Accelerating AES Using Instruction Set Extensions for Elliptic Curve Cryptography
药物分析专业英语
(dissolution) vessel 溶出杯(FTIR) 傅里叶变换红外光谱仪13C-NMR spectrum,13CNMR 碳-13核磁共振谱1ength basis 长度基准1H-NMR 氢谱2D-NMR 二维核磁共振谱:2D-NMR3D-spectrochromatogram 三维光谱-波谱图Aa stream of nitrogen 氮气流a wide temperature range 宽的温度范围absolute detector response 检测器绝对响应(值)absolute entropy 绝对熵absolute error 绝对误差absolute reaction rate theory 绝对反应速率理论absolute temperature scale 绝对温标absorbance 吸光度,而不是吸收率(absorptance)。
当我们忽略反射光强时,透射率(T)与吸光度(A)满足如下关系式:A=lg(1/T)。
absorbance noise, absorbing noise 吸光度噪音。
也称光谱的稳定性,是指在确定的波长范围内对样品进行多次扫描,得到光谱的均方差。
吸光度噪音是体现仪器稳定性的重要指标。
将样品信号强度与吸光度噪音相比可计算出信噪比。
absorbed water 吸附水absorptance 吸收率absorptant 吸收剂absorption band 吸收带absorption cell 吸收池absorption curve 吸收光谱曲线/光吸收曲线absorption tube 吸收管abundance 丰度。
即具有某质荷比离子的数量accelerated solvent extraction(ASE) 加速溶剂萃取accelerated testing 加速试验accelerating decomposition 加速破坏acceptance limit,acceptance criterion 验收限度,合格标准accidental error 随机误差accuracy 准确度。
aes加密的原理
aes加密的原理AES加密(Advanced Encryption Standard,高级加密标准)是一种使用对称密钥加密算法,主要用于保护数据的机密性。
它是目前最常用的对称密钥加密算法之一。
AES加密的原理可以简单概括为以下几个步骤:1. 密钥扩展(Key Expansion):根据输入的密钥,生成一系列轮密钥(Round Keys)。
每轮密钥的长度与加密算法的密钥长度相关,例如AES-128使用的密钥长度为128位,会生成10个轮密钥。
2. 初始轮(Initial Round):将明文数据分为固定长度的数据块(通常为128位),并将每个数据块与第一个轮密钥进行异或操作。
3. 轮(Rounds):进行若干轮操作,每一轮操作由四个步骤组成:SubBytes、ShiftRows、MixColumns和AddRoundKey。
- SubBytes步骤:将每个数据块中的每个字节映射到一个固定的S盒(Substitution Box)中的对应字节。
S盒的映射关系是在AES算法设计中预先定义好的。
- ShiftRows步骤:按照特定规则对每个数据块的行进行循环位移,实现行间的置换。
- MixColumns步骤:对数据块的列进行混淆操作,通过一系列线性变换实现置换。
- AddRoundKey步骤:将数据块与当前轮密钥进行异或操作,加入密钥的影响。
4. 最后一轮(Final Round):与其他轮操作不同,最后一轮没有MixColumns步骤。
而是经过SubBytes、ShiftRows和AddRoundKey步骤后,得到加密后的密文数据。
AES加密算法的安全性和强度主要取决于密钥长度,AES-128使用128位密钥,AES-192使用192位密钥,AES-256使用256位密钥。
较长的密钥长度可以提供更高的安全性,但也会导致计算复杂度的增加。
总之,AES加密算法通过密钥扩展和多轮的字节替换、位移、混淆和异或操作,对数据进行加密处理,从而保护数据的机密性。
aes 加密 名词解释
AES加密名词解释AES加密是一种高级加密标准,也被称为Rijndael加密法。
它是在美国联邦政府采用的一种区块加密标准。
AES加密是一种对称加密算法,使用同一个密钥进行加密和解密。
其支持三种长度的密钥:128位,192位,256位。
加密算法分为双向加密和单向加密,AES加密是其中最流行的对称加密算法之一。
AES加密,具有以下优点:1.安全性高:Rijndael加密法是一种对称加密算法,具有较高的安全性。
它采用了复杂的加密逻辑和密钥管理技术,使得黑客难以破解加密数据。
2.加密强度高:Rijndael加密法采用了多轮加密和密钥扩展技术,使得加密数据在传输过程中几乎无法被破解。
3.速度快:Rijndael加密法采用了高效的算法和优化技术,使得加密和解密速度非常快,适合于大量数据的加密。
4.灵活性好:Rijndael加密法支持多种密钥长度,可以根据实际需求选择不同的密钥长度进行加密。
5.兼容性好:Rijndael加密法被广泛应用于各种平台和设备中,具有良好的兼容性。
总之,Rijndael加密法是一种高效、安全、灵活的加密算法,适用于各种需要加密的场景。
虽然Rijndael加密法具有许多优点,但也有一些缺点:1.算法复杂度高:Rijndael加密法的算法复杂度较高,相对于一些简单的加密算法,其计算量较大,对于一些资源有限的设备可能会造成一定的负担。
2.密钥管理困难:Rijndael加密法采用了对称加密算法,对于密钥的管理和分发相对较为困难,需要确保密钥的安全性和可靠性。
3.加密和解密时间长:虽然Rijndael加密法采用了优化技术来提高加密和解密速度,但在处理大量数据时,其加密和解密时间相对于一些简单的加密算法可能会更长。
4.安全性受到质疑:虽然Rijndael加密法被认为是安全的,但在某些情况下,其安全性可能会受到质疑。
例如,对于一些特定的攻击方式,黑客可能会利用Rijndael加密法的漏洞来破解加密数据。
AES加密算法的原理详解
AES加密算法的原理详解AES(Advanced Encryption Standard,高级加密标准)是一种对称密钥加密算法,由美国国家标准与技术研究院(NIST)通过全球范围的评选过程确定为对称密钥加密的标准。
1.输入:AES接受一个128位的明文输入块(分组)。
如果明文不够128位,需要进行填充,填充规则可以是PKCS或者其他标准。
2.初始密钥扩展:AES使用一个初始密钥,该初始密钥以128位为基础,根据输入的密钥长度(可以是128位、192位或256位)生成相关的轮密钥。
3.轮密钥加:将初始明文块与第一个轮密钥进行异或运算。
4. 轮变换(SubBytes变换、ShiftRows变换、MixColumns变换和AddRoundKey变换):AES将经过轮密钥加的明文输入进行一系列的变换操作。
- SubBytes变换:将明文输入块中的每个字节替换为S-盒中对应的字节值,S-盒由一个有限域上的代数运算表构成。
- ShiftRows变换:对明文输入块的每一行进行循环左移,第一行不变,第二行左移一位,第三行左移两位,第四行左移三位。
- MixColumns变换:对明文输入块的每一列进行混淆,使用固定的矩阵乘法进行计算。
- AddRoundKey变换:将混淆后的明文输入块与对应轮密钥进行异或运算。
5. 轮重复:AES重复10轮(对于128位密钥)或14轮(对于192位和256位密钥),每一轮都包括轮密钥加、SubBytes变换、ShiftRows 变换、MixColumns变换和AddRoundKey变换。
6. 最后一轮:最后一轮的MixColumns变换不再执行,而是进行轮密钥加、SubBytes变换、ShiftRows变换和AddRoundKey变换。
7.输出:经过重复轮变换后,最后一轮的输出就是加密后的密文。
AES的优点和特点如下:-安全性:AES是一种非常安全的加密算法,由于其设计中包含了多轮重复的变换操作,使得破解AES算法变得非常困难。
aes加密原理及算法
aes加密原理及算法
AES(Advanced Encryption Standard)是一种对称加密算法,
也是目前使用广泛的加密算法之一。
它可以将明文(原始数据)转化为密文(加密后的数据),以保护数据的安全性。
AES的加密原理基于两个主要操作:SubBytes和ShiftRows。
SubBytes操作将明文中的每个字节替换为一个固定的值,通
过将每个字节分别代入一个S盒中得到。
ShiftRows操作则是
按照特定规则将每一行字节进行循环位移。
AES的加密过程分为四个步骤:密钥扩展、轮密钥加、字节
代换和行移位、列混淆。
首先,将输入的密钥扩展为多个轮密钥,每个轮密钥都是与当前加密轮次相关的变换后的密钥。
然后,将输入数据与轮密钥进行异或操作,这个过程称为轮密钥加。
接下来,使用SubBytes操作将数据的每个字节替换为对
应的S盒中的值。
然后,通过ShiftRows操作对字节进行行移位,不同行的字节进行循环位移。
最后,通过列混淆操作(MixColumns)对每一列字节进行线性变换,从而增加了数
据的混淆性。
AES的解密过程与加密过程正好相反。
解密时,需要将加密
后的密文经过逆向操作进行解密。
逆向操作包括逆向的字节代换、行移位以及列混淆。
每一步操作的逆向操作都能够将密文还原为明文。
AES算法具有高度的安全性和效率,广泛应用于各个领域,
如网络通信、数据库安全、文件加密等。
它采用了高级的加密技术,可以对数据进行可靠且高效的保护。
采矿工程专业英语
accoustic signal 音响信号 accretion 表土 accumulation 蓄积 accumulator 蓄电池 accumulator capacity 蓄电池容量 accumulator lamp 蓄电池灯 accumulator locomotive 蓄电池机车 accuracy 精度 accuracy degree 精确度 acetate 醋酸盐 acetic acid 醋酸 aceton 丙酮 acetonitrile乙腈 acetyl 乙酰 acetylene 乙炔acetylene lamp 电石灯 achromatic 消色差的 aciculite 针状矿石 acid 酸 acid minewater 酸性矿水 acid number 酸值 acid proof 酎酸的 acid resistance 耐酸性 acid resistant 耐酸的 acid resistant steel 耐酸钢 acid resisting steel 耐酸钢 acid rock 酸性岩 acid treatment of a bore hole 钻孔酸处理 acid value 酸值 acidite 酸性岩acidity 酸度 acidness 酸度 acidproof 耐酸的 actinium 锕 actinolite 阳起石 actionradius 酌半径 activate 活化 activated carbon 活性煤 activated charcoal 活性煤 activating agent 活化剂 activation 活性化 activation energy 活化能 activator 活化剂 active 活化的采矿英语专业词汇Aabandoned workings 废巷道 abandonment 废弃 abelite 阿贝立特炸药 abichite 砷铜矿 ability 能力 ability to flow 怜性 ablation 水蚀 ablution 洗净 abnormality 反常abrasion 磨损 abrasion resistance抗磨蚀能力 abrasive 磨料abruption 断层 abscissa 横座标 absite 钍钛铀矿 absolute error 绝对误差 absolute humidity 绝对温度 absorbability 吸收性 absorbent 吸收剂 absorber 吸收器吸收剂 ;减震器 absorbing ability 吸收性absorption 吸收 absorption factor吸收系数 absorption meter 液体溶气计 absorptivity 吸收性absortion constant 吸收常数 abstraction of pillars 回采煤柱 abundance 丰富 abundant 富有的 abutment 拱座 abutment area 支承压力带 abutment pressure 支承压力 accelerated motion 加速运动 accelerating agent 速凝剂acceptance test 验收试验 acceptor charge 被动装药 accessory equipment 补助设备 accessory minerals 副矿物 accidental explosion 意外爆炸 acclivity 上倾 accompanying bed伴生层active dust 活性尘末active working face 生产工祖activity 活度actual mining 回采工作actuate 驱动actuating roll 导辊actuator 执行机构acuity 敏锐度acute 尖的acute angle 锐角adamantine 冷铸钢粒adamantine boring 冷铸钢粒钻进adamantine drill 金刚石钻adamellite 石英二长石adamic earth 红粘土adaptability 适合性adaptation 适应adapter 插座adaptibility 适合性addition 加法;加添additional tension 附加应力additive 添加剂adelpholite 铌铁锰矿adhere 粘着adherence 粘着adhesion force 粘附力adhesive 胶粘剂adhesive power 粘附力adhesiveness 胶粘性adhesivity 胶粘性adiabatic 绝热的adiabatic compression 绝热压缩adit 平硐adit collar 平硐口adit cut mining 平硐开采adit entrance 平硐口adit mine 平硐开采矿山adit mouth 平硐口adjoining rock 围岩adjust 蝶adjustable prop 伸缩式支柱adjuster 装配工adjusting device 蝶装置adjusting screw 蝶螺丝adjustment 蝶adjutage 喷射管admissible 容许的admission 进入;容许admitting pipe 进入管admixture 掺和物adobe 风干砖adobe blasting 裸露装药爆破adobe shot 裸露装药爆破adsorb 吸附adsorbate 吸附物adsorbent 吸附剂adsorption 吸附adsorption film 吸附膜adsorption isotherm 等温吸附式adular 冰长石adularia 冰长石adulterant 掺杂物adustion 可燃性advance 工祖进尺advance bore 超前钻孔advance borehole 超前钻孔advance cut 超前掏槽advance grouting 超前灌浆advance heading 超前平巷advance mining 前进式开采advance of the face 工祖推进advance rate 掘进速度advance workings 超前工祖advanced face 超前工祖advanced gallery 超前平巷advancement 掘进advancing 掘进advancing along the strike 沿走向掘进advancing long wall 前进式长壁开采advancing longwall 前进式长壁开采advancing mining 前进式开采advancing system 前进式开采法advancing to the dip 俯斜掘进advancing to the rise 仰斜掘进advantage 长处adventure 矿山企业adversary grade 逆坡adverse grade 逆坡aegerite 纯钠辉石aegirine 霓石aegirite 霓石aeolation 风蚀aerated concrete 气孔混凝土aerating chamber 空气混合室aeration 通风aerator 充气器aeremia 沉箱病aerial cableway 架空死aerial conveyer 架空运输机aerial dust 浮尘aerial ropeway 架空死aerial tramway 架空死aerocrete 气孔混凝土aeroembolism 沉箱病aerofloat 黑药aerogel 气凝胶aerolite 陨石aerolith 陨石aerometer 气体表aerophore 氧气呼吸器aerosite 深红银矿aerosol 气溶胶aerotriangulation 航空三角测量aeroview 空中俯瞰图aerugo 铜绿aeschynite 易解石afflux 岭after damp 炮烟after gases 炮烟aftercare 土地复田护理aftercooler 后冷却器二次冷却器afterdamp 爆后气体aftereffect 后效afterexpansion 残余膨胀aftergases 爆后气体aftertreatment 后处理agalite 纤滑石agalmatolite 寿山石agate 玛瑙age 期age of mine 矿山寿命ageing 老化agent 剂agglomerant 粘结剂agglomerate 烧结矿agglomeration 聚集agglutinant 烧结剂agglutination 凝集aggregate thickness 总厚度aggregation 聚集aging 老化agitation 搅拌agitator 搅拌器agnotozoic era 元古代agricolite 硅铋石aikinite 针硫铋铅矿air adit 通风平硐air blast 空气冲击air blast goaf stowing machine 风力充填机air blaster 艾欠道克斯压气爆破筒air blowpipe 炮眼吹洗管air bottle 压气瓶air box 木制风管air brake 空气制动器air brattice 风帘air brick 空心砖air bubble 气泡air bump 空气突出air chamber 空气室air change 换气air channel 空气通路air classifier 空气分级机air cleaner 空气滤净器air cleaning 风力选矿air compartment 通风隔间air composition 空气成分air compressor 空气压缩机air conditioning 空气第air connection 通风联络巷air consumption 空气消耗量air contamination 空气污染air cooler 空气冷却器air cooling 空气冷却air crossing 风桥air current 风流air curtain 风帘air cylinder 空气缸air distribution 风量分配air door 风门air door tender 风门工air drift 通风石巷air drill 风钻air drilling 风动钻眼air driven mine car loader 风动矿车装载机air driven pump 风动泵air driven rockerloader 压气式铲斗后卸装载机air drying 风干air duct 空气通路air ejector 喷气器air escape 空气漏出air feed 气力推进air filter 空气过滤器air float table 气浮式风力摇床air flotation 充气浮选air flow 风流air flow resistance 气凌力air gap 风口air gate 风巷air hammer 气锤air heading 通风平巷air heater 空气加热器air hose 压气软管air humidity 空气湿度air inlet 进气口air intake 进气口air jig 风力跳汰机air leg 风动钻架air level 气泡水准仪air lift 空气提液器air line 空气管air lock 气闸air locomotive 压气机车air measurement 通风测量air moisture 空气湿度air motor 风动发动机air movement 空气怜air network 通风网air opening 风巷air operated machine 风动机air partition 风墙air permeability 透气性air pick 风镐air pipe 风管air pocket 气袋airpollution 空气污染air powered locomotive 压气机车air preheater 空气顸热器air pressure 空气压力air proof 不透气的air pulsated jig 气动跳汰机air pump 抽气泵air receiver 蓄气器air resistance 空气阻力air screw fan 轴两扇风机air separation 风选air separator 风力分离器风力分选机air shaft 风井air splitting 风林支air stopping 风墙air strainer 空气滤清器air supply 空气供应air table 风力淘汰盘air tank 空气箱air trammer 风动机车air trunk 通风隔间air tube 风井air valve 气阀air velocity 风临度air vessel 蓄气器airbridge 风桥aircurrent 风流airdox 艾欠道克斯压气爆破筒airdox blaster 艾欠道克斯压气爆破筒airdox cylinder 压气爆破筒airflow measurement 通风测量airing 通气airleg 气腿airlock 风闸airman 风门工airway 风巷airwinch 风动绞车akerite 光辉正长岩;英辉正长岩akins classifier 螺旋分级机alabandine 硫锰矿alabandite 硫锰矿alabaster 雪花石膏alabastrite 雪花石膏alamosite 铅辉石alarm 警报alarm device 警报装置alarm signal 警报信号alaskaite 白岗岩alaskite 白岗岩alaunstein 茂石albertite 沥清煤albite 钠长石albitite 钠长岩albitophyre 钠长斑岩albronze 铝青铜alcali 碱alcohol 醇alertor 警报信号alidade 指方规aliphatic acid 脂族酸alkali 碱alkalimeter 碱量计alkalimetry 碱量滴定法alkaline 碱的alkaline accumulator 碱性蓄电池alkaline earth metal 碱土金属alkalinity 碱度alkyl 烷基all over work 长壁开采all ups 原煤allactite 砷水锰矿allanite 褐帘石allemontite 砷锑矿alligator 自翻式吊桶allomerism 异质同晶allomorphism 同质异晶allophane 水铝英石allophanite 水铝英石allotrope 同素异形体allotropy 同素异形allowable concentration 许容浓度allowable error 容许误差allowable load 容许负载allowable stress 容许应力allowance 公差alloy 合金alloy bit 合金钻头alloyed steel 合金钢alluvial 冲积的alluvial deposit 冲积矿床alluvial gold 砂金alluvial mining 砂矿开采alluvial soil 冲积土alluvial tin 砂锡矿alluviation 冲积alluvion 冲积层alluvium 冲积层almandine 铁铝榴石almandite 铁铝榴石alnico 铝镍钴合金alnoite 黄长煌斑岩aloxite 铝砂alstonite 碳酸钙钡矿altait 碲铅矿alteration 变蚀酌alternate load 交变负载alternate motion 往复运动alternate stress 交变应力alternating 交替的alternating current 交流alternating current generator 交立电机alternating current motor 交羚动机alternating motion 往复运动alternation 交替altimeter 测高计altimetry 高度测量术altitude 高度alum 茂alum earth 矾土alumel 铝镍合金alumina 矾土alumina cement 高铝水泥aluminate 铝酸盐aluminium 铝aluminium bronze 铝青铜aluminum detonator 铝壳雷管alundum 氧化铝alunite 茂石amalgam 汞齐amalgamating barrel 提金桶amalgamation 汞齐化酌amalgamator 提金器汞齐化器amatol 阿马托炸药amazonite 天河石amazonstone 天河石amber 琥珀ambient 周围的ambient temperature 周围温度ambligonite 磷铝石amblygonite 磷铝石ambulance 急救车americium 镅amethyst 紫晶amide 酰安amine 胺amino acid 氨基酸ammon dynamite 硝安炸药ammon explosive 硝铵炸药ammonal 阿梅那尔ammonia 氨ammonia gelatine dynamite 铵胶炸药ammonite 阿芒炸药ammonium 铵ammonium nitrate 硝安ammonium nitrate dynamite 硝安炸药ammonium nitrate explosives 硝安炸药ammonium nitrate prill 颗粒状硝铵amorphous 无定形的amorphous state 无定形状恙amortization 折旧ampelite 黄铁碳质页岩amphibole 角闪石amphibolite 闪岩amphibolization 闪石化酌amplification 放大amplifier 放大器amplify 放大amplitude 振幅ampole 安瓿amygdaloid 杏仁岩amygdaloidal texture 杏仁状结构analcime 方沸石analcite 方沸石analog digital conversion 模拟数字转换analogy 类似analyser 分析器analysis 分析analyst 化验员analytic 分析的analytical 分析的analytical chemistry 分析化学analyze 分析analyzer 分析器anatase 锐钛矿anbauhobel 快速刨煤机anchor 锚anchor bolt 锚杆ancillary work 辅助工作ancylite 碳酸锶铈矿andalusite 红柱石anderseam 下部煤层andesine 中长石andesite 安山岩andradite 钙铁榴石anemobarometer 风速风压计anemograph 自记风速计anemometer 风速表anemometry 风速测定aneroid barometer 无液气压计anfo explosives 铵油炸药anfo loader 铵油炸药装填器angle 角angle bar 角钢angle face 倾斜工祖angle gauge 角规angle of bedding 层理面倾斜角angle of break 崩落角angle of contact 接触角angle of deflection 偏角angle of dip 倾角angle of draw 落角angle of elevation 仰角angle of emergence 出射角angle of friction 摩擦角angle of incidence 入射角angle of inclination 倾角angle of internal friction 内摩擦角angle of pitch 螺距角angle of repose 休止角angle of rest 休止角angle of rolling friction 滚动摩擦角angle of strike 走向角度angle of subsidence 边界角angle shot mortar test 开槽臼炮试验anglesite 硫酸铅矿angular 角的angular acceleration 角加速度angular hole 斜炮眼angular motion 角动angular velocity 角速度anhydride 酐anhydrite 硬石膏anion 阴离子anisotropy 蛤异性ankerite 铁白云石annabergite 镍华annealing 退火annual advance 年掘进annual output 年产量anode 阳极anomaly 异常anorthite 钙长石anorthoclase 歪长石anorthosite 斜长石antarctic pole 南极antecedent magnetic concentration 储备处理磁选anthracene 葸anthracite 无烟煤anthracite culm 无烟煤粉anthracite mine 无烟煤矿anthracography 煤相学anthracology 煤炭学anthracometer 二氧化碳计anthracosis 煤肺病anthrafine 无烟煤细末anthrakometry 二氧化碳测定法anti acid 耐酸的anticlinal 背斜anticline 背斜anticlinorium 复背斜anticlockwise rotation 反时针旋转antidote 解毒药antifoamer 消泡剂antifoaming agent 消泡剂antifreeze 防冻剂antifreezing agent 防冻剂antimonite 辉锑矿antimony 锑antimony glance 辉锑矿antioxidant 抗氧剂antioxidizer 抗氧剂antiseptic 防腐剂apatite 磷灰石aplite 细晶岩apophyllite 鱼眼石apophyse 岩枝apophysis 岩枝apparatus 频apparent resistance 表观阻力apparent specific gravity 表观此重apparent viscosity 视粘度apple coal 软煤applicable 可以应用的application 应用appreciation 评价approach 接近approved cable 防爆电缆approved lamp 安全灯approved shot firing apparatus 安全放炮器耐爆放炮器approximate 近似的approximate value 近似值approximation 近似法apron conveyor 平板运输机apron coveyor 板式输送机apron feeder 板式给矿机apyrous 耐火的aqua regia 王水aquation 水合酌aqueduct 输水桥aqueous 水的aqueous solution 水溶液aquifer 蓄水层aquiferous 含水的aragonite 霰石arc 弧arch 拱arch lining 拱形支架arch pressure 支承压力arch setting 安设拱形支架arch span 拱跨arch theory 成拱论arch timbering 拱形木支架arch truss 拱式桁架arched support 拱形支架architecture 建筑学archy lining 拱形支架arcose sandstone 长石砂岩arcwall face 弧形工祖area 矿区area blasting 多排列爆破area of explosion 爆炸区arenaceous 砂质的arenarious 砂质的arenology 砂岩学arenous 砂质的areometer 比重计arfvedsonite 钠钙闪石argentite 辉银矿argentum 银argillaceous rock 泥质岩argillaceous sandstone 泥质砂岩argillaceous slate 泥板岩argillite 泥质板岩argon 氩argyrodite 硫银锗矿arkose 长石砂岩arm 杠杆;柄arm mixer 叶片式搅拌机armature 加强armature core 电枢铁心armature winding 电枢绕组armored cable 铠装电缆armored concrete 钢筋混凝土armoure 加强armoured concrete 钢筋混凝土armoured conveyerpanzer conveyer 镫装运输机arrangement 布置arrangements 准备arrester 制动器制止器arrester catch 止动器挡车器arrestor 避雷器arsenic 砷arsenite 砷华arsenolite 砷华arsenopyrite 砷黄铁矿arsensilver blende 淡红银矿articulated roof beam 铰接顶梁articulated yielding arch 铰接可缩性拱形支架articulation 铰链接合artificial caving 人工崩落artificial draught 人工通风artificial petroleum 人造石油artificial respiration 人工呼吸artificial vetilation 人工通风asbestos 石棉asbestos wool 石棉绒asbolane 钴土矿asbolite 钴土矿asbstos cement 石棉水泥ascending working 漏口ascension 上升ascensional ventilation 上向通风ash 灰ash coal 高灰煤ash composition 灰分组成ash content 灰分askew 斜的asparagus stone 黄绿磷灰石asphalt 地沥青asphalt base crude oil 沥青基原油asphalt concrete 地沥青混凝土asphaltite 沥青岩asphyxia 窒息asphyxy 窒息aspirail 通风孔aspirating tube 吸气管aspiration 吸气aspirator 抽风机assay 试金assemblage 装配assemble 装配assimilation 同化酌association缔合assort 分类assortment 分类assurance factor 安全系数astillen 脉壁; 隔墙astriction 收缩astringency 收敛性asymmetric 不对称的asymmetrical 不对称的asymmetry 不对称asymptotic 渐近的asynchronous generator 异步发电机asynchronous motor 异步电动机atacamite 氯铜矿atmoizer 喷雾器atmosphere 大气atmospheric 大气的atmospheric conditions 通风条件;大气条件atmospheric corrosion 大气腐蚀atmospheric moisture 空气湿度atmospheric pressure 大气压力atom 原子atomic 原子的atomic number 原子序atomic ore 放射性矿石atomic volume 原子体积atomization 喷雾atomizer 喷雾器attack 循环; 开始attal 充填物料attenuation 衰减atteration 冲积土attle 充填料attraction 引力attractive force 引力attrition 磨耗attrition mill 盘磨机attrition test 磨损试验auger drill 螺旋钻augering 螺旋钻法auget 雷管augite 辉石aureole 接触带auric 金的auriferous 含金的aurum 金austenite 奥氏体austenitic steel 奥氏体钢autmatic measuring device 自动计量器auto alarm 自动报警auto ignition 自燃autocollimation 自动视准autoconverter 自动变流autocrane 汽车起重机autodumper 自卸汽车autofeed 自动给料autofeeder 自动给矿机autogenous cutting 气割autogenous welding 气焊autoloader 汽车式装载机automated mine 自动化煤矿automated mining 自动化采掘automatic block 自动闭塞automatic brake 自动制动器automatic checking 自动检验automatic circuit breaker 自动断路器automatic control 自动控制automatic controller 自动第器自动蝶器automatic coupler 自动车钩automatic door 自动风门automatic dumper 自动翻车机automatic equipment 自动设备automatic feed 自动给料automatic feeder 自动给矿机automatic installation 自动设备automatic loading device 自动装载设备automatic lubrication 自动润滑automatic lubricator 自动润滑器automatic oiling 自动润滑automatic pressure controller 自动倒器自动压力控制器automatic regulator 自动第器自动蝶器automatic release 自动释放automatic resetting 自动复位automatic sampler 自动取样器automatic sorting 自动选分automatic warning device 自动告警装置automatic weighing device 自动秤automation 自动化automatization 自动化automobile 汽车autotransformer 单卷变压器autotruck 载重汽车auxiliary 辅助的auxiliary adit 辅助平峒auxiliary equipment 辅助设备auxiliary fan 辅助扇风机auxiliary level 辅助平巷auxiliary shaft 辅助竖井auxiliary support 辅助支架auxiliary tools 辅助仪表auxiliary ventilation 局部通气auxilliary winch 辅助绞车aventurine 砂金石average 平均average error 平均误差average life 平均寿命average pressure 平均压力average sample 平均试样average trend 平均走向average value 平均值axe 斧axial 轴性的axial blower 轴寥风机axial compression 轴向压缩axial direction 轴向axial fan 轴两扇凤机axial flow compressor 轴两压缩机axial flow fan 轴寥风机axial piston motor 轴向柱塞马达axial piston pump 轴向活塞泵axial pump 轴两泵axle 车轴axle base 轴距axle bearing 轴承axle box 轴颈箱axle box bearing 轴箱轴承axle journal 轴颈azimuth 方位azimuth angle 方位角azimuth compass 方位测量罗盘azote 氮azurite 蓝铜矿Bbabbit 巴氏合金back bolting 顶板锚杆支护back bone 分水岭back brace 背板back break 超欠挖back brushing 挑顶back coming 后退回采back filler 回填机back filling 充填back filling method 充填法back filling shrinkage 充填物收缩back filling system 分段上向充填开采法back lath 顶板背板back leg bracing 柱腿支撑back lye 井下错车道back pulling 回采煤柱back stope 上向梯段回采工祖back stoping 上向梯段回采back stroke 回程back water 回水back weight 平衡锤backacter 反铲backbye deputy 井下维修工backdigger 反铲backdraught 逆通风backfill 充填backfill material 充填料backfill operations 充填工作backhoe 反铲backlash 轮齿隙backman 辅助工backpressure 顶板压力backstoping 上向梯段回采backwall injection 井壁背后灌浆backweight 平衡锤backwork 辅助工作bacteria leaching 细菌沥滤bactericide 杀菌剂bad top 不稳固顶板baddeleyite 斜锆矿baffle plate 反射板bag filter 袋滤器bag powder 装袋炸药bag type accumulator 皮囊式蓄能器bagger 多斗控掘机bagging 装袋baghouse 囊式集尘窒baikalite 贝钙铁辉石bail 吊桶bailer 铲bailing ring 集水圈bailing tank 戽水斗baking coal 粘结煤bal 矿山balance 平衡balance bob 平衡锤balance bunker 平衡仓balance level 水准仪balance pit 平衡重井筒balance plane 自重滑行坡balance rope 平衡钢丝绳balance rope pulley 平衡绳滑轮balance tail rope 平衡尾绳balance valve 平衡阀balance weight 平衡锤balanced hoist 两容漆升机balanced hoisting 平衡提升balanced load 平衡负载balanced winding 平衡提升balancing 平衡balas 浅红晶石balk 煤层薄ball 球ball and socket joint 球节ball bearing 滚珠轴承ball bushing 球轴套ball cage 球护圈ball charge 磨球装量ball crusher 球磨机ball inclinometer 球式测斜仪ball indentation test 布氏硬度试验ball joint roof bar 球铰顶梁ball mill 球磨机ball retainer 球护圈ball up 钻孔堵塞ball valve 球阀ballas 浅红晶石ballast concrete 石碴混凝土ballast pit 采石场ballast rod 冲唤钻杆balling drum 球磨机滚筒ballistic mortar test 弹道臼炮试验ballistic pendulum test 弹道摆试验ballistite 巴里斯泰特炸药ballstone 球石balsam 香液bamboo tamping rod 竹炮棍band 带band brake 带式制动器带闸band conveyor 带式运输机band iron 带铁band ore 带状矿石banging piece 防险器断绳保险器banging pieces 断绳保险器防坠器banjo 钻车bank 阶段bank coal 原煤bank excavation 阶段采掘bank height 台阶高度bank method of attack 阶段开采法bank shaft mouth 坚井口bank work 阶梯开采bankcoal 原煤banker 掘土工banket 含金砾岩层bankhead 斜井井口出车平台banking 堆积bannock 耐火粘土bar 杆bar cutter 杆式截煤机bar grizzly 棒条筛bar mat reinforcement 网状钢筋bar reinforcement 钢筋bar rigged drifter 架式凿岩机bar screen 棒条筛bare 裸露的bare cable 裸电缆bare log 钻孔柱状图bargh 矿山企业baring 复盖岩层; 剥离barings 截煤粉barite 重晶石barium 钡barkevikite 棕闪石barney 单钩提升上山用的平衡重车barney car 单钩提升上山用的平衡重车barometer 气压表barometric 气压的barometric height 气压高度barrage 堰barrel 桶barren 不含矿物的barren layer 废石层barren rock 废石barricade 隔墙barrier 岩粉棚barrier method 柱式开采法barrier pillar 安全煤柱barrier system 柱式开采法barrierless accumulator 非隔离式蓄能器barring 顶板支护barrow 手推车barrow pit 手车运输的露天矿baryte 重晶石baryum 钡basal cleavage 贮理basal level 基淮面basalt 玄武岩base 基础;碱基base charge 基本装药量;炮眼底部装约base line 基线base plate 底板base road 诛base rock 基岩base unit 基本单位bashing 用废矸石充填采空区basic 基性的basic line 基线basic rock 碱性岩basin 煤田;盆地;贮水池basis 基础bass 炭质页岩basset 露头bast 炭质页岩bastard 夹石bastite 绢石bastnaesite 氟碳铈矿bat 泥质页岩batardeau 隔墙bathoclase 水平节理batholite 基岩batholith 基岩bathometer 深海测深仪bathymeter 深海测深仪bating 井筒延伸;卧底batt 泥质页岩batter 坡度batter level 倾斜仪batter pile 斜桩batter post 斜柱battered prop 斜柱battery 电池组;木隔壁; 工专battery capacity 蓄电池容量battery charger 充电机battery lamp 蓄电池灯battery locomotive 蓄电池机车battery powered haulage 蓄电池机车运输battery shuttle car 蓄电池梭车baulk 煤层薄baum jig 空气跳汰机baum jig washer 空气跳汰机baum wash box 空气跳汰机bauxite 铝土矿bawke 吊桶beach combing 海滨开采砂矿beach placer 海滨漂砂矿床beam 梁bearer 矿柱bearing 煤层走向; 轴承bearing alloy 轴承合金bearing block 矿枉煤柱bearing bush 轴承瓦bearing bushing 轴承瓦bearing cap 轴承盖bearing capacity 承重能力bearing housing 轴承壳bearing indicator 方位指示器bearing load 轴承负载bearing metal 轴承合金bearing pointer 方位指示器bearing position 支点bearing power 承重能力bearing pressure 承压力bearing ring 之框bearing set 之框bearing test 承载力试验bearing up pulley 紧绳轮beat 打击beater 木捣锤beater pulverizer 锤碎机beckelite 方钙饰镧矿bed 地层bed plane 层理面bed series 层系bed succession 层序bed thinning 煤层变薄bed top 矿层顶板bedded iron ore 层状铁矿bedded rock 层状岩bedded vein 层状矿脉bedding 层理bedding rock 基岩bedding surface 层理面bedrock 基岩beetle 大锤; 捣固机belemnite 箭石bell man 信号工bell pit 小探井bell rope 信号铃拉绳belly 煤层变厚belonite 针雏晶belowground 地下的belt 胶带belt bucket elevator 带头式提升机belt cleaner 净带器belt conveyor 带式运输机belt discharging plant 胶带输送机卸料装置belt elevator 带式提升机belt extension 胶带接长belt fastener 带扣belt feeder 带式给矿机belt heading 皮带输送机平巷belt hoister 斜井用胶带输送机belt idler pulley 皮带拉紧滚筒belt incline 胶带输送机斜井belt joint 带接belt lacer 带扣belt lacing 胶带接合belt lacing machine 缝带机belt loader 胶带动载机belt pulley 带式运输机滚筒belt punch 皮带穿孔器belt roller 皮带轮belt screen 带筛belt separator 带式分选机belt slip protection 胶带打滑保护belt stower 抛掷式胶带充填机belt stretcher 紧带器belt tension 皮带张力belt tightener 紧带器belt tightening pulley 皮带拉滚筒belt training idler 胶带导辊belt transport 皮带输送belt type dehydrator 带式干燥机belt type magnetic separator 带式磁选机belting 输送机胶带装置bench 阶段bench cut blasting 阶段爆破bench drilling 阶段钻眼bench face 台阶工祖bench floor 台阶底bench height 台阶高度bench hole 梯段的下向垂直炮眼bench mining 阶梯式开采bench preparation 阶段准备bench stoping 阶梯式开采benched quarry 阶段采石场benching 阶梯式开采benching bank 阶段bend 弯管bimetallic strip relay 双金属片继电器 bin 矿仓 bin gate 贮仓闸门 binder 粘结剂 binding agent 粘结剂 bindingcoal 粘结煤 binding energy 结合能 binding force 结合力 bing 堆 bing hole放矿溜口 binning 装仓biogeochemistry 生物地球化学 biotite黑云母 biquartz 双石英 bismuth 铋bismuth glance 辉铋矿 bismuthinite 辉铋矿 bismuthite 泡铋矿 bisulfate 硫酸氢盐 bisulfite 亚硫酸氢盐 bisulphate 硫酸氢盐 bisulphite 亚硫酸氢盐 bit 钎头 bit dresser 钻头修整机 bit dressing 钻头修整 bit edge 钻刃 bit face 钻头刃面 bit grinder 钻头磨锐机 bit head 钻头 bit life 钎头使用期间 bit shank 钎尾 bitter earth 氧化镁 bitum 沥青bituminous coal 沥青煤 bituminous rock 沥青岩 bituminous shale 沥青页岩 black band 菱铁矿 black blastingpowder 黑色火药 black bog 泥炭沼泽 black diamond 黑金刚石 black earth黑土 black iron ore 磁铁矿 black lead 石黑 black lead ore 黑铅矿bender 弯机 bending force 弯力 bending machine 弯机 bending moment 弯曲矩 bending resistance 抗弯强度 bending rolls 辊子卷板机 bending strength 抗弯强度 bendingstress 弯曲应力 bending test 弯曲试验 benefication 选矿 beneficiating method 选矿法 beneficiation 选矿 benitoite 蓝锥矿 bent 弯曲 bent entry 弯曲平巷 bent face 弯工祖 bent pipe 弯管 bentonite 皂土 benzene 苯 benzine汽油 benzol 苯 beresite 黄铁长英岩 berm 段台 berme 段台 berthierite 辉铁锑矿 bertrandite 硅铍石 beryl 绿柱石 beryllium 铍 beryllonite 磷钠铍石 beton 混凝土 bevel 斜面 bevel gear 伞齿轮 bevel gear drive 伞齿轮传动 bevelgearing 伞齿轮咬合 ;锥齿轮传动装置 bevel wheel 伞齿轮 bevelling 锨 bicable tramway 双线死 bickford fuse 比克福特导爆线 biconetype rolling cutter bit 双圆锥齿轮钻 头 big hole大径钻孔 billot 杆 bimetal 双金属 bimetalthermometer 双金属温度计black manganese 黑锰矿black powder 黑火药black powder train 黑药导火线blackdamp 室息性空气blacksmith 锻工blade 刀片blade grader 推土机blader 推土机blaize 硬砂岩blanch 铅矿石blanket 表层blanket table 平面洗矿台blast 爆炸blast blower 鼓风机blast firing 放炮blast hole 炮眼blast hole drill 凿岩机blast layout 装药布置blast stower 风力充填机blastability 爆炸性blaster 放炮工blaster cap 雷管blasters' permit 爆破技术员blasthole 炮眼blasthole bit 炮眼钻头blasthole collar 炮眼口blasthole method 深孔爆破开采法blasting 爆破blasting accessories 爆破用七blasting agent 炸药blasting cable 放炮电缆blasting cartridge 药包blasting charge 装炸药blasting compound 炸药blasting cone 爆破漏斗blasting device 爆破用具blasting drift 爆破平巷blasting dust 爆破尘末blasting equipment 爆破用具blasting explosive 炸药blasting fume 炮烟blasting fuse 导火线blasting galvanometer 放炮电路试验器blasting gelatine 煤炸药blasting lead 爆破导线blasting machine 电气发爆器blasting material 爆炸物blasting oil 硝化甘油blasting operation 爆破blasting ratio 爆破比blasting supplies 起爆颇blasting switch 爆破开关blasting technician 放炮工blasting tools 爆破工具bleed of gas 瓦斯喷出bleeder entry 通风平巷bleeder hole 放泄孔bleeder off hole 排放钻孔bleeder pipe 排出管blende 闪锌矿blender 掺合器混合器blending 掺合blending bunker 配合仓blending conveyor 掺合输送机blind 暗的blind coal 无焰炭blind drift 独头巷道blind galley 独头巷道blind lead 无露头矿脉blind outcrop 盲露头blind pit 暗井blind shaft 暗井blister 气泡block 采区;块;滑车组block brake 闸块式制动器block caving method 分段崩落采矿法block line 钻井钢丝绳block mining 分块开采blockage 闭塞blockhole 炮眼blockhole blasting 爆破地面大块岩石blockholing 爆破地面大块岩石blocking 闭塞blondin 采掘场架空死blow 放炮blow of gas 瓦斯喷出blow up 爆炸blowcharging 风力装药blowed fill 风力充填blower 吹风机blower fan 吹风机blowing out 吹洗炮眼blowing over 工祖通风blowing ventilation 吹入通风blowlamp 焊灯blowout 突出blowout preventer 防喷器blowpipe 喷焊器喷割器blowtorch 焊灯blue cap 蓝色焰晕blue printing machine 蓝图机blue spar 天蓝石blue vitriol 胆矾blueprint 蓝图blueprint paper 蓝图纸bluestone 胆矾blunt 钝的blunt drill 钝钻board 板board and pillar 房柱式开法board and pillar method 房柱式开采法board and pillar work 房柱式开法board and wall method 房柱式开采法boarding 安装木板boart 工业用圆粒金刚石bob 铅锥bobbin 绕线管bog land 沼地bogie 小车;转向架boiled oil 熟炼油boiler 锅炉boiling 沸腾boiling process 沸腾法boke 小细脉bolt 螺栓bolt connection 螺栓连接bolt joint 螺栓接合bolting 锚杆支护bolting cost 锚杆支架费bonanza 富矿脉bond 结合bond energy 结合能bonding agent 结合剂bonding energy 结合能bonding strength 结合强度bone 可燃性页岩bone char 骨煤bone coal 骨煤bone picker 拣矸工bonnet 盖bonny 矿襄bonstay 暗井bont 提升装置bonze 末精选的铅矿石boom 悬臂boom crane 伸臂起重机boom hoist 悬臂绞车boom ripper 悬臂挑预机boose 矿石内的脉石booster 传爆药booster fan 辅助扇风机booster primer 传爆药booster pump 增压泵boosting 局部通风bootleg 拒爆炮眼booze 铅矿bop 防喷器boracite 方硼石borax 硼砂bord 巷道bord and pillar method 房柱式开采法bord and pillar work 房柱式开法bord and wall method 房柱式开采法border 边缘border pile 边桩bordering 炮泥borderline 界线bore 孔bore bit 钻头bore borings 钻粉bore hole 炮眼bore meal 钻粉bore mining 溶液采矿bore mud 钻泥bore plug 钻孔岩样borehole 钻孔borehole charge 钻孔装药borehole clinometer 钻孔测斜仪borehole diameter 钻孔直径borehole profile 钻孔断面图borehole pump 深井泵borehole seal 镗孔密封垫borehole shooting 钻井爆破borehole survey 钻孔测量borer 钻工boride 硼化物boring 钻进boring bar 钻杆boring bit 钎头boring for oil 石油钻深boring frame 钻塔boring head 钻头boring machine 钻机boring mud 钻泥boring pump 钻眼用泵boring rig 钻塔boring rod 钻杆boring rope 钻机用的钢丝绳boring tool 钻具boring tower 钻塔boring tube 钻管bornite 斑铜矿boron 硼bort bit 金刚石钻头bortz 工业用圆粒金刚石bortz powder 金刚石粉borway bit 齿状钻头boss hammer 大锤bossing 厚层切底bottle coal 瓦斯煤bottom 底板bottom banksman 井底把钩工bottom belt 底部皮带bottom canch 卧底bottom captain 井下组长bottom cutting 底部截槽bottom discharge bucket 底卸式铲斗bottom discharge skip 底卸式箕斗bottom dump bucket 底卸式铲斗bottom dump skip 底卸式箕斗bottom dumping car 底卸式车bottom gangway 底导坑bottom gate 底导坑bottom heading 底导坑bottom hole 底部炮眼bottom installation 井底车场设备bottom kerf 底槽bottom layer 底层bottom layout 井底车场布置bottom level 井底车场标高bottom loading belt 底带装载式胶带输送机bottom man 井底把钓工bottom plate 底板bottom pressure 底部压力bottom priming 底部点火bottom sediment 罐底杂质bottom slice 底分层bottom stope 下向梯段工祖bottom stoping 下向梯段回采bottom taking 卧底bottom wall 下盘bottomer 井底把钓工bottoming bit 可卸式钻头boulangerite 硫锑铅矿boulder 圆石boulder blaster 大块爆破工boulder blasting 二次爆破boulder crusher 粗碎机boundary 边界boundary breakthrough 边界联络横巷boundary condition 边界条件boundary layer 边界层boundary of property 建矿边界boundary of section 采区边界boundary surface 界面boundary surface active agent 界面活性剂boundary value 监界品位boundary ventilation 对边通风bounge 煤的挤出bournonite 车轮矿bouse 矿石内的脉石boutgate 通地面的人行道bow 弧;拱梁bowl classifier 浮槽分级机box 箱box car 棚车box compass 罗盘box floor 溜口底box timbering 板框支护box type scraper 箱形刮斗boxhole 联络小巷brace 撑木bracing 支撑bracket 托架;井口车场bracket crane 悬臂式起重机bradford breaker 勃莱福型破选机brae 斜井braize 煤尘brake 制动器brake application time 制动时间brake band 制动带brake beam 制动杠杆brake block 闸瓦brake drum 制动鼓brake equipment 制动装置brake shoe 塞块brakesman 跟车工braking 制动braking controller 制动控制器braking device 制动装置braking distance 制动距离braking effort 制动力braking energy 制动能braking fluid 制动液braking force 制动力braking incline 轮子坡braking terminal 制动终点站braking time 制动时间branch 支线branch circuit 分支电路branch conduit 支管branch entry 支巷branch roadway 中间平巷branching 分支brannerite 钛铀矿brash 脆的brasil 黄铁矿brass 黄铜brassil 黄铁矿brattice 风布brattice cloth 风幛布brattice way 上部巷道braunite 褐锰矿bravoite 镍黄铁矿brazil 黄铁矿brazing 铜焊breach 缺口break 崩落break in declivity 倾斜变化break in grade 坡度转折点break thrust 背斜上冲断层breakability 可破碎性breakage 崩落breakage face 回采工祖breakdown 破坏;破损breakdown fluid 爆破用压力水breakdown point 强度极限breakdown test 破坏试验breaker 破碎机;落煤工breakerroll 破碎辊breaking 破碎breaking cone 破碎圆锥breaking current 开闸电流断路电流breaking in 磨合breaking load 断裂负载breaking out of fire 发生火灾breaking point 强度极限breaking strength 抗断强度breaking stress 致断应力breaking test 破坏试验breaking up of boulders 大块二次破碎breaking weight 断裂负载breakoff 联络小巷breakthrough 联络小巷breast 工祖前壁breast and pillar 房柱式采煤法breast and pillar method 房柱式采煤法breast mining 扒矿开采breast stoping 扒矿开采breather 通气孔breathing 呼吸breathing apparatus 呼吸器breathing bag 氧气囊breathing mask 防毒面具breccia 角砾岩breeze 粉煤brettis 风帘brick 砖brick earth 砖土brick lining 砖砌支护bricking 砖砌支护bricklayer 砌砖工brickwork 砌砖bridge 桥bridge conveyor 桥式输送机bridge crane 桥式起重机bridging 桥连brigade 工子brigadesman 矿山救护队队员bright coal 辉煤brightness 亮度briight coal 辉煤brine 盐水brine intake 冻结管brinell apparatus 布氏硬度试验器brinell hardness test 布氏硬度试验brinell hardness tester 布氏硬度试验器bring back 后退式回采bringing back 后退回采briquette 煤球briquette press 压煤砖机briquetting 煤砖制造briquetting machine 团压机briquetting press 压煤砖机brisance 猛度brittle 脆的brittle fracture 脆性断裂brittleness 脆性broaching bit 扩孔钻头broad gauge track 宽轨broadwall 长壁开采brochantite 水胆矾broil 露头broken charge 分段装药bromargyrite 溴银矿bromin 溴bromlite 碳酸钙钡矿bromyrite 溴银矿bronchiectasis 支气管扩张bronchitis 支气管炎bronze 青铜bronzite 古铜辉光brookite 板钛矿brow 巷道口brow bin 临时贮石仓brow box 临时贮石仓brow of station 井底车场的标高brown coal 褐煤brown hematite 褐铁矿broyl 露头brucite 水镁石bryle 露头bubble 气泡bubble cell 泡沫浮选槽bucked ore 富矿石bucker 碎矿机bucket 吊桶bucket capacity 抓斗子容量bucket chain 斗链bucket chain dredger 多斗挖掘船bucket conveyor 斗式运输机bucket dredger 多斗挖掘船bucket elevator 提斗机bucket excavator 多斗挖掘机bucket grab 抓斗bucket hook 吊桶钩bucket loader 斗式装载机bucket pump 链斗提水机bucket teeth 铲斗齿bucket trenching machine 多斗控沟机bucket wheel excavator 斗轮式挖掘机buckling 纵向弯曲buckling load 纵弯曲负载buckling strength 纵向弯曲强度buckling stress 纵向弯曲应力bucksaw 架锯buddle 斜面固定淘汰盘buddle jig 动筛跳汰机buffer 缓冲器。
aes加密 输入参数长度
aes加密输入参数长度(原创实用版)目录1.AES 加密概述2.AES 加密算法的输入参数3.AES 加密算法的输入参数长度4.输入参数长度对 AES 加密性能的影响5.总结正文一、AES 加密概述AES(Advanced Encryption Standard,高级加密标准)是一种广泛应用的对称密钥加密标准。
它由美国联邦政府制定,并于 2001 年成为行业标准。
AES 加密算法具有较高的安全性和效率,适用于各种网络和存储环境中的数据保护。
二、AES 加密算法的输入参数AES 加密算法的输入参数主要包括:1.明文(Plaintext):需要加密的数据。
2.密钥(Key):用于加密和解密的密钥,其长度决定了加密的强度。
3.模式(Mode):指定如何将明文与密钥相结合以生成密文。
常用的模式有 ECB(电平密码本)、CBC(密文分块链接)、CFB(密文反馈)、OFB (输出反馈)等。
三、AES 加密算法的输入参数长度AES 加密算法支持三种密钥长度:128 位、192 位和 256 位。
这些长度分别对应 32 字节、64 字节和 128 字节的密钥。
密钥长度的增加可以提高加密的安全性,但也会带来计算性能的降低。
四、输入参数长度对 AES 加密性能的影响1.密钥长度:较长的密钥可以提高加密的安全性,因为破解所需的时间和计算能力随着密钥长度的增加而增加。
然而,较长的密钥也会导致加密和解密过程的性能下降。
2.明文长度:明文长度对 AES 加密性能的影响较小。
AES 加密算法在设计时考虑了各种长度的明文,使其在处理不同长度的明文时具有较好的性能。
3.模式:不同的加密模式对 AES 加密性能的影响也不同。
例如,ECB 模式下加密性能较好,而 CFB 和 OFB 模式下加密性能较差。
五、总结AES 加密算法是一种重要的加密手段,其输入参数包括明文、密钥和模式。
输入参数长度对 AES 加密性能有较大影响,需要在安全性与性能之间进行权衡。
aes加密原理
aes加密原理AES加密原理。
AES(Advanced Encryption Standard)是一种对称加密算法,它是一种用于加密和解密数据的流行算法。
AES加密算法是一种块加密算法,它将数据分成固定长度的块,然后对每个块进行加密。
在本文中,我们将详细介绍AES加密的原理和过程。
首先,AES加密算法使用称为轮密钥的密钥来进行加密。
这个轮密钥是通过对原始密钥进行一系列的变换和替换生成的。
然后,AES算法将明文数据分成固定长度的块,通常是128位。
接下来,AES算法使用初始轮密钥对每个块进行一系列的替换和混淆操作,这些操作包括字节替换、行移位、列混淆和轮密钥加。
经过多轮的替换和混淆操作后,最终得到密文数据。
在解密过程中,AES算法使用相同的轮密钥对密文数据进行逆向的替换和混淆操作,最终得到原始的明文数据。
需要注意的是,解密过程中的轮密钥是通过对初始密钥进行逆向的变换和替换生成的。
AES加密算法的安全性主要取决于密钥的长度和轮数。
通常情况下,AES算法支持128位、192位和256位的密钥长度,而轮数取决于密钥长度,分别为10轮、12轮和14轮。
密钥长度和轮数越大,加密算法的安全性就越高。
总的来说,AES加密算法是一种安全可靠的对称加密算法,它通过一系列的替换和混淆操作来保护数据的安全性。
通过合适的密钥长度和轮数选择,可以确保加密算法的安全性。
在实际应用中,AES算法被广泛应用于各种加密通信和数据存储场景中,为数据安全提供了可靠的保障。
在本文中,我们详细介绍了AES加密算法的原理和过程,包括密钥生成、数据分块、替换和混淆操作,以及解密过程。
通过对AES加密算法的深入理解,可以更好地应用和使用这一流行的加密算法,保护数据的安全性。
AES加密算法的安全性和可靠性使其成为当今最受欢迎的加密算法之一,为信息安全领域做出了重要贡献。
用新的高级加密标准(AES)保持你的数据安全 毕业论文外文翻译
Keep Your Data Secure with the New Advanced EncryptionStandardJames McCaffreySUMMARYThe Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a National Institute of Standards and Technology specification for the encryption of electronic data. It is expected to become the accepted means of encrypting digital information, including financial, telecommunications, and government data. This article presents an overview of AES and explains the algorithms it uses..After reading this article you will be able to encrypt data using AES, test AES-based software, and use AES encryption in your systems.Note that the code presented in this article and any other implementation based on this article is subject to applicable Federal cryptographic module export controls (see Commercial Encryption Export Controls for the exact regulations).AES is a new cryptographic algorithm that can be used to protect electronic data. Specifically, AES is an iterative, symmetric-key block cipher that can use keys of 128, 192, and 256 bits, and encrypts and decrypts data in blocks of 128 bits (16 bytes). Unlike public-key ciphers, which use a pair of keys, symmetric-key ciphers use the same key to encrypt and decrypt data. Encrypted data returned by block ciphers have the same number of bits that the input data had. Iterative ciphers use a loop structure that repeatedly performs permutations and substitutions of the input data. Figure 1 shows AES in action encrypting and then decrypting a 16-byte block of data using a192-bit key.Figure 1 Some DataAES is the successor to the older Data Encryption Standard (DES). DES was approved as a Federal standard in 1977 and remained viable until 1998 when a combination of advances in hardware, software, and cryptanalysis theory allowed a DES-encrypted message to be decrypted in 56 hours. Since that time numerous other successful attacks on DES-encrypted data have been made and DES is nowconsidered past its useful lifetime.In late 1999, the Rijndael (pronounced "rain doll") algorithm, created by researchers Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen, was selected by the NIST as the proposal that best met the design criteria of security, implementation efficiency, versatility, and simplicity. Although the terms AES and Rijndael are sometimes used interchangeably, they are distinct. AES is widely expected to become the de facto standard for encrypting all forms of electronic data including data used in commercial applications such as banking and financial transactions, telecommunications, and private and Federal information.Overview of the AES AlgorithmThe AES algorithm is based on permutations and substitutions. Permutations are rearrangements of data, and substitutions replace one unit of data with another. AES performs permutations and substitutions using several different techniques. To illustrate these techniques, let's walk through a concrete example of AES encryption using the data shown in Figure 1.The following is the 128-bit value that you will encrypt with the indexes array:00 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 aa bb cc dd ee ff0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15The 192-bit key value is:00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 170 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23Figure 2 SboxWhen the AES constructor is called, two tables that will be used by the encryption method are initialized. The first table is a substitution box named Sbox. It is a 16 × 16 matrix. The first five rows and columns of Sbox are shown in Figure 2. Behind the scenes, the encryption routine takes the key array and uses it to generate a "key schedule" table named w[], shown in Figure 3.Figure 3 Key Sched.The first Nk (6) rows of w[] are seeded with the original key value (0x00 through 0x17) and the remaining rows are generated from the seed key. The variable Nkrepresents the size of the seed key in 32-bit words. You'll see exactly how w[] is generated later when I examine the AES implementation. The point is that there are now many keys to use instead of just one. These new keys are called the round keys to distinguish them from the original seed key.Figure 4 StateThe AES encryption routine begins by copying the 16-byte input array into a 4×4 byte matrix named State (see Figure 4). The AES encryption algorithm is named Cipher and operates on State[] and can be described in pseudocode (see Figure 5).The encryption algorithm performs a preliminary processing step that's called AddRoundKey in the specification. AddRoundKey performs a byte-by-byte XOR operation on the State matrix using the first four rows of the key schedule, and XORs input State[r,c] with round keys table w[c,r].For example, if the first row of the State matrix holds the bytes { 00, 44, 88, cc }, and the first column of the key schedule is { 00, 04, 08, 0c }, then the new value of State[0,2] is the result of XORing State[0,2] (0x88) with w[2,0] (0x08), or 0x80:1 0 0 0 1 0 0 00 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 XOR1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0The main loop of the AES encryption algorithm performs four different operations on the State matrix, called SubBytes, ShiftRows, MixColumns, and AddRoundKey in the specification. The AddRoundKey operation is the same as the preliminary AddRoundKey except that each time AddRoundKey is called, the next four rows of the key schedule are used. The SubBytes routine is a substitution operation that takes each byte in the State matrix and substitutes a new byte determined by the Sbox table. For example, if the value of State[0,1] is 0x40 and you want to find its substitute, you take the value at State[0,1] (0x40) and let x equal the left digit (4) and y equal the right digit (0). Then you use x and y as indexes into the Sbox table to find the substitution value, as shown in Figure 2.ShiftRows is a permutation operation that rotates bytes in the State matrix to the left. Figure 6 shows how ShiftRows works on State[]. Row 0 of State is rotated 0 positions to the left, row 1 is rotated 1 position left, row 2 is rotated 2 positions left, and row 3 is rotated 3 positions left.Figure 6 Running ShiftRows on StateThe MixColumns operation is a substitution operation that is the trickiest part of the AES algorithm to understand. It replaces each byte with the result of mathematical field additions and multiplications of values in the byte's column. I will explain the details of special field addition and multiplication in the next section.Suppose the value at State[0,1] is 0x09, and the other values in column 1 are 0x60, 0xe1, and 0x04; then the new value for State[0,1] is shown in the following:State[0,1] = (State[0,1] * 0x01) + (State[1,1] * 0x02) +(State[2,1] * 0x03) +(State[3,1] * 0x01) = (0x09 * 0x01) + (0x60 * 0x02) + (0xe1 * 0x03) +(0x04 * 0x01)= 0x57The addition and multiplication are special mathematical field operations, not the usual addition and multiplication on integers.The four operations SubBytes, ShiftRows, MixColumns, and AddRoundKey are called inside a loop that executes Nr times—the number of rounds for a given key size, less 1. The number of rounds that the encryption algorithm uses is either 10, 12, or 14 and depends on whether the seed key size is 128, 192, or 256 bits. In this example, because Nr equals 12, the four operations are called 11 times. After this iteration completes, the encryption algorithm finishes by calling SubBytes, ShiftRows, and AddRoundKey before copying the State matrix to the output parameter.In summary, there are four operations that are at the heart of the AES encryption algorithm. AddRoundKey substitutes groups of 4 bytes using round keys generated from the seed key value. SubBytes substitutes individual bytes using a substitution table. ShiftRows permutes groups of 4 bytes by rotating 4-byte rows. MixColumns substitutes bytes using a combination of both field addition and multiplication.Field Addition and Multiplication in GF(28)As you've seen, the AES encryption algorithm uses fairly straightforward techniques for substitution and permutation, except for the MixColumns routine. The MixColumns routine uses special addition and multiplication. The addition and multiplication used by AES are based on mathematical field theory. In particular, AES is based on a field called GF(28).The GF(28) field consists of a set of 256 values from 0x00 to 0xff, plus addition and multiplication, hence the (28). GF stands for Galois Field, named after the mathematician who founded field theory. One of the characteristics of GF(28) is that the result of an addition or multiplication operation must be in the set {0x00 ... 0xff}. Although the theory of fields is rather deep, the net result for GF(28) addition is simple: GF(28) addition is just the XOR operation.Multiplication in GF(28) is trickier, however. As you'll see later in the C# implementation, the AES encryption and decryption routines need to know how to multiply by only the seven constants 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x09, 0x0b, 0x0d, and 0x0e. So instead of explaining GF(28) multiplication theory in general, I will explain it just for these seven specific cases.Multiplication by 0x01 in GF(28) is special; it corresponds to multiplication by 1 in normal arithmetic and works the same way—any value times 0x01 equals itself.Now let's look at multiplication by 0x02. As in the case of addition, the theory is deep, but the net result is fairly simple. If the value being multiplied is less than 0x80, then the result of multiplication is just the value left-shifted 1 bit position. If the value being multiplied is greater than or equal to 0x80, then the result of multiplication is the value left-shifted 1 bit position XORed with the value 0x1b. This prevents "field overflow" and keeps the product of the multiplication in range.Once you've established addition and multiplication by 0x02 in GF(28), you can use them to define multiplication by any constant. To multiply by 0x03 in GF(28), you can decompose 0x03 as powers of 2 and additions. To multiply an arbitrary byte b by0x03, observe that 0x03 = 0x02 + 0x01. Thus:b * 0x03 = b * (0x02 + 0x01)= (b * 0x02) + (b * 0x01)This can be done because you know how to multiply by 0x02 and 0x01 and how to perform addition. Similarly, to multiply an arbitrary byte b by 0x0d, you do this:b * 0x0d = b * (0x08 + 0x04 + 0x01)= (b * 0x08) + (b * 0x04) + (b * 0x01)= (b * 0x02 * 0x02 * 0x02) + (b * 0x02 * 0x02) + (b * 0x01)The other multiplications needed for the AES MixColumns routine in the encryption and decryption algorithm follow the same general pattern, as shown here:b * 0x09 = b * (0x08 + 0x01)= (b * 0x02 * 0x02 * 0x02) + (b * 0x01)b * 0x0b = b * (0x08 + 0x02 + 0x01)= (b * 0x02 * 0x02 * 0x02) + (b * 0x02) + (b * 0x01)b * 0x0e = b * (0x08 + 0x04 + 0x02)= (b * 0x02 * 0x02 * 0x02) + (b * 0x02 * 0x02) + (b * 0x02)To summarize, addition in GF(28) is the XOR operation. Multiplication in GF(28) reduces to additions and multiplications by 0x02, where multiplication by 0x02 is a conditional 1-bit left shift. The AES specification contains a lot of additional information about operations in GF(28).Key ExpansionThe AES encryption and decryption algorithms use a key schedule generated from the seed key array of bytes. The AES specification refers to this as the KeyExpansion routine. Generating, in essence, multiple keys from an initial key instead of using a single key greatly increases the diffusion of bits. Although not overwhelmingly difficult, understanding KeyExpansion is one of the trickier parts of the AES algorithm. In high-level pseudocode, the KeyExpansion routine looks like the following:KeyExpansion(byte[] key, byte[][4] w){copy the seed key into the first rows of wfor each remaining row of w{use two of the previous rows to create a new row}}The "use two of the previous rows to create a new row" routine makes use of two subroutines, RotWord and SubWord, and a table of constants named Rcon (for "round constants"). Let's look at each of these three items and then come back to the KeyExpansion routine as a whole.The RotWord routine is simple. It accepts an array of 4 bytes and rotates them 1position left. Because the round schedule table w[] has four columns, RotWord rotates a row of w[] to the left. Notice that the RotWord function used by KeyExpansion is very similar to the ShiftRows routine used by the encryption algorithm except that it works on a single row of the key schedule w[] instead of the entire encryption state table State[].The SubWord routine performs a byte-by-byte substitution on a given row of the key schedule table w[] using the substitution table Sbox. The substitutions in KeyExpansion operate exactly like those in the encryption algorithm. The input byte to be substituted is separated into an (x,y) pair which are used as indexes into the substitution table Sbox. For example, substitution for 0x27 results in x = 2 and y = 7, and Sbox[2,7] returns 0xcc.The KeyExpansion routine uses an array Rcon[], called the round constant table. These constants are 4 bytes each to match with a row of the key schedule table. The AES KeyExpansion routine requires 11 round constants. You can see these constants listed in Figure 7.Figure 7 Initializing RconThe leftmost byte of each round constant is a power of 2 in the GF(28) field. Another way of looking at it is to observe that each value is the previous value times 0x02, as described in the previous section discussing multiplication in GF(28). Notice that 0x80 ×0x02 = 0x1b is 0x80 left-shifted 1 bit followed by an XOR with 0x1b, as described earlier.Now let's take a closer look at the loop inside KeyExpansion. In more detailed pseudocode than before, the loop is:for (row = Nk; row < (4 * Nr+1); ++row){temp = w[row-1]if (row % Nk == 0)temp = SubWord(RotWord(temp)) xor Rcon[row/Nk]else if (Nk == 8 and row % Nk == 4)temp = SubWord(temp)w[row] = w[row-Nk] xor temp}Ignoring the if clause for a moment, you'll see that each row of the key schedule table w[] is the result of XORing the previous row with the row Nk (4, 6, or 8 depending on the key size) rows before. The first part of the if conditional modifies every fourth, sixth, or eighth row of the key schedule with SubWord, RotWord, and XORing with a round constant, depending on whether the key size is 128, 192, or 256 bits. The second part of the conditional will modify rows 12, 20, 28 and so on—every eighth row—for a 256-bit key to add additional variability to the key schedule.Let's see how KeyExpansion gets started with the example presented at the beginning of this article. The seed key is the 192-bit / 6-word value:00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17The key schedule byte table w[] has the dimensions 4 columns and Nb ×(Nr + 1) equals 4 × (12 + 1), or 52 rows. The KeyExpansion routine copies the values in the seed key into the first rows of the key schedule byte table w[]. Because my seed key is 192 bits (24 bytes), and the w[] table always has 4 columns, in this case KeyExapansion copies the seed key into the first 6 rows of w[]. Now let's see how the KeyExpansion routine fills the rest of the key schedule table. In my example, the first calculated row is row 6 because rows 0 to 5 were filled with the seed key values: temp = w[row-1] = 14 15 16 17The condition (row % Nk == 0) is true, so first the RotWord subroutine is applied: temp = 15 16 17 14Then SubWord is applied:temp = 59 47 f0 faThen XORed with Rcon[row / Nk] = Rcon[6 / 6] = 01 00 00 00:temp = 58 47 f0 faThis is then XORed with w[row-Nk] = w[6-6] = 00 01 02 03, yielding the following result:w[6] = 58 46 f2 f9The process repeats itself for all of the remaining rows in key schedule table w[].To summarize, an important part of AES encryption and decryption is the generation of multiple round keys from the initial seed key. This KeyExpansion algorithm generates a key schedule and uses substitution and permutation in a way that is similar in most respects to the encryption and decryption algorithms.ConclusionThe new AES will certainly become the de facto standard for encrypting all forms of electronic information, replacing DES. AES-encrypted data is unbreakable in the sense that no known cryptanalysis attack can decrypt the AES cipher text without using a brute-force search through all possible 256-bit keys.AES is an important advance and using and understanding it will greatly increase the reliability and safety of your software systems.用新的高级加密标准(AES)保持你的数据安全James McCaffrey 摘要AES(The Advanced Encryption Standard)是美国国家标准与技术研究所用于加密电子数据的规范。
aes加密函数 -回复
aes加密函数-回复什么是AES加密函数?AES加密函数是一种对称密钥加密算法,全称为Advanced Encryption Standard,即高级加密标准。
它是由美国国家标准与技术研究院(NIST)于2001年发布的一种数据加密标准,代替了早期的数据加密标准DES (Data Encryption Standard)。
AES加密函数的目的是为了保护敏感信息的机密性,确保数据在传输和存储过程中不被未经授权的人所读取或篡改。
它使用相同的密钥进行加密和解密操作,因此被称为对称加密算法。
下面我将一步一步详细解释AES加密函数的工作原理和具体实施方法。
第一步:密钥扩展(Key Expansion)在AES加密函数中,密钥扩展是构建轮密钥(Round Key)的过程。
轮密钥是在加密和解密过程中使用的子密钥,它是由初始密钥衍生出来的。
AES加密函数中的轮密钥生成算法可以按照特定的规则将初始密钥扩展为一系列不同的轮密钥。
第二步:初始轮(Initial Round)在AES加密函数中,初始轮仅对明文进行一次处理。
它将明文与计算后的轮密钥进行异或运算,得到一个中间结果。
第三步:轮运算(Rounds)在AES加密函数中,轮运算是核心步骤。
它将初始轮处理的结果通过多轮迭代运算,每轮都依次进行SubBytes、ShiftRows、MixColumns和AddRoundKey四个步骤。
- SubBytes:SubBytes步骤将每个字节替换为一个预定义的S盒中的新值。
S盒是一个16x16的查找表,里面存储了预定义的字节取代值。
- ShiftRows:ShiftRows步骤按照特定规则对状态矩阵的行进行循环左移。
- MixColumns:MixColumns步骤对状态矩阵的每一列进行线性变换,使用固定矩阵乘法运算。
- AddRoundKey:AddRoundKey步骤是轮运算的最后一步,将当前轮的轮密钥与状态矩阵进行异或运算。
悍马汽车部件维修指南说明书
Cutoff Indicator Works........... 49
How Your Front Airbags Work.......................................... 46
CONTINUED
I
v w
Main Menu
Index
Bulb Replacement Back-up Lights ........................... 206 Stop Light ................................... 206 Cargo Area Light ....................... 211 Front Parking Lights................. 205 Front Side Marker Lights......... 204 Headlights .................................. 202 High-mount Brake Light .......... 207 Interior Lights............................ 210 License Plate Lights.................. 209 Side Marker Lights ................... 204 Side Turn Signal Lights ............ 208 Specifications ............................. 251 Turn Signal Lights..................... 203
aes功能
aes功能AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) 是一种对称密钥加密算法,用于保护计算机和网络系统中的数据安全。
它是美国国家标准和技术研究院(NIST)于2001年选择的加密标准,取代了旧的DES(Data Encryption Standard)加密算法。
AES算法具有以下功能:1. 强大的安全性:AES算法使用128、192或256位密钥,可提供非常高的安全性。
这意味着只有拥有正确密钥的人才能解密数据,保护数据的机密性。
2. 高效的加密速度:AES算法具有非常高的加密速度,在不影响系统性能的情况下可以对大量数据进行加密解密操作。
这使得AES成为处理大规模数据的理想加密方式。
3. 广泛的应用领域:AES算法被广泛用于电子商务、在线银行交易、电子邮件、VPN和无线网络等领域,保护用户的敏感信息不被黑客和未经授权的用户窃取。
4. 容错性:AES算法设计时考虑了错误传输和噪声干扰,因此在不影响解密结果的情况下,AES可以有效处理噪声和误码的影响。
5. 灵活性:AES算法提供了多种密钥长度选项,使用户能够根据实际需求选择适合的加密强度。
这使得AES算法能够根据不同的安全要求进行灵活配置。
6. 安全验证:AES算法具有强大的安全验证机制,可以检测和防止常见的攻击,如差分、线性和半相关攻击。
这增加了算法的安全性和可靠性。
总的来说,AES功能强大且广泛适用,是保护数据安全的重要工具。
它不仅可以保密用户的敏感信息,而且可以应用于大规模数据的加密解密操作。
AES算法的广泛应用和可靠性使得它成为当前最常用的加密算法之一,为用户和组织提供了安全可信赖的数据保护。
128位aes的轮密钥轮常量
128位aes的轮密钥轮常量128位aes是一种广泛使用的对称加密算法,AES代表高级加密标准。
它是美国国家标准与技术研究院(NIST)于2001年发布的一种加密标准。
本文将讲解AES的轮密钥和轮常量。
AES算法使用密钥来加密和解密数据,其中AES-128使用128位密钥。
加密过程中,该密钥被扩展为多个轮密钥,每一个轮密钥是128位,总共需要10轮。
每一个轮密钥是从原始密钥中生成的,这个过程称为密钥扩展。
在密钥扩展过程中,使用了一个称为轮常量的值。
每一个轮常量是一个128位的值,并且对于每一个加密轮次都使用不同的值。
这样可以确保每一个加密轮次都有不同的密钥。
轮常量使用的算法是一个比特替换函数。
在第一个轮常量中,第一个字节是0x01。
在后续的轮常量中,第一个字节是前一个轮常量进行一个特定的算法运算得到的值,随后的字节则按照相同的算法递增。
这个算法也称为Rcon函数。
在AES算法中,每一轮操作由四个步骤组成:SubBytes、ShiftRows、MixColumns和AddRoundKey。
其中,SubBytes是一个字节替换函数,使用了一个称为S盒的预定义表。
ShiftRows将每一行数据移动不同的字节数。
MixColumns将每一列数据进行乘法和加法运算。
AddRoundKey将轮密钥添加到加密数据中。
轮密钥扩展和轮常量非常重要,因为它们确保了加密和解密过程中使用的相同的密钥。
加密和解密密钥相同是对称加密算法的关键之一,因为它可以确保数据在不同方向上的加密和解密都能够正确地执行。
总之,AES-128是一种广泛使用的对称加密算法。
轮密钥扩展和轮常量是加密和解密过程中的关键,它们确保了相同的密钥被用于加密和解密过程中。
AES算法的多轮处理确保了加密的安全性。
aes水解温度
aes水解温度AES(Advanced Encryption Standard,高级加密标准)是一种广泛使用的对称密钥加密算法,其水解温度是指在什么温度下,AES加密算法可以被破解或破解难度会减小。
本文将详细介绍AES水解温度及其影响因素。
AES是美国国家标准和技术研究院(NIST)于2001年发布的一种加密标准,由于其算法可操作性强、速度快、安全可靠,逐渐取代了原本的DES(Data Encryption Standard,数据加密标准)算法。
AES 加密算法由对称密钥加密方案组成,意味着加密和解密使用相同的密钥。
该算法使用了一个密钥表和四个不同的加密操作,即字节替代(SubBytes)、行移位(ShiftRows)、列混淆(MixColumns)和轮密钥加(AddRoundKey),这些操作被重复进行多次,使得AES算法的安全性大大增强。
AES水解温度是指通过破解AES加密算法,将密文转化为明文所需的温度。
在理论上,AES是基于密钥长度的,即128位AES密钥被认为是安全的,而256位AES密钥被认为更加安全。
然而,随着计算机硬件性能的提升和破解技术的发展,AES的水解温度可能会随之降低。
AES的安全性依赖于密钥长度、密钥随机性和密码学强度。
密钥的长度决定了破解该算法所需的计算量,密钥越长,破解难度越大。
使用随机性强的密钥可以增加破解难度,因为如果密钥不随机,破解者有可能通过分析密钥的模式来减少破解时间。
密码学强度衡量了算法本身的安全性,即使密钥长度足够长且随机性强,如果算法本身存在漏洞或弱点,破解者仍有可能破解AES算法。
除了密钥长度、密钥随机性和密码学强度,AES的水解温度还受到计算机硬件性能和破解技术的影响。
随着计算机硬件性能的提升,破解者可以使用更强大的计算能力进行破解攻击,从而降低AES的水解温度。
破解技术的不断发展,如密码分析、差分攻击和侧信道攻击等,也可能对AES的水解温度产生影响。
高级加密标准AES外文翻译及译文
加密它:用新的高级加密标准(AES)保持你的数据安全James McCaffrey 摘要AES(The Advanced Encryption Standard)是美国国家标准与技术研究所用于加密电子数据的规范。
它被预期能成为人们公认的加密包括金融、电信和政府数字信息的方法。
本文展示了AES的概貌并解析了它使用的算法。
包括一个完整的C#实现和加密.NET数据的举例。
在读完本文后你将能用AES加密、测试基于AES的软件并能在你的系统中使用AES加密。
美国国家标准与技术研究所(NIST)在2002年5月26日建立了新的高级数据加密标准(AES)规范。
本文中我将提供一个用C#编写的的能运行的AES 实现,并详细解释到底什么是AES 以及编码是如何工作的。
我将向您展示如何用AES 加密数据并扩展本文给出的代码来开发一个商业级质量的AES 类。
我还将解释怎样把AES 结合到你的软件系统中去和为什么要这么做,以及如何测试基于AES 的软件。
AES 是一个新的可以用于保护电子数据的加密算法。
明确地说,AES 是一个迭代的、对称密钥分组的密码,它可以使用128、192 和256 位密钥,并且用128 位(16字节)分组加密和解密数据。
与公共密钥密码使用密钥对不同,对称密钥密码使用相同的密钥加密和解密数据。
通过分组密码返回的加密数据的位数与输入数据相同。
迭代加密使用一个循环结构,在该循环中重复置换(permutations )和替换(substitutions)输入数据。
Figure 1 显示了AES 用192位密钥对一个16位字节数据块进行加密和解密的情形。
AES算法概述AES 算法是基于置换和代替的。
置换是数据的重新排列,而代替是用一个单元数据替换另一个。
AES 使用了几种不同的技术来实现置换和替换。
为了阐明这些技术,让我们用Figure 1 所示的数据讨论一个具体的AES 加密例子。
下面是你要加密的128位值以及它们对应的索引数组:00 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 aa bb cc dd ee ff0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15192位密钥的值是:00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 170 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23Figure 2 S-盒(Sbox )当AES 的构造函数(constructor)被调用时,用于加密方法的两个表被初始化。
aes 加密 原理
aes 加密原理
AES(Advanced Encryption Standard)是一种对称加密算法,被广泛用于保护敏感数据的机密性。
它的原理基于置换和代换两种技术,通过一系列复杂的数学运算,将明文数据转换为密文数据。
AES加密的过程可以分为三个步骤:密钥扩展、轮密钥加和字节替换。
1. 密钥扩展
在AES加密中,需要使用一个密钥,这个密钥可以是128、192或256位。
首先,需要对这个密钥进行扩展,生成一个可用的密钥调度数组。
这个数组包含了用于AES加密的轮密钥。
2. 轮密钥加
轮密钥加是AES加密的核心步骤,它包括字节替换、行移位、列混淆和轮密钥加四个步骤。
* 字节替换:将每个字节替换为另一个通过查找一个S盒(Substitution box)得到的字节。
* 行移位:将每一行按照一定的规则进行移位,使得数据在矩阵中横向移动。
* 列混淆:将每一列的元素进行置换和代换,使得数据在矩阵中纵向变化。
* 轮密钥加:将每一步的结果与轮密钥进行异或运算,得到下一步的输入。
3. 字节替换
在最后一步中,将经过轮密钥加处理后的矩阵中的每个字节替换为另一个通过查找另一个S盒得到的字节。
这个步骤可以看作是对加密过程的逆操作,使得解密过程可以正确还原出原始数据。
AES加密的过程是一个复杂的数学运算过程,通过对明文数据进行一系列的置换和代换操作,使得原始数据无法被未授权用户获取,从而保护了数据的机密性。
aes注意事项
aes注意事项嘿呀!以下就是关于AES 注意事项呢!1. 哎呀呀,首先要注意密钥的生成和管理呀!这可太重要啦!密钥必须足够随机和强大,不然安全性可就大打折扣啦!你想想,如果密钥太容易被猜到,那还能叫安全吗?2. 哇塞!加密模式的选择也得慎重呢!不同的加密模式有不同的特点和适用场景,选错了可就麻烦啦!3. 嘿!还有数据填充的问题呀。
数据长度不符合要求的时候,填充可不能马虎,不然加密结果可能会出错哟!4. 哎呀呀,加密和解密的过程中,一定要保证算法的正确实现呀!哪怕一个小错误,都可能导致整个加密失败呢!5. 哇!对于密钥的存储和传输,那必须得严格保密啊!要是被别人窃取了,那后果不堪设想啊!6. 嘿呀,要注意AES 算法的版本更新哟!新的版本可能会修复一些漏洞,提高安全性呢!7. 哎呀呀,在多平台使用AES 时,要确保不同平台的实现一致性呀,不然可能会出现兼容性问题哟!8. 哇哦!加密数据的备份也不能忽视呀!万一数据丢失了,那可就糟糕啦!9. 嘿!还要关注加密数据的时效性呢。
有些数据可能在一定时间后就不需要加密了,要及时处理哦!10. 哎呀呀,对于加密过程中的错误处理,要有完善的机制呀!不能出了错就不知所措啦!11. 哇!使用AES 进行加密的系统,要进行定期的安全审计哟,看看有没有潜在的风险!12. 嘿呀,要考虑加密对系统性能的影响呢。
可别因为加密让系统变得慢吞吞的!13. 哎呀呀,在与其他加密技术配合使用时,要注意兼容性和协调性呀!14. 哇塞!对于敏感数据的加密,要特别小心谨慎,不能有丝毫马虎!15. 嘿!还要注意法律和合规性的问题呀。
加密不能违反相关的法律法规哦!16. 哎呀呀,加密后的密文在传输和存储过程中,也要防止被篡改呀!17. 哇!对于加密系统的用户权限管理,要严格把控呢,不能随便让人都能操作加密过程!18. 嘿呀,要对使用AES 加密的人员进行培训,让他们清楚知道怎么正确操作!19. 哎呀呀,在系统升级或更改配置时,要重新评估AES 的使用情况呀!20. 哇哦!最后,要时刻关注安全领域的最新动态,及时调整AES 的使用策略哟!总之呢,AES 虽然强大,但这些注意事项可一个都不能忽视呀!不然,安全可就没保障啦!。
AES加密算法的要求及密钥生成
AES加密算法的要求及密钥生成
随着密码分析技术的不断发展,des对称密码算法变得不那么安全,于是美国国家标准与技术局发出了关于开发新的加密标准:
1、应是对称加密算法,具有可变长度的密钥(128、192或256位),一个128
位的块:
2、应比三重DES更安全;
3、应可应用于公共领域并免费提供;
4、应至少在30年是安全的。
经过最后的测试NITS宣布了最终的获胜者,这就是AES,AES是一种灵活的算法,其块的大小可变,密钥大小可变,迭代次数也可变,而且迭代次数与块和密钥大小有关。
正因为其灵活,AES实际上有三个版本:AES-128、AES-129和AES-256。
常见的AES结构图如下:
AES首先将明文按字节分成列。
前4个字节组成一列,接下来的4个字节组成第二列,以此类推如果块为128位,那么就可以组成一个4X4的矩阵。
密钥生成
密钥是按矩阵的列进行分组的,然后添加40个新列来进行扩充。
如果前4列(即由密钥给定的那些列)位W()、W()、W()和W(),那么新列以递归方式产生。
如果i是4的倍数,那么第i列由等式W(i)=W(i-4)XORT(i-1)确定。
如果不是4的倍数,那么第i列由等式
其中T[W(i-1)]是W(i-1)的一种转换形式,按一下方式实现:
1、循环的将W(i-1)的元素位移,每次一个字节,也就是说,abcd变成dcba;
2、将这4个字节作为S盒的输入,输出新的4个字节efgh:
3、计算这一轮的常量
4、这样生成转后后的
由于AES非常小,运行速度快,密钥大小128位,安全可靠,因此它不仅用于安全要求比三重DES更高的应用中,而且可用于计算资源有限的应用中。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
Accelerating AES Using Instruction SetExtensions for Elliptic Curve CryptographyStefan Tillich and Johann Großsch¨a dlGraz University of TechnologyInstitute for Applied Information Processing and CommunicationsInffeldgasse16a,A–8010Graz,Austria{Stefan.Tillich,Johann.Groszschaedl}@iaik.atAbstract.The Advanced Encryption Standard(AES)specifies an al-gorithm for a symmetric-key cryptosystem that has already found wideadoption in security applications.A substantial part of the AES algo-rithm are the MixColumns and InvMixColumns operations,which in-volve multiplications in the binary extensionfield GF(28).Recently pro-posed instruction set extensions for elliptic curve cryptography(ECC)include custom instructions for the multiplication of binary polynomi-als.In the present paper we analyze how well these custom instructionsare suited to accelerate a software implementation of the AES.We usedthe SPARC V8-compatible LEON-2processor with ECC extensions forverification and to obtain realistic timing results.Taking the fastest im-plementation for32-bit processors as reference,we were able to achievespeedups of up to25%for encryption and nearly20%for decryption.Keywords:Advanced Encryption Standard,Rijndael,32-bit implemen-tation,software acceleration,instruction set extensions.1IntroductionA lot of research has been conducted towards the efficient implementation of AES in both hardware and software.There exists a considerable literature about hardware architectures for AES,which target a wide spectrum of platforms ranging from high-end servers[11]to smart cards[10]and RFID tags[4].Even highly optimized software implementations of the AES are,in general, orders of magnitude slower than dedicated hardware solutions.This is partly due to the fact that secret-key cryptosystems(and also some public-key systems) have to carry out operations which are not very well supported by general-purpose processors.An example for such operations are multiplications in the binary extensionfield GF(28),which are used in some modern block ciphers like the AES or Twofish.General-purpose processors do not provide an instruction for the multiplication of binary polynomials,and therefore this operation must be“emulated”using Shift and XOR instructions.A recent trend in embedded processor design is to extend a general-purpose instruction set architecture(ISA)by special instructions for performance-critical O.Gervasi et al.(Eds.):ICCSA2005,LNCS3481,pp.665–675,2005.c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg2005666S.Tillich,J.Großsch¨a dloperations.The concept of instruction set extensions,which may be considered as a hardware/software co-design approach,can significantly improve the per-formance of certain applications,e.g.secret-key or public-key cryptosystems.In general,such extensions allow to achieve much better performance compared to a“conventional”software implementation,but require less silicon area than a dedicated hardware solution like a cryptographic co-processor[7,9].One possi-ble application that could make use of ECC instruction set extensions are secure sensor nodes which authenticate connections and exchange session keys with ECC mechanisms and perform secure data transfer using AES encryption.In this paper we analyze a typical AES software implementation to show that the MixColumns and InvMixColumns transformations can be optimized with instruction set extensions.We try to estimate the achievable performance gain for two implementation strategies of AES and present timingfigures for an extended version of the SPARC V8LEON-2embedded processor[5,8].The rest of the paper is organized as follows.In Section2we consider im-plementation options of AES for32-bit processors.Section3shows how ECC instruction set extensions can be employed to accelerate AES.We also try to estimate the number of instructions for important parts of MixColumns and InvMixColumns in this section.In Section4we present the timing measure-ments on the LEON-2processor implemented on an FPGA prototyping board. In Section5conclusions are drawn and a short outlook on future work is given. 2AES Implementations on32-bit ProcessorsThe AES transforms the input data in a number of rounds,where each round consists of four individual transformations.For encryption these transformations are SubBytes,ShiftRows,MixColumns and AddRoundKey.Decryption uses the inverse of these functions,where AddRoundKey is its own inverse.The order of functions for a decryption round is InvShiftRows,InvSubBytes,AddRoundKey and InvMixColumns.Thefinal round of both encryption and decryption dif-fers in that it has no MixColumns and InvMixColumns,respectively.An initial AddRoundKey is done at the start of both encryption and decryption.The128bits of the input are grouped into16bytes which are logically ar-ranged in a4×4matrix.SubBytes and InvSubBytes substitute each byte of the state individually using a non-linear function.ShiftRows and its inverse perform a bytewise rotation of the rows of the state matrix.MixColumns and InvMix-Columns calculate new state columns,where each byte completely depends on the respective old column.Finally,the AddRoundKey operation is a bitwise XOR of the current state and the current round key,which is derived from the cipher key in an operation called the key expansion.For more details on the AES transformations refer to the NIST specification[12].Thefirst four bytes of the input to AES constitute thefirst column of the state matrix,the next four bytes the second column,and so on.On32-bit platforms it is therefore a common choice to hold the four columns of the state in four32-bitAccelerating AES using Instruction Set Extensions for ECC667 words.The AES implementation of Brian Gladman[6],which we have used as reference,is a good example of such a column-oriented implementation.On32-bit platforms most of the AES operations can be implemented with table lookups[3].One or four tables with25632-bit entries,i.e.1kB per table, can be used.Different tables are required for encryption and decryption so that the total size of the lookup tables can be up to8kB.Depending on the accept-able code size,these tables can be static or generated at runtime.However,our experience shows that table lookup does not necessarily deliver the best per-formance.Especially on systems with slow memory and no or minimal cache,it can be faster to calculate the AES round transformations directly.Cryptographic instruction set extensions are mainly designed for use in embedded processors. Embedded systems are limited in size of working memory,memory access latency and also maximal power consumption.A table lookup implementation of AES for such a system therefore puts a strain on working memory and its performance will depend primarily on the memory access time.A software AES implementation requires at least a lookup table of256bytes for SubBytes and InvSubBytes,respectively.The other AES round transforma-tions can be done without lookups.SubBytes and InvSubBytes can be combined with ShiftRows and InvShiftRows,respectively,if the bytes are arranged accord-ingly after substitution.This is possible because SubBytes and ShiftRows and their inverses are consecutive operations and their order of execution can be switched arbitrarily.The combination delivers the shifting of the rows at no additional cost.As almost all microprocessors offer bitwise XOR instructions, AddRoundKey can be implemented very efficiently.The MixColumns and Inv-MixColumns operations interpret the state bytes and state columns as elements offinitefields and require operations which are normally not supported by com-mon microprocessors.Thesefinitefield operations must instead be done with logical and integer instructions.Therefore,a considerable part of AES is spent on calculating the MixColumns and InvMixColumns operations.Bertoni et al.[1]have presented a more effective method of calculating Mix-Columns and InvMixColumns by operating on the rows of the state matrix instead of the columns.Although this strategy requires a transposition of the state matrix at the beginning and end of AES,a transposition of the cipher key and a more complex key expansion,the whole AES operation is commonly faster than a column-oriented implementation.The performance gains are especially significant for decryption,because InvMixColumns is much easier to calculate with the rows of the state than with the columns.The algorithms for calculating MixColumns and InvMixColumns using the state columns and state rows,as well as possible optimizations using ECC instruction set extensions,will be discussed in the next section.3Optimizing AES using Instruction Set Extensions MixColumns and InvMixColumns require addition and multiplication of ele-ments of the binary extensionfield GF(28)and of polynomials over GF(28).Ad-668S.Tillich,J.Großsch¨a dldition in GF(28)is defined as a bitwise XOR.Multiplication in GF(28)can be seen as multiplication of binary polynomials(i.e.coefficients mod2),followed by a reduction with an irreducible polynomial.Arithmetic with polynomials over GF(28)follows the conventional rules for polynomials,using addition and multiplication in GF(28)for the coefficients.More details on the mathematical background can be found in the original Rijndael specification[3].For our work we have used three of the instructions described in[7]for the MIPS32architecture.Table1lists the instruction names for SPARC and MIPS32 (as given in[7])with a short description.In this paper we will use the SPARC names.All three instructions work on a dedicated accumulator whose size must be at least twice the word size,i.e.at least64bits in our case.Table1.The employed ECC instruction set extensionSPARC MIPS32Descriptiongf2mul mulgf2Multiply two binary polynomialsgf2mac maddgf2Same as gf2mul with addition to accumulatorshacr sha Shift lowest word out of accumulatorThe instructions gf2mul and gf2mac interpret the two operands as binary polynomials,multiply them and put the result in the accumulator.They differ in that gf2mul overwrites the previous accumulator value while gf2mac adds the polynomial product to it.The shacr instruction writes the lowest word of the accumulator to a given destination register and shifts the accumulator value32 bits to the right.All timing estimations presented in this paper are based on the following properties of the SPARC V8architecture:–No rotate instruction(rotate must be done with two shifts and an OR/XOR).–Setting a constant value(>13bits)in a register takes2instructions.–There are enough free registers to hold up to three constants throughout calculation of MixColumns or InvMixColumns.3.1Column-oriented ImplementationFor MixColumns and InvMixColumns,each new column can be calculated sepa-rately from the old column.This property is used if the state is held in four32-bit words corresponding to its columns.The following code performs MixColumns for a state column contained in the variable column without using extensions. 1byte double,triple;2double=GFDOUBLE(column);3triple=double^column;4column=double^ROTL(triple,8)^ROTL(column,16)^ROTL(column,24);MixColumns for a single state column(conventional)Accelerating AES using Instruction Set Extensions for ECC669 The function GFDOUBLE interprets the four bytes of column as four elements of GF(28)and doubles them individually.The function ROTL rotates the word to the left by the given number of bits.The basic idea behind the code is that each byte of the resulting column consists of a weighed summation of the four bytes of the old column.The multiplication with the constant factors is done for four bytes each in line2and3and the bytes are rotated into the correct positions and summed up in line5.GFDOUBLE takes about10instructions,which will be shown in Section3.2in more detail.ROTL takes between one and three instructions depending on whether the processor offers a dedicated rotate instruction.We will consider ROTL to take three instructions in the following.The calculation of a single column in MixColumns therefore takes about23instructions for one GFDOUBLE,three ROTL and four XOR.Using the ECC instruction set extensions it is possible to calculate a column much faster.This can be done using the three instructions described in Table1. We use the original definition of MixColumns,which is a multiplication of two polynomials of degree3with coefficients in GF(28)[3].Hereby the column makes up thefirst polynomial,while the second polynomial is constant.The following code calculates MixColumns for a single column.1word mask,low_word,high_word;2mask=column&0x80808080;//MSBs(s0s1s2s3)3mask=mask>>7;//logical shift right4GF2MUL(column,0x01010302);//Polynomial multiplicaton5GF2MAC(mask,0x00011a1b);//GF(2^8)coefficient reduction6SHACR(low_word);//Degrees0-3of polynomial7SHACR(high_word);//Degrees4-6(==0-2)of polynomial8column=low_word^high_word;//Polynomial reduction mod(x^4+1) MixColumns for a single state column(using extensions) Using the instruction set extensions the functions GF2MUL,GF2MAC and SHACR can be done with the corresponding processor instructions.The main idea be-hind this code is illustrated in Figure1.There are three phases in the whole calculation:Polynomial multiplication,coefficient reduction and polynomial re-duction.Line4performs the multiplication of the column with the constant polynomial x3+x2+03x1+02.Note that as the bytes of the column represent the polynomial coefficients with ascending degree(i.e.the byte at the word’s most significant position is the coefficient of x0)[3],the coefficients of the con-stant polynomial have been rearranged accordingly to arrive at a product with ascending coefficient degree.The polynomial multiplication puts thefirst block of coefficients in Figure1in the accumulator.The coefficients si,which have been multiplied with the value03or02,may no longer be elements of GF(28).More specifically,3si or2si are no elements of GF(28)if the most significant bit(MSB)of si is1.Such values are called residue values and they can be reduced to an element of GF(28)by adding the reduction polynomial of thefinitefield,which is x8+x4+x3+x+1(0x11b)in the case of AES.To get an element of GF(28)we need to add a reduction value ri for each670S.Tillich,J.Großsch¨a dlP o l y n o m i a lm u l t i p l i c a t i o n C o e f f i c i e n t r e d u c t i o nP o l y n o m i a l r e d c u t i o n s0' = (2 s0 r0) (3 s1 r1) s2 s3s1' = (2 s1 r1) (3 s2 r2) s3 s0s2' = (2 s2 r2) (3 s3 r3) s0 s1s3' = (2 s3 r3) (3 s0 r0) s1 s2Fig.1.Polynomial multiplication and reduction to yield a column in MixColumns coefficient 3si and 2si ,which has value 0x11b if MSB(si )is 1and 0if MSB(si )is 0.In Figure 1the reduction values are shown in the middle with corresponding coefficients and reduction values marked in the same grey tone.After adding the reduction values to the result of the polynomial multiplication,all coefficients are reduced to elements of GF(28).In order to calculate the reduction values we extract the corresponding MSBs (line 2and 3)of the coefficients si and multiply them with the value 0x00011a1b (line 5),which is the sum of 0x11b aligned to the two lower bytes of the word.In line 5,the reduction values are also added to the previous multiplication result in the accumulator.In line 6and 7,the polynomial is read into two variables and in line 8the reduction of the polynomial is performed.Due to the special nature of the reduction polynomial x 4+1,the coefficients for degrees 4to 6must be added to the coefficients of degree 0to 2,respectively.This is easily done by an XOR of the low and the high word of the accumulator.The calculation of a single column for MixColumns requires 13instructions.This includes the generation of the three constant values which are used in the process (0x80808080,0x01010302and 0x00011a1b).But these values need only be generated once per MixColumns,so that in average it takes about 9instructions to calculate a single column.The optimizations for InvMixColumns work in a similar fashion,with the exception that the reduction values are generated with an additional GF2MUL operation by performing the polynomial multiplication with the highest three bits of each coefficient alone.It takes approximately 16instructions to calculate one column,which is much faster than the conventional approach.Accelerating AES using Instruction Set Extensions for ECC671 3.2Row-oriented ImplementationIn a row-oriented AES implementation[1]the MixColumns and InvMixColumns operations are calculated for the whole state altogether.The strength of this method lies in the possibility to reuse intermediate results for all four columns of the state.This advantage is especially significant in the relatively complex InvMixColumns operation.The conventional row-oriented MixColumns uses4 GFDOUBLE operations,while InvMixColumns requires7.This code shows a con-ventional implementation of GFDOUBLE for the value in poly.1word mask;2mask=poly&0x80808080;3mask=mask>>7;4mask=mask*0x1b//reduction mask5poly=(poly&0x7f7f7f7f)<<1;6poly=poly^mask;GFDOUBLE for row-wise MixColumns/InvMixColumns(conventional)Here the reduction information is extracted from poly in lines2to4.After the actual doubling in line5,the reduction is performed(line6).This version of GFDOUBLE takes10instructions,but the reuse of the bitmasks in consecutive GFDOUBLE leads to a lower instruction count.There are four consecutive doublings in both MixColumns and InvMixColumns,which can be done in an average of7 instructions ing the GF2MUL,GF2MAC and SHACR instructions,GFDOUBLE can be done slightly faster than with conventional instructions.An optimized GFDOUBLE is shown in the following.1word mask;2mask=poly&0x80808080;3mask=mask>>7;//reduction mask4GF2MUL(poly,0x2);5GF2MAC(mask,0x11b);//GF(2^8)coefficient reduction6SHACR(poly);GFDOUBLE for row-wise MixColumns/InvMixColumns(using extensions) The reduction information is extracted in a similar manner,but doubling and reduction are done with GF2MUL and GF2MAC,respectively.The optimized version takes about7instructions.When reusing the bitmask in four consecutive doublings,the average instruction count goes down to approximately6.4Practical ResultsWe have used a version of the SPARC V8-compatible LEON-2processor[5] which includes the instructions described in Table1developed in course of the ISEC project[8].The processor has been implemented on the GR-PCI-XC2V672S.Tillich,J.Großsch¨a dlFPGA board from Gaisler Research and features a(32×16)-bit integer/poly-nomial multiplier with a72-bit accumulator(including8guard bits for integer multiply-accumulate).A gf2mul instruction executes in three cycles,while a gf2mac instruction takes one cycle1,provided that the next instruction does not depend on its result.The shacr instruction alwaysfinishes in one cycle. To estimate the hardware cost of the extensions,we have compared the syn-thesis results of a“conventional”LEON-2with a(32×16)-bit integer multiplier and one with the ECC extensions as described in[7].The extended version re-quires about3.5%more gates than the reference version,whereby the added functionality encompasses not only all the extensions from[7],but also a signed multiply-accumulate instruction.Unfortunately,the LEON-2does not offer a configuration with a(32×16)-bit multiply-accumulate unit,so the sole cost of the instructions for binary polynomials cannot be determined easily.We have made tests with Gladman’s AES code using it both as reference as well as an instance of a column-oriented implementation.However,Gladman’s code only allows to optimize the calculation of a single column and not the whole MixColumns operation.Therefore,we have implemented our own ver-sion of a column-oriented AES,which can be better optimized.Furthermore,we have implemented a row-oriented AES.Our column-and row-oriented versions are written in C and support both encryption and decryption for a precom-puted key schedule and also for on-the-fly key expansion.Moreover,all versions feature a conventional and an optimized implementation of MixColumns and InvMixColumns using the ECC instruction set extensions.Timing measurements have been done using the integrated cycle counter of the extended LEON-2.The code which performs the measurements has been derived from Gladman’s code.In order to get a fair comparison of the different implementation options,we have used a LEON-2processor with a very large instruction and data cache(4sets with16kB each,organized in lines of8words). This was done to get rid of cache effects with one-way associative caches,where the performance of different implementations depended on the actual memory addresses of their stack variables.The results therefore reflect performance in a environment with fast memory access or with“perfect”cache.4.1Precomputed Key ScheduleTable2lists the timing results for AES-128encryption and decryption when using a precomputed key schedule.The time for doing the key expansion is also stated.The speedup is calculated between the best conventional implementa-tion and the best optimized implementation.The row-oriented AES is best for both conventional encryption and decryption.For the optimized variants,the column-oriented implementation is best for encryption,while the performance for decryption is nearly identical for the column-and row-oriented versions.1This is possible because the LEON-2processor allows to execute other instructions in parallel to a gf2mac instruction(similar to MIPS32processors[7]).Accelerating AES using Instruction Set Extensions for ECC673 Table2.Execution times of AES-128encryption,decryption and key expansion in clock cyclesKey expansion Encryption Decryption Gladman NOTABLES5221,8603,125 Gladman NOTABLES optimized5221,7551,906 Column-oriented4971,6722,962 Column-oriented optimized4971,2571,576Row-oriented7381,6361,954Row-oriented optimized7381,5021,567 Speedup23.1%19.8% Table3.Execution times of AES-128encryption and decryption with on-the-fly key expansion in clock cyclesEncryption DecryptionColumn-oriented2,2543,357Column-oriented optimized1,6742,018Row-oriented2,3282,433Row-oriented optimized2,2302,176Speedup25.7%17.0%4.2On-the-fly Key ExpansionThe timing results in Table3refer to AES-128encryption and decryption with on-the-fly key expansion.As Gladman’s code does not support this mode,only the results for our column-and row-oriented versions are stated.Note that the last roundkey is supplied to the decryption routine,so that it does not have to do the whole key expansion at the beginning.For conventional encryption,the column-oriented AES is slightly better, while for decryption,the row-oriented version is fastest.For the versions which use the ECC extensions,the column-oriented AES is better for both encryption and decryption.The speedup is again calculated considering the best conven-tional and optimized version.4.3Code Size and Side-channel AttacksThe code size for the implementations ranges between2.5and3.5kB,where the optimized variants are always smaller than the non-optimized ones.Note, however,that the implementations have been optimized for speed and not for code size.Savings through optimizations go up to15%(column-wise decryption with precomputed key schedule).The susceptibility to side-channel attacks is not changed through the use of the instruction set extensions.It is therefore necessary to integrate counter-measures into a system which calculates AES using the presented methods,if resistance against side-channel attacks is required.However,a detailed treat-ment of countermeasures against side-channel attacks is outside the scope of this paper.We refer the interested reader to the relevant literature on this topic, ranging from secure logic styles[14]to masking schemes[2,13].674S.Tillich,J.Großsch¨a dl5Conclusions and Future WorkIn this work we have demonstrated how to use instruction set extensions origi-nally designed for elliptic curve cryptography to accelerate software implementa-tions of the AES.Although not specifically designed for that purpose,the use of the three instructions gf2mul,gf2mac and shacr allows performance gains of up to25%.This speedup can be considered as“free”on processors which already feature these instructions.Generally,the column-oriented AES implementations can be optimized very well with the instruction set extensions.As future work we will investigate the potential of dedicated instructions for AES.A possible instruction could interpret the four bytes in a32-bit word as elements of GF(28)and perform multiplication and reduction in one step.Such an instruction would be very useful for InvMixColumns.Acknowledgements.The research described in this paper was supported by the Austrian Science Fund(FWF)under grant number P16952-N04“Instruction Set Extensions for Public-Key Cryptography”.References1.G.Bertoni,L.Breveglieri,P.Fragneto,M.Macchetti,and S.Marchesin.EfficientSoftware Implementation of AES on32-Bit Platforms.In Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems—CHES2002,LNCS2523,pp.159–171.Springer Verlag.2.J.Bl¨o mer,J.G.Merchan,and V.Krummel.Provably Secure Masking of AES.Cryptology ePrint Archive(/),Report2004/101.3.J.Daemen and V.Rijmen.AES Proposal:Rijndael.Available for download at/CryptoToolkit/aes/rijndael/Rijndael.pdf,1999.4.M.Feldhofer,S.Dominikus,and J.Wolkerstorfer.Strong authentication for RFIDsystems using the AES algorithm.In Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Sys-tems—CHES2004,LNCS3156,pp.357–370.Springer Verlag,2004.5.J.Gaisler.The LEON-2Processor User’s Manual(Version1.0.24).Available fordownload at /doc/leon2-1.0.24-xst.pdf,Sept.2004.6. B.Gladman.Implementations of AES(Rijndael)in C/C++.Available online at/cryptography_technology/rijndael/index.htm.7.J.Großsch¨a dl and E.Savas.Instruction Set Extensions for Fast Arithmetic in Fi-nite Fields GF(p)and GF(2m).In Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems —CHES2004,LNCS3156,pp.133–147.Springer Verlag,2004.8.J.Großsch¨a dl and S.Tillich.Instruction Set Extensions for Cryptography(ISEC).Available online at http://www.iaik.at/research/vlsi/01_projects/01_isec/.9.R.B.Lee,Z.Shi,and X.Yang.Efficient permutation instructions for fast softwarecryptography.IEEE Micro,21(6):56–69,Nov./Dec.2001.10.S.Mangard,M.Aigner,and S.Dominikus.A highly regular and scalable AES hard-ware architecture.IEEE Transactions on Computers,52(4):483–491,Apr.2003.11.S.Morioka and A.Satoh.A10-Gbps full-AES crypto design with a twisted BDDS-box architecture.IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration(VLSI) Systems,12(7):686–691,July2004.Accelerating AES using Instruction Set Extensions for ECC675 12.National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST).FIPS-197:AdvancedEncryption Standard,Nov.2001.13. E.Oswald,S.Mangard,N.Pramstaller,and V.Rijmen.A Side-Channel AnalysisResistant Description of the AES S-box.To appear in the Proceedings of the12th Annual Workshop on Fast Software Encryption(FSE2005),Feb.2005.14.K.Tiri and I.Verbauwhede.Securing Encryption Algorithms against DPA at theLogic Level:Next Generation Smart Card Technology.In Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems—CHES2003,LNCS2779,pp.137–151.Springer Verlag.。