Section C - Properties of nucleic acids
地质专业英语词汇
地质专业词汇英语翻译(A-D)a horizon a 层位a lineation a 线理a twin a 双晶aa lava 块熔岩aalenian stage 阿林阶abandon 废弃abandoned mine 废弃的矿山abandoned well 废孔abatis 通风隔墙abdomen 腹部abdominal appendage 腹肢abdominal cavity 腹腔abdominal fin 腹abductor 外展肌abductor muscle 外展肌abernathyite 水砷钾铀矿aberration 象差abichite 光线矿abiogenesis 自然发生abiogeny 自然发生abiotic factor 非生物因素ablation 剥蚀ablation breccia 剥蚀角砾岩ablation moraine 消融碛ablation skin 熔蚀皮ablation till 消融碛ablykite 阿布石abnormal 异常的abnormal interference color异常干涉色abnormal metamorphism 异常变质作用abolition 废除abrade 剥蚀abrasion 海蚀abrasion platform 磨蚀台地abrasion surface 浪蚀面abrasion terrace 磨蚀阶地abrasionn test 磨耗试验abrasive 磨料;海蚀的abrazite 多水高岭土absarokite 正边玄武岩absite 钍钛铀矿absolute age 绝对年龄absolute black body 绝对黑体absolute chronology 绝对年代学absolute dating 绝对年代测定absolute geopotential 绝对重力势absolute porosity 绝对孔隙率absolute pressure 绝对压力absolute structure 绝对构造absorbed water 吸附水absorbent 吸收剂absorber 吸收器absorbing well 吸水井absorption 吸收absorption axis 吸收轴absorption border 融蚀缘absorption curve 吸收曲线absorption edge 吸收端absorption factor 吸收率absorption spectrum 吸收光谱absorptive capacity 吸收率absorptivity 吸收性abukumalite 铋磷灰石abundance 丰度abundance of elements 元素丰度abundance of isotopes 同位素丰度abundance ratio of isotopes 同位素相对丰度abysmal deposits 深海沉积物abyss 深海abyssal 深海的abyssal benthic zone 深渊底栖带abyssal deposits 深海沉积物abyssal facies 深海相abyssal hills province 深海丘陵区abyssal injection 深成贯入abyssal rock 深成岩abyssal sediments 深海沉积物acadialite 红菱沸石acadian stage 阿卡德阶acalycine 无花萼的acalycinous 无花萼的acanthite 螺状硫银矿acanthoid 刺状的acaulescent 无茎的acaulous 无茎的acaustobiolite 非燃性生物岩accelerated development 上升发育acceleration 促进accelerometer 加速度计accessory 副的accessory ejecta 早成同源抛出物accessory minerals 副矿物accidental ejecta 异源抛出物accidental inclusion 外源包体accidental species 偶见种accidental xenolith 外源包体acclivity 上坡accompanying mineral 伴生矿物accordance of summit levels 山峰高度一致accordant junction 交合汇流accordion fold 棱角褶皱accretion 附加体accretion gley 结核潜育层accretion theory 吸积理论accretionary lapilli 团积火山砾accumulate 堆积accumulated temperature 积温accumulation 堆积accumulation horizon 聚积层accumulation moraine 堆积冰碛accumulation terrace 堆积阶地accumulation theory of volcano 火山堆积说accumulation till 堆积冰碛accumulative phase 堆积相accuracy 准确度acephalous 无头的acephalous larva 无头幼虫acerous 针状的acetate 醋酸盐acetic acid 醋酸acf diagram acf 图解achavalite 硒铁矿achiardite 坏晶石achirite 透视石achlamydeous 无花被的achlusite 钠滑石achondrite 无球粒陨石achroite 无色电气石achromaite 浅闪石achromatic body 消色物体achromatic lens 消色差透镜achromatism 消色差achromatize 消色acicular 针状的aciculiform 针状的acid base equilibrium 酸碱平衡acid earth 酸性白土acid humus 酸性腐殖质acid mine drainage 酸性矿水排水acid plagioclase 酸性斜长石acid rock 酸性岩acid soil 酸性土acid solution 酸性溶液acid spring 酸性泉acid treatment of oil payzone 油层酸处理acid treatment of well 井的酸处理acidic lava 酸性熔岩acidification 酸化acidimetry 酸量滴定法acidite 酸性岩acidity 酸度acidizing of well 井的酸处理acidophilous plants 适酸植物acidotrophic lake 酸性营养湖acidulation 酸化acline twin 翻底双晶acmite 锥辉石acotyledon 无子叶植物acotyledonous 无子叶的acoustic basement 声波基底acoustic foundation 声波基底acoustic logging 声波测井acquired character 获得形质acre foot 英亩英尺acrobatholithic 露岩基的acrochordite 球砷锰矿acrospore 顶生孢子actinides 锕系元素actinium 锕actinolite 阳起石actinolite asbestos 阳起石石棉actinolite schist 阳起片岩actinolitic greenschist facies 阳起绿色片岩相actinometer 日射表actinometry 光化测定actinomorphic 辐射对称的actinomorphous 辐射对称的actinomyces 放线菌类actinostele 星状中柱actinouranium 锕铀actinula 辐射幼虫activated adsorption 活化吸附activated carbon 活性炭activated clay 活化粘土activated complex 活化络合物activated water 活化水activation 活化activation analysis 活化分析activation cross section 活化截面activation energy 活化能activation logging 活化测井activation method 活化法activation of platform 地台活化activator 活化剂active fault 活断层active folding 活褶曲作用active glacier 活动冰川active humus 活性腐殖质active hydrogen 活性氢active plate 移动板块active remote sensing 织式遥感active tectonic pattern 活动构造型式active volcano 活火山active water 侵蚀性水activity 活度activity coefficient 活度系数activization 活化作用activization platform block 活化台块actual reserves 实在储藏量actual volume 实际容积actualily 真实actualism 现实论actuopalaeontology 现实古生物学acute 急尖的acute bisectrix 锐角等分线acutifoliate 尖叶的adamant 硬石adamantine 坚硬的adamantine lustre 金刚光泽adamantine spar 刚玉adamellite 石英二长岩adamine 水砷锌矿adamite 水砷锌矿adamsite 暗绿云母adaptability 适应性adaptation 适应adaptive radiation 适应辐射adcumulate 累积岩addition 添加additional phase 加成相adductor 收肌adductor muscle scar 收肌筋痕adelite 砷钙镁石adelogenic 显衡隐晶质的1adelpholite 铌铁锰矿adenoid 腺样的adergneiss 脉状片麻岩adhering 粘附性的;附着adhesion 粘附adhesive disk 吸盘adhesiveness 胶糟性adiabat 绝热线adiabatic cooling 绝热冷却adiabatic curve 绝热线adiabatic equilibrium 绝热平衡adiabatic heating 绝热增温adiabatic lapse rate 绝热温度梯度adiabatic process 绝热过程adiabatic state 绝热状态adiabatic temperature gradient 绝热温度梯度adiagnostic 隐微晶质的adigeite 镁蛇纹石adinole 钠长英板岩adipocerite 伟晶腊石adipocire 伟晶腊石adipose cell 脂细胞adit 平峒adjacent rock 围岩adjacent sea 边缘海adjoining rock 围岩adjustment 蝶admimistration 管理admission 收气adobe 灰质粘土adoral 口侧的adsorbent 吸附剂adsorbing material 吸附剂adsorption 吸附adsorption indicator 吸附指示剂adsorptive capacity 吸附能力adular 冰长石adularia 冰长石adult 成体advance 前进adventitious plants 外来植物adventive crater 寄生火口adventive volcano 寄生火山aecidiospore 锈孢子aeciospore 锈孢子aegirine 霓石aegirine augite 霓辉石aegirite 霓石aenigmatite 三斜闪石aeolian clastics 风成碎屑岩aeolian deposit 风积aeolian landform 风成地形aeolian soil 风积土aeration 充气aeration tissue 通气组织aeration zone 饱气带aerenchyma 通气组织aerial method of geology 航空地质甸方法aerial photography 航空摄影学aerial ropeway 架空死aerial survey 航空测量aerial triangulation 航空三角测量aerify 使呈气态aerobe 需气生物aerocartograph 航空测图仪aerogenous rock 风成岩aerogeography 航空地理学aerogeology 航空地质学aerolite 石陨石aerolith 石陨石aeromagnetic survey 航空磁测aerophotogeological map 航空摄影地质图aerophotogrammetry 航空摄影测量学aerophotography 航空摄影学aerophotography of geology 地质专业航空摄影aeroplankton 大气浮游生物aeroradioactive survey 航空放射性测量aerosiderite 铁陨石aerosiderolite 铁石陨石aerosite 深红银矿aerugite 块砷镍矿aeschynite 易解石affiliation 亲缘关系affine deformation 均匀变形affinity 亲和力afflux 汇入after deep 后渊aftereffect 后效aftershock 余震afwillite 桂硅钙石agalite 纤滑石agalmatolite 寿山石agamogony 无配子生殖agate 玛瑙age 龄期age determination 时代鉴定age of cycads 苏铁植物时代age spectra 年龄谱ageing of colloids 胶体熟化agent of erosion 侵蚀力agents of metamorphism 变质营力ageostrophic wind 非地转风agglomerate 集块岩agglomerate lava 集块熔岩agglomeratic 集块岩状的agglomeration 烧结agglutinate 粘合集块岩agglutination 胶着agglutinin 凝集素aggradation 加积aggradation terrace 堆积阶地aggradational plain 堆积平原aggregate 集合体aggregation 聚集aggressive water 侵进水agitation 搅拌agmatite 角砾混合岩agnatha 无颌类agnolite 红硅钙锰矿agnotozoic era 元古代agpaite 钠质火成岩agreement 协议agricolite 闪铋矿agricultural geology 农业地质学agricultural geomorphology 农业地貌学agroforestrial geology 农林地质学agrogeology 农业地质学agrohydrologg 农业水文学aguilarite 辉硒银矿aidyrlite 杂硅铝镍矿aikinite 针硫铋铅矿air borne radioactivity 大气放射性air chamber 气室air compressor 空气压缩机air damping 空气制动air drilling 空气钻进air drying 风干air elutriation 空气淘析air flush drilling 空气冲洗钻井air gun 空气枪air hammer 气锤air lift 气动提升机air permeability 透气性air pressure 空气压力air release valve 放气阀air sac 气囊air separating tank 空气分离罐air separator 气力分离器air shrinkage 空气收缩air vent 排气孔air volcano 气火山airborne electromagnetic method 航空电磁法airborne electromagnetics 航空电磁法airborne magnetic prospecting 航空磁法勘探airborne magnetometer 航空地磁仪airborne remote sensing 航空遥感airborne survey 航空甸airial camera 航空摄影机airview 空瞰图airy phase 艾氏相airy's spiral 艾氏螺旋akaustobiolite 非燃性生物岩akaustobiolith 非燃性生物岩akerite 英辉正长岩akermanite 镁黄长石akf diagram akf图解akinete 厚壁孢子akrochordite 球砷锰矿aksaite 阿氏硼镁石ala twin 轴双晶alabandine 硫锰矿alabandite 硫锰矿alabaster 雪花石膏alabastrite 雪花石膏alamosite 铅灰石alar 翼状的alary 翼状的alaskaite 铅泡铋矿alaskite 白岗岩alate 有翼的albedo 反照率albers' equal area projection 亚尔勃斯等积投影albertite 黑沥青albian 阿尔布阶albian stage 阿尔布阶albite 钠长石albite twin 钠长石双晶albitite 钠长石玢岩albitization 钠长石化albitophyre 钠长斑岩alboranite 紫苏变玄岩aleurolite 粉砂岩aleuropelitic 粉砂泥的aleutite 易辉安山岩alexandrite 翠绿宝石algae 藻类algae control 藻类控制algal ball 海藻饼algal biscuit 海藻饼algal coal 藻煤algal fungi 藻菌类algal limestone 藻灰岩algal reef 藻礁algal structure 藻结构alginite 藻类体algodonite 微晶砷铜矿algology 藻类学algonkian 阿尔冈纪algonkian system 阿尔冈系algovite 辉斜岩aliphatic compound 脂族化合物alizarin 二羟蒽醌alkali 碱alkali alumina metasomatism 碱氧化铝交代alkali basaet 碱性玄武岩alkali earth metal 碱土金属alkali feldspar 碱性长石alkali flat 碱覆盖坪alkali gabbro 碱性辉长岩alkali granti 碱性花岗岩alkali lime index 碱灰质指数alkali metal 碱金属alkali olivine basalt 碱性橄榄玄武岩alkali pyroxene 碱性辉石alkali rock series 碱性岩系alkali salt 碱盐alkali soil 碱土alkali syenit 碱性正长岩alkalic rock 硷性岩alkalic ultrabasic rock 碱超基性岩alkalify 碱化alkalimetry 碱量滴定法alkaline amphibolization 碱性角闪石化alkaline earth 碱土族alkaline earth metal 碱土金属alkaline metasomatism 碱性交代作用alkaline pyroxenization 碱性辉石化2alkaline rock 硷性岩alkaline rocks 碱性岩类alkaline soil 碱性土alkaline solution 碱性溶液alkaline spring 碱泉alkalinity 碱度alkalipicrite 碱性苦橄岩alkalitrophic lake 碱液营养湖alkalization 碱化作用alkalize 碱化alkaloid 生物碱alkanes 链烷烃allactite 砷水锰矿allagite 绿蔷薇辉石allalinite 浊变辉长岩allanite 褐帘石alleghanyite 粒硅锰矿allemontite 砷锑矿allite 铝铁土allivalite 橄榄钙长岩allobar 变压区allocation 分配allochemical metamorphism 异化变质allochetite 霞辉二长斑岩allochroite 粒榴石allochromatic colour 假色allochromatism 假色allochthone 移置岩体allochthonous 外来的allochthonous coal 异地生成煤allochthonous deposit 移积allochthonous fold 移置性褶曲allochthonous limestone 移置灰岩alloclastic breccia 火山碎屑角砾岩allogenic 他生的allogenic element 他生元素allogenic mineral 他生矿物allogenic succession 他生演替allomerism 异质同晶现象allometamorphism 他变作用allometry 异速生长allomigmatite 他混合岩allomorph 同质异形的allomorphism 同质异晶allomorphous 同质异形的allopalladium 硒钯矿allopatric polymorphism 同质多形allophane 水铝英石allophase metamorphism 他相变质alloskarn 外成夕卡岩allothigenic 他生的allothigenous 他生的allotriomorphic 他形的allotriomorphic granular texture 他形晶粒状结构allotriomorphic structure 他形构造allotriomorphic texture 他形结构allotrope 同素异形体allotropic modification 同素异形体allotropic transformation 同素异晶变化allotropism 同素异形allotropy 同素异形allotype 异模式标本alloy 合金alluvial 冲积的alluvial apron 山麓冲积扇alluvial channel 冲积河道alluvial cone 冲积锥alluvial deposit 冲积层alluvial fan 冲积扇alluvial fan deposit 冲积扇层alluvial ore deposit 冲积矿床alluvial placer 冲积砂矿床alluvial plain 冲积平原alluvial sand ripples 河成砂纹alluvial sand wave 河成沙波alluvial soil 冲积土alluvial terrace 冲积阶地alluvial veneer 冲积表层alluviation 冲积alluvion 冲积层alluvium 冲积层almandine 铁铝榴石almandite 铁铝榴石alnico 铝镍钴合金alnoite 黄长煌斑岩alp 高山alpha quartz 石英alpha ray spectrometer 能谱仪alphitite 岩粉土alpides 阿尔卑斯造山带alpine animals 高山动物alpine belt 高山带alpine orogeny 阿尔卑斯造山运动alpine type peridotite 阿尔卑斯式橄榄岩alpine type vein 阿尔卑斯型矿脉alpinotype orogeny 阿尔卑斯型造山作用alpinotype tectonics 阿尔卑斯型构造alsbachite 榴云细斑岩alstonite 碳碱钙钡矿altaite 碲铅矿altar 腋生的altazimuth 经纬仪alteration 蚀变alteration halo 蚀变晕alteration zone 蚀变晕altered aureole 蚀变晕altered mineral 蚀变矿物alternant 交替的alternate phyllotaxis 互生叶序alternately pinnate 互生羽状的alternating 交替alternating layers 互层alternation 互层alternation of beds 互层alternation of generations 世代交替alternative 可选择的altimeter 高度计altitude 高度altitudinal zonality 垂直分布带alum 茂alum shale 茂页岩alum slate 茂板岩alumian 无水矾石alumina 矾土aluminate 铝酸盐aluminite 矾石aluminum 铝alumochromite 铝铬铁矿alunite 茂石alunitization 茂石化alunogen 毛矾石alurgite 锰云母alveolar 蜂窝状alvite 铪锆石amagmatic 非岩浆活动的amalgam 汞齐amalgamation 混汞作用amarantite 红铁矾amazonite 天河石amazonitization 天河石化ambatoarinite 碳酸锶铈矿amber 钙铝榴石amberite 灰黄琥珀ambient 外界的ambiguity 多义性amblygonite 磷铝石ambrite 灰黄琥珀ambulacral foot 管足ambulacral system 步带系ambularcral zone 步带ameba 变形虫amendment 修正;校正americium 镅amesite 镁绿泥石ametaboly 无变态amethyst 紫水晶amherstite 反条正长闪长岩amianthus 石棉amino acid metabolism 氨基酸代谢aminobenzoic acid 氨基苯酸ammonioborite 水铵硼石ammonites 菊石类amorphous 非晶质的amorphous graphite 无定型石墨amorphous silica 无定形硅氧amosite 铁石棉amount 总计amount of evaporation 蒸发量amount of precipitation 降水量amount of throw 纵距ampangabeit 铌链铁铀矿ampelite 黄铁炭质页岩amphibia 两栖类amphibious plants 两栖植物amphibole 闪石amphibolite 闪岩amphibolite facies 角闪岩相amphibolization 闪石化作用amphigene 白榴石amphigenite 白榴熔岩amphiprotic 两性的ampholyte 两性电解质amphoteric 两性的amphoteric electrolyte 两性电解质amphoteric element 两性元素amphoteric ion 两性离子amphoteric oxide 两性氧化物amphoterite 无粒古橄陨石amplexicaul 抱茎的amplifier for photocurrents 光电僚大器amplitude 振幅amplitude correction 振幅校正amplitude spectrum 振幅谱amygdale 杏仁孔amygdaloid 杏仁岩amygdaloidal 杏仁状的amygdaloidal structure 杏仁状构造amygdule 杏仁孔anabatic wind 谷风anabolism 合成代谢anaboly 后加演化anaclinal 逆向的anadiagenesis 前进成岩作用anaerobe 厌气微生物anaerobic bacteria 嫌气细菌anaerobiosis 嫌气生活anagenesis 前进演化anal fin 臀鳍anal gland 肛腺analbite 单斜钠长石analcime 方沸石analcimite 方沸岩analcimolith 方沸岩analcite 方沸石analog 相似体analogous organ 同功瀑analogue 相似体analogy 类似analysis by sedimentation 沉积分析analytic standard 分析标准analytical balance 分析天平anamesite 中粒玄武岩anamigmatism 深溶混合岩化anamorphic zone 合成变质带anamorphism 合成变质anapaite 三斜磷钙铁矿anaseism 背震中anastomose 网结anastrophen 倒装法anatase 锐钛矿anatectic magma 深熔岩浆anatectite 深熔混合岩anatexis 深熔作用anauxite 富硅高岭石anchieutectic 近底共融的anchimetamorphism 近变质作用anchimonomineralic 近单矿物的3anchor ice 底冰ancient channel 古河道ancient elephant 古大象ancient landform 古地形ancylite 菱锶铬矿andalusite 红柱石andersonite 水碳钠钙铀矿andesine 中长石andesite 安山岩andesite line 安山岩线andorite 锑铅银矿andradite 钙铁榴石anemoclastics 风成碎屑岩anemophilous plant 风媒植物anemophily 风媒anemousite 三斜霞石angara flora 安加拉植物群angara shield 安加拉古陆angaraland 安加拉古陆angarides 安加拉古陆angiospermous 被子的angiosperms 被子植物angle of contact 接触角angle of draw 陷落角angle of incidence 入射角angle of inclination 倾斜角angle of internal friction 内摩擦角angle of reflection 反射角angle of refraction 折射角angle of repose 休止角angle of strike 走向角度angle of subsidence 陷落角anglesite 硫酸铅矿angrite 钛辉无球粒陨石angular 有角的angular discordance 斜交不整合angular unconformity 钭文不整合angularity 有角angustifoliate 狭叶的anhedral 他形的anhydration 脱水anhydride 无水物anhydrite 硬石膏anhydrite formation 硬石膏层anhysteretic remanent magnetiazation 非滞后剩余磁化animal charcoal 动物煤animal debris 动物残余animal theory 动物成因论animikie system 安尼迷基系animikite 铅银砷镍矿anisian 安尼阶anisodesmic structure 蛤稳变异构造anisometric 非等轴的anisophyllous 不等叶的anisotrophism 蛤异性anisotropic 非均质的anisotropic fabric 蛤异性组构anisotropy 蛤异性anisotropy of crystals 晶体蛤异性ankaramite 钭长辉石岩ankaratrite 橄霞玄武岩ankerite 铁白云石anna aannabergite 镍华annealing recrystallization 退火重结晶作用annelids 环节动物annerodite 铌钇铀矿annite 羟铁云母annivite 铋铜矿annual 年刊annual amount of precipitation 年降水量annual plant 一年生植物annual ring 年轮annular 环状的annulation 环annulus 体环anomalous electric field 异常电场anomalous extinction 异常消光anomalous interference color 异常干涉色anomalous lead 异常铅anomalous upheaval 异常隆起anomaly 异常anomite 褐云母anonymous 不具名的anorogenic period 非造山期anorogenic time 非造山期anorthite 钙长石anorthitite 钙长岩anorthoclase 歪长石anorthosite 斜长岩antagonism 对抗作用antarctic 南极antarctica 南极大陆antecedent 先行的antecedent precipitation index 前期降雨指标antecedent river 先成河antecedent valley 先成谷anteclise 台背斜antegenetic river 原生河antenna 触角antennule 第一触角anther 药antheridium 精子囊antholite 直闪石anthophyllite 直闪石anthozoa 珊烘类anthracite 无烟煤anthracite coal 无烟煤anthraconite 沥青灰岩anthraxolite 碳沥青anthraxylon 纯木煤anthropogenic factor 人为因素anthropogeography 人类地理学anthropoid 类人猿anthropoid apes ape 类人猿anthropology 人类学anthropophyte 人为植物anthropostratigraphy 人类地层学antibonding electron 反键电子anticathode 对阴极anticlinal 背钭的anticlinal axis 背斜轴anticlinal bend 背斜弯曲anticlinal dome 背斜隆起anticlinal fault 背斜断层anticlinal fold 背斜anticlinal limb 背斜翼anticlinal mountain 背斜脊anticlinal ridge 背斜脊anticlinal theory 背斜理论anticlinal trap 背斜圈闭anticlinal valley 背斜谷anticlinal zone 背斜带anticline 背斜anticlinorium 复背斜anticlise 台背斜anticlockwise 反时针方向的anticoincidence 反符合antidune 反沙丘antiferromagnetism 反铁磁性antifluorite structure 反萤石结构antiform 背斜型构造antiformal syncline 背斜型向斜antigorite 叶蛇纹石antimonite 辉锑矿antimony 锑antimony bloom 锑华antipathy 不相容antipertite 反纹长石antiseismic 抗震的antiseptic 防腐剂antistress mineral 反应力矿物antisymmetrization 反对称化antithetic fault 反向断层antlerite 块铜矾antofagastite 水氯铜矿anulus 体环apachite 闪辉响岩apatite 磷灰石aperiodicity 非周期性aperture 孔apex 背斜顶apex of shell 壳顶aphanic 显衡隐晶质的aphaniphyric 隐晶斑状aphanite 隐晶岩aphanitic texture 隐晶结构aphanitic variolitic texture 隐晶球颗结构aphotic zone 无光带aphrosiderite 铁华绿泥石aphthalose 钾芒硝aphthitalite 钾芒硝aphthonite 银铜矿aphyric 无斑隐晶质的apical disk 顶系apical system 顶系apjohnite 锰茂aplite 细晶岩aplitic 细晶状的aplitic facies 细晶岩相aplitic texture 细晶岩构造aplogranite 淡色花岗岩apoandesite 脱玻安山岩apobasalt 脱玻玄武岩apogee 远地点apogranite 变花岗岩apolar adsorption 非极性吸附apomagmatic 外岩浆的apomagmatic deposit 外岩浆矿床apophyllite 鱼眼石apophyse 岩枝apophysis 岩枝apospory 无孢生殖apparent 外观上的apparent density 视密度apparent dip 视倾斜apparent heave 视横断距apparent resistivity 视电阻率apparent resistivity curve 视电阻率曲线apparent resistivity map 视电阻率图apparent specific gravity 表观比重apparent velocity 视速度apperance of crystal 结晶外貌apple coal 软煤applied geochemistry 应用地球化学applied geology 应用地质学applied geomorphology 应用地形学applied geothermics 应用地热学applied geothermy 应用地热学applied palaeontology 应用古生物学applied seismology 应用地震学appraisement 评价apron reef 石中住裙礁aptian 阿普第阶aptian stage 阿普第阶aqua regia 王水aquamarine 海蓝宝石aquatic 水生的aquatic animals 水栖动物aqueduct 沟渠aqueous deposit 水成沉积aqueous rock 水成岩aqueous soil 水成土aqueous solution 水溶液aquiclude 隔水层aquifer 含水层aquifer loss 含水层损失aquifer storage 合水层储水aquifer test 含水层试验aquiferous 含水的aquifuge 不透水层aquitanian stage 阿启坦阶aquitard 弱含水层arachnidea 蛛形类araeoxene 钒铅锌矿aragonite 文石4arakawaite 磷锌铜矿aramayoite 硫铋锑银矿arandisite 硅锡矿arborescent 被状arc of compression 褶皱弧arc of folding 压缩弧arch 背斜archaean era 太古代archaeocyte 原始细胞archaeogeology 考古地质学archaeopteris flora 古蔽属植物群archaeopteryx 始祖鸟属archaeozoic 太古代的archaian 太古代的archbend 褶皱头部archean 太古代archean greenstone belt 太古代绿岩带arched structure 隆起构造archegone 颈卵器archegonium 颈卵器archeomagnetism 太古磁性archeophytic era 太古植物代archeozoic era 太古代archetype 原始型archipelagic apron 群岛沿边漫坡海底archipelago 群岛arcogenesis 地穹运动arcogeny 地穹运动arctic 北极圈arctic air mass 北极气团arctic front 北极锋arctic plants 北极植物arctic subregion 北极亚区arctoalpine 北极高山的arcuate 弓形的arcuate delta 弓形三角洲ardealite 磷石膏ardennite 锰硅铝矿area 分布区area of artesian flow 自廉区area of influence 影响区域areal eruption 区域喷溢arenaceous 砂屑的arenaceous rock 砂质岩arenaceous texture 砂质结构arenes 粗砂arenopelitic 砂泥质的arenose 粗砂质的arfvedsonite 钠钙闪石argentiferous 含银的argentite 辉银矿argentobismutite 硫银铋矿argentojarosite 辉银黄钾铁矾argentopyrite 含银黄铁矿argil 白粘土argillaceous 泥质的argillaceous limestone 泥质灰岩argillite 泥岩argillization 泥化argon 氩argyrodite 硫银锗矿arid basin 干燥盆地arid landform 干旱地形arid peneplain 干旱准平原arid zone 干旱带aridity coefficient 干燥系数aridity index 干燥指数ariegite 尖榴辉岩arithmetical averaging grade 算术平均品位arithmetical averaging thickness 算术平均厚度arizonite 红钛铁矿arkite 白榴霞斑岩arkose 长石石英岩arkosic sandstone 长石石英岩armangite 砷锰矿armored cone 熔壳火山锥armored fishes 甲胄鱼纲aromatic base crude oil 芳香基原油arrangement 配置arroyo 干谷arsenate 砷酸盐arsenic 砷arseniopleite 红砷铁矿arseniosiderite 钙砷铁矿arsenite 砷华arsenoclasite 水砷锰石arsenolite 砷华arsenomiargyrite 砷辉锑银矿arsenopyrite 毒砂arterite 层混合岩artesian aquifer 自廉层artesian basin 自廉盆地artesian ground water 自霖下水artesian pressure head 承压水位artesian spring 自联artesian water 自廉artesian well 自廉arthropoda 节肢动物artic front 北极峰articulation 关节artificial 人为的artificial classification 人为分类artificial crystal 人造晶体artificial diamond 人造金刚石artificial discharge 人工排泄artificial earth's satellite 人造地球卫星artificial earthquake 人为地震artificial ground water 人工地下水artificial hypocenter 人工震源artificial mineral 人造矿物artificial radio element 人工放射元素artificial radioactivity 人工放射性artificial recharge 人工补给artificial satellite 人造卫星artificial seismic source 人工震源artificial selection 人工淘汰artinite 纡维菱镁矿artinsk stage 阿丁斯克阶artinskian 阿丁斯克阶asbestos 石棉asbestus 石棉asbolane 钴土矿asbolite 钴土矿ascending development 上升发育ascension theory 上升说ascent curve 上升曲线aschaffite 云英钭煌岩ascharite 硼镁石aschistic 岩浆同质的aschistic dike 未分异岩脉aschistic dyke 未分异岩脉aschistite 未分异岩ascon type 单沟型ascospore 子囊孢子ascus 子囊aseismic 无震的asexual generation 无性世代asexual reproduction 无性生殖ash bed 火山灰层ash cloud 灰云ash cone 火山灰丘ash content of coal 煤灰分ash fall 降落灰ash flow 火山灰流ash free 无灰分的ash shower 降落灰ash structure 火山灰构造ashgillian stage 阿石极阶ashing 灰化asmanite 陨鳞石英asparagolite 黄绿磷灰石asparagus stone 黄绿磷灰石asperite 玻质英安岩asphalt 地沥青asphalt sealing trap 沥青塞圈闭asphaltenes 沥青质asphaltic base crude oil 沥青基原油asphaltic pyrobitumen 焦性沥青asphaltite 沥青岩asphaltum 地沥青aspite 盾状火山asporous 无孢子的assay 试金assay balance 试金天平assay map 采样平面图assaying 试料分析assessment well 估价井assimilate 同化assimilation 岩浆的同化作用associate 使联合associate species 伴生种associate structure 伴生构造associated mineral 伴生矿物associated ore 伴生矿association 联合association of elements 元素的共生组合assyntite 钛辉方钠正长岩assypite 钠橄辉长岩astable 不稳定的astatic 无定向的astatic magnetometer 无定向磁力仪astaticism 无定向性astatine 砹astatisation 无定向化asteroid 小行星asthenosphere 软力astian stage 阿斯蒂阶astite 红柱角页岩astrakhanite 白钠镁矾astroblem 古陨挥astrogeology 天体地质学astrophyllite 星叶石asymmetric 不对称的asymmetric carbon atom 不对称碳原子asymmetric dispersion 不对称色散asymmetric fold 不对称褶皱asymmetrical 不对称的asymmetrical anticline 不对称背斜asymmetrical crystal monochromator 不对称结晶单色仪asymmetrical ridge 不对称山脊asymmetry 非对称asynchronous 异步的atacamite 氯铜矿atatschite 线玻正斑岩atavism 返祖ataxic mineral deposit 不成层矿床ataxite 角砾斑杂岩ataxitic 角砾斑杂状的atectonic 非构造的atelestite 砷酸铋矿atlantic ocean 大误atlantic suite 大误岩套atlasspat 纤维石atmoclast 气碎岩atmoclastic rock 气碎岩atmoclastics 气碎岩atmogenic metamorphism 气生变质atmometer 蒸发表atmophile element 亲气元素atmosphere 大气圈atmospheric pressure 气压atmospheric rock 气成岩atmospheric weathering 大气风化atmospheric window 大气窗口atmospheric windows 大气窗口atoll 环礁atoll lake 环礁湖atoll texture 环礁结构atomic binding 原子键atomic bond 原子键atomic disintegration 原子衰变atomic energy level 原子能级atomic mass unit 原子质量单位atomic ratio 原子比atomic size 原子大小atomic spectrum 原子光谱5atomic unit 原子单位atomic volume 原子体积atomistics 原子论atrio 火口原atrio lake 火口原湖atriopore 围鳃腔atrium 围鳃腔attenuation 衰减attenuation constant 衰减常数attenuation factor 衰减常数attraction 引力attribute 属性attrition 磨损attritus 碎集煤atypical 非典型的aubrite 顽火辉石无球粒陨石auerlite 磷钍矿augelite 光彩石augen structure 眼状构造augengneiss 眼环片麻岩auger 螺旋钻auger drill 螺旋钻augite 辉石augitite 辉石岩aulacogene 古断槽aureole 接触圈aurichalcite 绿铜锌矿auriferous 含金的auriferous conglomerate 含金砾岩auripigment 雌黄aurora 极光auroral zone 极光地带australite 澳洲似黑曜岩authigene 自生的authigenesis 自生作用authigenic 自生的authigenic element 自生元素authigenic mineral 自生矿物authigenous 自生的auto injection 自注入autobreccia 同生角砾岩autobreccited lava 同生角砾岩熔岩autocatalysis 自动催化autochthone 原地岩体autochthonous 原地的autochthonous coal 原地生成煤autochthonous deposit 原地沉积autochthonous fold 原地褶皱autochthonous granite 原地花岗岩autochthonous limestone 原地灰岩autoclases 自碎autoclast 自碎岩autoclastic 自碎的autoclastic rock 自碎岩autoclave 压热器高压锅autocorrelation function 自相关函数autogenic succession 自发演替autogeny 自生autogeosyncline 自地槽autointrusion 自侵入autolith 同源包体autometamorphism 自变质作用autometasomatism 自交代作用automolite 铁锌晶石automorphic 自形的autopneumatolysis 自气化作用autoradiography 自动射线照相术autotrophism 自养autotrophy 自养autotype 自型autunite 钙铀云母auversian stage 奥伯斯阶auxiliary curve 辅助曲线auxiliary fault 副断层auxiliary joint 副节理auxiliary mineral 副矿物available relief 有效起伏available water 可利用的水avalanche 雪崩avalanche breccia 岩崩角砾岩aven 落水洞aventurine 砂金石average life 平均寿命avezacite 钛铁辉闪脉岩avicennite 褐铊矿aviolite 堇云角页岩avogadrite 氟硼钾石awaruite 铁镍矿axe stone 软玉axial 轴的axial angle 光轴角axial colour 轴色axial distribution analysis 轴向分布分析axial plane 轴面axial plane cleavage 轴面劈理axial plane folding 轴面褶皱axial plane foliation 轴面叶理构造axial plane schistosity 轴面片理axial ratio 轴率axial section 轴向剖面axial skeleton 轴骨axial trace 轴迹axillary 腋生的axillary bud 腋芽axinite 斧石axinitization 斧石化axiolite 椭球粒axiolith 椭球粒axiolitic 椭球粒状的axis 轴axis of rotation 旋转轴axis of rotatory reflection 回转反射轴axis of symmetry 对称轴axis plane 轴面azeotrope 共沸混合物azeotropy 共沸性azilian age 阿齐尔时代azimuth 方位角azimuthal equal area projection 等积方位投影azimuthal equidistant projection 等距方位投影azimuthal orthomorphic 正形方位投影azimuthal projection 方位投影azimuthal quantum number 方位角量子数azoic era 无生代azurite 蓝铜矿babel quartz 塔状石英babingtonite 铁灰石bacillite 杆雏晶束back 背back deep 次生优地槽back flow 逆流back radiation 逆辐射back reflection camera 逆反射照相机back swamp 河漫滩沼泽backfill 充填background value 背景值backland 腹地backpressure 回压backshore 后滨backwash 回流backwashing method 回哩backwater 回水bacteria 细菌bacterial analysis 细菌分析bacterielles fossil 细菌化石baculite 杆菊石bad land 恶劣地baddeleyite 斜锆石badenite 镍铋砷钴矿baectuite 白头岩bag of ore 矿袋bagrationite 铈黑帘石bahiaite 橄闪紫苏岩baikalite 易裂钙铁辉石bailer 簧头;捞砂筒bajocian 巴柔阶bakerite 纤硼钙石baking coal 粘结煤balance 平衡balance resources 表内储量balanced filter 衡均滤波器balas 玫红尖晶石ball clay 球土ball diorite 球状闪长岩ball granite 球状花岗岩ball ironstone 球状铁矿石ball mill 球磨机ball porphyry 球状斑岩ball structure 球状构造ball texture 球状结构ballas 工业用球面金刚石balling 球团balsam 香胶baltic shield 波罗的地盾banakite 粗绿岩banatite 正辉英闪长岩band 带;夹层banded 带状的banded agate 带状玛瑙banded clay 带状粘土banded coal 条带状煤banded gneiss 带状片麻岩banded hematite quartzite 带状赤铁矿石英岩banded iron ore deposit 条带状铁矿床banded lode 带状脉banded migmatite 带状混合岩banded ore 带状矿石banded structure 带状构造banded vein 带状矿脉banding 层状bandy 带状的bandylite 氯硼铜石bank 岸bank erosion 沙滩侵蚀bank gravel 采石坑砾石bank run gravel 采石坑砾石bank side 河岸斜坡banket 含金砾岩层baotite 包头矿bar 沙洲bar theory 砂州说barb 羽支barbed drainage 倒钩水系统barbierite 钠正长石barchane 新月形砂丘baric topography 气压形势baricalcite 重解石barite 重晶石barium 钡barium anorthitite 钡斜长岩barium feldspar 钡长石bark 胜barkevikite 棕闪石barkhan 新月形砂丘barlte 天青重晶岩barn 靶恩barolite 天青重晶岩barometric altimeter 气压测高计barotolerancy 耐压性barranca 峡谷barranco 峡谷barrandite 磷铝铁石barremian 巴列姆阶barren bed 哑层barren layer 废石层barren of coal 不含煤的barren rock 无矿岩barren sand 无油砂层barrier 堡坝barrier reef 堡礁barrier spring 堡坝泉barrow 矸石场barthite 砷锌铜矿bartonian 巴尔顿阶barylite 硅钡铍矿barysil 硅铅矿barysilite 硅铅矿6。
生物化学简明教程
1930~40年，Kossel & Levene等确定核酸的的组分：
核酸
脱氧核糖核酸（deoxyribonucleic acid，DNA） 核糖核酸（ribonucleic acid，RNA）
“四核苷酸假说”：核酸由四种核苷酸组成的单体 构成的，缺乏结构方面的多样性。
20世纪40年代末，Avery 的“肺炎双球菌转化”实验， 噬菌体侵染细菌的实验证明DNA是有机体的遗传物质：
（二）DNA的双螺旋结构
1953年，Watson 和Crick 提出。
1. 双螺旋结构的主要依据
（1）Wilkins和Franklin发现不同来源的DNA纤维具有相似的 X射线衍射图谱。 （2）Chargaff发现DNA中A与T、C与G的数目相等。后Pauling 和Corey发现A与T生成2个氢键、C与G生成3个氢键。
波长 /nm
光吸收
（三）核酸结构的稳定性
1.碱基对间的氢键；2.碱基堆积力；3.环境中的正离子。
（四）核酸的的变性 ：双螺旋区氢键断裂，空间结构破坏，
形成单链无规线团状，只涉及次级键的
破坏。(与降解比较)(变性DNA特征) DNA变性是个突变过
A /260nm
Tm
Tm
程，类似结晶的熔解。 将紫外吸收的增加量
C-DNA：44~46%相对湿度，螺距3.09nm，每转螺旋9.33个碱 基对，碱基对倾斜6°。可能是特定条件下B-DNA和A-DNA 的转化中间物。 D-DNA：60%相对湿度，DNA中A、T序列交替的区域。每个 螺旋含8个bp，螺距2.43nm，碱基平面倾斜16°。
（三）DNA的三级结构
线形分子、双链环状(dcDNA)→超螺旋、
DNA
温育
VetMAX M. bovis 核苷酸纯化协议说明书
VetMAX™ M. bovis KitNucleic acid purification protocols optimized for use with the kit (Cat. No. MPBO50) Pub. No. MAN0019166 Rev. A.0WARNING! Read the Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) and follow the handling instructions. Wear appropriate protective eyewear, clothing, and gloves. Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) are available from /support.WARNING! BIOHAZARD. Read the biological hazard safety information at this product’s page at . Follow all applicable local, state/provincial, and/or national regulations for working with biological samples.■Purpose of this guide (1)■Sample selection (2)■Sample storage (2)■Required materials not supplied (2)■Purify DNA using the MagMAX™ CORE Nucleic Acid Purification Kit (automated method) (5)■Prepare samples for purification with other kits (9)■Purify DNA using the MagVet™ Universal Isolation Kit (automated method) (10)■Purify DNA using the QIAamp™ DNA Mini Kit (manual method) (11)■Purify DNA using the NucleoSpin™ Tissue kit (manual method) (13)■Good laboratory practices for PCR and RT-PCR (14)Appendix A Purification with the KingFisher™ Duo Prime or KingFisher™ mL instrument■Required materials not supplied (14)■Purification procedure (15)Appendix B Documentation and support■Customer and technical support (15)■Limited product warranty (16)Purpose of this guideThis guide describes Mycoplasma bovis DNA purification protocols that have been validated and optimized for downstream use with the Applied Biosystems™ VetMAX™ M. bovis Kit (Cat. No. MPBO50).•Automated nucleic acid purification is performed using one of the following instruments: KingFisher™ Flex, MagMAX™ Express-96, KingFisher™ mL, or KingFisher™ Duo Prime.•Manual nucleic acid purification uses silica-based spin columns.Sample selectionSample storageRequired materials not suppliedUnless otherwise indicated, all materials are available through . "MLS" indicates that the material is available from or another major laboratory supplier.Materials required for sample collection, preparation, and nucleic acid purificationTable 1 Materials required for all sample preparation methodsTable 2 Additional materials required for purification from organ samplesAdditional materials required for automated nucleic acid purification Table 3 Materials required for the MagMAX™ CORE Nucleic Acid Purification KitTable 4 Materials required for the MagVet™ Universal Isolation KitAdditional materials required for manual nucleic acid purificationPurify DNA using the MagMAX™ CORE Nucleic Acid Purification Kit (automated method)Follow this procedure if you are using these instruments:•KingFisher™ Flex•MagMAX™ Express-96Follow Appendix A, “Purification with the KingFisher™ Duo Prime or KingFisher™ mL instrument” if you are using these instruments:•KingFisher™ Duo Prime•KingFisher™ mLWorkflowProcedural guidelines•Before use, invert bottles of solutions and buffers to ensure thorough mixing.•To prevent cross-contamination:–Cover the plate or tube strip during the incubation and shaking steps, to prevent spill-over.–Carefully pipet reagents and samples, to avoid splashing.•To prevent nuclease contamination:–Wear laboratory gloves during the procedures. Gloves protect you from the reagents, and they protect the nucleic acid from nucleases that are present on skin.–Use nucleic acid-free pipette tips to handle the reagents, and avoid putting used tips into the reagent containers.–Decontaminate lab benches and pipettes before you begin.Before first use of the kit(Optional) Determine the optimal bead mill homogenizer settingsWe recommend using the Fisher Scientific™ Bead Mill 24 Homogenizer for maximum nucleic acid yield. If an alternative instrument is used, follow the manufacturer's guidelines to determine the speed and time settings necessary to achieve sufficient cell lysis.Download and install the scriptThe appropriate script for the MagMAX ™CORE Nucleic Acid Purification Kit must be installed on the instrument before first use.1.On the MagMAX ™CORE Nucleic Acid Purification Kit product web page (at , search by catalogue number), scrollto the Product Literature section.2.Right ‑click the appropriate file to download the latest version of the MagMAX_CORE script for your instrument.Table 5 Recommended scriptsIf required by your laboratory, use one of the following scripts, which do not heat the samples during the elution step.Table 6 Alternate scripts without heated elution step3.See your instrument user guide or contact Technical Support for instructions for installing the script.Perform the purification procedurea.Set up the processing plates.Table 7 Plate setup: KingFisher ™ Flex or MagMAX ™ Express-96 instrument[1]Position on the instrument.b.(Optional ) To prevent evaporation and contamination, cover the prepared processing plates withsealing foil until they are loaded into the instrument.1Set up the processing platesPrepare samples as described.[1]Select the preparation method that is appropriate for your laboratory.2Prepare the sample Calculate the number of samples. Scale the components proportionally based on the volume per sample, then add 10% overage.a.For each sample, combine the following components as indicated.IMPORTANT! Add the components in the order indicated at the time of use; do not mix inadvance.bine the MagMAX ™CORE Lysis Solution with PBS (1X), pH 7.4.2.Invert the tube several times to mix, then centrifuge briefly to collect contents at the bottomof the tube.3Prepare the Lysis/PK Solution3Prepare the Lysis/PK Solution (continued)3.Add MagMAX ™CORE Proteinase K to the diluted Lysis Solution.Note: PK Buffer is not required for this protocol.b.Invert the tube several times to mix, then centrifuge briefly to collect contents at the bottom ofthe tube.Perform this procedure in single tubes – do not use plates – to avoid bine the following components in the order indicated.b.Vortex briefly to mix the sample with the Lysis/PK Solution.c.d.Centrifuge briefly to collect contents at the bottom of the tube.4Treat samples with the Lysis/PK Solutiona.Vortex the MagMAX ™CORE Magnetic Beads thoroughly to ensure that the beads are fullybine the following reagents in the order indicated.Table 8 Final Sample Plate volumes: KingFisher ™ Flex or MagMAX ™ Express-96 instrument[1]Position on the instrument.c.Immediately proceed to process samples on the instrument (next section).5Combine samples with the binding solution andbeadsa.Select the appropriate script on the instrument (see “Download and install the script” on page 6).b.Start the run, then load the prepared plates in the appropriate positions when prompted by theinstrument.6Process samples on the instrument6Process samples on the instrument(continued)Store purified nucleic acid on ice for immediate use, at −20°C for up to 1 month, or at −80°C for long‑term storage.Prepare samples for purification with other kits Prepare samples as described.Purify DNA using the MagVet ™ Universal Isolation Kit (automated method)The following protocol can be used with the KingFisher ™Flex, KingFisher ™mL, and MagMAX ™Express-96 instruments.Before first use of the kitNote: PK and MBL2 Buffer must be ordered separately from the kit.•Prepare the NM1 Buffer—Transfer 100 mL of N1 Buffer to the bottle of M1 Buffer (25 mL), then vortex to mix thoroughly.Store the NM1 Buffer at room temperature for up to 1 year.•Reconstitute the PK—Follow the recommendations of the supplier.Before each use of the kitPrepare MBL2+Beads Mix—Combine the following components for the required number of samples plus 5–10% overage, then vortex to mix thoroughly.Discard the MBL2+Beads Mix after use.Perform the purification procedurebine the following components in the order indicated, then homogenize the sample.b.Incubate at 70°C for 30 minutes.1Treat the lysate with PK Set up the processing plates or strips outside the instrument as described in the following table.[1]Position on the instrument.[2]Does not apply if using tube strips.2Set up the processing plates or stripsa.When the 70°C incubation is complete, centrifuge the samples briefly to bring downcondensation.b.Transfer the entire sample lysate to the appropriate wells in position 1 of the strip or plate 1,depending on the instrument used.c.Vortex the MBL2+Beads Mix thoroughly to ensure that the beads are fully resuspended.d.Add 520 µL of MBL2+Beads Mix to each sample and control.e.Select the appropriate script on the instrument.•KingFisher ™mL: NM_LSI_15prep•KingFisher ™Flex/MagMAX ™Express-96: NM_LSI_RRC96f.Start the run, then load the prepared processing plates or strips in their positions when prompted by the instrument.g.Load the plate or strip containing the samples and controls at position 1 when prompted by theinstrument.h.At the end of the run, when prompted by the instrument, remove the plate or tubes containingStore the purified nucleic acid at 2–8°C for immediate use or below –16°C for long-term storage.3Process samples on the instrumentPurify DNA using the QIAamp ™ DNA Mini Kit (manual method)Before first use of the kit•Reconstitute the AW1 and AW2 Buffer—Add the required volume of 96–100% ethanol according to the recommendations of the supplier.Perform the purification procedurebine the following components in the order indicated, then immediately proceed to the nextstep.b.Vortex for 15 seconds.c.Incubate at 70℃ for 30 minutes.d.Allow the tubes to cool, then centrifuge the samples briefly to bring down condensation.e.Add 200 μL of AL Buffer, then vortex for 15 seconds.1Lyse, then homogenize the samples1Lyse, thenhomogenize thesamples (continued)f.Incubate at 70℃ for 10 minutes.g.Allow the tubes to cool, then centrifuge briefly.h.Add 200 μL of 96–100% ethanol to each sample, vortex for 15 seconds, then briefly centrifugeto collect the contents.a.Insert a QIAamp™ DNA Mini Kit column into a collection tube, then transfer the entire samplevolume to the column.b.Cap the column, then centrifuge the assembly at 15,000 × g for 1 minute.c.Discard the collection tube, then place the column on a new collection tube.2Bind the DNA to thecolumna.Add 500 μL of AW1 Buffer to each column, cap the column, then centrifuge at 15,000 × g for1 minute.b.Discard the collection tube, then place the column on a new collection tube.c.Add 500 μL of AW2 Buffer to each column, cap the column, then centrifuge at 15,000 × g for1 minuted.Discard the collection tube, then place the column on a new collection tube.e.Centrifuge at 15,000 × g for 3 minutes to dry the membrane.f.Discard the collection tube.g.Place the column on a new 1.5‑mL microtube, then add 200 μL of AE Buffer.h.Cap the column, then incubate at room temperature for 1 minute.i.Centrifuge at 6,000 × g for 1 minute, then discard the column.The purified DNA is in the microtube.Store the purified DNA at 2–8°C for immediate use or below –16°C for long-term storage.3Wash, then elute the DNAPurify DNA using the NucleoSpin ™ Tissue kit (manual method)Before first use of the kit•Reconstitute the B5 Buffer—Add the required volume of 96–100% ethanol according to the recommendations of the supplier.•Reconstitute the PK—Add the required volume of PK Buffer according to the recommendations of the supplier.Perform the purification procedurebine the following components in the order indicated, then immediately proceed to the nextstep.b.Vortex for 15 seconds.c.Incubate at 70℃ for 30 minutes.d.Allow the tubes to cool, then centrifuge the samples briefly to bring down condensation.e.Add 200 μL of B3 Buffer, then vortex for 15 seconds.f.Incubate at 70℃ for 10 minutes.g.Allow the tubes to cool, then centrifuge briefly.h.Add 200 μL of 96–100% ethanol to each sample, vortex for 15 seconds, then briefly centrifugeto collect the contents.1Lyse, then homogenize the samplesa.Insert a NucleoSpin ™Tissue kit column into a collection tube, then transfer the entire samplevolume to the column.b.Cap the column, then centrifuge the assembly at 11,000 × g for 1 minute.c.Discard the collection tube, then place the column on a new collection tube.2Bind the DNA to the columna.Add 500 μL of BW Buffer to each column, cap the column, then centrifuge at 11,000 × g for1 minute.b.Discard the collection tube, then place the column on a new collection tube.c.Add 500 μL of B5 Buffer to each column, cap the column, then centrifuge at 11,000 × g for1 minute d.Discard the collection tube, then place the column on a new collection tube.e.Centrifuge at 11,000 × g for 3 minutes to dry the membrane.f.Discard the collection tube.g.Place the column on a new 1.5‑mL microtube, then add 200 μL of BE Buffer.3Wash, then elute the DNA3Wash, then elute the DNA (continued)h.Cap the column, then incubate at room temperature for 1 minute.i.Centrifuge at 6,000 × g for 1 minute, then discard the column.The purified DNA is in the microtube.Store the purified DNA at 2–8°C for immediate use or below –16°C for long-term storage.Good laboratory practices for PCR and RT-PCR•Wear clean gloves and a clean lab coat.–Do not wear the same gloves and lab coat that you have previously used when handling amplified products or preparing samples.•Change gloves if you suspect that they are contaminated.•Maintain separate areas and dedicated equipment and supplies for:–Sample preparation and reaction setup.–Amplification and analysis of products.•Do not bring amplified products into the reaction setup area.•Open and close all sample tubes carefully. Avoid splashing or spraying samples.•Keep reactions and components capped as much as possible.•Use a positive-displacement pipettor or aerosol‑resistant barrier pipette tips.•Clean lab benches and equipment periodically with 10% bleach solution or DNA decontamination solution.Appendix A Purification with the KingFisher™ Duo Prime or KingFisher™ mL instrumentFollow this procedure for purification with the MagMAX™ CORE Nucleic Acid Purification Kit, using the KingFisher™ Duo Prime or KingFisher™ mL instrument.Required materials not suppliedTable 9 Materials required for processing on the KingFisher™ Duo Prime and KingFisher™ mL instruments[1]Unless otherwise indicated, all materials are available through . "MLS" indicates that the material is available from or another major laboratorysupplier.[2]Included in the KingFisher™ Duo Combi pack (Cat. No. 97003530).Purification procedureNote: When performing this procedure for processing on the KingFisher™ mL instrument, mix samples by pipetting up and down. Do not use a plate shaker with the large tube strips required by this instrument.1.Follow the protocol, starting with sample lysate preparation through combining the samples with beads and lysis solution.Note: Do not set up processing plates or tubes before preparing samples.2.Add MagMAX™ CORE Wash Solutions and MagMAX™ CORE Elution Buffer to the indicated positions, according to your instrument.Load the Tip Comb and all of the plates or tube strips at the same time. The instrument does not prompt you to load itemsindividually.Table 10 Plate setup: KingFisher™ Duo Prime instrument[1]Ensure that the elution strip is placed in the correct direction in the elution block.[2]Placed on the heating element.Table 11 Tube strip setup: KingFisher™ mL instrument3.Select the appropriate script on the instrument (see “Download and install the script” on page 6).4.Start the run, then load the prepared plates or tube strips in the appropriate positions when prompted by the instrument.Store purified nucleic acid on ice for immediate use, at −20°C for up to 1 month, or at −80°C for long‑term storage.Appendix B Documentation and supportCustomer and technical supportVisit /support for the latest service and support information.•Worldwide contact telephone numbers•Product support information–Product FAQs–Software, patches, and updates–Training for many applications and instruments•Order and web support•Product documentation–User guides, manuals, and protocols–Certificates of Analysis–Safety Data Sheets (SDSs; also known as MSDSs)Note: For SDSs for reagents and chemicals from other manufacturers, contact the manufacturer.Limited product warrantyLife Technologies Corporation and/or its affiliate(s) warrant their products as set forth in the Life Technologies' General Terms and Conditions of Sale at /us/en/home/global/terms-and-conditions.html. If you have any questions, please contact Life Technologies at /support.Corporate entity: Life Technologies Corporation | Carlsbad, CA 92008 USA | Toll Free in USA 1 800 955 6288The information in this guide is subject to change without notice.DISCLAIMER: TO THE EXTENT ALLOWED BY LAW, THERMO FISHER SCIENTIFIC INC. AND/OR ITS AFFILIATE(S) WILL NOT BE LIABLE FOR SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, INDIRECT, PUNITIVE, MULTIPLE, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES IN CONNECTION WITH OR ARISING FROM THIS DOCUMENT, INCLUDING YOUR USE OF IT.Revision history: Pub. No. MAN0019166Important Licensing Information: These products may be covered by one or more Limited Use Label Licenses. By use of these products, you accept the terms and conditions of all applicable Limited Use Label Licenses.©2020 Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. All rights reserved. All trademarks are the property of Thermo Fisher Scientific and its subsidiaries unless otherwise specified. FastPrep‑24 is a trademark of MP Biomedicals, LLC. Precellys is a trademark of Bertin Technologies. QIAamp is a trademark of QIAGEN GmbH. Nucleospin is a trademark of MACHEREY‑NAGEL./support | /askaquestion。
生物大分子
Essential for replicating DNA and transcribing RNA 5’ 3’
• Sugar-phosphate backbones (negatively charged): outside • Planner bases (stack one above the other): inside back
Cytidine 5’-triphosphate (CTP) Deoxy-cytidine 5’-triphosphate (dCTP) Uridine 5’-triphosphate (UTP) Thymidine/deoxythymidie 5’-triphosphate (dTTP)
Cytosine (C) Cytidine
核蛋白 Nulceoprotein: nucleic acids + protein (Section A4) 糖蛋白 carbohydrate + protein Glycoprotein: 脂蛋白 Lipid + protein Lipoprotein:
大分子的组装
Protein complexes (蛋白质复合体) Nucleoprotein (核蛋白)
viruses
•The foundation of the molecular biology
C. Properties of nucleic acids
•Two separate strands Antiparellel (5’3’ direction) Complementary (sequence) Base pairing: hydrogen bonding that holds two strands together
Chapter 2 Structure and Properties of Nucleic Acids
Virulent strain S S. pneumoniae bacteria kill their host.
Avirulent strain R bacteria cannot infect successfully, so the mouse survives.
Strain S bacteria that are heat-killed can no longer infect.
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Two polynucleotide chains coiled around a central axis, forming a right-handed double helix.
The bases of both strand are lying inside of the structure and stacking flat on one another, 3.4 Å(0.34 nm) apart.
Direct physical-chemical analysis Ultracentrifugation The material with transforming activity sedimented rapidly, characteristic of DNA. Electrophoresis The transforming activity had a relatively high mobility.
Z-form left-hand 12 flat Narrow; deep poly(dGdC)
d. Stability of Nucleic Acids Hydrogen bonding The hydrogen bonds between complementary bases contribute to the thermodynamic stability of the helix and the specificity of base pairing. Stacking interaction / hydrophobic interaction between aromatic base pairs contribute to the stability of nucleic acids. It is energetically favorable for the hydrophobic bases to exclude waters and stack on top of each other. This stacking is maximized in double-stranded DNA.
分子生物学(英文版)
Chapter 3 Nucleic Acid1. Physical and chemical structure of DNA●Double-stranded helix● Major groove and minor groove● Base pairing● The two strands are antiparallel● G+C content (percent G+C)● Satellite DNASatellite DNA consists of highly repetitive DNA and is so called because repetitions of a short DNA sequence tend to produce a different frequency of the nucleotides adenine, cytosine， guanine and thymine， and thus have a different density from bulk DNA — such that they form a second or ’satellite’ band when genomic DNA is separated on a density gradient。
2。
Alternate DNA structureTwo bases have been extruded from base stacking at the junction. The white line goes from phosphate to phosphate along the chain。
O is shown red, N blue， P yellow and C grey.3. Circular and superhelical DNADNA can also form a double-stranded, covalently-closed circle。
小学上册第六次英语第六单元期中试卷(有答案)
小学上册英语第六单元期中试卷(有答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.__________ are substances that can donate protons in a reaction.2.I love to draw ______.3.My family loves to watch movies ____.4. A fulcrum is the point where a lever _______.5.I found a _______ (小虫) crawling on my desk.6. A ________ (植物教育活动) fosters community engagement.7.The sun is ___ (shining).8.The butterfly starts as a ______.9.I like to dress up my ________ (玩具名称) for special occasions.10.The chemical formula for magnesium oxide is __________.11.Gardening can be a fulfilling way to connect with ______ and nurture life. (园艺可以是一种充实的方式，与自然联系并滋养生命。
)12.Andromeda is on a collision course with the ______.13.The Earth's rotation affects the movement of ______ currents in the ocean.14.The _______ is often used in landscaping designs.15.My sister is a ______. She loves to sing.16. A ____(community workshop) fosters skill-building and awareness.17.She has a _____ (funny) face.18.I admire people who follow their passions. They inspire me to pursue my own interests and dreams. I hope to find my passion in __________.19.We go ________ (fishing) by the lake.20.My hamster loves to explore its ______ (笼子).21.My dad loves __________ (带领团队).22.The river is _______ and clear.23.I love to ______ (explore) in the forest.24.The Earth's surface is shaped by gravitational ______.25. e often found in ________________ (草丛). Snakes c26.The girl loves to ________.27.__________ are used in perfumes for fragrance.28.I made a diary for my toy ____. (玩具名称)29.My sister is a great __________ (团队合作者).30.My uncle, ______ (我的叔叔), works at a bank.31.The __________ is often full of life in spring. (大自然)32.Inorganic compounds do not contain _____.33.The _______ (小老虎) is a magnificent creature in the jungle.34.The main function of nucleic acids is to store _____.35.What do we call the area of land that receives little rainfall?A. ForestB. DesertC. WetlandD. Grassland答案:B.Desert36.I have a toy ________ that can spin and twirl.37.The capital of San Marino is __________.38.My mom reads me a ______ (story) at bedtime.39.resource allocation) directs funds to priority areas. The ____40.What is the name of the famous rock formation in Australia?A. UluruB. StonehengeC. Grand CanyonD. Great Wall答案:A.Uluru41.What is the name of the famous American holiday celebrated on the second Sunday of May?A. Mother's DayB. Father's DayC. Valentine's DayD. Easter答案:A42.The puppy loves to ______ (玩) with its ball.43.What is the main source of energy for the Earth?A. MoonB. SunC. StarsD. Wind答案:B.Sun44.The fish swims in the ___ (water/air).45.The __________ is famous for its hot springs.46.I can ______ (游泳) in the lake.47.She is a _____ (运动员) who plays soccer.48.The chemical formula for nitrogen gas is _______.49.Some _______ have unique shapes and colors.50.I have a ________ in my backpack.51.She is my _____ (好朋友) from school.52.The chemical symbol for carbon is ______.53.I want to create a video game about my toy ____. (玩具名称)54.I can experience joy with my ________ (玩具类型).55.The lion is known as the _______ (狮子被称为_______).56.The _____ (车站) is nearby.57.What do we use to clean our teeth?A. SoapB. ToothbrushC. ShampooD. Towel答案: B58.The kitten loves to explore its _________. (家)59.The book is ________ (有趣的).60.The _______ (The Great Society) aimed to reduce poverty in the 1960s.61.The _______ of a wave can be calculated using its frequency.62.We like to watch _______ (movies).63.My _____ (亲戚) are coming to visit soon.64.The _______ of an object can be tested with a balance.65.What do we call the young of a horse?A. CalfB. FoalC. KittenD. Pup答案:B66.The ____ is a small bird that often sings in the morning.67.Which month has Thanksgiving in the USA?A. OctoberB. NovemberC. DecemberD. January答案:B68.I like to color with my _____ (彩色铅笔).69.I enjoy _____ (学习) new skills.70.The Great Depression started in the year _______.71. A ____(biodiversity conservation) strategy protects ecosystems.72. A _______ is a diagram that shows the arrangement of electrons in an atom.73.I like ________ (阅读) mystery books.74.In the winter, I love to go __________. (滑雪)75.The _____ (开花) season brings joy to many.76.Metalloids have properties of both ________ and nonmetals.77.I love to ______ (参加) sports events.78. A shadow is created when light is ______ by an object.79.What do we call the place where animals live in the wild?A. ZooB. HabitatC. FarmD. Circus答案:B.Habitat80.The fish are swimming in the ________.81.The pizza is ___ (delicious/yummy).82.Solar panels convert sunlight into ______.83.为下列对话选择相符的图片。
结构化学 英语
结构化学英语Structured ChemistryChemistry is a vast and complex field of study that encompasses the understanding of the composition, structure, and properties of matter. One of the key aspects of chemistry is the concept of structure, which plays a crucial role in determining the behavior and characteristics of chemical substances. Structural chemistry, a subfield of chemistry, focuses on the spatial arrangement of atoms and molecules, and how this arrangement influences the chemical and physical properties of materials.The study of structure in chemistry involves the investigation of the three-dimensional (3D) arrangements of atoms within molecules and the intermolecular interactions that exist between them. This knowledge is essential for understanding the behavior of chemical systems, predicting their properties, and designing new materials with desired characteristics.One of the fundamental tools used in structural chemistry is X-ray crystallography. This technique involves the bombardment of a crystalline sample with X-rays, which interact with the electrons inthe atoms of the crystal. The resulting diffraction pattern can be analyzed to determine the precise arrangement of atoms within the crystal structure. This information is crucial for understanding the properties of solid-state materials, such as metals, minerals, and ceramics.Another important technique in structural chemistry is nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. This method utilizes the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei to provide information about the chemical environment and connectivity of atoms within a molecule. NMR spectroscopy is widely used in the identification and characterization of organic compounds, as well as in the study of biomolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids.In addition to these experimental techniques, computational methods have also become increasingly important in the field of structural chemistry. Quantum mechanical calculations, such as density functional theory (DFT), allow researchers to model the behavior of atoms and molecules at the quantum level, providing insights into their electronic structure and chemical reactivity.One of the key applications of structural chemistry is in the design and development of new materials. By understanding the relationship between the structure of a material and its properties, chemists can engineer substances with specific characteristics, suchas high strength, enhanced thermal stability, or improved electrical conductivity. This knowledge is particularly valuable in fields like materials science, nanotechnology, and catalysis.Another important aspect of structural chemistry is its role in the study of biological systems. The structures of proteins, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules are crucial for understanding their functions and interactions within living organisms. This knowledge is essential for the development of new drugs and the understanding of disease processes.In conclusion, the field of structural chemistry is a fundamental and multifaceted discipline that underpins our understanding of the physical and chemical properties of matter. Through the use of advanced experimental and computational techniques, structural chemists continue to unravel the mysteries of the molecular world, paving the way for new discoveries and innovations that have the potential to transform our lives.。
Nucleic Acid
regulation of genes
Lecture 2
Classification, distribution and composition of nucleic acids
❖ The rough strain (R strain) did not cause pneumonia when injected into mice (it was avirulent) since it lacked a capsule.
❖ Rockefeller University in New York, Avery
❖ Eukaryote：nucleus (98%)，organelle (2%)； ❖ Prokaryote：nucleoid， ❖ Plasmid
Transformation of Pneumococcus
❖ Frederick Griffith, ❖ 1928 ❖ Transforming principle ❖ Two strains of the
Streptococcus pneumoniae bacterium
❖ The smooth strain (S strain) had a polysaccharide capsule and was virulent when injected, caused pneumonia and killed mice in a day or two.
Watson
Crick
Wilkins
核苷碱基修饰英语
Nucleotide Modifications in English: A Comprehensive OverviewNucleotide modifications, also known as base modifications, are chemical changes made to the nucleotide base of DNA and RNA. These modifications can alter the structure and function of nucleic acids, affecting gene expression, RNA stability, and protein translation. In recent years, researchers have discovered numerous nucleotide modifications that play important roles in biological processes, stimulating interest and exploration in this exciting field. In this article, we will provide a comprehensive overview of nucleotide modifications in English, discussing their types, functions, and significance.Types of Nucleotide ModificationsNucleotide modifications can occur on both DNA and RNA, primarily affecting the four nucleotide bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and uracil (U). Here are some common types of nucleotide modifications:1.Methylation: This is a common modification in both DNA and RNA, in which a methyl group is added to a nucleotide base. DNA methylation plays a crucial role in gene expression, while RNA methylation affects RNA processing and stability.2.Hydroxymethylation: This is a modification in which a hydroxymethyl group is added to cytosine, often in the context of DNA demethylation.3.Pseudouridylation: This is a modification specific to RNA, in which the base uracil is changed to pseudouridine. This modification affects RNA structure and function.4.N6-methyladenosine (m6A): This is a type of RNA modification in which a methyl group is added to the nitrogen atom at position 6 of adenine. It is the most abundant RNA modification in eukaryotic cells and plays a key role in regulating RNA metabolism.5.5-methylcytosine (5mC): This is a DNA modification in which a methyl group is added to the fifth position of cytosine. It is involved in DNA methylation and gene expression.Functions and Significance of Nucleotide ModificationsNucleotide modifications play critical roles in a variety of biological processes. Here are some examples:1.Gene expression: DNA methylation and histone modifications affect chromatin structure and gene expression. RNA modifications, including m6A, affect mRNA stability, splicing, andtranslation.2.Epigenetics: Nucleotide modifications can result in heritable changes in gene expression and cellular phenotype without altering the DNA sequence, a process known as epigenetics.3.Disease: Aberrant nucleotide modifications have been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, and developmental disorders.4.Evolution: Nucleotide modifications can be heritable and accumulate over time, contributing to evolutionary processes.ConclusionNucleotide modifications represent a fascinating and rapidly evolving field of research. They play crucial roles in gene expression, epigenetics, disease, and evolution, and their study is yielding exciting insights into the inner workings of biological systems. By understanding the types and functions of nucleotide modifications, scientists can gain a deeper appreciation for the complexity and diversity of life on Earth.。
生物化学 Chap4 nucleic acid
the phosphate attaching to the hydroxyl group at the 5’ position of the sugar is in turn bonded to the hydroxyl group on the 3’ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide.
In 1944，Avery finished the experiment of transmission in vitro
SⅢ 杀死细菌 分离提取
A
DNA+DNase
RⅡ
RⅡ
RⅡ
RⅡ
RⅡ
RⅡ
不杀死 小鼠
不杀死 小鼠
不杀死 小鼠
不杀死 小鼠
可杀死 小鼠
不杀死 小鼠
RⅡ
Clover structure of tRNA (tRNA的三叶草形结构)
Tertiary structure of tRNA
Upside-down “L”(倒L形)
Section 3
Important properties of nucleic acid
Ultraviolet absorbance
Factors for denaturation of nucleic acid
physical factors: heat, radiation chemical factors: concentrated acids base, urea
维系双螺旋结构的作用力：碱基对之间的氢键；相邻
碱基平面之间的疏水作用力（碱基堆积力）。
Tertiary structure of DNA
Super double helix (超螺旋)
分子生物学-特纳第二版课后练习题
Section C - properties of nucleic acids1．The sequence 5'-AGTCTGACT-3' in DNA is equivalent to which sequence in RNA?A 5'-AGUCUGUGACU -3'B 5' -UGTCTGUTC -3'C 5' -UCAGUCUGA-3'D 5'- AGUCAGACU-3'2. Which of the following correctly describes A-DNA?A a right-handed antiparallel double helix with 10 bp/turn and bases lying perpendicular tothe helix axis.B a left-handed antiparallel double-helix with 12 bp/turn formed from alternating pyrimidine-purine sequences.C a right-handed antiparallel double helix with 11 bp/turn and bases tilted with respect to thehelix axis.D a globular structure formed by short intramolecular helices formed in a single-strandnucleic acid.3. Denaturation of double stranded DNA involves.A breakage into short double-stranded fragments.B separation into single strands.C hydrolysis of the DNA backbone.D cleavage of the bases from the sugar-phosphate backbone.4. Which has the highest absorption per unit mass at a wavelength of 260 nm?A double-stranded DNA.B mononucleotides.C RNA.D protein.5. Type I DNA topoisomeraes ...A change linking number by 士2B require ATP.C break one strand of a DNA double helix.D are the target of antibacterial drugs.Section D - Prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromatin structure 1．Which of the following is common to both E. coli and eukaryotic chromosomes? A the DNA is circular.B the DNA is packaged into nucleosomes.C the DNA is contained in the nucleus.D the DNA is negatively supercoiled.2．A complex of 166 bp of DNA with the histone octamer plus histone HI is known as a . . .A nucleosome core.B solenoid.C 30 nm fiber.D chromatosome.3．In what region of the interphase chromosome does transcription take place? A the telomere.B the centromere.C euchromatin.D heterochromatin.4．Which statement about CpG islands and methylation is not true?A CpG islands are particularly resistant to DNase I.B CpG methylation is responsible for the mutation of CpG to TpG in eukaryotes.C CpG islands occur around the promoters of active genes.D CpG methylation is associated with inactive chromatin.5．Which of the following is an example of highly-repetitive DNA?A Alu element.B histone gene cluster.C DNA minisatellites.D dispersed repetitive DNA.Section E - DNA replication 1．The number of replicons in a typical mammalian cell is . . .A 40-200.B 400.C 1000-2000.D 50000-100000.2. In prokaryotes,the lagging strand primers are removed by . . .A 3' to 5' exonuclease.B DNA ligase.C DNA polymerase I.D DNA polymerase III.3. The essential initiator protein at the E. coli origin of replication is . . . A DnaA.B DnaB.C DnaC.D DnaE.4. Prokaryotic plasmids can replicate in yeast cells if they contain a cloned yeast. . . A ORC.B CDK.C ARS.D RNA.Section F - DNA damage, repair and recombination（此章不考）1. Per nucleotide incorporated, the spontaneous mutation frequency in E. coli is . . .A 1 in 106.B 1 in 108.C 1 in 109.D 1 in 1010.2. The action of hydroxyl radicals on DNA generates a significant amount of . . . A pyrimidine dimmers.B 8-oxoguanine.C O6- methylguanine.D 7-hydroxymethylguanine.3. In methyl-directed mismatch repair in E. coli, the daughter strand containing themismatched base is nicked by . . .A MutH endonuclease.B UvrABC endonuclease.C AP endonuclease.D 3' to 5' exonuclease.4. The excision repair of UV-induced DNA damage is defective in individuals sufferingfrom ...A hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer.B Crohn's disease.C classical xeroderma pigmentosum.D xeroderma pigmentosum variant.Section K - Transcription in prokaryotes1. Which two of the following statements about transcription are correct?A RNA synthesis occurs in the 3' to 5' direction.B the RNA polymerase enzyme moves along the sense strand of the DNA in a 5' to 3' direction.C the RNA polymerase enzyme moves along the template strand of the DNA in a 5' to 3'direction.D the transcribed RNA is complementary to the template strand.E the RNA polymerase adds ribonucleotides to the 5' end of the growing RNA chain.F the RNA polymerase adds deoxyribonucleotides to the 3' end of the growing RNA chain.2. Which one of the following statements about E. coli RNA polymerase is false?A the holoenzyme includes the sigma factor.B the core enzyme includes the sigma factor.2+C it requires Mg for its activity.D it requires Zn2+ for its activity.3. Which one of the following statements is incorrect?A there are two sub a nits in the E. coli RNA polymerase.B there is one B subunit in the E. coli RNA polymerase.C E. coli has one sigma factor.D the B sub unit of E. coli RNA polymerase is in hibited by rifampici n.E the streptolydigins inhibit transcription elongation.F heparin is a polyanion, which binds to the B subunit.4. Which one of the following statements about transcription in E. coli is true?A the -10 sequence is always exactly 10 bp upstream from the transcription start site.B the initiating nucleotide is always a G.C the intervening sequence between the -35 and -10 sequences is conserved.D the sequence of the DNA after the site of transcription initiation is not important fortranscription efficiency.E the distance between the -35 and -10 sequences is critical for transcription efficiency.5. Which one of the following statements about transcription in E. coli is true?A loose binding of the RNA polymerase core enzyme to DNA is non-specific and unstable.B sigma factor dramatically increases the relative affinity of the enzyme for correct promotersites.C almost all RNA start sites consist of a purine residue, with A being more common than G.D all promoters are inhibited by negative supercoiling.E terminators are often A-U hairpin structures.Section L - Regulation of transcription in prokaryotes1. Which two of the following statements are correct?A the double stranded DNA sequence that has the upper strand sequence5'-GGATCGATCC-3' is a palindrome.B the double stranded DNA sequence that has the upper strand sequence 5'-GGATCCTAGG-3' is apalindrome.C the Lac repressor inhibits binding of the polymerase to the lac promoter.D the lac operon is directly induced by lactose.E binding of Lac repressor to allolactose reduces its affinity for the lac operator.F IPTG is a natural inducer of the lac promoter.2. Which one of the following statements about catabolite-regulated operons is false?A cAMP receptor protein (CRP) and catabolite activator protein (CAP) are different names forthe same protein.B when glucose is present in the cell cAMP levels fall.C CRP binds to cAMP and as a result activates transcription.D CRP binds to DNA in the absence of cAMP.E CRP can bend DNA, resulting in activation of transcription.3. Which one of the following statements about the trp operon is true?A the RNA product of the trp operon is very stable.B the Trp repressor is a product of the trp operon.C the Trp represso，r like the Lac repressor, is a tetramer of identical subunits.D the Trp repressor binds to tryptophan.E tryptophan activates expression from the trp operon.F the trp operon is only regulated by the Trp represso4. Which two of the following statements about attenuation at the trp operon are true?A attenuation is rho-dependent.B deletion of the attenuator sequence results in an increase in both basal and activatedlevels of tran- scription from th~ trp promoter.C the attenuator lies upstream of the trp operator sequence.D attenuation does not require tight coupling between transcription and translation.E pausing of a ribosome at two tryptophan codons in the leader peptide when tryptophan isin short supply causes attenuation.F a hairpin structure called the pnti-terminator stops formation of the terminator hairpin,resulting in transcriptional read-through into the trpE gene, when tryptophan is scarce. Section M - Transcription in eukaryotes1. Which one of the following statements about eukaryotic RNA polymerases I, II and III isfalse?A RNA Pol II is very sen sitive to a ama nit in.B RNA Pol II is located in th~ nucleoplasm.C RNA Pol III transcribes th~ genes for tRNA.D eukaryotic cells contain other RNA polymerases in addition to RNA Pol I, RNA Pol II andRNA Pol III.E each RNA polymerase contains subunits with homology to subunits of the E. coli RNApolymerase as well as additional subunits，which are unique to each polymerase.F the carboxyl end of RNA Pol II contains a short sequence of only seven amino acids whichis called the carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) and which may be phosphorylated.2. Which two of the following statements about RNA Pol I genes are true?A RNA Pol I transcribes the genes for ribosomal RNAs.B human cells contain 40 clusters of five copies of the rRNA gene.C the 185, 5.85 and 285 rRNAs are synthesized as separate transcripts.D RNA Pol I transcription occurs in the nucleoplasm.E RNA Pol I transcription occurs in the cytoplasm.F rRNA gene clusters are known as nucleolar organizer regions.3. Which one of the following statements about RNA Pol I transcription is false?A in RNA Pol I promoters the core element is 1000 bases downstream from the upstreamcontrol element (UCE).B upstream binding factor (UBF) binds to both the UCE and the upstream part of the coreelement of the RNA Pol I promoter.C selectivity factor SLl stabilizes the UBF-DNA complex.D SL1 contains several subunits including the TATA-binding protein TBP.E in Acanthamoebathere is a single control element in rRNA gene promoters.4. Which two of the following statements about RNA Pol III genes are true?A the transcriptional control regions of tRNA genes lie upstream of the start of transcription.B highly conserved sequences in tRNA gene coding regions are also promoter sequences.C TFIIIC contains TBP as one of its subunits.D TFIIIB is a sequence specific transcription factor on its own.E in humans 5S rRNA genes are arranged in a single cluster of 2000 copies.Section 0 - RNA processing and RNPs1. Which ribonucleases are involved in producing mature tRNA in E. coli?A RNases A, D, E and F.B RNases D, E, F and H.C RNases D, E, F and P.D RNases A, D, H and P.2. Most eukaryotic pre-mRNAs are matured by which of the following modifications to theirends?A capping at the 3'-end cleavage and polyadenylation at the 5'-end.B addition of a GMP to the 5'-end，cleavage and polyadenylation to create the 3'-end.C addition of a guanine residue to the 5'-end cleavage and polyadenylation to create the 3'-end.D addition of a GMP to the 5'-end，polyadenylation ，then cleavage to create the 3'-end.3. Which one of the following statements correctly describes the splicing processundergone by most eukaryotic pre-mRNAs?A in a two-step reaction, the spliceosome removes the exon as a lariat and joins the twointrons together.B splici ng requires con served seque nces which are the 5 , the 3'sspiCsBsSfte thebranch-point and the polypurine tract.C the U1 snRNP initially binds to the 5'-splice site，U2 to the branchpoint sequence andthen the tri-snRNP, U4, US and U6 can bind.D in the first step of splicing the G at the 3'-end of the intron is joined to the 2'-hydroxyl groupof the A residue of the branchpoint sequence to create a lariat.Section P - The genetic code and tRNA1. Which of the following list of features correctly apply to the genetic code?A triplet degenerate nearly universal, comma-less, nonoverlapping.B triplet universal, comma-less, degenerate, nonoverlapping.C overlapping, triplet, comma-less, degenerate nearly universal.D overlapping, comma-less nondegenerate nearly universal triplet.2. Which of the following statements about tRNAs is false?A most tRNAs are about 76 residues long and have CCA as residues 74, 75 and 76.B many tRNAs contain the modified nucleosides pseudouridine dihydrouridine ribothymidineand mosme.C tRNAs have a common L-shaped tertiary structure with three nucleotides at one end ableto base pair with an anticodon on a messenger RNA molecule.D tRNAs have a common cloverleaf secondary structure containing three single strandedloops called the D-, T- and anticodon loops.3．Which three statements are true? The aminoacyl tRNA synthetase reaction...A joins AMP to the 3'-end of the tRNA.B is a two step reaction.C joins any amino acid to the 2'- or 3' -hydroxyl of the ribose of residue A76.D is highly specific because the synthetasesuse identity elements in the tRNAs todistinguish between them.E joins AMP to the amino acid to produce an intermediate.F releases PPi in the second step.Section Q - Protein synthesis1. Which statement about the codon-anticodon interaction is false?A it is antiparallel and can include nonstandard base pairs.B inosine in the 5' -anticodon position can pair with A,C or U in the 3'-codon positionC inosine in the 3'-anticodon position can pair with A, C or U in the 5'-codon position.D A is never found in the 5'-anticodon position as it is modified by anticodon deaminase. 2．Which one of the following statements correctly describes initiation of protein synthesis in E. coli?A the initiator tRNA binds to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence.B three initiation factors are involved and IF2 binds to GTP.C the intermediate containing IF1, IF2, IF3, initiator tRNA and mRNA is called the 30Sinitiation complex.D binding of the 50S subunit releases IF1, IF2, GMP and PPi.E the initiation process is complete when the 70S initiation complex is formed which containsthe initiator tRNA in the A site of the ribosome and an empty P site.3．Which statement about elongation of protein synthesis in prokaryotes is false?A elongation can be divided into three steps: peptidyl-tRNA delivery peptide bond formationand translocation.B the peptidyl transferase center of the large ribosomal subunit is responsible for peptidebond formation.C in the EF-Tu-Ts exchange cycle EF-Tu-GTP is regenerated by EF-Ts displacing GDP.D EF-G is also known as translocase and uses GTP in its reaction.4．Which two of the following statements about initiation of eukaryotic protein synthesis are true?A eukaryotes use a mRNA scanning method to locate the correct start codon.B there are at least nine eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs).C eukaryotic initiation uses N-formylmethionine.D the 80S initiation complex completes the initiation process and contains the initiator tRNAbasepaired to the start codon in the A site.E ATP is hydrolysed to AMP and PPi during the scanning process.F the initiator tRNA binds after the mRNA has bound to the small subunit.。
第4章 核苷酸与核酸
第四章核苷酸和核酸Chapter 4 Nucleotide and nucleic acid1944年，Avery首先证明核酸是生物体携带遗传信息的物质。
以后的研究继续证明这个结论。
第一节碱基碱基，，核苷和核苷酸Section 1 Bases, nucleosides and nucleotides 一.碱基碱基、、核苷和核苷酸Bases, nucleosides and nucleotides1. 碱基Bases碱基是嘌呤和嘧啶的衍生物.DNA:腺嘌呤(Adenine),鸟嘌呤(Guanine),胞嘧啶(Cytosine),胸腺嘧啶(Thymine)RNA:腺嘌呤,鸟嘌呤,胞嘧啶,尿嘧啶RNA除了这些碱基以外,还有一些不常见的碱基,叫做稀有碱基。
如：次黄嘌呤，1－甲基次黄嘌呤，N2-二甲基鸟嘌呤，等等。
碱基的结构稀有碱基Rare bases2. 戊糖Pentose参与核酸构成的戊糖有两种:DNA: D-2-脱氧核糖RNA: D-核糖戊糖的结构Structure of pentoses3.核苷Nucleosides嘌呤和嘧啶碱基与核糖或脱氧核糖连接起来所形成的化合物叫核苷.核苷Nucleosides胞嘧啶核苷（C）尿嘧啶核苷（U）腺嘌呤核苷（A）鸟嘌呤核苷（G）次黄次黄嘌呤核苷嘌呤核苷（I）各种核苷的代号要记熟。
4.核苷酸Nucleotides核苷和磷酸结合生成的磷酸酯称为核苷酸苷酸。
其中，核糖核苷与磷酸结合的磷酸酯称为核糖核苷酸核糖核苷酸（（Ribonucleotide)由脱氧核苷与磷酸结合生成的磷酸酯称为脱氧核糖核苷酸脱氧核糖核苷酸（（Deoxyribonucleotide)脱氧核糖核苷酸AMP和dCMP参加大分子核酸组成的共有8种核苷酸DNA水解液中RNA水解液中腺脱氧核苷酸（dAMP）腺苷酸（AMP）鸟脱氧核苷酸（dGMP）鸟苷酸（GMP）胞脱氧核苷酸（dCMP）胞苷酸（CMP）胸腺脱氧核苷酸（dTMP）尿苷酸（UMP）另外还有一些重要的具有生物活性的核苷具有生物活性的核苷酸cAMP, cGMP参与细胞信号传递ATP参与能量代谢ATP的结构Structure of adenosine triphosphate二. 核苷酸的生物学功能Biological functions of nucleotides1.是构成核酸的原料；2.作为细胞中的高能化合物的中间体；(ATP,GTP)3.作为一些酶的辅因子成分(辅酶A分子中含有一分子的ADP)4.一些核苷酸是细胞的第二信使。
小学下册第16次英语第3单元测验卷(有答案)
小学下册英语第3单元测验卷(有答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The sun is shining ________ today.2.Eclipses happen when one celestial body moves into the _______ of another.3.I enjoy planting _____ (多肉植物).4.My sister enjoys __________ (画画) in her free time.5.What is the capital of Iceland?A. ReykjavikB. OsloC. HelsinkiD. Faroe Islands答案:A.Reykjavik6.I think exercising is important for staying __________.7.My dad enjoys going to the ____ (beach).8.The rabbit is ______ (eating) a carrot.9. A _______ (马) can be very strong.10.The chemical formula for aluminum chloride is ______.11.The stars are _____ bright tonight. (very)12.They are _____ (jumping) over puddles.13.The smallest particle of an element is an ______.14.I love visiting the _______ (地方) because I learn new things every time.15.The ______ (小鸟) sings sweet melodies in the morning ______ (阳光).16. A reaction that produces carbon dioxide is called a ______ reaction.17.The ______ is a season when flowers bloom.18.We are _____ a field trip next week. (going on)19.What is the capital of Nigeria?A. LagosB. AbujaC. KanoD. Port Harcourt答案:B20.My sister is a good ________.21.Metalloids have properties of both ________ and nonmetals.22.The capital of Colombia is __________.23. A chemical reaction can be classified as ______ or endothermic.24.The ____ hops around and has big, floppy ears.25.The bunny's nose twitches with _____ curiosity.26.I enjoy baking ______ (蛋糕) for special occasions.27.Leaves fall off trees in ________ (秋天).28.We are going to the __________ tomorrow.29.The ______ (小鱼) swims in a school to stay safe from predators.30.What is the name of the famous temple in Cambodia?A. Angkor WatB. BorobudurC. ShwedagonD. Taj Mahal答案: A31.Substances that speed up chemical reactions are called _______.32.The _______ (鲸鱼) can dive deep into the ocean.33.The __________ (历史的多元视野) offer fresh insights.34. A _______ helps to measure the amount of pressure exerted on a surface.35.I can ______ (draw) animals.36.The _______ (蜗牛) leaves a trail.37.The chemical symbol for chlorine is ______.38.Goldfish are often kept in ______ (鱼缸) as pets.39.The __________ can provide critical insights into environmental sustainability.40.We visit the ______ (文化中心) for events.41.Acids react with metals to produce _____ gas.42.The raccoon is known for its _______ (灵活).43.The _______ provides a habitat for many insects.44.I usually drink ______ with my meals.45.What is the name of the famous ancient civilization that built the Great Wall?A. RomansB. GreeksC. ChineseD. Egyptians答案: C46.What do you call a baby giraffe?A. CalfB. KidC. PupD. Foal答案: A47.The ______ is the part of a plant that makes seeds.48. A _____ (cactus) is well-adapted to dry conditions.49.The chemical symbol for zinc is ______.50. A ______ (自然保护区) can protect vulnerable species.51.What is the capital city of Russia?A. MoscowB. St. PetersburgC. KievD. Warsaw答案: A52. A solar panel converts sunlight into ______.53.The capital of Georgia is ________ (格鲁吉亚的首都是________).54.The Earth's crust is divided into ______ sections.55.I like to share my stories with my toy ________ (玩具名称).56.The ________ is very lively.57.The chemical formula for -octanol is ______.58. A chemical that reacts with water to produce a gas is called a ______ agent.59.What do you call the main character in a story?A. AntagonistB. ProtagonistC. Supporting CharacterD. Narrator 答案: B60.The first human to reach the South Pole was ______ (阿蒙森).61.The __________ (历史的社会影响) shapes perspectives.62. A _______ is formed when two or more atoms bond together.63.We are going ________ a trip.64.The _______ can change with the seasons.65. A solute is the substance that gets ______ in a solution.66.The cat likes to play with a _______ (猫喜欢玩_______).67.I love to play outside on sunny ______ (日子). It makes me feel very ______ (快乐).68.The dog is _____. (barking/sleeping/jumping)69.The main component of nucleic acids is ______.70.The _____ (火烈鸟) is often found in warm climates.71.Which musical instrument is played with a bow?A. TrumpetB. GuitarC. ViolinD. Flute答案: C72.小貂) is playful and curious. The ___73.ts have evolved to resist ______ and survive in challenging conditions. (某些植物已进化以抵抗病虫害，在艰难的条件下生存。
介绍非金属元素英语作文
介绍非金属元素英语作文Non-metal elements are a diverse group of elements that have distinct properties and characteristics. They can be found in various forms and are essential for our daily lives. Let's explore some of these fascinating non-metal elements.First up, we have hydrogen. It is the lightest and most abundant element in the universe. Hydrogen is highly flammable and is commonly used as a fuel source for rockets and in the production of ammonia. It is also used in the petroleum industry to remove impurities from crude oil and in the production of margarine.Next, we have carbon. It is a versatile element that forms the basis of all organic compounds. Carbon can exist in different forms, such as diamond, graphite, and coal. Diamonds are known for their hardness and are used in jewelry. Graphite, on the other hand, is a soft andslippery material that is used in pencils and as alubricant.Moving on, we come to nitrogen. It is an essential element for all living organisms as it is a key component of proteins and nucleic acids. Nitrogen gas makes up about 78% of the Earth's atmosphere and is used in various industries, such as the production of fertilizers, explosives, and as a coolant in the food industry.Another interesting non-metal element is sulfur. It is known for its distinctive smell and yellow color. Sulfur is used in the production of sulfuric acid, which is widely used in the chemical industry. It is also used in the manufacturing of rubber, detergents, and fertilizers.Phosphorus is another essential non-metal element. It is found in our bones and teeth and is crucial for energy transfer in our cells. Phosphorus is used in the production of fertilizers, detergents, and matches. It is also an important component in the manufacturing of fireworks.Lastly, we have chlorine. It is a highly reactive non-metal element that is commonly used as a disinfectant in swimming pools and drinking water. Chlorine is also used in the production of PVC, a versatile plastic used in various applications such as pipes, window frames, and flooring.In conclusion, non-metal elements play a crucial role in our daily lives. From hydrogen and carbon to nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and chlorine, each element has its own unique properties and applications. Understanding these elements helps us appreciate the diversity and importance of non-metals in our world.。
生化04 Nucleic Acid(177-8)
④比连环差（λ） 表示DNA的超螺旋程度，λ=（L - L0）/L0 L0是指松驰环形DNA的L值
天然DNA的λ一般为-0.03－-0.09，平均每 100bp上有3-9个负超螺旋
负超螺旋DNA是由于两条链的缠绕不足引起， 容易解链，有利于DNA的复制、重组和转录。
SD序列和核糖体16S的rRNA的3’末端富 含嘧啶碱基的序列互补。
四、rRNA的结构
与核糖体结合蛋白一起构成核糖体。
原核rRNA：5S、16S、23S 真核rRNA：5S 、5.8S、18S、28S
大肠杆菌5S rRNA结构
16 S rRNA
4.4 核酸的性质 一、物理性质 1. 性状
RNA是白色粉末或结晶，DNA是疏松的纤 维状固体。 2. 粘性 核酸水溶液的粘度很大，DNA溶液的粘度 大于RNA，核酸变性后，粘度下降。
2. 环形DNA的拓扑学特性 以260bp组成的线形B-DNA为例，螺旋
周数260/10.4 = 25 ①连环数（L）：DNA双螺旋中，一条链
以右手螺旋绕另一条链缠绕的次数。 松驰环：L=25 解链环：L=23 超螺旋：L=23
②缠绕数（T）： DNA分子中Watson-Crick螺旋数目，用T表示。 松驰环 T = 25 解链环 T = 23 超螺旋 T = 25
3.拓扑异构酶 改变DNA拓扑异构体的L值。
①拓扑异构酶I（拧紧） 能使双链负超螺旋DNA转变成松驰形环 状DNA，每一次作用可使L值增加1。
②拓扑异构酶II（拧松） 能使正超螺旋转变成松驰DNA，每次催 化使L减少2。
六、染体结构
1. 大肠杆菌染色体
U326食品生物化学(英文)Chapter 10 nucleotide and nucleic a
OUTLINE
11.1 ● Nitrogenous Bases 11.2 ● The Pentoses of Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids 11.3 ● Nucleosides Are Formed by Joining a Nitrogenous Base to a Sugar 11.4 ● Nucleotides Are Nucleoside Phosphates 11.5 ● Nucleic Acids Are Polynucleotides 11.6 ● Classes of Nucleic Acids 11.7 ● Hydrolysis of Nucleic Acids
In addition, adenosine is implicated in sleep regulation. During periods of extended wakefulness, extracellular adenosine levels rise as a result of metabolic activity in the brain, and this increase promotes sleepiness, since adenosine slows the heart rate. During sleep, adenosine levels fall. Caffeine ['kæfiːn] 咖啡因 promotes wakefulness by blocking the interaction of extracellular adenosine with its neuronal receptors through competition.
核酸特性、结构和功能(英文版)
2020/10/16
30 nm filament
1
DNA Loops (5-200 kb) SAR/MAR
Nuclear Scaffold/Matrix
6
2020/10/16
The Nucleosome
146 bp DNA
2X H3, H4, H2A, H2B
Query: 22 ILRDNIQGITKPAIRRLARRGGVKRISGLIYEEVRAVLKSFLESVIRDSVTYTEHAKRKT 81 +LRDNIQGITKPAIRRLARRGGVKRISGLIYEE R VLK FLE+VIRD+VTYTEHAKRKT
Sbjct: 21 VLRDNIQGITKPAIRRLARRGGVKRISGLIYEETRGVLKVFLENVIRDAVTYTEHAKRKT 80
23A
How does chromatin become compacted??
“Beads on a String”
30 nm Filament
???
Low salt
2020/10/16
High salt
24
The “Linker” Histone H1/H5
• Largest histone (21 kD), less conserved • Binds 165 bp: “Chromatosome” • Facilitates chromatin compaction
H3 N-terminus
21
H3 H4 H2A H2B
H2B N-terminus
2020/10/16
22
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C1 Nucleic Acid Structure — Bicyclic Purine
Bases
Monocyclic Pyrimidine
C1 Nucleic Acid Structure —
Nucleosides
Glycosidic (glycoside, glycosylic) bond (糖苷键)
Section C - Properties of Nucleic Acids
Contents
C1 Nucleic Acid Structure C2 Chemical and Physical Properties of Nucleic Acids
C3 Spectroscopic Properties of Nucleic Acids
C1 Nucleic Acid Structure —
Modified nucleic acids
1. Methylation:
(N-6position of adenine ,4-amino group and 5-position of cytosine) Restriction modification
C1 Nucleic Acid Structure —
Nucleotides
•A nucleotide is a nucleoside with one or more phosphate groups bound covalently to the 3’-, 5’, or ( in ribonucleotides only) the 2’-position. In the case of 5’position, up to three phosphates may be attached.
C2 Chemical and Physical Properties of Nucleic Acids —
Stability of Nucleic Acids
1. Hydrogen bonding
• Does not normally contribute the stability of nucleic acids or protein Contributes to specific structures of these macromolecules. For example, a-helix, b-sheet, DNA double helix, RNA secondary structure
Nucleic Acids Helical Globular RNA DNA Genetic information maintenan ce •Ribozymes •Transfer RNA (tRNA) •Signal recognition etc.
COMMON SECONDARY STRUCTURE MOTIFS
Essential for replicating DNA and transcribing RNA 5’ 3’
• Sugar-phosphate backbones (negatively charged): outside • Planner bases (stack one above the other): inside
C2 Chemical and Physical Properties of Nucleic Acids —
Effect of acid
•Strong acid + high temperature:
completely hydrolyzed to bases, riboses/deoxyrobose, and phosphate
C4 DNA supercoiling
UV absorption, Hypochromicity, Quantization of nucleic acids, Purity of DNA, Thermal denaturation, Renaturation Closed-circular, Supercoiling, Topoisomer, Twist and writhe, Intercalators, Energy of supercoiling, Topoisomerases
2. Base mismatch:
Modifications correspond to numbers of specific roles. We will discuss them in some related topics. For example, methylation of A and C to can avoid restriction digestion of endogenous DNA sequence.
3’
5’
•Helical turn:
10 base pairs/turn 34 Ao/turn
Base pairing
C1 Nucleic Acid Structure —
A, B and Z helices
C1 Nucleic Acid Structure —
RNA secondary structure
Deoxycytidine
Uracil (U) Uridine
Deoxy-cytidine 5’-triphosphate (dCTP)
Uridine 5’-triphosphate (UTP) Thymidine/deoxythymidie 5’-triphosphate (dTTP)
Thymine (T) Thymidine/ Deoxythymidie
Structure and Function correspondence of protein and nucleic acids
Fibrous protein Structural proteins
Protein Globular protein •Enzymes, •antibodies, •receptors etc
BASES
NUCLEOSIDES
NUCLEOTIDES
Adenosine 5’-triphosphate (ATP)
Adenine (A) Adenosine
Deoxyadenosine Deoxyadenosine 5’-triphosphate (dATP) Guanine (G) Guanosine Guanosine 5’-triphosphate (GTP) Deoxyguanosine Deoxy-guanosine 5’-triphosphate (dGTP) Cytosine (C) Cytidine Cytidine 5’-triphosphate (CTP)
Forces for secondary and tertiary structure: intramolecular hydrogen bonding and base stacking.
Conformational (构象) variability of RNA is important for the much more diverse roles of RNA in the cell, when compared to DNA.
Effect of alkali
•RNA hydrolyzes at higher pH because of 2’-OH groups in RNA
1. High pH (> 7-8) has subtle (small) effects on DNA structure 2. High pH changes the tautomeric (互变异构)state of the bases keto form enolate form
Stability of Nucleic Acids, Effect of acid, Effect of alkali, Chemical denaturation, Viscosity, Buoyant density Bases, Nucleosides, Nucleotides, Phosphodiester bonds, DNA/RNA sequence, DNA double helix, A, B and Z helices, RNA secondary structure, Modified nucleic acids
C1 Nucleic Acid Structure —
Phosphodiester bonds
C1 Nucleic Acid Structure —
DNA/RNA sequence
C1 Nucleic Acid Structure —
Байду номын сангаас
DNA double helix
•Watson and Crick , 1953 •The genetic material of all organisms except for some viruses •The foundation of the molecular biology
•pH 3-4 :
apurinic nucleic acids [glycosylic bonds attaching purine (A and G) bases to the ribose ring are broken ], can be generated by formic acid
C2 Chemical and Physical Properties of Nucleic Acids —
1. Single stranded nucleic acid 2. Secondary structure are formed some time 3. Globular tertiary structure are important for many functional RNAs, such as tRNA, rRNA and ribozyme RNA