2015中国人民大学翻译硕士汉语写作与百科知识考研真题,考研经验,重难点

2015中国人民大学翻译硕士汉语写作与百科知识考研真题
一、选择（50分）
1、东汉（）写了《两都赋》（班固）
2、不属于唐朝笔记小说的是（世说新语）
3、考察《忏悔录》的作者（卢梭）
4、题干中给出几条信息：1936年诺贝尔文学奖获得者，美国戏剧家，四次普利策奖获得者（欧金.奥尼尔）
5、中国最早论及性格的著作是三国刘邵的（《人物志》）
6、（伏契克）的长篇特写《绞刑架下的报告》在监狱中秘密完成
7、因之因非，因非因之，所非皆是，方生方死，方死方生，虽死犹生选自庄子的哪部著作（选项有逍遥游齐物论养生主另外一个不记得了答案是齐物论）8、社会学中“镜中我”的结论表明什么（他人对自己的评价、态度等等，是反映自我的一面“镜子）
9、谁翻译了《铁流》，并被鲁迅赞为“一声不响不断译”（曹靖华）
10、1911年（）杂志首先提出了‘表现主义“（《狂飙》）
11、美国文学之父是（选项里有杰克伦敦、马克吐温、欧文，答案是欧文）
12、大方无隅，大器晚成，大音希声，大象无形出自哪部著作（《老子》）
13、布莱希特领导的柏林剧团改编了中国哪一部戏剧（此题目在网上未找到明确答案）
14、（布鲁诺）继承了哥白尼的日心说，被烧死
15、哪位女作家获得1993年诺贝尔文学奖（莫里森）
资料来源：育明考研考博官网
16、别林斯基关于艺术的著名论断是（艺术是形象思维）
17、我思故我在是（笛卡尔）的名言
18、2014apec的主题是（共建面向未来的亚太伙伴关系）
19、12生肖中羊是第几位（数数看）
20、追忆似水年华属于（意识流）小说
21、考察藏族的一部哲理格言集，作者萨班·贡噶坚赞（萨迦格言）
22、中国第一部笑话集《笑林》
23、詹姆斯琼斯《细细的红线》书名取自英国作家（）的诗句“战鼓一敲响，变作一根英雄们做成的细细的红线“（吉普林）
24、萨特代表作（《恶心》）
25、中国少数民族三部史诗，其中藏族的是《格萨尔王》
二、应用文写作
假如你是中国人民大学外国语学院翻译硕士研究生，明年7月毕业，现要求写一封申请工作信件，要求符合信函写作风格，450字以内
三、大作文
假定场景：一架待起飞的飞机上，经济舱：有人玩手机游戏，有人聊天；商务舱，有人在用电脑工作；头等舱，有人带着耳机看书，有人闭目养神
思考，价值与位置，写一遍议论文，800字以上
4.2.4满足译文语境的需要
原文可根据上下文提示或在一定的文化语境中将有些内容予以省略，并不妨碍读者的资料来源：育明考研考博官网
理解，但译文有时须采用增词法，将所省略的内容明确化，否则译入语读者会感到信息不足。

例如：
64）‘But,although you are the youngest man that ever lived,’said Charles Darnay, rather hesitating,‘I must still suggest to you-’
原译：“不过，即使你是最年轻的人，”查尔斯·达奈犹犹豫豫地说道，“我也得奉
劝你。

”
改译：“虽然银行里目前算你岁数最小，”查尔斯·达奈有点犹豫地说，“但我还是
要奉劝你。

”（《中国翻译》1997年，第3期，第47页）
65）I was all but dancing with impatience in the checkout line and sighed with exasperation.
Hearing me,he smiled apologetically.
站在结帐队伍里的我不耐烦地在动来动去，恼怒地叹了口气。

听到我的叹气声，
他满脸歉意地笑了。

66）I never told my love vocally;still,if looks have language,the merest idiot might have guessed I was over head and ears.
我从没有把自个儿的爱情说出口，可是如果眉目也能传情，那么即使白痴也能看
出，我已经沉溺在爱河里，没了顶了。

67)Here nearly48million people live in an area only slightly larger than Maryland.将近四千八百万人生活的这块地方只比美国马里兰州略大一点。

68)这只是我的理解，我觉得有些牵强甚至走样，我觉得我懂其意却难以表述。

（蒋
力，“西风的话”）
This is only my personal understanding of the song,which I knew was a somewhat farfetched distortion of it.I could sense and feel its meaning but could not say it. 69）女人的生活天地较小，一旦过了三十五，便象吃了耗子药，非紧张不可。

译文一：Women live in a smaller world.When they are over35,they are bound to get 资料来源：育明考研考博官网
upset,as if they had taken medicine for mice.
译文二：Women live in a rather limited world.At35,they will be more upset than ever,as if they had taken by mistake a dose of pesticide(and just realized it).
(袁洪庚，“阐释学与翻译”，载杜承南文军主编：《中国当代翻译百
论》，pp.208-214，重庆大学出版社，1994年)
第64例选自《双城记》。

原译可能会将译文读者引入歧途，使之误以为说话的对象真
的很年轻。

其实对方此时已届七十八岁高龄。

但特尔逊银行里的职员年纪都很大，七十八岁在该行还算是年轻的。

所以应在汉译文中加上“银行里目前”这几个字，才不会让译文读者产生误解。

第67例中的Maryland对美国读者来说足够了，但如译为“马里兰”，则很多中国读者很可能不甚了了，所以加了“美国”和“州”三个字。

第68例原文中的“我的理解”指“我对这首歌的理解”，译文根据上下文作了作了增补，以明其义。

第69例“译文
一”的译者忽略了中西文化语境的差异，因为西方独身女子司空见惯，早已见怪不怪。

“译文二”适当地运用了增补的技巧，以使读者亲身体会中国独身女子的尴尬处境。

反之，有时有的词或词组在原文中使用了，而在译文中则可根据上下文语境很容易便能推断出来，这时便可将该词省略不译。

例如：
70）John sat near her on the bed.His face was white as he sat holding her hot hands.约翰坐在床边陪着她。

当他握着她滚烫的双手时，他脸色苍白。

71）Now in the foothills there was his grave--a grave I could not bear to visit.
现在，他的坟墓就在山脚，我却不忍心去看一眼。

72）When the pull is strong,the disc is moved toward the electromagnet,and when the pull
is weak,the disc springs away from the electromagnet.This back-and-forth movement of the disc causes air in front of the receiver to move back and forth in the same way.吸引力强时，金属片朝向电磁铁运动。

吸引力弱时，金属片从电磁铁处弹回。

这种往返运动使听筒前的空气以同样的方式做往返运动。

资料来源：育明考研考博官网
73）Motorists who don’t change their own oil still know how to pull out a dipstick,wipe it clean,slip it back in,pull it out and observe the level.If it looks low,they add half a liter of oil or take the car for a professional oil change.
汽车司机即使自己不换油也知道如何拔出量油尺，把它擦干净，插进去，再拔出
来看看油有多深。

如果很浅，就会添加半升汽油，或者将车开到加油站去加油。

74）她忽然觉得心头一紧，不知怎么的就哭了起来，那是欢乐的泪水，满足的泪水。

（铁凝，《哦，香雪》）
She suddenly felt her heart tighten,and began to cry.They were tears of joy,and of
satisfaction.
75）我想要他画一张他没有画过的画，我说：“你给我画一张册页，从来没有画过的。

”他欣然答应了，……（艾青）
I wanted him to paint me something he’d never painted before.When I asked him,he readily agreed.
第四章练习:
I.试译下列句子，注意为弥合语法差异的需要增加适当的词或减少某些不必要的词：
1．Over the past50years scientists and psychologists have increasingly argued over whether genetics or environment has a greater impact upon human intelligence.（省略冠词）
2．The moon gives no light of its own.It merely reflects the light of the sun,like a huge mirror hung in the sky.（省略冠词）
3．Emma slept,and when she woke,she had a shower.（省略代词）
4．Hotel staff won’t be overly offended if you don’t tip.（省略代词）
5．Trips were made three times a week in summer and twice a week in winter.（省略介词）
6．When I graduated from college,my days of ambivalence was over.（省略介词）资料来源：育明考研考博官网
7．Back in the hotel room,Jon made sure she was settled before he set off.（省略关联词）
8．After the light was turned off,the rat had to wait a short time before it was released from its cage.（省略关联词）
9．Then what on earth do you want to do with it?（增加语气助词）
10．Did he reward you any further?（增加语气助词）
11．他抬眼望了望马路上昏暗的路灯。

（增加冠词）
12．他们正在研究该地区的自然特征和生物的分布情况。

（增加冠词）
13．丁医生放下雪茄，又回到小客厅里去了。

（增加代词）
14．她小心地打开盒子，又学着同桌的样子轻轻把它盖上。

（增加代词）
15．夏夜在屋外乘凉的时候，往往有些担心，不敢去看墙上。

（增加介词）
16．美国国土的主要部分位于北美洲中央，北接加拿大，南联墨西哥，东濒大西洋，西临太平洋。

（增加介词）
17．我在十八日早晨，才知道上午有群众向执政府请愿的事；下午便听到噩耗，说卫队居然开枪，死伤至数十人，而刘和珍君即在遇害者之列。

（鲁迅，《记念刘和珍君》）
（增加关联词）
18．时间一分钟一分钟过去，前面那团红雾更红更亮了。

（增加关联词）
II.试译下列句子，注意为弥合词义差异的需要增加适当的词或减少某些不必要的词：
（一）增词
1．The retreat commenced in all haste.
2．Her grace was a delight.
3．There was a wide emptiness over the street.
4．His arrogance made everyone dislike him.
5．He waited for the booing to quiet down,then cleared his throat.
资料来源：育明考研考博官网
6．Humans vying for dominance will turn to genetics to compete.
7．Considering its growing economic importance,the general neglect of geology in university teaching is difficult to justify.
8．Psychologist Richard Stuart showed in the1960s that overweight women could lose pounds by modifying both their eating behavior and“stimulus environemnt”.
9．He had noticed the mounting insubordination,and he realized with embarrassment that he was the cause of what could have become his own downfall.
10．He is much less selfish and much more peaceful now.
11．John’s closest neighbor Clint Hart lived two miles down the road.
12．We called him our Christmas Boy because he came to us during that season of joy, when he was just six days old.
13．I’ve known several people who have overcome nail-biting simply by buying50nail files（指甲剪）and distributing them everywhere:in their pockets,desks and bedrooms.
14．Zoy hunched over her veranda desk,correcting exercise books.
15．In line with latest trends in fashion,a few dress designers have been sacrificing elegance to audacity.
16．听到这个消息，他一肚皮的酒几乎全化成了酸醋。

17．他一边放声大笑，一边不住地拿眼瞅着她。

18．“这件事你打算怎么办呢？”她嘴巴一撇，侧着头，故意忍住了笑似的说。

19．她悄悄地来到她妹妹的房间里，将门拉上。

20．这令我到底惦记着江南。

——这样想着，猛一抬头，不觉已是自己的门前。

（朱自
清，《荷塘月色》）
（二）减词
1．They had to stay there until the person they were addressed to happened to come by and stop at the inn.
资料来源：育明考研考博官网
资料来源：育明考研考博官网
2．By means of a code of combinations of dots and dashes,messages are sent along the wire that connects the key to a sounder.
3．When you dial a number,an automatic switch in the telephone exchange makes a circuit between your telephone and the telephone of the person you are calling.4．This explains why farmers in very windy regions try to protect their soil by planting rows of trees to break the force of the wind.
5．Some people accuse me of being rude because I always introduce myself to other people I meet on trains;but I answer by telling them that the reason for my action is not curiosity but friendliness.
6．Times were tough during the Depression,and there were five mouths to feed in my family,besides buying coal and wood for the stove.
7．She looked around and padded off across a ravine,toward the edge of the blue spruce forest that would be her new home.
8．On top of one of the hills stood the farm house and the barn where the farm animals lived.
9．I kept closing the gap between my car and my brother ’s truck,inching toward the reassuring glow of the taillights like a frightened sheep following a shepherd.
10．Amy settles into her seat,takes out her computer and read over the agenda for the meeting to which she ’s traveling.
11．但是，我却看到了一次最雄伟、最瑰丽的日出景象。

12．姑娘有点不好意思了，脸上泛着红潮。

13．本书所谈的是美国人民与土地合作的经过，以及合作过程中所产生的一些变迁。

14．他们两个悄悄地走到一个窗子边，向里窥望。

15．将近午夜，煤油灯里的油燃尽了，爆着小小的无边的火花，屋里渐渐黑暗下来，终于
完全漆黑了。

III.试译下列句子，注意为弥合修辞差异的需要增加适当的词或减少某些不必要的词：
（一）增词
1．Outside stood a little girl,dripping wet and shivering.
2．If future predictions of a shortage of quality workers come true,it will become even more important to make employees feel part of the team.
3．If techniques like this sound silly,keep in mind that the power of self-monitoring has been conducted over the last four decades.
4．America’s best-known billionaire is back to doing what he has always done best —designing exciting new products and making barrels of money.
5．Most Chinese children seem to get whatever they want,from ice cream,sweets and toys to endless attention from the adults around them.
6．和八大的时候比较，现在我们党对我国社会主义建设规律的认识深刻得多了。

（邓小平）
7．她不喜欢他这样打扮，老里老气的，不像个青年人。

8．他一个人跑到北海的土山上，徜徉了一个晚上。

（二）减词
1．The mail carrier could leave letters there for everyone for miles around.
2．As soon as the operator releases the key,breaking the circuit,the electromagnet releases the end of the armature（电枢）that it has pulled toward itself.
3．The answer is that the operator closes his end of the circuit by means of a switch called a line switch.
4．The back-and forth movement of the metal disc alternately presses the carbon grains together
and then leaves them room to spread out.
5．They went from one big town to another.
6．这儿的峡谷又是另一番景象：谷中急水奔流，穿峡而过，两岸树木葱茏，鲜花繁茂，
碧草萋萋，活脱脱一幅生机盎然的天然风景画。

各种奇峰异岭，令人感受各异，遐想
万千。

资料来源：育明考研考博官网
资料来源：育明考研考博官网 7．这放盐也不是一成不变的，要因人、因时而变。

8．千千万万个像他这样的人，之所以在困难中没有对新中国失去信心，就是因为他们经历过旧社会，经历过五十年代那些康乐的年头。

IV.试译下列句子，注意为弥合语境差异的需要增加适当的词或减少某些不必要的词：
（一）增词
1．You probably already know that black absorbs the most heat while white reflects the most.But what about other colors between?
2．The odor of disinfectant stung my nostrils as I moved down the row of pens.Each contained
3．Not long ago John lost his wife to cancer.She was a fighter,but in the end the disease won their eight-year battle.
4．Computer viruses now rely as much on human foibles —greed,fear,curiosity,loneliness —to draw you in as they do any kind of technical trickery.
5．What this means is that businesses that once were peripheral to the mall are grouped together.
6．我抬头望去，已到巫山。

7．从费城出发去他家之前，我就和他通了电话。

一下车，他已经在站上等了。

8．我并没有和他深谈过，但从他的行事看来，相信我是理解他的。

（二）减词
1．So I made as much noise as I could with my automobile horn.I sounded the horn every ten minutes,hoping that some other traveler passing near me would hear.
2．Double Click （双击公司）was sued by a California woman who accused the company of illegally obtaining and selling personal information about Internet users.
3．On the one hand,child is the adored and spoiled centre of a whole circle of adults,but on the other hand,he or she is also expected to start studying with great discipline from early age.
4．She was lucky,for he had given her a gift more powerful than sight,the gift of love that can bring light where had been darkness.
资料来源：育明考研考博官网 5．My husband and I are juggling the challenges of a new baby,a growing company,a move to a new home and the launch of a new product line.On the top of these challenges,we have gifts to buy,parties to attend and cards to send.
6．柔软的柳丝低垂在静谧的小河边上，河边的顽童，破坏了小河的安静。

7．清晨，一列从北平向东开行的平沈通车，正驰行在广阔、碧绿的原野上。

8．这又是一次拍马屁的机会，这种马屁奖分（brownie points ）对于晋升和保持职位至关重要。