2021版高三英语一轮复习第2部分语法专题突破专题2名词和冠词教师用书北师大版20210411173

2021版高三英语一轮复习第2部分语法专题突破专题2名词和冠词教师用书北师大版20210411173
一、名词
[全国卷考情分析]
题型典题试做命题解读
语法
填空
1.(2021·全国卷Ⅰ)This trend，...，has had some
unintended side effects(effect) such as overweight
and heart disease－the very thing the medical
community was trying to fight.
2．(2021·全国卷Ⅱ)This development was only
possible with the introduction(introduce) of
electric­powered engines and lifts.
1.给出名词提示词，考
查名词的数；
2．给其他词性形式(通
常为动词、形容词)提示
词，填写名词；
3．名词的固定搭配。

短文
改错
1.(2021·全国卷Ⅰ)The instructor kept repeating
the word→words，“Speed up！” “Slow down！”
【导学号：33220097】
2．(2021·全国卷Ⅱ)Besides，they often get some
useful informations→information from the
Internet.
1.可数名词单复数的错
用；
2．混淆名词的可数与不
可数。

(对应学生用书第174页)
名词的数
[先试做题组]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2021·四川高考)Any smell might attract natural enemies(enemy) that would try to eat the little panda.
2．(2021·淄博二模)He lost all his keys(key) to the doors，so he had to get them opened by force.
Ⅱ.单句改错
Though we are now out of danger，the broken bridge is still great danger to car drivers.great前加a
[再解读要点]
名词按其词汇意义可分为专有名词和一般名词。

一般名词包括可数名词和不可数名词。

可数名词有单数和复数之分， 不可数名词没有单复数之分。

1．可数名词复数的变化规则 (1)名词复数的规则变化
(2) 名词复数的不规则变化
①单复数同形：deer ，sheep ，Chinese ，means(方式， 方法)，series ，species
②词形变化：man →men，woman →women ，child →children ，tooth →teeth ，f oot →feet，mouse →mice ，ox →oxen
③合成名词的复数：passer­by →passers­by，looker ­on →lookers ­on ，grown ­up →grown ­ups ，stand ­by →stand ­bys
④名词前有man 或woman 修饰，变复数时，作定语的man/woman 和中心词都要变为复数形式。

如：woman doctor →women doctors，man waiter →men waiters (3)常以复数形式显现的名词：thanks ，congratulations ，
trousers ，works(著作；工厂)，manners(礼貌)，spirits(情绪)，instructions(操作说明)，directions(用法说明)，papers(试卷， 文件)，times(时代)等。

2．抽象名词具体化
⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧experience[U]体会
an experience[C]一次经历
⎩
⎪⎨⎪⎧surprise[U]惊奇a surprise[C]一个/次令人吃惊的人或事
⎩
⎪⎨⎪⎧pleasure[U]愉快a pleasure[C]一件乐事 ⎩
⎪⎨⎪⎧success[U]成功a success[C]一个（件）成功的人或事 ⎩
⎪⎨⎪⎧comfort[U]安慰a comfort[C]一个（件）令人安慰的人或事
名词的固定搭配
[先试做题组] Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．I have no hesitation(hesitate) in recommending her for the job.
2．(江西高考)Whenever I made mistakes(mistake)，the teacher pointed them out with patience. Ⅱ.单句改错
Many parents in China always attach too much important to words ，ordering their children to do this or that. important →importance
【导学号：33220098】
[再解读要点]
名词构成的固定搭配要紧有两类：“动词＋名词＋介词”和“介词＋名词”。

常考的高频短语：
1．介词＋名词 with patience 耐心地 by chance/accident 偶然 at a loss 不知所措 in advance 提早 in favor of 支持， 赞成 on purpose 有意地
beyond recognition 无法辨认 in great demand 需求量专门大 2．动词＋名词＋介词
have/gain access to 能够获得 take advantage of 利用， 趁……之机 make use of 利用
find fault with 挑……的错 keep pace with 与……同步 put an end to 终止……
take notice of注意到
catch sight of看见
do damage to损害……
attach importance to重视……
take the place of取代，代替
take pride in以……自豪
take possession of占有
make preparations for为……做预备
make contributions to对……做出奉献
[技法点拨]
二、冠词
[全国卷考情分析]
2．(2021·全国卷Ⅱ)This
included digging up the road，
laying the track and then
building a strong roof over the
top.
短文改错
1.(2021·全国卷Ⅱ)They live
far from the school，and it
takes them about a→an/one
hour and a half to go to work
every day.
2．(2021·全国卷Ⅲ)Around me
in 错误! picture are the
things that were very
important in my life at that
time：car magazines and musical
instruments.
1.不定冠词a和an的错用；
2．不定冠词a(n)和定冠词the
的错用；
3．单数可数名词前冠词的缺失；
4．冠词的余外；
5．常见固定搭配中冠词的缺失与
余外。

(对应学生用书第176页)
不定冠词
[先试做题组]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2021·重庆一中月考)“The match between these two teams is great，” said Jim，and I hope to see a second.
2．(2020·四川高考)Brian is gifted in writing music；he is very likely to be a Beethoven.
【导学号：33220099】Ⅱ.单句改错
(2021·山东临沭一中月考)In the car park there Gina nearly got knocked over
as car drove out far too quickly from behind a lorry.
在第二个car前加a
[再解读要点]
不定冠词用于表示泛指，一样修饰单数可数名词，有a和an两种形式。

当紧跟冠词的
名词的第一个音素是辅音音素(不是辅音字母)时，用不定冠词a；当紧跟冠词的名词的第一个音素是元音音素(不是元音字母)时，用不定冠词an。

1．不定冠词的差不多用法
(1)用作可数名词单数前，泛指某一类人或物中的任何一个。

It is generally accepted that a boy must learn to stand up and fight like
a man.人们普遍认为男小孩必须学会像男人那样站起来斗争。

(2)用在专有名词前表示“某一个”相当于a certain。

—Excuse me，would you please give the iPad to John?
——打搅一下，请你把那个iPad给约翰好吗？
—Sorry，but I don't think there's a John in our class.——对不起，然而
我认为在我们班里没有叫约翰的。

(3)用在“be＋of＋a/an＋名词”结构中，表示“同一，相同”时，相当于of the
same＋名词。

The two plants look different，but they are of a kind (＝of the same kind)．这两种植物看上去不同，但属于同一类。

2．不定冠词的活用
(1)用于序数词前，表示“又一，再一”。

(北京高考)First impressions are the most lasting.After all，you never get
a second chance to make a first impression.
最初的印象最持久。

如何说，你不可能有机会给别人再留下一个第一印象。

(2)不定冠词能够用于某些具体化的抽象名词前，常考的具体化的抽象名词：
success，failure，surprise，pleasure，beauty，pity，danger，comfort，honour
等。

(山东高考)Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough
times.
在困难的时期，能够买得起一杯饮料是一件令人感到欣慰的事。

(3)有些不可数名词如knowledge，collection，understanding等后面加of...时，
前面需用不定冠词a/an。

have a (good) knowledge of...“熟知……”；have a
(clear/good) understanding of...“了解……”。

(2021·烟台模拟)If you don't have a good knowledge of English，it's out of
the question for you to use it flexibly and fluently.
假如你不熟知英语，那么何谈灵活而流利地运用它呢！
3．用于固定搭配中
all of a sudden突然地 as a matter of fact事实上
at a loss不知所措；困惑 pay a visit to参观；拜望
be/go on a diet节食 give sb.a lift让某人搭便车
make a fool of 愚弄 in a hurry匆忙地
make a living谋生 a waste of...白费
once in a while偶然 keep an eye on 留意；留神
have a gift for在……方面有天赋
have a word with与……谈话
in a way从某种意义上说
as a result/consequence 因此
定冠词
[先试做题组]
Ⅰ.单句改错
(2021·江西南昌联考)They only eat what they like and never touch food they don't like even if they really need it for their health.
food前加the
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．(2021·山东寿光现代中学月考)The unsuccessful person，on the other hand，works little and just waits to see them pass by.
2．比较应用①Xiamen is the most beautiful coastal city I have ever seen so that I will come again.
②Qingdao is a most beautiful coastal city and I believe I will come for
a second time.
[再解读要点]
1．定冠词的差不多用法
(1)指双方都明白的人或物，或特指的人或物的名词前。

(2020·重庆高考)I just heard the bank where Dora works was robbed by a gunman wearing a mask.我刚刚听说多拉工作的那家银行被一名持枪蒙面人抢劫了。

(2)用于某些形容词或分词前，表示一类人。

(2021·四川高考)We're not saying that everyone needs to contribute their lives to the poor.我们并不是说每个人都需要为穷人奉献自己的一切。

(3)用于序数词、形容词、副词的最高级以及形容词only，very，same前，以及对
两个人或物进行比较时起特定作用的比较级前。

(陕西高考)As is known to all，the People's Republic of China is the biggest
developing country in the world.众所周知，中华人民共和国是世界上最大的进
展中国家。

This book is the better one of the two.
这本书是这两者中较好的那一本。

易错警示
a与most连用，位于形容词前时，most是表示程度的副词，意为“专门”；the与most连用，位于形容词或副词前时，most是最高级的标志，意为“最……的”。

“按……运算”。

但size，weight这类名词跟by连用时不加定冠词。

He was surprised to find that books are sold by weight in this bookstore，that is，by the kilogram.
他惊奇地发觉在这家书店书是按重量来卖，也确实是说是按公斤来卖的。

(5)用于“动词(hit，strike，pull，take等)＋sb.＋介词＋the＋表示躯体部位
的名词”结构中，其中的the不可用物主代词代替。

hit sb.on the head 打某人的头
pull /take sb.by the hand拉/抓住某人的手
strike sb.in the face打某人的脸
2．用于固定搭配中
at the moment 此刻，目前 by the way顺便说一下
in the way 阻碍；挡路 in the distance在远处
not in the least 一点也不 on the contrary与此相反the other day 几天之前
on the other hand另一方面
to the point中肯；切题 take the place of 代替
go to the cinema/theater去看电影/戏剧
in the habit of有……的适应
make the most/best of 充分利用
to tell (you) the truth(跟你)说实话
for the time being 临时
零冠词
[先试做题组]
单句改错
1．(2021·四川成都外国语学校月考)I told him I could not go to the college because
I did not want to study anymore.去掉the
2．(2021·福建福州十三中期中)How are you？Today I've got a wonderful news to tell you.去掉a
3．Sam has been appointed the manager of the engineering department to take the place of George.
去掉manager前的the
[再解读要点]
1．零冠词的差不多用法
(1)用于不含一般名词的纯专有名词或表示泛指的抽象名词、物质名词、不可数名
词或复数名词前。

(2020·福建高考)Human life is regarded as part of nature and，as such，
the only way for us to survive is to live in harmony with nature.
人类生活被认为是自然的一部分，因此我们生存的唯独方式确实是要与自然和谐相
处。

(江西高考)The Smiths don't usually like staying at hotels，but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by the sea.
史密斯夫妇通常不喜爱住旅社，但去年夏天他们在海边的一个专门舒服的旅社住了
几天。

(2)名词前已有this，that，my，your，some，each，no，any 等指示代词、物主
代词、不定代词作定语时不用冠词。

Each student must hand in his(her) exercise book by the end of this week.
每个学生必须在本周末交作业本。

(3)表示头衔和职务的名词作表语、同位语或补语时，其前通常用零冠词。

(四川高考)Dr.Peter Spence，headmaster of the school，told us，“A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.”这所学校的校长彼得·斯
彭斯博士告诉我们说，“那个地点五分之一的学生都会到牛津大学或者剑桥大学连
续学习。

”
(4)用于表示无特指意义的季节、月份、日期、星期和三餐的名词，及球类、棋类
和学科名词前。

Of all the subjects，I like history best because it gives us a useful
knowledge of things in the past.
在所有科目中，我最喜爱历史，因为我们能够从中了解许多过去的有益的知识。

2．用于固定搭配中
on/catch fire 着火 by mistake 错误地
by chance/accident 碰巧 in history 在历史上 under repair 在修理中 hand in hand 手拉手 do harm to 对……有害 on purpose 有意地 in place 在正确位置 in danger 在危险中 in return 作为回报 at present 目前 ahead of time 提早 in advance 提早 lose heart 灰心 out of control 失控 at dawn/dusk/night 在清晨/黄昏/夜晚 make room for 为……让出空间
3．有无冠词意义不同的搭配
⎩
⎪⎨⎪⎧at table 在吃饭at the table 在桌子旁 ⎩
⎪⎨⎪⎧at school 在上学at the school 在学校 ⎩
⎪⎨⎪⎧in hospital 住院in the hospital 在医院里 ⎩
⎪⎨⎪⎧in charge of 掌管in the charge of 在……掌管之中 ⎩
⎪⎨⎪⎧out of question 毫无疑问out of the question 不可能 [技法点拨]
冠词与语法填空
冠词与短文改错
1.观看空格后部分的中心词是否
是名词或相当于名词的词或短语，因为冠词的作用通常确实是用来修饰名词。

1.做短文改错时第一要看名词是否可数。

不可数名
词前不加冠词，故不可数名词前的不定冠词为余外；而可数名词前若无冠词，则为冠词缺失，必须添加相应的冠词。

假如名词表示特指，则应用定冠词the 。

2．准确明白得语境，确定空格所填词表示泛指依旧特指。

3．明白得空格所在句子的意义，分析所填词是否是冠词活用或固定用法。

2．做题时要看可数名词或可数名词前修饰词的读音。

元音音素前用an 。

辅音音素前用a 。

专门注意useful ，hour ，honest 等的读音。

3．牢记冠词的固定搭配，确定冠词的增与删。

(对应学生用书第179页)
[核心考点针对练]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2021·安徽六校联考)As a businessman，Mr.Green is a complete failure.Being lazy may well be one of the disadvantages(disadvantage) to his failure. 2．(2021·哈师大附中月考)As far as I am concerned，my suggestion(suggest) is that we should always have a notebook and a Chinese­English dictionary within easy reach.
3．(2021·安徽宿州期末)Li Hua has a good knowledge of English and this will be an advantage over others in finding a proper job.
4．(2021·山东寿光现代中学月考)I considered myself very lucky because I was the only one of my friends who had their dads around.
5．(2021·河北邯郸模拟)The experiment took us five months and turned out a great disappointment.
6．(2021·宁波段考)My grandparents like to live in the countryside where they can enjoy a leisurely walk on the country road and feel the warmth of the sun on their faces.
7．What if your first choice is wrong？If so，just give yourself a second chance. 8．You are working too hard.You'd better keep a balance between work and relaxation. 9．Yesterday the firemen(fireman) examined the ground but were not able to find any clues to the cause of the fire.
【导学号：33220100】10．For many young people，going to university is one of the most important stages(stage) of their lives.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．(2021·天津高考)The dictionary is out of the date：many words have been added to the language since it was published.去掉date前的the
2．(2021·江西省重点中学联考)I don't think the experiment is a failure.At least we have gained an experience for future success.
去掉experience前的an
3．(2021·合肥八中段考)The airport bus leaves every 30 minute and will take you right to the Friendship Hotel.minute→minutes
4．—How can I take the medicine，sir?
—Just follow the direction on the bottle.
direction→directions
5．You should follow the doctor's advices and give up smoking.advices→advice
[高考题型综合练]
Ⅰ.语法填空
(2021·河北省石家庄市质检二)Felicity Miller，a 32­year­old British woman， 1 has a Chinese husband，still remembers the 2 (excite) when she first learned to use the “red packet” function on WeChat in 2020.She sent and grabbed some red packets in her Chinese family's group.The rule in her family was that the person who grabbed the 3 (high) amount sent the next.
Attracted by the unique way of communicating，many foreigners 4 (join) in sending and grabbing red packets so ually，the money in each packet is random.Thus the amount of money one can grab 5 (large) depends on his or her luck，from 0.01 yuan to less than 200 yuan.Many foreigners get more familiar 6 Chinese culture through “red packets”．Two years ago，when Felicity Miller was sent 5.20 or 8.88 yuan red packets，she had no clue about the 7 (hide) meanings.Now，she has not only known about them，but also has sent a few. However，the popularity of virtual red packets doesn't stop people sending paper red packets 8 (contain) real cash during the Spring Festival.It 9 (call) lucky money.In Chinese tradition，people take giving children lucky money as 10 blessing.
【语篇解读】许多外国人通过“微信红包”更加熟悉中国文化。

然而真正的纸质红包并未
被替代，在春节时人们给小孩压岁钱以表示对小孩的祝福。

1．who[考查定语从句。

分析本句结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语，先行词为a 32­year­old British woman，故用who引导该定语从句。

] 2．excitement[考查名词。

依照空前的定冠词the可知，空处用名词形式。

]
3．highest[考查最高级。

依照语境并结合常识可知，抢到红包金额最高的人要发下一个红包，故用最高级。

]
4．have joined[考查动词的时态。

依照该句中的“so far”可知，到目前为止，差不多有许多外国人被“微信红包”这一专门的交流方式吸引，并参与了抢红包和发红包。

据此可知，本句用现在完成时。

]
5．largely[考查副词。

空处修饰动词短语“depends on”，故用副词形式。

]
6．with[考查固定搭配。

许多外国人通过“微信红包”更加熟悉中国文化。

get familiar with为固定搭配，意为“熟悉……”。

]
7．hidden[考查形容词。

Felicity Miller不明白这两个数字后的隐藏意义。

依照空前的冠词the和空后的名词meanings可知，此处应用形容词作定语，故填hidden。

]
8．c ontaining [考查现在分词。

paper red packets 和动词contain 之间是主谓关系且contain 与句子谓语之间无连词，故用现在分词短语作名词paper red packets 的后置定语。

]
9．is called [考查动词的时态和语态。

这种纸质的红包被称为“压岁钱”。

依照句意可知，主语“It”和动词call 之间为动宾关系，故用被动语态；本句陈述的是一样现象，故用一样现在时。

]
10．a [考查不定冠词。

人们将给小孩压岁钱作为一种祝福。

此处泛指“一种祝福”，故用不定冠词。

]
【导学号：33220101】
Ⅱ.短文改错
(2021·湖北七市联考)I have met many teachers since I begin my schooling.Of all my teachers ，Mrs.Green is the one who impresses me most.Though she is 50，she looks very young at her age paring with other teachers ，Mrs.Green pays more attention to her way of teaching.She tries various ways to make her class lively and interestingly.In her opinion ，we will not only know “what ” but also understand “why ”．So instead of giving us answer immediately ，she encourages us to think carefully every time when she puts forward questions.With her help ，we have learned how to analyz e and settled problems.What the amazing world of “why” she leads us! She is such a learned person that we all admire him very much.
【答案】
I have met many teachers since I begin began
my schooling.Of all my teachers ，Mrs.Green is the one who impresses me most.Though she is 50，she looks very young at for
her paring Compared
with other teachers ，Mrs.Green pays more attention to her way of teaching.She tries various ways to make her class lively and interestingly interesting
.In her opinion ，we will not only know “what ” but also understand “why ”．So instead of
giving us answer answers
immediately ，she encourages us to think carefully every time ﹨when she puts forward questions.With her help ，we have learned how to analyze and settled settle
problems.What the an
amazing world of “why” she leads us ∧to ！ She is such a learned
person that we all admire him her
very much.。