常见构词法归纳

常见构词法归纳
1．派生法
1前缀
①表示否定意义的前缀：
a. 纯否定前缀：
un-: unable; unemployment失业; unload卸载; uncover发现、揭开、揭露; unhappy; untrue; unlike不像; unrest不安的;动荡的; unfair; unknown; unhealthy; unusual不寻常的；与众不同的; uncertain无常的、含糊的; unclear不清楚的; unequal; unlucky; unreal; unkind; uncomfortable; uneasy心情不安的; uninteresting; unimportant; unnecessary; unpleasant; undivided专心的、专一的、未分开的; unreserved无保留的、坦白的dis-: dislike不喜欢; disarm解除武装；放下武器; disconnectvt拆开;使分离; disagree; disappear; disadvantage; dishonest; disability残疾、无能; discoverv发现; disobey违反、不服从
in-; im-; il-; ir-: incapable不能的、无能力的; inability无能力;无才能; incomplete; incorrect; inconvenient; inexpensive; impossible; immoral不道德的; illegal非法的; illogical不合乎逻辑的; irregular; irrelative无关系的
non-: non-smoker; non-stop直达的;中途不停的; non-violent非暴力的; nonwhite非白人; non-member非会员; nonparty无党派; nonsense无意义;胡说;废话
b. 表示错误的意义：
mis-: mistake; mislead误导; misunderstandingn; misusen/vt滥用、误用、虐待; mistrust; mistreat虐待
c. 表示“反、防、抗”的意义：
anti-: antiknockn/adj防震; antiforeign排外的; anti-waradj;反战的; antitank反战车的; anti-pollution防污染;反污染的
②表示空间位置、方向关系的前缀：ward守卫
a- 表示“在……之上”;“向……”：aboard在飞机上;在船上; aside在旁边
de- 表示“在下;向下”：decrease减少;下降; degrade降级
en- 表示“在内;进入”：encage入笼; enbed上床
ex- 表示“外部;外”：exit; expand扩张; export输出、出口
fore- 表示“在前面”：forehead前额; foreground前景; foreleg; forefoot in-; im- 表示“向内;在内;背于”：inland内地、内陆; inside; indoors 室内的;户内的；s在户内; import
inter- 表示“在……间;相互”：international; interaction相互作用; internet; interview接见;面试
mid- 表示“中;中间”： midposition中间位置
out- 表示“在外部;在外”：outline轮廓;大纲;概要; outside; outwards 外表、外面；s向外地; outdoors
over- 表示“在上面;在外部;向上”：overlook忽视;眺望; overhead在头顶上;在空中; overcoat大衣;外套; overdress外衣; overseas海外post- 表示“向后;在后边;次”：postscript附言
pre- 表示“在前;在前面;提前”：prefix前缀; preface前言; preposition 介词
super- 表示“在…..之上;超级”：superstructure上部建筑;上部构造; supernatural超自然的;不可思议的; superpower超强特权;超强大国; superman; supermarket
trans- 表示“移上;转上;在那一边”：translate; transform转变、转换、转移; transplant移植; transportation交通
under- 表示“在…..下面;下的”：underline下划线;强调;在下面划线; underground; underwater; undershirt贴身内衣;美式
up- 表示“向上;向上面;在上”：upwards向上的;上升的; uphold支撑;鼓励; uphill上坡;upload上传
auto- 表示“自己;独立;自动”：automobile自动车; autobiography tba'grf 自传
tele- 表示“远离”：television; telephone ; telegram电报; telegraph 电报;抽象名词; telescope望远镜
③表示时间;序列关系的前缀：
fore- 表示“在前面;先前;前面”：foreword前言; forecast预报; foretell 预言; foresee预见; foreknow先知; foreknowledge先知
mid- 表示“中;中间”：midnight; midsummer; mid-day; mid-autumn中秋节
post- 表示“在后;后”：postwar战后的;战后时期; postgraduate研究生; postdate事后日期;推迟日期
pre- 表示“在前;事先;预先”：preheat预先加热; prewar; prehistory史前; preview预习; prebattle; prepay预付
re- 表示“再一次;重新”： retell复述; rewrite; renew续借; reconsider 重新考虑; reuse; remarry; recycle再生;回收利用; rebuild重建;改造
④表示比较程度差别关系的前缀：
by- 表示“副;次要的”：byproduct副产品; bywork副业
extra- 表示“超越;额外”：extraordinary非凡的;特别的
over- 表示“超过;过度;太”：overeat吃过多; oversleep睡过头; overpraise过奖; overwork; overact行为过分; overdo夸张;做得过分under- 表示“低劣;低下”：undersize尺寸不足; undergrown发育不全的; underproduction生产不足
vice- 表示“副;次”：vice-president; vice –chairman;vice-monitor
⑤表示共同;相等意思的前缀：
co- 表示“共同;一起”：coexist共同生存; co-operate; co-worker; coactions合作行动; coauthor合作作者
⑥表示某种状态;构成形容词、副词或动词：
a- afraid; alive; alone; asleep; ashamed; aloud; ahead; aside; alike; awake
⑦表示分离;离开意思的前缀：
a- 表示“分离;离开”：away; apart
de- 表示“离去;处去”：depart; decolour
⑧表示“自我”：
self- self-protection; self-made; self-knowledge
⑨表示变换词类作用的前缀：
be- befriend
en- enslave束缚；征服; enable使能够; enrich使充实;使肥沃;使富足; enlarge扩大;使增大; encourage鼓励
⑩表示数量关系的前缀：
a. 表示“单一”;“一”：
uni- uniform统一服装; unicellular单细胞
b. 表示“二;两;双”：
bi- bicyclecycle循环;周期
twi- twilight昏暗的;黎明
c. 表示“半;一半”：
semi- semiconductor半导体; semicircle半圆; semimonthly半月刊; semifinal半决赛
d. 表示“百;百分之一”：
centi- centimeter
e. 表示“千;千分之一”：
kilo- kilometer; kilogram; kilowatt
f. 表示“微小”：
micro- microvolt微伏特; microcomputer微机; microscope显微镜
g. 表示“许多;复;多数”：
multi- multimedia多媒体; multicolored; multiform; multinatural
h. 表示“千分之一、毫”：
milli- millimeter; milligram
i. 表示“微小、微型”：
mini- minibus; miniskirt; minipark
2后缀
①名词后缀：
a. 具有某种职业或动作的人：
-an; -ian; -ician 表示“……地方的人;精通……的人”：American; Asian; Australian; Russian; Italian ; historian历史学家; librarian图书管理员; electricia电工n; magician魔术师; technician; musician; politician 政客
-ant;-ent 表示“……人”：merchant; servant仆人;佣人; assistant; agent; student;
-ee 表示“动作承受者”：employee雇员; examinee应试者; payee收款人; interviewee
-eer 表示“从事于……人”：engineer; volunteer志愿者
-er 表示“从事某种职业的人; 某地区;地方的人”：banker; observer;
Londoner; villager singer; driver; writer; speaker; traveller; buyer -or 表示“……者”：author; doctor; operator; actor; visitor; inventor; educator
-ar; -ary 表示“……的人; 从事……的人”：scholar; liar; beggar; secretary; missionary
-ese 表示“……国人;……地方的人”：Chinese; Japanese; Cantonese 广东人
-ess 表示“阴性人称名词”：actress女演员; hostess女主人; manageress 女经理
-ist 表示“从事……研究者;信仰……主义者”：pianist; communist; dentist; artist; chemist; socialist; typist; receptionist -icist 表示“……家; ……者; ……能手”：physicist物理学家; phoneticist语音学家; technicist技术师
-logist 表示“……学家;研究者”：biologist生物学家; geologist地质学家
b. 构成具有抽象名词的含义：
-age 表示“状态;行为;身份及其结果;总称”：courage; storage; marriage; percentage
-al 表示“事物的动作;过程”：refusal拒绝; arrival; survival幸存; denial否认; approval批准;认可;赞成; trial实验
-ance; -ence 表示“性质;状况;行为;过程;总量;程度”：importance; distance; avoidance逃避;废止; appearance; performance性能;绩效;表演; difference; obedience顺从;服从; presence出席;参加; existence -ancy; -ency 表示“性质;状态;行为;过程”：frequency频繁; urgency紧急; efficiency高效率;
-ity 表示“性质;状态;程度”：purity纯度化学; reality; equality平等-bility 表示“动作;性质;状态”：ability; possibility; probability; responsibility
-dom 表示“等级;领域;状态”：freedom; kingdom王国;界; wisdom智慧;才智
-ery; -ry 表示“行为;状态;习性;性质”：bravery勇敢;勇气; slavery奴役
-hood 表示“资格;身份; 年纪;状态”：childhood; girlhood少女时期; boyhood少年时代; manhood男子气概
-ice 表示“行为;性质;状态”：notice; justice司法; service
-ing 表示“动作的过程;结果”：building; writing; learning
-ion; -ation; -ition; -sion 表示“行为的过程;结果;状况”：suggestion; action; solution; invention; direction方向;指导; correction改正;修正; collection; instruction指令;指示; destruction 破坏; introduction; congratulation ; dictation听写;口述; invitation邀请; pronunciation; examination; graduation; operation; education; information; translation; starvation饿死;绝食; satisfaction; relation; determination决心;果断; preparation; imagination; explanation说明;解释; opposition反对;
competition竞赛;比赛; description; decision; division除法; conclusion; impression印象; expression表达;表示; admission承认; permission允许;许可; discussion
-ment 表示“行为;状态;过程;手段及其结果”：disappointment失望; treatment; movement; judgment; punishment; argument; agreement协议; government; development; improvement改进;改善; requirement要求;必要条件; encouragement
-ness 表示“性质;状态;程度”：goodnessadj;善良;精华; kindness; tiredness; friendliness友谊; business; illness; happiness幸福; willingness乐意;心甘情愿; weakness; fairness公平
-ism 表示“制度;主义;学说;信仰;行为”：socialism社会主义; criticism 批评; heroism英勇; tourism; communism共产主义 ; Marxism马克思主义-ship 表示“情况;性质;技巧;技能及身份;职业”：hardship困苦;苦难; relationship; membership 资格;会员身份; friendship; ownership所有权; scholarship奖学金;
-th; 表示“动作;性质;过程;状态”：strength; length; width; depth; wealth; truth; growth; warmth温暖; youth
-ure 表示“行为;结果”：exposure暴露; pressure压力; failure; procedure手续; mixture
-craft 表示“工艺”：aircraft; needlecraft; woodcraft
c. 带有场所;地方的含义：
-age 表示“住所;地点”：village; cottage小屋;村舍
-ary 表示“住所;场地”：library; granary 谷仓
-ory 表示“工作场所;住处”：factory; dormitory; laboratory; observatory天文台;气象台
②形容词后缀：
a. 带有“属性;倾向;相关”的含义：
-able; -ible: movable; comfortable; eatable; enjoyable; acceptable; reasonable; applicable可适用的; visible可见物; responsible; terrible 可怕的; horrible恐怖的
-al: natural; additional额外的;附加的; educational; national国家的;国民的
-ant; -ent: distant; important; excellent
-ing表示特征：令人觉得: moving; touching; daring; interesting; exciting; disappointing ; boring; amazing
-ed表示情绪：觉得: pleased; interested; surprised; worried; excited; bored; determined决定了的;果断的; delighted高兴的;欣喜的-ish: foolish; bookish出本上的;好读书的; selfish
-ive: active; impressive感人的;令人钦佩的; decisive决定性的;果断的; active;expensive; progressive改革的;进步的
b. 表示“相象;类似”的含义：
-ish: boyish; childish幼稚的;孩子去的
-like: manlike有男子气概的;像男子的; childlike天真浪漫的;像孩子的
-some: troublesome麻烦的;讨厌的; handsome
-y: milky; cloudy sunny; windy; rainy; foggy有雾的;模糊的; healthy; wealthy; worthy; bloody血腥的; funny; dirty; lucky; noisy; salty; smelly 发臭的; hilly丘陵的;陡的
-ly: manly; fatherly; motherly; sisterly; brotherly; daily; weekly; monthly; quarterly; yearly; friendly; lonely; orderly; lovely可爱的;令人愉快的; lively活泼的;生动的; likely很可能的; scholarly博学的;学着风度的
c. 表示“充分的”含义：
-ful: beautiful; wonderful; helpful; truthful; successful; harmful; useful; careful; forgetful; merciful仁慈的;宽容的
-ous: dangerous; courageous有胆量的;勇敢的; nervous紧张不安的; mountainous多山的; humorous诙谐的;幽默的; various各种各样的
d. 表示由某种物质形成;制成或生产的含义：
-en: wooden; golden; woolen羊毛的
e. 表示方向的含义：
-ern: eastern; western; southern; northern; southeastern; northwestern
-ward: downward向下的; forward
f. 表示“数量关系”的含义：
-teen: thirteen
-ty: fifty
-th: fourth; fiftieth
g. 表示国籍;语种;宗教的含义：
-an: Roman; European
-ese: Chinese; Japanese
-ish: English; Spanish
h. 表示否定：
-less: countless无数的;数不尽的; stainless不锈的; wireless; useless; endless无止境的;连续的; priceless无价的;贵重的; hopeless
③动词后缀：
-ize; ise 表示“做成;变成;……化”：modernize现代化; democratize民主化; organize; apologize; realize
-en 表示“使成为;引起;使有”：quicken;加快 weaken; soften; harden 变硬;变坚强
-fy 表示“使……化; 使成”：beautify; purify净化; intensify; signify; simplify简化; satisfy
④副词后缀：
-ly: possibly; swiftly很快地; simply简单地
-wards: downward; inwards向内地; upward向上地;上升地
-ways: always; sideways向侧面的;一旁的
-wise: otherwise另外的;否则;adj;adv; clockwise顺时针方向地
注意：有的单词有双重后缀;如：
use用途→useless无用的→uselessness无用
self自己→selfish自私的→selfishness自私
有的单词则是前后缀同时使用;如：
important→importance→unimportance
regular有规律的;有规则的→irregular无规律的;不规则的→irregularity无规律;不规则
2．合成法
的; headmaster校长; sunshine; notebook; armchair扶手椅; wheelchair轮椅; postcard明信片; football; spaceship; blackboard; firefighter消防队员; fireman; gateman看门人;售票员; chairman主席;会长; weatherman; businessman; armyman军人; postman; sportsman; bedroom; reading-room; classroom; newspaper; pickpocket扒手; she-goat雌性山羊; editor-in-chief主编; daybreak破晓; handshake握手; silkworm蚕;
eight-metre-long
其他合成形容词：everyday日常的; faraway遥远的; snow-white雪白的;
3．转化法
1名词→动词
hand手→传递back背部;后面→支持;后退
charge费用→收费copy抄本;复印件→抄写;复印
flood洪水→淹没heat热量→加热
paint油漆→刷漆phone电话→打电话
pin别针→装订 waste废物→浪费
face脸→面对use用途→使用
interest兴趣→使兴趣surprise惊讶→使惊讶
taste味道→品尝smell气味→闻
break短暂休息→折断present礼物→赠送
2形容词→动词
clean干净→使干净;打扫clear清楚→清理
dirty脏→弄脏dry干燥→烘干;晒干
empty空的→倒空free自由→使自由;释放
slow慢的→放慢warm暖和→使暖和
cool凉的→冷却quiet安静→使安静
4.截短法缩略法
截短法;即将单词缩写;词义和词性保持不变;主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式..
1截头
telephone→phone aeroplane→plane omnibus→bus
2去尾
mathematics→maths co-operate→co-op examination→exam
kilogram→kilo
laboratory→lab
taxicab→taxi
3截头去尾
influenza→flu refrigerator→fridge prescription→script 5.混合法混成法
混合法;即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词..后半部分表示主体；前半部分表示属性..
news broadcast→newscast新闻广播
television broadcast→telecast电视播送
smoke and fog→smog烟雾
helicopter airport→heliport直升飞机场
6.首尾字母缩略法
首尾字母缩略法;即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词..读音主要有两种形式;即各字母分别读音；作为一个单词读音..
very important person→VIP 读字母音要人；大人物
television→TV 读字母音电视
Testing of English as a Foreign Language→TOEFL托福
练习
动词变名词
work---___________工作者sing---___________歌手teach---___________教师drive---___________司机 write---___________作家 dance---___________舞蹈家
win---___________获胜者 run---___________赛跑者 swim---___________游泳者
act---___________演员 collect---___________收藏家 direct---___________主管
visit---___________参观者 invent---___________发明家 translate---___________翻译家educate---___________教育 describe---___________描述 predit---___________预言collect---___________收藏 invent---___________发明 build---___________建筑物
mean---___________意思 meet---___________会议 cross---___________路口
turn---___________转弯处 decide---___________决定 die---___________死亡
fly---___________飞行 know---___________知识 please---___________高兴
pronounce---___________发音 mix---___________混合物
please---___________令人高兴的---___________感到高兴的
surprise---___________令人惊讶的的 ---___________感到惊讶的
excite---___________令人兴奋的 ---___________感到兴奋的
interest---___________令人感兴趣的---___________ 感兴趣的
worry---___________令人担忧的 ---___________感到担忧的
amaze; annoy; bore; disappoint; embarrass; frustrate; relax; terrify; thrill; tire
等
形容词的变化..
A: 形容词变副词..
quick---____________ strong---____________ heavy---____________ angry---____________ happy---____________ lucky---____________ healthy---____________ noisy---____________ usual---____________ careful---____________ real---____________ successful---____________ terrible---____________ possible---____________
B: 形容词变名词..
Kind---____________ happy---____________
ill---____________ safe---____________
confident---____________ important---____________
different---____________ true---____________
high---____________
巩固练习
1. That man was ________enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job.
A. care
B. careful
C. careless
D. carelessness
2. The soldier died for saving the child;so his________ is heavier than Mount Tai.
A. die
B. dead
C. died
D. death
3. The child looked ________at his brother who was badly wounded.
A. sadly
B. sadness
C. saddly
D. sad
4. He is an expert at chemistry. We all call him a ________.
A. chemistry
B. chemical
C. chemist
D. physician
5.The three- ________chair isn’t suitable for a young child. He may fall off.
A. legging
B. legged
C. legs
D. leged
6. Stephenson became the________railway engineer in the world.
A. lead
B. leader
C. leading
D. leadership
7.When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem;Jack looked________about at his classmates.
A. proud
B. proudly
C. pride
D. pridely
8.To everyone’s ________;the girl finished the job quite well.
A. satisfied
B. satisfactory
C. satisfying
D. satisfaction
9.—What are you doing here
—Oh;my teacher asked me to write a passage about ________in English.
—You can write________passage in English
A. 600 words；a 600-words
B. 600-word；a 600-words
C. 600 words；a 600-word
D. 600 words；a 600-words
10. No one should enter the spot without the________of the police.
A. permit
B. permission
C. permitting
D. permittence
11. You must come with us to the police ________.Our head is waiting for you.
A. headquarters
B. headline
C. headmaster
D. headache
12.Letting that animal escape was no accident；you did it ________.
A. intend
B. intention
C. intentionally
D. intentional
13. The shop owner welcomed all the guests with a________smile.
A. practice
B. practise
C. practical
D. practiced
14. The________ordered him to pay a $100 fine.
A. judger
B. judgment
C. judge
D. judgement
15. My TV is out of order. Can you tell me what is the________news about Iraq War
A. lately
B. latest
C. later
D. latter
16. The Great Wall is more than 6000 li in ________.
A. longer
B. length
C. long
D. longing
17.To my ________;I passed the exam easily.
A. joy
B. joyful
C. joyless
D. joyness
18. Canada is mainly an________country.
A. English-speaking
B. speak-English
C. spoken-English
D.
English-spoken
19. How________ he is He is always acting________.He is really a ________.
A. foolish；foolishly；fool
B. fool；foolish；fool
C. foolish；fool；fool
D. foolishly；foolish；fool
20. The necklace that she lost is very expensive. It’s of great ________.
A. valuable
B. value
C. valueless
D. unvaluable
21. There were________fish in the river in South America.
A. in danger
B. danger
C. dangerous
D. dangerless
22.The letter “b” in the word “doubt” is________.
A. sound
B. silent
C. silence
D. sounded
23. The child looked at me________.
A. stranger
B. strangely
C. strange
D. strangeless
24.The black people were against slavery and fought for their________bravely.
A. free
B. freely
C. freedom
D. frees
25. What you said sounded________ but in fact it was untrue.
A. reasonable
B. reasonful
C. reasonless
D. unreason
26. We have to learn ________technology from other countries.
A. advance
B. advancing
C. advantage
D. advanced
27. The children live in a village ________.They come here almost every day.
A. nearby
B. near
C. nearly
D. near by
28.Mr Black is an ________in the army;not an ________in the government. You can not easily find him in his________.
A. official；officer；office
B. officer；office；official
C. official；official；official
D. officer；official；office
29.You’d better give up smoking if you want to keep ________.
A. health
B. healthy
C. healthily
D. healthier
30.________ speaking;I didn’t do it on purpose.
A. Honestly
B. Honest
C. Honesty
D. Dishonest
参考答案1-5 BDACB 6-10 CBDCB 11-15 ACDCB 16-20 BAAAB
21-25 CBBCA 26-30 DA。