles, functions, and organization of a juridical entity.35. The ________ holds that the legal existence of a state or government happens automatically by operation of law.A. doctrine of transformationB. declaratory doctrineC. constitutive doctrineD. doctrine of incorporation36. The ________ holds that the legal existence of a state or government is dependent on recognition by other states.A. doctrine of transformationB. declaratory doctrineC. constitutive doctrineD. doctrine of incorporation37. Which of the following terms refers to a right to the use of another’s property?A. ususB. charterC. servitudeD. comity38. ________ is a legal rule that one cannot make an allegation or denial of fact that is contrary to one’s previous actions or words.A. EstoppelB. Jus cogensC. ServitudeD. Charter39. A treaty concerned with rights over territory, such as boundaries and servitudes is called the ________.A. executive agreementB. constitutional treatyC. self-executing treatyD. dispositive treaty40. The ________ holds that a new state coming into existence through decolonization is under no obligation to succeed to the treaties of its former colonial power.A. doctrine of incorporationB. declaratory doctrineC. Clean slate doctrineD. constitutive doctrine41. A(n) ________ is a document outlining the principles, functions, and organization ofa juridical entity.A. charterB. conventionC. self-executing treatyD. dispositive treaty42. The United Nations is a type of ________.A. transnational corporationB. nonprofit non-governmental organizationC. intergovernmental organizationD. multinational enterprise43. Which of the following is a permanent member of the Security Council?A. the United StatesB. IndiaC. BrazilD. Germany44. The ________ is the main decision-making body of the European Union.A. European Economic and Social CommitteeB. European CommissionC. European ParliamentD. Council of the European Union45. Which of the following is a function of the Council of the European Union?A. It is responsible for overseeing the implementation of the treaties that establish the EU.B. It coordinates the economic policies of the member states.C. It acts as the principal initiator of overall policy for the EU.D. It represents the EU internationally.46. Which of the following is a function of the European Council?A. It is responsible for overseeing the implementation of the treaties that establish the EU.B. It coordinates the economic policies of the member states.C. It acts as the principal initiator of overall policy for the EU.D. It represents the EU internationally.47. Which of the following is a function of the European Commission?A. It acts as the principal initiator of overall policy for the EU.B. It drafts legislation for submission to the Council and the Parliament.C. It determines the EU’s annual budget in conjunction with the Council of the EU.D. It coordinates the economic policies of the member states.48. The ________ is responsible for carrying out the EU’s monetary policy.A. European CommissionB. European Court of AuditorsC. European Central BankD. European Economic and Social Committee49. A group of states that have reduced or eliminated trade barriers among themselves and have established a common external tariff is called ________.A. the United Nations SystemB. a free trade areaC. an economic consultative associationD. a customs union50. A group of states that have reduced or eliminated trade barriers among themselves but maintain their individual tariffs in dealing with other states is called ________.A. a customs unionB. a free trade areaC. the United Nations SystemD. an economic consultative association51. Which of the following best describes an economic consultative association?A. It is a group of states that have reduced or eliminated trade barriers among themselves but maintain their individual tariffs in dealing with other states.B. It is a group of states that exchanges information, coordinates economic policy, and promotes trade cooperation.C. It is a business firm operating branches, subsidiaries, or joint ventures in two or more states.D. It is a group of states that have reduced or eliminated trade barriers among themselves and have established a common external tariff.52. Greenpeace and Amnesty International are examples of ________.A. nongovernmental organizationsB. economic consultative associationsC. general intergovernmental organizationsD. special intergovernmental organizations53. A(n) ________ is a business firm operating branches, subsidiaries, or joint ventures in two or more states.A. multinational enterpriseB. economic consultative associationC. for-profit NGOD. intergovernmental organization54. Which of the following characterizes arbitration?A. It is the liability of a state for the injuries that it causes to foreign persons.B. It is the process by which parties to a dispute submit their differences to the judgment of an impartial third person or group selected by mutual consent.C. It is the basic rights intended to protect all people from cruel and inhumane treatment, threats to their lives, and persecution.D. It is justice applied in circumstances not covered by rules of law.55. Which of the following is true of international human rights law?A. Individuals can claim any loss of property or personal injury.B. Individuals have the right to assert claim against the state of their nationality.C. The claimant is the state of which the injured individual is a national.D. The defendant is always a foreign state.56. Which among the following is commonly called the civil law?A. Shari’aB. common lawC. public lawD. the Romano-Germanic legal system57. The common law of Europe is called the ________.A. lex mercatoriaB. jus communeC. jus cogensD. Shari’a58. The common commercial rules and procedures used throughout Europe in the Renaissance are known as the ________.B. jus cogensC. jus communeD. lex mercatoria59. The ________ was promulgated in 1804 by Napoléon.A. jus communeB. German Civil CodeC. French Civil CodeD. common law60. The ________ is the law code promulgated in 1896 that is based primarily on the Corpus Juris Civilis and is characterized by its detailed structure and its technical precision.A. comparative lawB. German Civil CodeC. French Civil CodeD. common law61. Constitutional and administrative law is called the ________.A. common lawB. public lawC. civil lawD. Shari’a62. The ________ is the legal system of England and countries that were once English colonies.A. Shari’aB. public lawC. common lawD. civil law63. A doctrine which states that all persons, including the sovereign, are subordinate to the rule of law is called the ________.A. Clean slate doctrineB. Estrada doctrineC. supremacy of the lawD. state responsibility64. ________ is the law and court with jurisdiction over maritime affairs in general.B. Public lawC. Common lawD. Admiralty65. ________ is based on principles found in the Koran and related writings.A. Jus communeB. Corpus Juris CivilisC. Shari’aD. Lex mercatoriaEssay Questions66. Distinguish between treaties and conventions.67. What are the three different types of states?68. What is the difference between the Merger Rule and the Moving Boundaries Rule?69. Enlist the organs of the United Nations.70. Explain supranational powers.71. What are the various functions of the Council of the European Union?72. What are the two types of intergovernmental organizations?73. Distinguish between customs union and free trade area.74. Explain the Romano-Germanic Civil Law System.75. How does the Islamic legal system function?。
男女相处规章制度范本英语
男女相处规章制度范本英语1. IntroductionMale-female interaction is an essential aspect of human relationships, characterized by mutual respect, understanding, and communication. In order to foster healthy and positive relationships between men and women, the following rules and regulations have been established.2. CommunicationEffective communication is the cornerstone of any successful relationship. It is important for both men and women to listen to each other, express their thoughts and feelings honestly and respectfully, and work together to resolve conflicts.3. RespectRespect is fundamental in any relationship. Both men and women should treat each other with kindness, dignity, and consideration at all times. This includes respecting each other's opinions, boundaries, and personal space.4. BoundariesIt is important for both men and women to establish and communicate their boundaries clearly. This includes respecting each other's physical boundaries, privacy, and personal beliefs. Consent should always be sought and respected in all interactions.5. EqualityBoth men and women should be treated as equals in all aspects of the relationship. This includes sharing responsibilities, decision-making, and opportunities. Gender stereotypes and discriminatory behaviors should be avoided at all costs.6. HonestyHonesty is essential in building trust and intimacy in a relationship. Both men and women should be honest with each other, communicate openly and transparently, and address any issues or concerns promptly.7. SupportSupporting each other in times of need is crucial in a healthy relationship. Both men and women should offer emotional, physical, and mental support to each other, and be understanding and empathetic towards each other's struggles and challenges.8. Conflict ResolutionConflicts are inevitable in any relationship. It is important for both men and women to address conflicts constructively, communicate openly and honestly, and work towards finding mutual solutions. Respectful communication and compromise are key in resolving conflicts.9. TrustTrust is essential in building a strong and lasting relationship. Both men and women should be reliable, consistent, and trustworthy in their words and actions. Trust should be earned and maintained through honesty, respect, and consistent behavior.10. Personal GrowthBoth men and women should encourage and support each other's personal growth and development. This includes pursuing individual goals, interests, and hobbies, and celebrating each other's achievements and successes.11. ConclusionIn conclusion, male-female interaction is a multifaceted and dynamic aspect of human relationships. By following these rules and regulations, men and women can establish healthy, respectful, and fulfilling relationships based on mutual trust, communication, and understanding. Let us strive to create positive and harmonious relationships that bring joy, support, and fulfillment to both partners.。
悖论十诫（一）
悖论十诫（一）
清朗（选译）
【期刊名称】《大学英语》
【年(卷),期】2012(000)005
【摘要】人不合逻辑、缺乏理性、自私自利。
但还是要爱他们。
【总页数】1页(P25-25)
【作者】清朗（选译）
【作者单位】不详
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】G64
【相关文献】
1.是冷嘲还是信赖--就斯基洛夫斯基《十诫·第十诫》与刘小枫先生商榷 [J], 杜巍
2.语义悖论、直观悖论和决策悖论--关于悖论的分类和解决 [J], 陈晓平
3.语义悖论、直观悖论和决策悖论——关于悖论的分类和解决 [J], 陈晓平;
4.悖论十诫（三） [J],
5.悖论十诫（二） [J],
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坎贝尔守则
坎贝尔守则坎贝尔守则（Campbell's Law）是社会科学研究中的一个重要原则，其核心思想是：随着一项指标被用于决策，监督和控制的力度不断增加，该指标就会失去其原有的有效性。
在这样的情况下，指标所传达的信息往往与研究的实际目的不符，甚至会导致错误的决策。
坎贝尔守则由美国社会学家唐纳德·坎贝尔在20世纪70年代提出，他的研究领域覆盖了政治学、社会学、心理学和教育学等多个领域。
坎贝尔守则最初是在教育研究领域被提出的，但它的适用范围远远不止于此。
坎贝尔守则是一种关于数据收集和使用的固有问题的激进表述，它警告我们要注意指标可能对其自身的变化产生反应，因而保持谨慎和警觉。
坎贝尔守则有三个核心要点：第一、如果一个指标成为目标，那么它就不再是一个准确的指标。
当某个指标成为评估、监督和以此制定政策的基础，人们就会开始把精力和注意力集中在如何让这个指标表现得越来越好上，而不是真正实现该领域的最终目标。
这导致的结果是，原本有助于监督的指标被人为的调整，甚至加入虚假的数据，以追求更好的表现。
第二、指标的影响范围会不断扩大，因此不断地影响着不同的决策。
一旦政策制定者对某个指标感到满意，他们就会逐步将其作为评估其他领域的标准，因此，原本仅用于特定区域的指标变得更加普遍。
这种扩展使得原本单一指标数据的可靠性下降，因为该指标因应用范围而变得复杂，可能被各种因素影响。
第三、指标会被视为某种压力和信号，从而引起人们的变化。
当指标成为目标时，对其表现的关注和制定的政策开始影响到人们的行为，因此，指标的表现仅仅是人们努力追求该指标、避免感受到不利影响的结果。
这种现象被称为"Goodhart's law"，即“一旦一个指标被用于决策目的，它就失去了丈量这个决策目的的价值。
”由此，我们可以看出，坎贝尔守则认为，指标往往不适用于监管目的，因为它们只代表了政策目标的一个很小的方面。
一旦一个指标成为目标，人们通常会试图通过各种手段来提高它，包括操纵和不报告负面数据，使其表现出标榜和诱惑力。
违反合作原则的20个samples
违反合作原则发生的特殊会话含义的具体事例之巴公井开创作合作原则共包括四年夜准则, 其下又分为若干小则, 格莱斯曾指出, 反语（irony）、隐喻（metaphor）、夸张（hyperbole）和缓叙（meiosis）城市最终招致合作原则的违反现象, 现根据四年夜准则进行举例分析.合作原则 Cooperative Principle（一）量的准则 Maxim of Quantity(1)所说之话应包括交谈目的所需要的信息.Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purpose of the exchange；(2)所说之话不应包括超越需要的信息.Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.For example,1. Earl: I just want to look nice for my son when he comes in.Max: What? I am going to meet your kid?Earl: Well, one of them.Max:“One of them?” How many do you have?Earl: So far?Max: Oh, Earl, I love you.Earl: This is my son, Darius. He is the No.1 Chrysler salesman in all of Detroit. And he is my very favorite if he is the one I’m thinking of.(From Bankruptcy Sisters)Analyze: This is a scene of Bankruptcy Sisters, Earl only told he dressed so decently to meet his son, but didn’t say clearly if Max would meet his son together, that`s why Max felt puzzled and asked him how many of his sons; then Earl answered“So far?”, until the last sentence he did tell the purpose for meeting his son and add another unnecessary message “ if he is the one I’m thinking of.” Because of the hiatus or the redundancy of their conversation, makes the audiences fall into a reverie and sets a humorous comedy atmosphere.2. Caroline: Oh my God! Is he your father?Max: Yes, he is my father. And my mother is apiece of chalk.(From Bankruptcy Sisters)Analyze: This is a conversation between Caroline and Max. Caroline asked if the man came into the cafe was Max’s father, Max answer “Yes”but add one more sentence “And my mother is piece of chalk.” which indicated the man was not Max ‘s father at all. Obviously, though this situation is typical message redundancy, it helps the listeners to understand the speaker’s real meaning and humor.3.柳小姐之夫：老婆, 请问一下你会不会打我？柳小姐：我干嘛要打你啊？你又没做错事.如果我要真的打你的话, 一定就是你做错事了.从现在开始, 你只许疼我一个人, 要宠我, 不能骗我, 承诺我的每一件事情都要做到, 对我讲的每一句话都要真心, 禁绝欺负我、骂我, 要相信我.他人欺负我, 你要在第一时间出来帮我, 我开心呢, 你要陪着我开心；我不开心呢, 你要哄我开心.永远觉得我是最漂亮的, 梦里面也要见到我, 在你的心里只有我！就是这样喽！（出自片子《河东狮吼》）’s personality.4. A tourist hailed a bus at a request stop and asked theconductor, “What’s the fare to Regent’s Park?”“5 pence,” said the conductor.The tourist didn’t get on the bus, but instead ran along behind it after it pulled away. As he met the bus again at the next stop, he panted, “What’s the fare to Regent’s Park now?”“10 pence,”said the conductor, “You’re running the wrong way.”Analyze: In this funny story, the tourist was a niggard, tried to save money by running after bus and shorting the distance to his destination. At first, he asked the fare to his destination and was told “5 pence”; but after he ran tired out and asked again, then was told the fare had risen and he ran the wrong direction of his destination. It’s ascribed to the first time, the conductor did not tell details to the tourist, brought a misunderstanding to the tourist and the readers: as the tourist ran more that he could saved more money. Hence, the hiatus of the conversation makes a misunderstanding, the conductor obeyed the maxim of quantity, deceived the stingy tourist by omitting necessary information advisedly.5. Liz: Jon, there’s something important I need to ask you. Something that I wouldn’t ask most guys who come in here.Jon: Wait, no! I think I know where this is going.Liz: You do?Jon: I do. Liz, I’ve wanted to ask you the same thing for a very long time.Liz: Are you sure that we’re talking about the same thing?Jon: Absolutely. Yeah, uh, I’ve never been more sure of anything in my entire life.Jon: Liz, I am ready to take a chance. I am ready for...Liz: Thank you.Jon: A dog! A dog! I’m ready for a dog.(from movie GarfieldⅠ)Analyze: In above conversation, Liz only said she had something to ask Jon but didn’t clear the details of it. And Jon was impatient to listen till the end, and thensaid he knew the content of that “something”. Until Liz held a dog needed to be adopted came out, Jon realized he had misunderstood. Apparently, Jon didn’t get enough information from Liz, so he misunderstood her and violated the maxim of quantity accidentally, which makes this talk dramatically.(二）质原则（Maxim of Quantity):(1)不要说自知虚假的话.Do not say what you believeto be false(2)不要说证据缺乏的话.Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.For examples:1.The following is an AD:Feeding Your Body and Starving Your Hair?Aussie Hair insurance is a leave- in, multi-vitam in and mineral conditioning hair supplement that can nourish your hair from within.... ...If your hair is dry, frizzy or unmanageable..., maybeit’s just hungry!Analyze: The slogan “Starving”of the AD usually used to describing human`s aspiration of food. However, this AD used the word to describe hair was obeyed the maxim of quality, giving the obvious fake information to people to attract them, by this, this violation becomes meaningful.2. The following is an AD:Sophisticated,Sweet-to-drink Pink LadyAnalyze: This AD slogan created a metaphor by obeying the maxim of quality. “Pink Lady” is a brand of deluxe wine, the word “Sophisticated”means superior. But “Sophisticated” generally uses to embellishing a person but other things, so it breaks the maxim of quality indeed. On the other hand, “Pink Lady”also means beautiful lady, so that the using of “Sophisticated”was reasonable; and yet the “Sweet-to-drink”would violate the maxim of quality. Due to these twofold violations, this AD shows a very different sense: if we compare the wine to beautiful lady, that would be fairyand elegant. The AD mixed them up, thereby appealing readers to dreaming about this wine brand. Though it violates the maxim of quality, it wins the attention of costumers.3. The following is a slogan in a shoes shop:A room for 5 toesAnalyze: The slogan is a great parallelism. Rooms are the space for people doing activities, and shoes are the space for toes to stay, that is the similarity of these two. By this similarity, readers can easily understand the meaning of the slogan; moreover, rooms give people the impression about comfortable and safe, so the shoes do. Thus, readers associate from the rooms to the shoes——both are shelters, then deep into their similarity——both giving protection. With the desire of be protected, people will be willing to buy the shoes. If changes the “room”to “box”or “pot”, readers can understand the meaning too, but it cannot create a emotional association to be a successful metaphor, which only break the maxim of quality but not to be a good AD.4. 韦小宝：各位观众, 谢谢各位凑得这么近、站得这么直听我说书, 真是太给面子啦.今天要说的人物就是天地会的总舵主陈近南, 所谓平生不见陈近南, 便称英雄也枉然.他身高八尺, 腰围也是八尺.众人：哇！那岂不是四方了吗？韦小宝：四方就四方, 一样米养百样人, 八角形的都有.我告诉你！他武功的名堂呢, 称之为“九天十地菩萨摇头怕怕霹雳金光雷电掌”！一掌打出, 方圆百里之内, 不论人畜、虾蟹、跳蚤, 全部化成了飞灰啊！（出自片子《鹿鼎记》）Analyze: According the maxim of quality, Wei should answer the question honestly based the truth but his own imagination. With this hyperbole expression, Wei attracted people’s attention resourcefully, although he violated the maxim of quality.5. During the height of a particularly severe air-raid in London in 1940, the staff of a large building was taking shelter in the basement. The raid had been on progress for several hours and bombs were still falling. Suddenly one of the typists said to her friend, “come on, Gladys, I’m not stopping here any longer. It’s 5 o’clock. It`s time to go home, raid or not raid.”Out they went but within a couple of minutes they were back again.“Change your mind?” asked one of the other typists.“Yes,”said the first girl. “We’ve no umbrella and it’s pouring with rain outside.”Analyze: These two girls in this story could not stand the endless air-raid and stayed at the basement any longer, and one of them decided to go home, no matter the air-raid end or not. Maybe we will think that girl is a brave one, however, she backed, said because of she had no umbrella and outside were rain pouring that could not leave. The ending of this story is really ironical, the girl is so brave that can ignore the death, but stopping by the rain; the huge contrast of that girl’s images has produced a clownish reaction. The reason the story can produce a clownish reaction is it ignoring the dangerous conception but emphasizing the negligible things (raining), which violates the maxim of quality.(三）关系原则（Maxim of Relation）：要有关联, 要切合题. Be relevant, and connecting to the theme.For examples:1. Scene: Max was serving the customerMax: Hi, ready to order?Customer: Do you have anything that’s real special?Max: Not according my high school guidance counselor.(From Bankruptcy Sisters)Analyze: Max is asking if the customer ready to order food, and the customer wants to know if the restaurant has any special dish. What’s for fun, Max misinterprets the meaning purposely to violate the maxim of relation, and helps the audiences realize the funny point.2. Two rather deaf old gentlemen were traveling on the underground. As the train drew into Wembley Station, one of them shouted,“Is this Wembley?”“No,” shouted the other, “it’s Thursday!”“What did you say?”“Thursday————Thursday!”“Yes, so am I, shall we get off here and have a drink?”Analyze: From the above conversation we know that those two old gentlemen are both deaf, so they cannot hear each other clearly. One of them asked if there was the Wembley Station, another heard as if today was Wednesday, because the pronunciation of “Wembley”are close to “Wednesday”. Then the one who answered “Thursday” had repeated his answer over and over again, made the first one of them thought that man was thirsty, so he suggested to get off to have a drink. In this joke, both of them are replying irrelevant information and violating the maxim of relation, with this result to make readers laugh.3. Jamal Malik: “Come run with me.”Latika: “Run? Where? Life of what?”(From movie Slumdog Millionaire)Analyze: For Jamal’s ask, Latika should be only answer “Yes, I’ll run with you.” or “No, I won’t run with you.”Instead of these two appropriate answers, Latikareplied irrelevantly that violating the maxim of relation.4. Luca: You’re on the wrong side of the street, fat cat. Beat it!Garfield: And you, Luca, the wrong side of the evolutionary curve.(from movie GarfieldⅠ)Analyze: The conversation between Garfield and dog Luca, the greedy cat——Garfield wanted to steal the cake from Luca’s home. When Luca warned Garfield should n’t come across the street (on the wrong side of the street), and Garfield replied him that he was on the wrong side of evolutionary curve. Garfield did not tell the reason why he came the other side of the street but say Luca is the failure of evolutionary curve, which satirize Luca is ugly. The jape comes from the violation of the maxim of relation.5. Jon: What am I gonna do with you?Garfield: Love me. Feed me. Never leave me.Jon: Come on. Let’s go for a ride to some placeyou love...(from movie Garfield Ⅰ)Analyze: This talk happened after Garfield had ate four boxes of spaghetti which should be Jon’s. In order to punish Garfield, Jon asked how should he treat Garfield as the cat had ate his spaghetti; what’s unexpected, Garfield didn’t say sorry to Jon but something irrelevant about his greedy act. As the reply of Garfield violates the maxim of relation has amused the audiences . （四）方式原则（Maxim of Manner）：要清楚明白. The conversation should be clear and reasonable.（1）防止晦涩.Avoiding obscurity .（2）防止歧义.Avoiding ambiguity.（3）简明扼要, 井井有条.Be brief ( avoid unnecessary prolixity), and be orderly.For examples:1. Jenny: Are you stupid or something?Forrest: Mamma says that stupid is as stupid does.(from Forrest Gump)Analyze: According the maxim of manner,, the content of the answer should be clear and precise, but Forrest’s reply is ambiguous and vague, so he breaks the maxim of manner.2. Max: What? No way. No way. Is this Narnia? I’m about to say something I swore I’d never say. “O.M.G. Again O.M.G.” It’s lame, but nothing else really nails it. This is the room that O.M.G.was born for.Caroline: Max, it’s just my closet.(from Bankruptcy Sisters)Analyze: Max compares Caroline’s closet as Narnia, to express her surprise that her never saw such luxury room and closet before, just like being in the Heaven, and says “on, my god”repeatedly as “O.M.G.”. Though it violates the maxim of manner, it does make the audience laughing.3.Garfield: This is exactly what I deserve anyway. I promise if I survive, I’ll never compete with a dogagain. Okay! You got me! But before I say goodbye...Oh, isn’t it the final irony?(from movie GarfieldⅠ)Analyze: This scene happened at the dogs exhibition, Garfield was chased by a group of dogs. “...I promise if I survive, I’ll never compete with a dog again...” this sentence has used equivoque to make a misinterpretation. On the one hand, it can be understood as Garfield should not come to the dogs exhibition to compete with dogs; On the other hand, it can be read as Garfield should not compete with dog Odie. This sentence didn’t clear its meaning, violate the maxim of manner which requires avoiding ambiguity.4. Dog；Hey, Boomer, I really gotta run.Garfield: Gotta fly, everybody. Really, please, stay behind the security fences. So great of you to come out to see me...but I’ve got somebody waiting for me, very devoted, almost crippled. No, please, don’t cry. I know what it’s like to be unloved. Well, you do. I’ll try to come back and visit, and if I don’t, I’ll try to write.Bye-bye.Dog: Does anybody know this guy?(from movie GarfieldⅠ)Analyze: This is a talk between Garfield and the animals in pets’ clinic. In general, as Garfield had said these words, meant he should had knew those dogs and cats. However, one of the dogs asked if anybody knew Garfield, that revealed no one knew Garfield, and this indicates Garfield wants to show off the delightful life about he and Jon. This conversation obeys the maxim of manner which requires be orderly, makes the audience feeling grotesquerie.。