IP Addressing
ip规划习题
如果我们根据网络中计算机的数量来决定需采用的IP地址，这个方案肯定是行不通的。因为这样做会受到将来网络状况变化的限制，假如不久后企业决定又要购进一批计算机，整个网络就可能因为选取的IP地址不合适而导致重新设计。
其实网络的划分并不是很复杂，只要考虑到在可预见的将来的网络情况就可以了，同时要注重它的通用性及其稳定性。
1.现需要对一个局域网进行子网划分，其中，第一个子网包含2台计算机，第二个子网包含260台计算机，第三个子网包含62台计算机。如果分配给该局域网一个B类地址128.168.0.0，请写出你的IP地址分配方案，并在组建的局域网上验证方案的正确性。
回答：\260台电脑需要9位主机号，62台电脑需要7位主机号，2台电脑需要3位主机号。所以可以这样划分：
代理服务器与NAT的工作原理不太一样，它并不只是简单地做地址转换，而是代理网络内的计算机访问Internet，并把访问的结果返回给当初提出该请求的用户，同时，把访问的结果保存在缓存中。当网络用户发出下一Internet请求时，服务器将首先检查缓存中是否保存有该页面的内容，如果有，立即从缓存中调出并返还给请求者；如果没有，则向Internet发送请求，并再次将访问结果保存起来，以备其他用户访问之需。
图1
而NAT池则是在外部网络中定义了一系列的合法地址，采用动态分配的方法映射到内部网络中。PAT则是把内部地址映射到外部网络的一个IP地址的不同端口上。
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
图2
图3
根据不同的需要，各种NAT方案都会有利有弊。下面以使用NAT池为例来做进一步说明。
使用NAT池，可以从未注册的地址空间中提供被外部访问的服务，也可以从内部网络访问外部网络，而不需要重新配置内部网络中的每台机器的IP地址。
IP Addressing IP地址举例(英文)
• • •
When subnetting is used, one generally speaks of a “subnetmask” (instead of a netmask) and a “subnet” (instead of a network) Use of subnetting or length of the subnetmask is decided by the network administrator Consistency of subnetmasks is responsibility of administrator
128.143.137.144
Example
• Example: 128.143 137.144
• Network address is: 128.143.0.0 • Host number is: 137.144 • Netmask is: 255.255.0.0
•
Convention (but not a reserved address)
Default gateway has host number set to ‘1’, e.g., e.g., 192.0.1.1
Subnetting
• Problem: Organizations have multiple networks which are independently managed
– all addresses 127.0.0.1-127.0.0.255 are reserved for loopback interfaces – Most systems use 127.0.0.1 as loopback address – loopback interface is associated with name “localhost”
ipaddress什么意思
ip address什么意思
小编整理了IP地址是什么意思，大家可以参考一下。
互联网协议地址(英语：Internet Protocol Address，又译为网际协议地址)，缩写为IP地址(IP Address)。
IP地址，每个电脑都有一个固定上网IP，IP就是你现在上网用的电脑在网络中的地址，就像你收快递要留的地址差不多的意思!
P address
[英][ˌaɪˈpi: ədres]
n.
IP地址;
复数：IP addresses
1
Every connection that you make to the network is stamped with your IP address.
你每次连接到网络都会留下你的IP地址。
2
The hypervisor itself requires another IP address so that it can be managed remotely.
虚拟机管理程序本身需要另一个IP地址以便进行远程管理。
查看本机IP的方法如下：
方法1：在百度上输入“本机IP查询”，可以找到查找本机IP的网页。
方法2：借助软件查询，不如windows优化大师就有这个功能。
方法3：用命令查询，打开命令提示符，输入“ipconfig/all”即可查询本机IP。
什么是动态IP地址和静态IP地址
什么是动态IP地址和静态IP地址动态IP地址与静态IP地址是计算机网络中的两种常见的IP地址类型。
它们在分配方式、使用范围和稳定性等方面存在差异。
本文将详细介绍动态IP地址和静态IP地址的定义、特点及应用场景。
一、动态IP地址动态IP地址（Dynamic IP Address），顾名思义，指的是在一定时间内可以发生变化的IP地址。
在使用动态IP地址的网络环境中，网络设备在每次连接到Internet时，都会从Internet服务提供商（ISP）的地址池中获得一个IP地址，而使用完毕后会释放该地址，供其他设备使用。
动态IP地址具有以下特点：1. 分配方式灵活：动态IP地址由网络服务提供商自动分配给网络设备，用户无需手动设置；2. 节约IP地址资源：动态IP地址的分配方式可以使一个IP地址被多个用户共享，提高了IP地址利用率；3. 可以自动更新：动态IP地址具有一定的有效期，当超过有效期时，用户的设备会自动向网络服务提供商请求更新IP地址。
动态IP地址在以下场景中得到广泛应用：1. 家庭网络环境：动态IP地址的灵活性使得家庭网络中的多个设备能够共享一个IP地址，方便了设备的连接与管理；2. 公共网络环境：如咖啡馆、图书馆等公共场所的Wi-Fi网络往往采用动态IP地址，以满足大量用户同时上网的需求；3. 移动设备：很多移动设备（如智能手机、平板电脑）使用动态IP 地址，以便可以随时在不同的网络环境中连接到Internet。
二、静态IP地址静态IP地址（Static IP Address）与动态IP地址相反，指的是一种在网络中固定不变的IP地址。
静态IP地址由网络管理员手动设置和分配，一旦分配给某个设备，该设备将一直保持相同的IP地址，直至管理员进行更改。
静态IP地址具有以下特点：1. 固定不变：与动态IP地址不同，静态IP地址不会随着设备连接和断开而发生变化，保证了设备的稳定性和可访问性；2. 易于远程访问：由于静态IP地址不变，用户可以通过特定IP地址来远程访问设备，方便管理和控制；3. 适用于服务器：静态IP地址常用于服务器、路由器等需要提供网络服务的设备，确保服务的可靠性和稳定性。
addressing 翻译
addressing 翻译"Addressing"的中文翻译是“寻址”或“地址”。
在不同的语境下，该词可以有不同的含义和用法。
1. 在计算机领域中，"addressing"指的是计算机系统中对数据或指令的访问和定位。
例如：“The addressing mode determines how a memory address is calculated.”（寻址模式决定了如何计算内存地址。
）2. 在邮件或信函中，"addressing"是指写明收件人的地址和称呼。
例如：“Please make sure you put the correct addressing on the envelope before mailing it.”（请确保在信封上正确填写收件人的地址。
）3. 在社交场合中，"addressing"指的是对他人的称呼和对话方式。
例如：“When addressing someone older or in a position of authority, it is respectful to use their proper title and last name.”（当与年长者或权威人士交谈时，使用他们的正确头衔和姓氏是表示尊重的方式。
）4. "addressing"也可以表示解决或处理问题。
例如：“The government is actively addressing the issue of climate change.”（政府正在积极解决气候变化问题。
）总结一些常用的用法和中英文对照例句：- "Addressing mode" 寻址模式- "Addressing an envelope" 填写信封地址- "Proper addressing" 正确的称呼方式- "Addressing a problem" 解决问题希望以上内容能够满足您的需求。
Chapter-3--IP-Addressing-and-VLSM
Refer to the exhibit. Which three statements correctly describe Network Device A? (Choose three.)A. With a network wide mask of 255.255.255.128, each interface does not require an IP address.B. With a network wide mask of 255.255.255.128, each interface does require an IP address ona unique IP subnet.C. With a network wide mask of 255.255.255.0, must be a Layer 2 device for the PCsto communicate with each other.D. With a network wide mask of 255.255.255.0, must be a Layer 3 device for the PCsto communicate with each other.E. With a network wide mask of 255.255.254.0, each interface does not require an IP address. Answer: BDEQUESTION 54What is the principle reason to use a private IP address on an internal network?A. Subnet strategy for private companies.B. Manage and scale the growth of the internal network.C. Conserve public IP addresses so that we do not run out of them.D. Allow access reserved to the devices.Answer: CWhich IP address can be assigned to an Internet interface?A. 10.180.48.224B. 9.255.255.10C. 192.168.20.223D. 172.16.200.18Answer: BExplanation/Reference:This question is to examine the concept of the private IP address.Class A: 10.0.0.0 --10.255.255.255Class B: 172.16.0.0 --172.31.255.255Class C: 192.168.0.0 --192.168.255.255QUESTION 56What will happen if a private IP address is assigned to a public interface connected to an ISP?A. Addresses in a private range will be not routed on the Internet backbone.B. Only the ISP router will have the capability to access the public network.C. The NAT process will be used to translate this address in a valid IP address.D. Several automated methods will be necessary on the private network.E. A conflict of IP addresses happens, because other public routers can use the same range. Answer: AQUESTION 57When is it necessary to use a public IP address on a routing interface?A. Connect a router on a local network.B. Connect a router to another router.C. Allow distribution of routes between networks.D. Translate a private IP address.E. Connect a network to the Internet.Answer: ERefer to the exhibit. Which VLSM mask will allow for the appropriate number of host addresses for Network A?A. /25B. /26C. /27D. /28Answer: AQUESTION 71Refer to the exhibit. Which subnet mask will place all hosts on Network B in the same subnet with the least amount of wasted addresses?A. 255.255.255.0B. 255.255.254.0C. 255.255.252.0D. 255.255.248.0Answer: BQUESTION 72Refer to the exhibit. Which mask is correct to use for the WAN link between the routers that will provide connectivity while wasting the least amount of addresses?A. /23B. /24C. /25D. /30Answer: DQUESTION 79On the network 131.1.123.0/27, what is the last IP address that can be assigned to a host?A. 131.1.123.30B. 131.1.123.31C. 131.1.123.32D. 131.1.123.33Answer: AQUESTION 80The ip subnet zero command is not configured on a router. What would be the IP address of Ethernet0/0 using the first available address from the sixth subnet of the network 192.168.8.0/29?A. 192.168.8.25B. 192.168.8.41C. 192.168.8.49D. 192.168.8.113Answer: CQUESTION 81For the network 192.0.2.0/23, which option is a valid IP address that can be assigned to a host?A. 192.0.2.0B. 192.0.2.255C. 192.0.3.255D. 192.0.4.0Answer: BQUESTION 82How many addresses for hosts will the network 124.12.4.0/22 provide?A. 510B. 1022C. 1024D. 2048Answer: BQUESTION 89When a DHCP server is configured, which two IP addresses should never be assignable to hosts? (Choose two.)A. network or subnetwork IP addressB. broadcast address on the networkC. IP address leased to the LAND. IP address used by the interfacesE. manually assigned address to the clientsF. designated IP address to the DHCP serverAnswer: ABQUESTION 99The network default gateway applying to a host by DHCP is 192.168.5.33/28. Which option is the valid IP address of this host?A. 192.168.5.55B. 192.168.5.47C. 192.168.5.40D. 192.168.5.32E. 192.168.5.14Answer: Cvalid IP address range of the 192.168.5.32/28 network, which is 192.168.5.33~192.168.5.46.QUESTION 100Which two addresses can be assigned to a host with a subnet mask of 255.255.254.0? (Choose two.)A. 113.10.4.0B. 186.54.3.0C. 175.33.3.255D. 26.35.2.255E. 17.35.36.0Answer: BDQUESTION 101The network administrator has asked you to check the status of the workstation's IP stack by pinging the loopback address. Which address would you ping to perform this task?A. 10.1.1.1B. 127.0.0.1C. 192.168.0.1D. 239.1.1.1Answer: BQUESTION 102Workstation A has been assigned an IP address of 192.0.2.24/28. Workstation B has been assigned an IP address of 192.0.2.100/28. The two workstations are connected with a straight-through cable. Attempts to ping between the hosts are unsuccessful. What two things can be done to allow communications between the hosts? (Choose two.)A. Replace the straight-through cable with a crossover cable.B. Change the subnet mask of the hosts to /25.C. Change the subnet mask of the hosts to /26.D. Change the address of Workstation A to 192.0.2.15.E. Change the address of Workstation B to 192.0.2.111.Answer: ABQUESTION 103Your ISP has given you the address 223.5.14.6/29 to assign to your router's interface. They have also given you the default gateway address of 223.5.14.7. After you have configured the address, the router is unable to ping any remote devices. What is preventing the router from pinging remote devices?A. The default gateway is not an address on this subnet.B. The default gateway is the broadcast address for this subnet.C. The IP address is the broadcast address for this subnet.D. The IP address is an invalid class D multicast address.Answer: BQUESTION 147Refer to the exhibit. Which value will be configured for Default Gateway of the Local Area Connection?A. 10.0.0.0B. 10.0.0.254C. 192.223.129.0D. 192.223.129.254Answer: BQUESTION 155Which of the following host addresses are members of networks that can be routed across the public Internet? (Choose three.)A. 10.172.13.65B. 172.16.223.125C. 172.64.12.29D. 192.168.23.252E. 198.234.12.95F. 212.193.48.254Answer: CEFQUESTION 156Given a subnet mask of 255.255.255.224, which of the following addresses can be assigned to network hosts? (Choose three.)A. 15.234.118.63B. 92.11.178.93C. 134.178.18.56D. 192.168.16.87E. 201.45.116.159F. 217.63.12.192Answer: BCDQUESTION 167A national retail chain needs to design an IP addressing scheme to support a nationwide network. The company needs a minimum of 300 sub-networks and a maximum of 50 host addresses per subnet. Working with only one ClassB address, which of the following subnet masks will support an appropriate addressing scheme? (Choose two.)A. 255.255.255.0B. 255.255.255.128C. 255.255.252.0D. 255.255.255.224E. 255.255.255.192F. 255.255.248.0Answer: BEQUESTION 168Given the address 192.168.20.19/28, which of the following are valid host addresses on this subnet? (Choose two.)A. 192.168.20.29B. 192.168.20.16C. 192.168.20.17D. 192.168.20.31E. 192.168.20.0Answer: ACQUESTION 176Which of the following IP addresses fall into the CIDR block of 115.64.4.0/22? (Choose three.)A. 115.64.8.32B. 115.64.7.64C. 115.64.6.255D. 115.64.3.255E. 115.64.5.128F. 115.64.12.128Answer: BCEQUESTION 196Which of the following describe private IP addresses? (Choose two.)A. addresses chosen by a company to communicate with the InternetB. addresses that cannot be routed through the public InternetC. addresses that can be routed through the public InternetD. a scheme to conserve public addressesE. addresses licensed to enterprises or ISPs by an Internet registry organizationAnswer: BDQUESTION 204The network 172.25.0.0 has been divided into eight equal subnets. Which of the following IP addresses can be assigned to hosts in the third subnet if the ip subnet-zero command is configured on the router? (Choose three.)A. 172.25.78.243B. 172.25.98.16C. 172.25.72.0D. 172.25.94.255E. 172.25.96.17F. 172.25.100.16Answer: ACDQUESTION 221Refer to the exhibit. All of the routers in the network are configured with the ip subnet-zero command. Which network addresses should be used for Link A and Network A? (Choose two.)A. Network A - 172.16.3.48/26B. Network A - 172.16.3.128/25C. Network A - 172.16.3.192/26D. Link A - 172.16.3.0/30E. Link A - 172.16.3.40/30F. Link A - 172.16.3.112/30Answer: BDQUESTION 222Which two subnetworks would be included in the summarized address of 172.31.80.0 /20? (Choose two.)A. 172.31.17.4 /30B. 172.31.51.16 /30C. 172.31.64.0 /18D. 172.31.80.0 /22E. 172.31.92.0 /22F. 172.31.192.0 /18Answer: DEQUESTION 225Which three IP addresses can be assigned to hosts if the subnet mask is /27 and subnet zero is usable? (Choose three.)A. 10.15.32.17B. 17.15.66.128C. 66.55.128.1D. 135.1.64.34E. 129.33.192.192F. 192.168.5.63Answer: ACDQUESTION 19Which of the following IP addresses can be assigned to the host devices? (Choose two.)A. 205.7.8.32/27B. 191.168.10.2/23C. 127.0.0.1D. 224.0.0.10E. 203.123.45.47/28F. 10.10.0.0/13Answer: BF[文档可能无法思考全面，请浏览后下载，另外祝您生活愉快，工作顺利，万事如意!]。
网络基础知识 IP地址介绍划分
1.2 IP地址Internet 上的每台主机(Host)都有一个唯一的IP地址。
IP协议就是使用这个地址在主机之间传递信息，这是Internet 能够运行的基础。
IP地址的长度为32位，分为4段，每段8位，用十进制数字表示，每段数字范围为0～255，段与段之间用句点隔开。
例如159.226.1.1。
IP地址有两部分组成，一部分为网络地址，另一部分为主机地址。
IP地址分为A、B、C、D、E5类。
常用的是B和C两类。
ip地址就像是我们的家庭住址一样，如果你要写信给一个人，你就要知道他（她）的地址，这样邮递员才能把信送到，计算机发送信息是就好比是邮递员，它必须知道唯一的“家庭地址”才能不至于把信送错人家。
只不过我们的地址使用文字来表示的，计算机的地址用十进制数字表示。
众所周知，在电话通讯中，电话用户是靠电话号码来识别的。
同样，在网络中为了区别不同的计算机，也需要给计算机指定一个号码，这个号码就是“IP地址”。
所谓IP地址就是给每个连接在Internet上的主机分配的一个32bit地址。
按照TCP/IP（Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol，传输控制协议/Internet协议）协议规定，IP地址用二进制来表示，每个IP地址长32bit，比特换算成字节，就是4个字节。
例如一个采用二进制形式的IP地址是“”，这么长的地址，人们处理起来也太费劲了。
为了方便人们的使用，IP地址经常被写成十进制的形式，中间使用符号“.”分开不同的字节。
于是，上面的IP地址可以表示为“10.0.0.1”。
IP地址的这种表示法叫做“点分十进制表示法”，这显然比1和0容易记忆得多。
有人会以为，一台计算机只能有一个IP地址，这种观点是错误的。
我们可以指定一台计算机具有多个IP地址，因此在访问互联网时，不要以为一个IP地址就是一台计算机；另外，通过特定的技术，也可以使多台服务器共用一个IP地址，这些服务器在用户看起来就像一台主机似的。
什么是IP地址
什么是IP地址IP地址称作网络协议地址，是分配给主机的一个32位地址，由4个字节组成，分为动态IP地址和静态IP地址两种。
接下来小编为大家整理了什么是IP地址，希望对你有帮助哦!IP地址(Internet Protocol Address)是一种在Internet上的给主机编址的方式，也称为网际协议地址。
由32位二进制数组成，为便于使用，常以XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX形式表现，每组XXX代表小于等于255的10进制数。
例如202.96.155.9。
Internet中，IP地址是唯一的。
目前IP技术可能使用的IP地址最多可有约42亿个。
骤看可能觉得很难会用尽，但由于早期编码上的问题，使很多编码实际上被丢空或不能使用。
加上因特网的普及，使每个家庭都至少有一部电脑，连同公司的电脑，以及连接每个网络的服务器，长此下去，专家担心随着Internet的发展，将不够用。
所以相应的科研组织正在研究128位的IP地址，其IP地址数量最高可达3.402823669 × 1038 个，地球上的每一粒沙子都可以拥有自己的IP地址，这种新版的IP地址技术叫IPv6。
An IP address (Internet Protocol address) is a unique number that devices use in order to identify and communicate with each other on a network utilizing the Internet Protocol standard. Any participating device —including routers, computers, time-servers, internet FAX machines, and some telephones —must have its own unique address. This allows information passed onwards on behalf of the sender to indicate where to send it next, and for the receiver of the information to know that it is the intended destination.The numbers currently used in IP addresses range from 1.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255, though some of these values are reserved for specific purposes. This does not provide enough possibilities for every internet device to have its own permanentnumber. Subnet routing, Network Address Translation and the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server all allow local networks to use the same IP addresses as other networks elsewhere though both are connected to the Internet. Devices such as network printers, web servers and email servers are often allocated static IP addresses so they can always be found.IP addresses are conceptually similar to phone numbers, except they are used in LANs (Local Area Network), WANs (Wide Area Network), or the Internet. Because the numbers are not easy for humans to remember, the Domain Name System provides a service analogous to an address book lookup called "domain name resolution" or "name resolution". Special DNS servers on the internet are dedicated to performing the translation from a domain name to an IP address and vice versa.More detailThe Internet Protocol (IP) knows each logical host interface by a number, the IP address. On any given network, this number must be unique among all the host interfaces that communicate through this network. Users of the Internet are sometimes given a host name in addition to their numerical IP address by their Internet service provider.The IP addresses of users browsing the World Wide Web are used to enable communications with the server of the Web site. Also, it is usually in the header of email messages one sends. In fact, for all programs that utilize the TCP/IP protocol, the sender IP address and destination IP address are required in order to establish communications and send data.Depending on one's Internet connection the IP address can be the same every time one connects (called a static IP address), or different every time one connects, (called a dynamic IPaddress). In order to use a dynamic IP address, there must exist a server which can provide the address. IP addresses are usually given out through a server service called DHCP or the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. If a static address is used, it must be manually programmed into parameters of the device's network interface.Internet addresses are needed not only for unique enumeration of hosted interfaces, but also for routing purposes, therefore a high fraction of them are always unused or reserved.The unique nature of IP addresses makes it possible in many situations to track which computer — and by extension, which person — has sent a message or engaged in some other activity on the Internet. This information has been used by law enforcement authorities to identify criminal suspects; however dynamically-assigned IP addresses can make this difficult.IP version 4AddressingIn version 4 of the Internet protocol (IPv4), the current standard protocol for the Internet, IP addresses consist of 32 bits, which makes for 4,294,967,296 (over 4 billion) unique host interface addresses in theory. If all of these were used, that would be around one IP address per 21.3 square meters, or 70 square feet, of land. In practice, because addresses are allocated in blocks, many unused addresses are unavailable (much like unused phone numbers in a sparsely-populated area code), so that there is some pressure to extend the address range via IP version 6 (see below).IPv4 addresses are commonly expressed as a dotted quad, four octets (8 bits) separated by periods. The host known as currently has the number 3482223596,written as 207.142.131.236 in base-256: 3482223596 equals 207×2563 142×2562 131×2561 236×2560. (Resolving the name to its associated number is handled by Domain Name System servers.)IPv4 addresses were originally divided into two parts: the network and the host. A later change increased that to three parts: the network, the subnetwork, and the host, in that order. However, with the advent of classless inter-domain routing (CIDR), this distinction is no longer meaningful, and the address can have an arbitrary number of levels of hierarchy. (Technically, this was already true any time after the advent of subnets, since a site could elect to have more than one level of subnetting inside a network number.)AssignmentEach interface of a device is assigned, at least theoretically, a unique IP address. In practice, some interfaces may be unnumbered, and many addresses are not globally unique.The actual assignment of an address is not arbitrary. The fundamental principle of routing, that addresses encode information about a device's location within a network, implies that an address assigned to one part of a network will not function in another part of the network. A hierarchical structure, standardized by CIDR and overseen by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and its Regional Internet Registries (RIRs), manages the assignment of Internet address worldwide. Each RIR maintains a publically searchable WHOIS database that provides information about IP address assignments; information from these databases plays a central role in numerous tools which attempt to locate IP addresses geographically.ExhaustionSome private IP address space has been allocated via RFC 1918. This means the addresses are available for any use by anyone and therefore the same RFC 1918 IP addresses can be reused. However they are not routable on the Internet. They are used extensively due to the shortage of registerable addresses. Network address translation (NAT) is required to connect those networks to the Internet.While a number of measures have been taken to conserve the limited existing IPv4 address space (such as the use of NAT and Private Addressing), the number of 32-bit IP addresses is not sufficient to accommodate the long-term growth of the Internet. For this reason, the plan is that the Internet 128-bit IPv6 addressing scheme will be adopted over the next 5 to 15 years.IP version 5What would be considered IPv5 existed only as an experimental non-IP real time streaming protocol called ST2, described in RFC 1819. In keeping with standard UNIX release conventions, all odd-numbered versions are considered experimental, and this version was never intended to be implemented; the protocol was not abandoned. RSVP has replaced it to some degree.IP version 6In IPv6, the new (but not yet widely deployed) standard protocol for the Internet, addresses are 128 bits wide, which, even with generous assignment of netblocks, should suffice for the foreseeable future. In theory, there would be exactly 2128, or about 3.403 × 1038 unique host interface addresses. If the earth were made entirely out of 1 cubic millimeter grains of sand, then you could give a unique address to each grain in 300 million planets the size of the earth. This large address space will besparsely populated, which makes it possible to again encode more routing information into the addresses themselves.AddressingA version 6 address is written as eight 4-digit hexadecimal numbers separated by colons. For readability, addresses may be shortened in two ways. Within each colon-delimited section, leading zeroes may be truncated. Secondly, one string of zeroes (and only one) may be replaced with two colons (::). For example, all of the following addresses are equivalent:1080:0000:0000:0000:0000:0034:0000:417A1080:0:0:0:0:34:0:417A1080::34:0:417AGlobal unicast IPv6 addresses are constructed as two parts: a 64-bit routing part followed by a 64-bit host identifier.Netblocks are specified as in the modern alternative for IPv4: network number, followed by a slash, and the number of relevant bits of the network number (in decimal). Example: 12AB::CD30:0:0:0:0/60 includes all addresses starting with 12AB00000000CD3.IPv6 has many improvements over IPv4 other than just bigger address space, including autorenumbering and mandatory support for IPsec.。
通信外文翻译---了解 TCPIP 寻址和子网配置基础知识
Understanding TCPIP addressing and subnetting basics ⏹INTRODUCTIONWhen you configure the TCP/IP protocol on a Microsoft Windows computer, an IP address, subnet mask, and usually a default gateway are required in the TCP/IP configuration settings.To configure TCP/IP correctly, it is necessary to understand how TCP/IP networks are addressed and divided into networks and subnetworks. This article is intended as a general introduction to the concepts of IP networks and subnetting. A glossary is included at the end of article.Back to the top⏹MORE INFORMATIONThe success of TCP/IP as the network protocol of the Internet is largely because of its ability to connect together networks of different sizes and systems of different types. These networks are arbitrarily defined into three main classes (along with a few others) that have predefined sizes, each of which can be divided into smaller subnetworks by system administrators. A subnet mask is used to divide an IP address into two parts. One part identifies the host (computer), the other part identifies the network to which it belongs. To better understand how IP addresses and subnet masks work, look at an IP (Internet Protocol) address and see how it is organized.Back to the top●IP addresses: Networks and hostsAn IP address is a 32-bit number that uniquely identifies a host (computer or other device, such as a printer or router) on a TCP/IP network.IP addresses are normally expressed in dotted-decimal format, with four numbers separated by periods, such as 192.168.123.132. To understand how subnet masks are used to distinguish between hosts, networks, and subnetworks, examine an IP address in binary notation.For example, the dotted-decimal IP address 192.168.123.132 is (in binary notation) the 32 bit number 110000000101000111101110000100. This number may be hard to make sense of, so divide it into four parts of eight binary digits.These eight bit sections are known as octets. The example IP address, then, becomes 11000000.10101000.01111011.10000100. This number only makes a little more sense, so for most uses, convert the binary address into dotted-decimal format (192.168.123.132). The decimal numbers separated by periods are the octets converted from binary to decimal notation.For a TCP/IP wide area network (WAN) to work efficiently as a collection of networks, the routers that pass packets of data between networks do not know the exact location of a host for which a packet of information is destined. Routers only know what network the host is a member of and use information stored in their route table to determine how to get the packet to the destination host's network. After the packet is delivered to the destination's network, the packet is delivered to the appropriate host.For this process to work, an IP address has two parts. The first part of an IP address is used as a network address, the last part as a host address. If you take the example 192.168.123.132 and divide it into these two parts you get the following: 192.168.123. Network.132 Host-or-192.168.123.0 - network address.0.0.0.132 - host address.Back to the top●Subnet maskThe second item, which is required for TCP/IP to work, is the subnet mask. The subnet mask is used by the TCP/IP protocol to determine whether a host is on the local subnet or on a remote network.In TCP/IP, the parts of the IP address that are used as the network and host addresses are not fixed, so the network and host addresses above cannot be determined unless you have more information. This information is supplied in another 32-bit number called a subnet mask. In this example, the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0. It is not obvious what this number means unless you know that 255 in binary notation equals 11111111; so, the subnet mask is:11111111.11111111.11111111.0000000Lining up the IP address and the subnet mask together, the network and host portions of the address can be separated:11000000.10101000.01111011.10000100 -- IP address (192.168.123.132)11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 -- Subnet mask (255.255.255.0)The first 24 bits (the number of ones in the subnet mask) are identified as the network address, with the last 8 bits (the number of remaining zeros in the subnet mask) identified as the host address. This gives you the following:11000000.10101000.01111011.00000000 -- Network address (192.168.123.0) 00000000.00000000.00000000.10000100 -- Host address (000.000.000.132)So now you know, for this example using a 255.255.255.0 subnet mask, that the network ID is 192.168.123.0, and the host address is 0.0.0.132. When a packet arrives on the 192.168.123.0 subnet (from the local subnet or a remote network), and it has a destination address of 192.168.123.132, your computer will receive it from the network and process it.Almost all decimal subnet masks convert to binary numbers that are all ones on the left and all zeros on the right. Some other common subnet masks are: Decimal Binary255.255.255.192 1111111.11111111.1111111.11000000255.255.255.224 1111111.11111111.1111111.11100000Internet RFC 1878 (available from ) describes the valid subnets and subnet masks that can be used on TCP/IP networks.Back to the top●Network classesInternet addresses are allocated by the InterNIC ( ), theorganization that administers the Internet. These IP addresses are divided into classes. The most common of these are classes A, B, and C. Classes D and E exist, but are not generally used by end users. Each of the address classes has a different default subnet mask. You can identify the class of an IP address by looking at its first octet. Following are the ranges of Class A, B, and C Internet addresses, each with an example address:Class A networks use a default subnet mask of 255.0.0.0 and have 0-127 as their first octet. The address 10.52.36.11 is a class A address. Its first octet is 10, which is between 1 and 126, inclusive.Class B networks use a default subnet mask of 255.255.0.0 and have 128-191 as their first octet. The address 172.16.52.63 is a class B address. Its first octet is 172, which is between 128 and 191, inclusive.Class C networks use a default subnet mask of 255.255.255.0 and have 192-223 as their first octet. The address 192.168.123.132 is a class C address. Its first octet is 192, which is between 192 and 223, inclusive.In some scenarios, the default subnet mask values do not fit the needs of the organization, because of the physical topology of the network, or because the numbers of networks (or hosts) do not fit within the default subnet mask restrictions. The next section explains how networks can be divided using subnet masks.Back to the topSubnettingA Class A, B, or C TCP/IP network can be further divided, or subnetted, by a system administrator. This becomes necessary as you reconcile the logical address scheme of the Internet (the abstract world of IP addresses and subnets) with the physical networks in use by the real world.A system administrator who is allocated a block of IP addresses may be administering networks that are not organized in a way that easily fits these addresses. For example, you have a wide area network with 150 hosts on three networks (in different cities) that are connected by a TCP/IP router. Each of these three networks has 50 hosts. You are allocated the class C network 192.168.123.0. (For illustration, this address is actually from a range that is not allocated on the Internet.) This means that you can use the addresses 192.168.123.1 to 192.168.123.254 for your 150 hosts.Two addresses that cannot be used in your example are 192.168.123.0 and 192.168.123.255 because binary addresses with a host portion of all ones and all zeros are invalid. The zero address is invalid because it is used to specify a network without specifying a host. The 255 address (in binary notation, a host address of all ones) is used to broadcast a message to every host on a network. Just remember that the first and last address in any network or subnet cannot be assigned to any individual host.You should now be able to give IP addresses to 254 hosts. This works fine if all 150 computers are on a single network. However, your 150 computers are on three separate physical networks. Instead of requesting more address blocks for each network, you divide your network into subnets that enable you to use one block of addresses on multiple physical networks.In this case, you divide your network into four subnets by using a subnet maskthat makes the network address larger and the possible range of host addresses smaller. In other words, you are 'borrowing' some of the bits usually used for the host address, and using them for the network portion of the address. The subnet mask 255.255.255.192 gives you four networks of 62 hosts each. This works because in binary notation, 255.255.255.192 is the same as 1111111.11111111.1111111.11000000. The first two digits of the last octet become network addresses, so you get the additional networks 00000000 (0), 01000000 (64), 10000000 (128) and 11000000 (192). (Some administrators will only use two of the subnetworks using 255.255.255.192 as a subnet mask. For more information on this topic, see RFC 1878.) In these four networks, the last 6 binary digits can be used for host addresses.Using a subnet mask of 255.255.255.192, your 192.168.123.0 network then becomes the four networks 192.168.123.0, 192.168.123.64, 192.168.123.128 and 192.168.123.192. These four networks would have as valid host addresses: 192.168.123.1-62192.168.123.65-126192.168.123.129-190192.168.123.193-254Remember, again, that binary host addresses with all ones or all zeros are invalid, so you cannot use addresses with the last octet of 0, 63, 64, 127, 128, 191, 192, or 255.You can see how this works by looking at two host addresses, 192.168.123.71 and 192.168.123.133. If you used the default Class C subnet mask of 255.255.255.0, both addresses are on the 192.168.123.0 network. However, if you use the subnet mask of 255.255.255.192, they are on different networks; 192.168.123.71 is on the 192.168.123.64 network, 192.168.123.133 is on the 192.168.123.128 network.Back to the top●Default gatewaysIf a TCP/IP computer needs to communicate with a host on another network, it will usually communicate through a device called a router. In TCP/IP terms, a router that is specified on a host, which links the host's subnet to other networks, is called a default gateway. This section explains how TCP/IP determines whether or not to send packets to its default gateway to reach another computer or device on the network.When a host attempts to communicate with another device using TCP/IP, it performs a comparison process using the defined subnet mask and the destination IP address versus the subnet mask and its own IP address. The result of this comparison tells the computer whether the destination is a local host or a remote host.If the result of this process determines the destination to be a local host, then the computer will simply send the packet on the local subnet. If the result of the comparison determines the destination to be a remote host, then the computer will forward the packet to the default gateway defined in its TCP/IP properties. It is then the responsibility of the router to forward the packet to the correct subnet.Back to the top●TroubleshootingTCP/IP network problems are often caused by incorrect configuration of the threemain entries in a computer's TCP/IP properties. By understanding how errors in TCP/IP configuration affect network operations, you can solve many common TCP/IP problems.Incorrect Subnet Mask: If a network uses a subnet mask other than the default mask for its address class, and a client is still configured with the default subnet mask for the address class, communication will fail to some nearby networks but not to distant ones. As an example, if you create four subnets (such as in the subnetting example) but use the incorrect subnet mask of 255.255.255.0 in your TCP/IP configuration, hosts will not be able to determine that some computers are on different subnets than their own. When this happens, packets destined for hosts on different physical networks that are part of the same Class C address will not be sent to a default gateway for delivery. A common symptom of this is when a computer can communicate with hosts that are on its local network and can talk to all remote networks except those that are nearby and have the same class A, B, or C address. To fix this problem, just enter the correct subnet mask in the TCP/IP configuration for that host.Incorrect IP Address: If you put computers with IP addresses that should be on separate subnets on a local network with each other, they will not be able to communicate. They will try to send packets to each other through a router that will not be able to forward them correctly. A symptom of this problem is a computer that can talk to hosts on remote networks, but cannot communicate with some or all computers on their local network. To correct this problem, make sure all computers on the same physical network have IP addresses on the same IP subnet. If you run out of IP addresses on a single network segment, there are solutions that go beyond the scope of this article.Incorrect Default Gateway: A computer configured with an incorrect default gateway will be able to communicate with hosts on its own network segment, but will fail to communicate with hosts on some or all remote networks. If a single physical network has more than one router, and the wrong router is configured as a default gateway, a host will be able to communicate with some remote networks, but not others. This problem is common if an organization has a router to an internal TCP/IP network and another router connected to the Internet.⏹REFERENCESTwo popular references on TCP/IP are:"TCP/IP Illustrated, V olume 1: The Protocols," Richard Stevens, Addison Wesley, 1994"Internetworking with TCP/IP, V olume 1: Principles, Protocols, and Architecture," Douglas E. Comer, Prentice Hall, 1995It is strongly recommended that a system administrator responsible for TCP/IP networks have at least one of these references available.●GlossaryBroadcast address -- An IP address with a host portion that is all ones.Host -- A computer or other device on a TCP/IP network.Internet -- The global collection of networks that are connected together and sharea common range of IP addresses.InterNIC -- The organization responsible for administration of IP addresses on the Internet.IP -- The network protocol used for sending network packets over a TCP/IP network or the Internet.IP Address -- A unique 32-bit address for a host on a TCP/IP network or internetwork.Network -- There are two uses of the term network in this article. One is a group of computers on a single physical network segment; the other is an IP network address range that is allocated by a system administrator.Network address -- An IP address with a host portion that is all zeros.Octet -- An 8-bit number, 4 of which comprise a 32-bit IP address. They have a range of 00000000-11111111 that correspond to the decimal values 0- 255.Packet -- A unit of data passed over a TCP/IP network or wide area network.RFC (Request for Comment) -- A document used to define standards on the Internet.Router -- A device that passes network traffic between different IP networks.Subnet Mask -- A 32-bit number used to distinguish the network and host portions of an IP address.Subnet or Subnetwork -- A smaller network created by dividing a larger network into equal parts.TCP/IP -- Used broadly, the set of protocols, standards and utilities commonly used on the Internet and large networks.Wide area network (WAN) -- A large network that is a collection of smaller networks separated by routers. The Internet is an example of a very large WAN.了解TCPIP 寻址和子网配置基础知识⏹简介在 Microsoft Windows 计算机上配置 TCP/IP 协议时，TCP/IP 配置设置中需要 IP 地址和子网掩码，通常还需要一个默认网关。
UPnP的工作过程
UPnP的工作过程UPnP简介 通用即插即用（英语：Universal Plug and Play，简称UPnP）是由“通用即插即用论坛”（UPnP™ Forum）推广的一套网络协议。
该协议的目标是使家庭网络（数据共享、通信和娱乐）和公司网络中的各种设备能够相互无缝连接，并简化相关网络的实现。
UPnP通过定义和发布基于开放、因特网通讯网协议标准的UPnP设备控制协议来实现这一目标。
UPnP这个概念是从即插即用（Plug-and-play）派生而来的，即插即用是一种热拔插技术。
UPnP体系允许 PC 间的点对点连接、网际互连和无线设备。
它是一种基于TCP/IP、UDP和HTTP的分布式、开放体系。
UPnP使得任意两个设备能在LAN控制设备的管理下相互通信。
其特性包括：传输介质和设备独立。
UPnP 技术可以应用在许多媒体上，包括电话线、电线（电力线通信PLC）、以太网、红外通信技术(IrDA)、无线电（Wi-Fi，蓝牙）和Firewire(1394)。
无需任务设备驱动；而是采用共同的协议。
用户界面（UI）控制。
UPnP 技术使得设备厂商可以通过网页浏览器来控制设备并进行交互。
操作系统和程序语言独立。
任何操作系统和程序语言均可以用于构建 UPnP产品。
UPnP 并没有设定或限制运行于控制设备上的应用程序 API；OS厂商可以创建满足他们客户需求的 API。
UPnP使得厂商可以像开发常规应用程序一样来控制设备 UI 和交互。
基于因特网技术。
UPnP 构建于 IP, TCP, UDP, HTTP，和 XML 等许多协议之上。
编程控制。
UPnP 体系同时支持常规应用程序编程控制。
扩展性。
每个 UPnP 设备都可以有构建于基本体系之上、与具体设备相关的服务。
UPnP的工作过程分为6步。
一、寻址(Addressing) 地址是整个UPnP系统工作的基础条件，每个设备都应当是DHCP（Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol 动态主机配置协议）的客户。
06 VLSM和CIDR
06 VLSM和CIDR6.1 有类寻址和无类寻址（Classful and Classless Addressing）6.1.1 有类IP寻址（Classful IP Addressing）1. A 类地址以一个0 位开始。
因此，所有0.0.0.0 到127.255.255.255 范围的地址都属于 A 类地址。
地址0.0.0.0 保留用于默认路由，地址127.0.0.0 保留用于环回测试。
2. B 类地址以1 和0 两个位开始。
因此，所有128.0.0.0 到191.255.255.255 范围的地址都属于B 类地址。
3. C 类地址以两个 1 和一个0 位开始。
C 类地址的范围为192.0.0.0 到223.255.255.255。
6.1.2有类路由协议6.1.3有类IP寻址1、1993 年，IETF 引入了“无类域间路由”这一概念，即CIDR (RFC 1517)。
CIDR 有以下作用：1)允许更灵活地使用IPv4 地址空间2)允许前缀聚合，这样就减小了路由表2、CIDR 和路由总结6.1.4 无类路由协议（Classless Routing Protocol）1、无类路由协议包括RIPv2、EIGRP、OSPF、IS-IS 和BGP 等。
这些路由协议的路由信息更新中同时包含网络地址和子网掩码。
6.2 VLSM（可变长度子网掩码）6.2.1 VLSM的使用6.2.2 VLSM和IP地址6.3 CIDR（Classless Inter-domain Routing，无类域间路由）6.3.1 路由汇总（Routing Summarization）CIDR 是路由聚合的一种形式，它与术语“超网划分”同义。
6.3.2计算路由汇总。
ipaddress用法(二)
ipaddress用法(二)ipaddress用法ipaddress是Python的一个标准库，用于处理IP地址和网络操作。
它提供了一组丰富的功能，用于验证、解析和操作IP地址。
下面是一些ipaddress的常见用法及详细讲解：创建和解析IP地址•使用和类可以分别创建IPv4和IPv6的地址对象。
import ipaddressip_v4 = ('')ip_v6 = ('2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334')•使用IP地址对象的属性可以获取与之相关的信息，如版本、压缩形式和正常形式的地址等。
print(ip_) # 输出：4print(ip_) # 输出：2001:db8:85a3::8a2e:370:7334print(ip_) # 输出：2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7 334•使用和类可以解析IP地址和子网掩码，创建网络对象。
network_v4 = ('/24')network_v6 = ('2001:0db8:85a3::/64')地址计算和操作•ipaddress模块提供了一些方法来比较和操作IP地址，如获取网络地址、广播地址以及判断IP地址是否在指定网络中。
print(network__address) # 输出：print(network__address) # 输出：print(ip_v4 in network_v4) # 输出：Trueprint(network__address) # 输出：2001:db8:85a3::print(network__address) # 输出：2001:db8:85a3:ffff:ffff: ffff:ffff:ffffprint(ip_v6 in network_v6) # 输出：False•使用IP地址对象的is_private方法可以判断IP地址是否是私有地址。
IP Address(地址规划)
三、IP地址规划：1. Which two benefits are provided by using a hierarchical addressing network addressing scheme? (Choose two.)A. reduces routing table entriesB. auto-negotiation of media ratesC. efficient utilization of MAC addressesD. dedicated communications between devicesE. ease of management and troubleshooting2. Refer to the exhibit. Which VLSM mask will allow for the appropriate number of host addresses for Network A?A. /25B. /26C. /27D. /283. Refer to the exhibit. Which subnet mask will place all hosts on Network B in the same subnet with the least amount of wasted addresses?A. 255.255.255.0B. 255.255.254.0C. 255.255.252.0D. 255.255.248.04. Refer to the exhibit. Which mask is correct to use for the WAN link between the routers that will provide connectivity while wasting the least amount of addresses?A. /23B. /24C. /25D. /305. A national retail chain needs to design an IP addressing scheme to supporta nation widenetwork. The company needs a minimum of 300 sub-networks and a maximum of 50 host addresses per subnet. Working with only one Class B address, which of the following subnet masks will support an appropriate addressing scheme? (Choose two.)A. 255.255.255.0B. 255.255.255.128C. 255.255.252.0D. 255.255.255.224E. 255.255.255.192F. 255.255.248.06. How many addresses for hosts will the network 124.12.4.0/22 provide?A. 510B. 1022C. 1024D. 20487. On the network 131.1.123.0/27, what is the last IP address that can be assigned to a host?A. 131.1.123.30B. 131.1.123.31C. 131.1.123.32D. 131.1.123.338. The ip subnet zero command is not configured on a router. What would be the IP address of Ethernet 0/0 using the first available address from the sixth subnet of the network 192.168.8.0/29?A. 192.168.8.25B. 192.168.8.41C. 192.168.8.49D. 192.168.8.1139. For the network 192.0.2.0/23, which option is a valid IP address that can be assigned to a host?A. 192.0.2.0B. 192.0.2.255C. 192.0.3.255D. 192.0.4.010. Given the address 192.168.20.19/28, which of the following are valid host addresses on this subnet? (Choose two.)A. 192.168.20.29B. 192.168.20.16C. 192.168.20.17D. 192.168.20.31E. 192.168.20.011. Which three IP addresses can be assigned to hosts if the subnet mask is /27 and subnet zero is usable?(Choose three.)A. 10.15.32.17B. 17.15.66.128C. 66.55.128.1D. 135.1.64.34E. 129.33.192.192F. 192.168.5.6312. The network default gateway applying to a host by DHCP is 192.168.5.33/28. Which option is the valid IP address of this host?A. 192.168.5.55B. 192.168.5.47C. 192.168.5.40D. 192.168.5.32E. 192.168.5.1413. Which two addresses can be assigned to a host with a subnet mask of 255.255.254.0? (Choose two.)A. 113.10.4.0B. 186.54.3.0C. 175.33.3.255D. 26.35.2.255E. 17.35.36.014. Given a subnet mask of 255.255.255.224, which of the following addresses can be assigned to network hosts? (Choose three.)A. 15.234.118.63B. 92.11.178.93C. 134.178.18.56D. 192.168.16.87E. 201.45.116.159F. 217.63.12.19215. The network 172.25.0.0 has been divided into eight equal subnets. Which of the following IP addresses can be assigned to hosts in the third subnet if the ip subnet-zero command is configured on the router? (Choose three.)A. 172.25.78.243B. 172.25.98.16C. 172.25.72.0D. 172.25.94.255E. 172.25.96.17F. 172.25.100.1616. Refer to the exhibit. Which value will be configured for Default Gateway of the Local Area Connection?A. 10.0.0.0B. 10.0.0.254C. 192.223.129.0D. 192.223.129.25417. Which command would correctly configure a serial port on a router with the last usable host address in the 192.216.32.32/29 subnet?A. router (config-if)# ip address 192.216.32.38 255.255.255.240B. router (config-if)# ip address 192.216.32.39 255.255.255.224C. router (config-if)# ip address 192.216.32.63 255.255.255.248D. router (config-if)# ip address 192.216.32.39 255.255.255.248E. router (config-if)# ip address 192.216.32.63 255.255.255.248F. router (config-if)# ip address 192.216.32.38 255.255.255.24818. Refer to the exhibit. All of the routers in the network are configured with the ip subnet-zero command. Which network addresses should be used for Link A and Network A? (Choose two.)A. Network A - 172.16.3.48/26B. Network A - 172.16.3.128/25C. Network A - 172.16.3.192/26D. Link A - 172.16.3.0/30E. Link A - 172.16.3.40/30F. Link A - 172.16.3.112/3019. Workstation A has been assigned an IP address of 192.0.2.24/28. Workstation B has been assigned an IP address of 192.0.2.100/28. The two workstations are connected with a straight-through cable. Attempts to ping between the hosts are unsuccessful. What two things can be done to allow communications between the hosts? (Choose two.)A. Replace the straight-through cable with a crossover cable.B. Change the subnet mask of the hosts to /25.C. Change the subnet mask of the hosts to /26.D. Change the address of Workstation A to 192.0.2.15.E. Change the address of Workstation B to 192.0.2.111.20. Refer to the exhibit. The user at Workstation B reports that Server A cannot be reached. What is preventing Workstation B from reaching Server A?A. The IP address for Server A is a broadcast address.B. The IP address for Workstation B is a subnet address.C. The gateway for Workstation B is not on the same subnet.D. The gateway for Server A is not on the same subnet.21. Refer to the graphic. Host 1 cannot receive packets from Host 2. Assuming that RIP v1 is the routing protocol in use, what is wrong with the IP configuration information shown? (Choose two.)A. The fa0/1 interface of router R2 has been assigned a broadcast address.B. The fa0/1 network on router R2 overlaps with the LAN attached to R1.C. Host 2 has been assigned the incorrect subnet mask.D. Host 1 has been configured with the 255.255.248.0 subnet mask.E. Host 2 on router R2 is on a different subnet than its gateway.22. Your ISP has given you the address 223.5.14.6/29 to assign to your router's interface. They have also given you the default gateway address of 223.5.14.7. After you have configured the address, the router is unable to ping any remote devices. What is preventing the router from pinging remote devices?A. The default gateway is not an address on this subnet.B. The default gateway is the broadcast address for this subnet.C. The IP address is the broadcast address for this subnet.D. The IP address is an invalid class D multicast address.23. Refer to the exhibit. The networks connected to router R2 have been summarized as a 192.168.176.0/21 route and sent to R1. Which two packet destination addresses will R1 forward to R2?(Choose two.)A. 192.168.194.160B. 192.168.183.41C. 192.168.159.2D. 192.168.183.255E. 192.168.179.4F. 192.168.184.4524. Refer to the exhibit. What is the most appropriate summarization for these routes?A. 10.0.0.0 /21B. 10.0.0.0 /22C. 10.0.0.0 /23D. 10.0.0.0 /2425. Which of the following IP addresses fall into the CIDR block of115.64.4.0/22? (Choose three.) （选作）A. 115.64.8.32B. 115.64.7.64C. 115.64.6.255D. 115.64.3.255E. 115.64.5.128F. 115.64.12.12826. The Ethernet networks connected to router R1 in the graphic have been summarized for router R2 as 192.1.144.0/20. Which of the following packet destination addresses will R2 forward to R1, according to this summary? (Choose two.)A. 192.1.159.2B. 192.1.160.11C. 192.1.138.41D. 192.1.151.254E. 192.1.143.145F. 192.1.1.14427. Which two subnetworks would be included in the summarized address of 172.31.80.0 /20? (Choose two.)A. 172.31.17.4 /30B. 172.31.51.16 /30C. 172.31.64.0 /18D. 172.31.80.0 /22E. 172.31.92.0 /22F. 172.31.192.0 /1828. Which two tasks does the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol perform? (Choose two.)A. Set the IP gateway to be used by the network.B. Perform host discovery used DHCPDISCOVER message.C. Configure IP address parameters from DHCP server to a host.D. Provide an easy management of layer 3 devices.E. Monitor IP performance using the DHCP server.F. Assign and renew IP address from the default pool.29. When a DHCP server is configured, which two IP addresses should never be assignable to hosts? (Choose two.)A. network or subnetwork IP addressB. broadcast address on the networkC. IP address leased to the LAND. IP address used by the interfacesE. manually assigned address to the clientsF. designated IP address to the DHCP server30. Which statement describes the process of dynamically assigning IP addresses by the DHCP server?A. Addresses are allocated after a negotiation between the server and the host to determine the length of the agreement.B. Addresses are permanently assigned so that the hosts uses the same address at all times.C. Addresses are assigned for a fixed period of time, at the end of the period, a new request for an address must be made.D. Addresses are leased to hosts, which periodically contact the DHCP server to renew the lease.31. Which IP address can be assigned to an Internet interface?A. 10.180.48.224B. 9.255.255.10C. 192.168.20.223D. 172.16.200.1832. What will happen if a private IP address is assigned to a public interface connected to an ISP?（选作）A. Addresses in a private range will be not routed on the Internet backbone.B. Only the ISP router will have the capability to access the public network.C. The NAT process will be used to translate this address in a valid IP address.D. Several automated methods will be necessary on the private network.E. A conflict of IP addresses happens, because other public routers can use the same range.33. When is it necessary to use a public IP address on a routing interface?（选作）A. Connect a router on a local network.B. Connect a router to another router.C. Allow distribution of routes between networks.D. Translate a private IP address.E. Connect a network to the Internet.34. Which of the following host addresses are members of networks that can be routed across the public Internet? (Choose three.)A. 10.172.13.65B. 172.16.223.125C. 172.64.12.29D. 192.168.23.252E. 198.234.12.95F. 212.193.48.25435. Which of the following describe private IP addresses? (Choose two.)A. addresses chosen by a company to communicate with the InternetB. addresses that cannot be routed through the public InternetC. addresses that can be routed through the public InternetD. a scheme to conserve public addressesE. addresses licensed to enterprises or ISPs by an Internet registry organization36. What is the principle reason to use a private IP address on an internal networkA. Subnet strategy for private companies.B. Manage and scale the growth of the internal network.C. Conserve public IP addresses so that we do not run out of them.D. Allow access reserved to the devices.37. The network administrator has asked you to check the status of the workstation's IP stack by pinging the loopback address. Which address would you ping to perform this task?A. 10.1.1.1B. 127.0.0.1C. 192.168.0.1D. 239.1.1.1。
IP地址的计算方法
IP地址的计算方法（怎么计算网络号和主机号）IP地址与网络分类(1)IP地址不同的物理网络技术有不同的编址方式；不同物理网络中的主机，有不同的物理网络地址。
网间网技术是将不同物理网络技术统一起来的高层软件技术。
网间网技术采用一种全局通用的地址格式，为全网的每一网络和每一主机都分配一个网间网地址，以此屏蔽物理网络地址的差异。
IP协议提供一种全网间网通用的地址格式，并在统一管理下进行地址分配，保证一个地址对应一台网间网主机（包括网关），这样物理地址的差异被IP层所屏蔽。
IP层所用到的地址叫做网间网地址，又叫IP地址。
它由网络号和主机号两部分组成，统一网络内的所有主机使用相同的网络号，主机号是唯一的。
IP地址是一个32为的二进制数，分成4个字段，每个字段8位。
(2)三类主要的网络地址我们知道，从LAN到WAN，不同种类网络规模相差很大，必须区别对待。
因此按网络规模大小，将网络地址分为主要的三类，如下：A类：0 1 2 3 8 16 243 1 0网络号主机号B类：1 0网络号主机号C类：1 1 0网络号主机号A类地址用于少量的（最多27个）主机数大于216的大型网，每个A类网络可容纳最多224台主机；B类地址用于主机数介于28～216之间数量不多不少的中型网，B类网络最多214个；C类地址用于每个网络只能容纳28台主机的大量小型网，C类网络最多221个。
除了以上A、B、C三个主类地址外，还有另外两类地址，如下：D类：1 1 1 0多目地址E类：1 1 1 1 0留待后用其中多目地址（multicast address）是比广播地址稍弱的多点传送地址，用于支持多目传输技术。
E类地址用于将来的扩展之用。
(3)TCP/IP规定网络地址除了一般地标识一台主机外，还有几种具有特殊意义的特殊形式。
*广播地址TCP/IP规定，主机号全为“1”的网络地址用于广播之用，叫做广播地址。
所谓广播，指同时向网上所有主机发送报文。
理解IPv6的地址分类
理解IPv6的地址分类IPv4分为A、B、C、D、E五类，而IPv6突破了IPv4类别划分。
IPv6被分为本地链路地址、IPv6本地站点地址、IPv6全球单播地址、IPv4过渡IPv6兼容地址、IPv6基于EUI—64接口标识符地址。
下面分别对上述地址进行描述。
IPv6本地链路地址IPv6本地链路地址,类似于IPv4中APIPA(Automatic Private IP Addressing，自动专用IP寻址）所定义的地址169.254。
0.0/16。
首先说明一下IPv4中APIPA（AutomaticPrivate IP Addressing，自动专用IP寻址）地址会在什么样的情况下产生和使用.比如：在企业网络中配置了DHCP服务器,为企业网络中的客户机提供IP地址分配，如果某天DHCP服务器故障，无法为企业网络中的客户机提供IP地址分配，此时客户主机会产生一个APIPA地址。
该地址在一个子网内范围内可以保证主机之间的通信，但是APIPA地址是不可以完成路由通信。
而IPv6本地链路地址的作用在于发现邻居节点和在无状态自动配置中链路本地上节点之间的通信。
并且只能在连接到同一本地链路的节点之间通讯,不能跨路由器进行通讯和路由转发,具体如何理解IPv6的本地链路地址，首先要理解IPv6所定义的链路、站点、与全局的意义。
如图12。
26所示：IPv6的链路相当于企业网络中连接在一个二层交换机的主机链路，更明确的一种说法是链路处于同一个广播域，如果从IPv4的角度来理解可以理解成IPv6的链路就是在同一子网内的主机.所以IPv6的本地链路地址，只能在IPv6的本地链路中使用，如链路A与链路B中的IPv6主机使用本地链路地址在各自的链路上通信，但是不可以使用本地链路地址完成链路A与链路B之间的通信,这与IPv4中的APIPA（Automatic Private IP Addressing，自动专用IP寻址地址）类似。
理解IPv6的地址分类
理解IPv6的地址分类IPv4分为A、B、C、D、E五类，而IPv6突破了IPv4类别划分。
IPv6被分为本地链路地址、IPv6本地站点地址、IPv6全球单播地址、IPv4过渡IPv6兼容地址、IPv6基于EUI-64接口标识符地址。
下面分别对上述地址进行描述。
IPv6本地链路地址IPv6本地链路地址，类似于IPv4中APIPA（Automatic Private IP Addressing，自动专用IP寻址）所定义的地址169.254.0.0/16。
首先说明一下IPv4中APIPA（AutomaticPrivate IP Addressing，自动专用IP寻址）地址会在什么样的情况下产生和使用。
比如：在企业网络中配置了DHCP服务器，为企业网络中的客户机提供IP地址分配，如果某天DHCP服务器故障，无法为企业网络中的客户机提供IP地址分配，此时客户主机会产生一个APIPA地址。
该地址在一个子网内范围内可以保证主机之间的通信，但是APIPA地址是不可以完成路由通信。
而IPv6本地链路地址的作用在于发现邻居节点和在无状态自动配置中链路本地上节点之间的通信。
并且只能在连接到同一本地链路的节点之间通讯，不能跨路由器进行通讯和路由转发，具体如何理解IPv6的本地链路地址，首先要理解IPv6所定义的链路、站点、与全局的意义。
如图12.26所示：IPv6的链路相当于企业网络中连接在一个二层交换机的主机链路，更明确的一种说法是链路处于同一个广播域，如果从IPv4的角度来理解可以理解成IPv6的链路就是在同一子网内的主机。
所以IPv6的本地链路地址，只能在IPv6的本地链路中使用，如链路A与链路B中的IPv6主机使用本地链路地址在各自的链路上通信，但是不可以使用本地链路地址完成链路A与链路B之间的通信，这与IPv4中的APIPA（Automatic Private IP Addressing，自动专用IP寻址地址）类似。
ipaddress的中文是什么意思
ipaddress的中文是什么意思ip address的中文是什么意思ip address对于计算机的人员来说并不陌生，那么它表达的中文意思是呢?为此店铺为大家介绍英文ip address的中文意思。
ip address的中文意思n1.网际协议地址【计】互联网协议地址(：Internet Protocol Address，又译为网际协议地址)，缩写为IP地址(IP Address)。
ip address的单语例句1. It is difficult to search for the owner of the computer using the IP address which is a digital sequence of four sections.2. The ITU deputy secretary general said there are still potentials in the unused regional resources of the current IP address system.3. Police used his emails to track down his IP address and nabbed him at home.4. The company had one IP address, three servers and two dedicated gigabyte lines in a machine room.5. Ip continued that the fundamental ways to address poverty rely on a government structure that works more effectively.6. Only people living in Guizhou can use the service as a local IP address determines visitor eligibility.7. Local police located the man after finding out the IP address used for uploading the photos.8. " But we cannot take down the IP address if the websites are registered outside China, " said Chen.ip address的双语例句1. Each of the four ports on the device has a different IP address and MAC address.设备上的四个端口有着不同的IP地址和MAC地址。
IP分配——精选推荐
IP分配IP地址规划之分配篇在IP地址规划时，我们已经知道IP地址包括公⽹和专⽤（私有）两种类型，公⽹IP地址⼜称为可全局路由的IP地址，是在Internet 中使⽤的IP地址，⽬前对企业来说主要是ISP提供的⼀个或⼏个C 类地址；⽽专⽤（私有）IP地址则包括A、B和C类三种，另外就是Microsoft Windows的APIPA预留的（169.254.0.0 -- 169.254.255.255）⽹段地址；下⾯就和⼤家谈谈这些IP 地址的在企业局域⽹的分配⽅式。
⼀、可全局路由（公⽹）的IP地址的分配⽅式毫⽆疑问，Internet⽹络中的每⼀台计算机都需要⼀个IP地址，然⽽，在⽬前IP地址资源⾮常紧缺的情况下，想从Internet接⼊商那⾥获取⾜够的IP地址简直是不可能的。
假如每个企业⽤户只能获得1-10个公⽹IP地址，即使是拥有⼏百台计算机的局域⽹，因此应该考虑如何合理利⽤有限的IP地址了。
1、静态分配IP地址也就是给每台计算机分配⼀个固定的公⽹IP地址。
如果⽹络中每台计算机都采⽤静态的分配⽅案，那么很可能是IP地址不够⽤。
所以⼀般只在下⾯两种情况下才采⽤这种⽅案：IP地址数量⼤于⽹络中的计算机数量。
⽹络中存在特殊的计算机，如作为路由器的计算机、服务器等等。
2、动态分配IP地址如果⽹络中有很多台计算机，且⼜不是所有的计算机都同时使⽤，那么不妨采⽤动态分配IP地址的⽅式。
什么是动态分配IP地址呢？打个⽐⽅说，公司⼀共有10台计算机，⽽须要使⽤计算机的却有15个⼈，显然每⼈⼀台计算机是不可能的。
那么我们就考虑，如果他们不在同⼀时间使⽤，可不可以采取这种策略：把所有的计算机集中起来管理，等到有⼈提出使⽤请求的时候，分配其中的任意⼀台计算机给他，⽽他⽤完之后就把使⽤权收回，这样既可以保证所有的⼈都有机会使⽤计算机，⼜不会造成计算机的“浪费”。
IP地址的动态分配原理和上⾯所举的例⼦⼀样，只要同时打开的计算机数量少于或等于可供分配的IP地址，那么，每台计算机就会⾃动获取⼀个IP地址，并实现与Internet的连接。
addressing 翻译
addressing 翻译addressing 可以翻译为“地址”。
这个词也可以用作动词，意为“处理”、“解决”、“对待”、“称呼”等。
用作名词时，addressing 指的是一个地点的具体位置，如一个房屋或办公场所的地址。
例如：- What is your home address?（你的家庭地址是什么？）- I need to send a package to this address.（我需要把一个包裹寄到这个地址。
）用作动词时，addressing 意为“处理”、“解决”或“对待”。
例如：- The company is actively addressing the issue of employee satisfaction.（公司正在积极处理员工满意度的问题。
）- The government is taking steps to address the issue of climate change.（政府正在采取措施解决气候变化的问题。
）addressing 还可以指“称呼”或“发表讲话”。
例如：- The speaker addressed the audience on the topic of leadership.（演讲者就领导力的话题向观众发表讲话。
）- It is important to address your teacher with respect.（以尊敬方式称呼你的老师是很重要的。
）以下是一些用法和中英文对照的例句：- The company is addressing the concerns raised by its customers.（公司正在解决顾客提出的问题。
）- The mayor addressed the crowd at the city hall.（市长在市政厅向人群发表讲话。
）- We need to address the issue of poverty in our community.（我们需要解决社区中的贫困问题。
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组网模型四
集中转发/bas认证/三层网络
AC:管理与配置AP， 三层交换机包含DHCP relay 功能 AP从三层交换机处获IP地址， 一般为内网地址。 User从三层交换机处获取IP地址， 为外网地址。 BAS：转发user的数据流
组网模型五
AC:管理与配置AP， AP从AC处获IP地址， 一般为内网地址。 User从AC处获取IP地址， 为外网地址。
IP Addressing
1. User 2. Network Element
组网模型
网络层次： 二层网络 三层网络 业务转发： 集中转发 本地转发 功能： AC/BAS
组网模型一
本地转发/bas认证/二层网络
AC:管理与配置AP， AP从AC处获IP地址， 一般为内网地址。 User从ac处获取IP地址， 为外网地址。 地址的区分：option 43/52 BAS：转发user的数据流
集中和本地转发/二层网络
组网模型六
集中和本地转发/三层网络
AC:管理与配置AP， 三层交换机包含DHCP relay 功能 AP从三层交换机处获IP地址， 一般为内网地址。 User从三层交换机处获取IP地址， 为外网地址。
组网模型二
集中转发/bas认证/二层网络
AC:管理与配置AP， AP从AC处获IP地址， 一般为内网地址。 User从AC处获取IP地址， 为外网地址。 BAS：转发user的数据流
组网模型三
本地转发/bas认证/三层网络
AC:管理与配置AP， 三层交换机包含DHCP relay 功能 AP从三层交换机处获IP地址， 一般为内网地址。 User从三层交换机处获取IP地址， 为外网地址。 BAS：转发user的数据流