固定资产、自然资源、无形资产

BUILDINGS
• The cost of buildings includes all necessary expenditures relating to the purchase or construction of a building.
• When a building is purchased, such costs include the purchase price, closing costs, and real estate broker’s commission.
• Cost includes all expenditures required in assembling, installing, and testing the unit.
• Recurring costs such as licenses and insurance are expensed as incurred.
• Plant assets are recorded at cost in accordance with the cost principle.
• Cost consists of all expenditures necessary to acquire the asset and make it ready its intended use.
• These costs include purchase price, freight costs, and installation costs.
• Expenditures that are not necessary should be recorded as expenses, or other assets.
固定资产、自然资源、 无形资产
2021/7/17
PLANT ASSETS 固定资产
• Plant assets are tangible resources that are used in the operations of a business and are not intended for sale to customers.
BUILDINGS
• Costs to make the building ready for its intended use consist of expenditures for remodeling and replacing or repairing the roof, floors, wiring, and plumbing.
LAND
• The cost of Land includes: 1 ）cash purchase price 2 ）closing costs such as title and attorney’s fees 3 ）real estate brokers’ commissions 4 ）accrued property taxes and other on the land assumed by the purchaser. • All necessary costs incurred in making land ready
• Plant assets are subdivided into four classes: 1 Land 土地 2 Land improvements 土地附着物 3 Buildings 建筑物 4 Equipment 设备
DETERMINING THE COST OF PLANT ASSETS
The cost of equipment consists of the cash purchase price, sales taxes, freight charges, and insurance during transit paid by the purchaser. It also includes expenditures required in assembling, installing, and testing the unit. However, motor vehicle licenses and accident insurance on company cars and trucks are expensed as incurred, since they represent annual recurring expenditures that do not benefit future periods
USE OF DEPRECIATION METHODS IN MAJOR U.S. COMPANIES
4% Declining balance 5% Units-of-activity 9% Other
82% Straight-line
STRAIGHT-LINE 直线法
• Under the straight-line method, depreciation is the same for each year of the asset’s useful life.
accepted accounting principles. Management selects the method that is appropriate in the circumstances. Once a method is chosen, it should be applied consistently
Land
Cash price of property Net removal cost of warehouse Attorney’s fee Real estate broker’s commission
Cost of land
$ 100,000 6,000 1,000 8,000
$ 115,000
FACTORS IN COMPUTING DEPRECIATION
Three factors that affect the computation of
depreciation are: 1 Cost: all expenditures necessary to acquire the
asset and make it ready for intended use. 2 Useful life使用寿命: estimate of the expected life based on need for repair, service life, and vulnerability to obsolescence. 3 Salvage value 残值: estimate of the asset’s value at the end of its useful life.
for its intended use are debited to the Land account.
Sometimes purchased land has a building on it that must be removed to make the site suitable for construction of a new building. In this case, all demolition and removal costs less any proceeds from salvaged materials are chargeable to the Land account
Delivery Truck
Cash price
$ 22,000
taxes
1,320
Painting and lettering 500
Cost of delivery truck $ 23,820
Factory Machinery
Cash price Sales taxes Insurance during shipping Installation and testing
• Cost allocation is designed to provide for the proper matching of expenses with revenues in accordance with the matching principle.
DEPRECIATION 折旧
• During an asset’s life, its usefulness may decline because of wear and tear or obsolescence.
• Recognition of depreciation does not result in the accumulation of cash for the replacement of the asset.
• Land is the only plant asset that is not depreciated.
EQUIPMENT
• The cost of equipment consists of the cash purchase price, sales taxes, freight charges, and insurance paid by the purchaser during transit.
LAND IMPROVEMENTS
The cost of land improvements includes all expenditures necessary to make the improvements ready for their intended use such as: 1 parking lots, paving 2 fencing, and 3 lighting.
for losses,
MEASUREMENT OF PLANT ASSET COST 固定资产成本的计量
• Cost is measured by the cash paid in a cash transaction or by the cash equivalent price when non-cash assets are used in payment.
• The cash equivalent price is equal to the fair market value市场公允价值 of the asset given up or the fair market value of the asset received, whichever is more clearly determinable.
• When a new building is constructed, cost consists of the contract price plus payments for architects’ fees, building permits, interest payments during construction, and excavation costs.
methods of recognizing depreciation
• 1 Straight-line直线法 • 2 Units of activity产量法 • 3 Declining-balance余额递减法. • Each method is acceptable under generally
Cost of factory machinery
$ 50,000 3,000 500 1,000
$ 54,500
DEPRECIATION 折旧
• Depreciation is the process of allocating to expense the cost of a plant asset over its useful (service) life in a rational and systematic manner.