美国黑人在历史地位演变(英文)
黑人在美国历史扮演的角色
黑人在美国历史扮演的角色作者：王素琴来源：《大经贸·创业圈》2020年第05期【摘要】美国黑人指的是来自美国，与此同时又是最初来自非洲的深色人种。
他们被欧洲殖民者运送到美国，而在美国，他们又被称为非洲人，有色人种，黑鬼和黑人。
本文主要介绍了美国黑人在以下几个方面的演变：经济，政治，称谓，等等以便于详细分析美国黑人的角色演变。
从这篇论文中我们可以得出一些结论：美国黑人在实现种族平等和提高美国民主体制方面做出了巨大贡献。
因此，他们在经历了巨大的苦难和牺牲后，值得拥有更高更好的形象和地位。
【关键词】奴隶制度美国黑人角色演变一简介非裔美国人与欧洲裔美国人之间的文化差异塑造了非裔美国人。
他们不能平等地参与美国社会。
她们被剥夺了结婚、接受教育和自由工作的权利。
他们不会说自己的母语，也不会进行自己的文化活动，结果，他们完全失去了自己的非洲语言和文化。
1861年，美国内战爆发。
1862年，美国总统林肯的《解放宣言》宣布黑人奴隶获得自由，从而瓦解了南方各州的战斗力量，扭转了局面。
1865年5月1日，美国国会通过了《第十三修正案》，宣布奴隶制在其管辖范围内是非法的。
1865年2月18日，该文件开始生效，奴隶制被废除。
大量的非裔美国人被困在贫民窟，而那里是大多数群体住的地方。
失业、贫困、婴儿死亡率和社会地位低下在贫民区极为普遍。
自奴隶制时代以来，作为下层阶级的一员，只有少数受过教育的黑人享受到了温和的经济增长。
非裔美国人是美国历史上一个受歧视的群体。
种族歧视问题在美国社会中异常突出，同时奴隶制也是美国历史上的一项特殊制度。
本文主要从称谓、政治、经济三个方面介绍了非裔美國人在美国社会和历史中的变迁作用。
1.1非裔美国人的原始角色1619年，非洲人被贩卖到美国去种植棉花和烟草。
这种情况滋生了一种种族主义意识形态。
非洲奴隶被称为黑人，被认为是低人一等的，他们生来懒惰，不负责任并且愚蠢。
他们没有结婚、受教育和独立工作的权利。
美国黑人历史 英文
In 1926, Woodson changed the name to Negro History Week. He selected the month of February for the celebration as a way to honor of the birth of two men whose actions drastically altered the future of black Americans. Abraham Lincoln, the U.S. President who issued the Emancipation Proclamation was born on February 12th and Frederick Douglass, one of the nation’s leading abolitionists was born on February 14th. Dr. Carter G. Woodson died in 1950, but his legacy continued on as the celebration of Negro History Week was adopted by cities and organizations across the country. This observance proved especially important during the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s, a time when the inhumane and unequal treatment of black people in America was being challenged and overturned. The Black Power Movement of the 1970s emphasized racial pride and the significance of collective cultural values. This prompted the ASNLH, now called the Association for the Study of African American Life and History, to change Negro History Week to Black History Week. In 1976, they extended the week to a month-long observance. Black History Month is now recognized and widely celebrated by the entire nation on both a scholarly and commercial level. The Association for the Study of African American Life and History continues to promote, preserve and research black history and culture year-round.
【英语国家概况】【USA 美国黑人】
However,long after 1865,the dominant whites in most of the South were still finding ways of excluding black citizens from real equality. 然而，1865后不久，在大多数南方白人占主导地位的仍然 是从寻找真正的平等不包括黑人公民的途径。
The status of Black now
Discrimination against blacks, both in admission to all public places and in employment, is now illegal. While formal discriminations have decreased and old forms of segregations have been dismantled, subtle patterns of informal discrimination in housing, employment, education and virtually every social sphere still persists. 对黑人的歧视，无论是在进入所有公共场所和就业， 现在是非法的。虽然正式的歧视已经减少和旧形式 的偏析已被拆除，微妙的住房，就业，教育非正式 的歧视的模式和几乎所有社会领域仍然存在。
Martin Luther King
By the 1970, blacks were registered as voters in the South almost in the same proportion as whites, and many blacks were elected to important offices in southern states. Over the past three decades, blacks have been elected as mayors of several of the nation’s biggest cities, including Chicago and Washington, D.C.; others have been elected or appointed to many of the highest national and state offices in the South as well as in the North, including the Cabinet and the Supreme Court. There are now some thousands of black millionaires, not only athletes and entertainers, but also in business and other professions.
美国黑人地位变迁精品PPT课件
4. After the American civil war until now
美国黑人运动
“黑白分明”社会中的“劣等”人，种族隔离
白人顽固的种族主义思想 起因：1955 年12月1日，亚拉巴马州蒙哥马利城黑人R.帕克斯夫人在公 共汽车上拒绝让座给白人，被捕入狱。
马丁·路德·金 外文名： Martin Luther King, Jr.
→ 独立宣言(The declaration ofindepedence) 1776.7.4
虽标榜“一切人生来平等”，却只字 不提黑人奴隶问题，黑奴不完全是人， 仅是“五分之三”非公民，黑人的地
位没有得到明显改善。
托马斯·杰斐逊(1743－1826)，美国政治家、 思想家、哲学家、科学家、教育家，第三任美 国总统。他是美国独立战争期间的主要领导人 之一，1776年，作为一个包括约翰·亚当斯和 本杰明·富兰克林在内的起草委员会的成员， 起草了美国《独立宣言》。此后，他先后担任 了美国第一任国务卿，第二任副总统和第三任 总统。
5.2008.11.5，巴拉克*奥巴马当选美国总 统，成为美国历史上首位黑人总统。
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美国黑人地位的演变
The United States of America Black‘s status-evolution 1.before the American War of independence 2.during the American War of independence 3.during the American civil war 4.after the American civil war until now
浅论美国黑人政治地位的演变
浅论美国黑人政治地位的演变论文题目浅论美国黑人政治地位的演变目录一、引言 (1)二、美国独立战争前的黑人政治地位 (2)（一）肮脏的奴隶贸易 (2)（二）悲惨的奴隶境况 (2)（三）卑贱的奴隶地位 (3)三、独立战争时期的黑人政治地位 (4)四、南北战争时期的黑人政治地位 (5)(一)享有一定法律地位 (5)(二)享有各项公民权利 (6)五、南北战争后至今的黑人政治地位 (7)（一）法院诉讼阶段（20世纪初——50年代中期） (7)（二）直接行动阶段（20世纪50年代后——70年代） (8)（三）积极参政阶段（20世纪70年代以来） (9)六、结语 (10)浅论美国黑人政治地位的演变陈观英指导教师冯正好摘要从奴隶到总统，美国黑人走过的是一条艰辛曲折的政治之路。
从奴隶制时期的毫无政治地位可言到林肯总统废除黑奴制，从蒙哥马利汽车抵制运动到《选举权法》的签署生效，从雪莉?奇泽姆宣布自己将作为民主党候选人之一竞选美国总统到如今奥巴马当选总统，黑人的地位得到了不断的改善和提高。
这些成绩都是广大黑人及白人废奴者不懈斗争的结果。
但美国的种族歧视并未完全消除，美国黑人全面提高自身地位的斗争仍在继续。
关键词美国黑人奴隶种族歧视选举权参政一、引言巴拉克?侯赛因?奥巴马，首先是一个非洲式的名字，而且还带有伊斯兰味道。
在美国，这两点都意味着非主流和弱势。
但是，这个名字的主人却创造了一项历史，他是美国1776年建国以来第一位当选总统的非洲裔黑人。
2008年11月5日，当美国总统的选举结果尘埃落定，黑人奥巴马获得的声誉及历史影响，无疑是震撼的。
一个和平时期靠民选而成功当上美国总统的人，为何吸引了整个美国的异常关注甚至全世界所有关心国际事件的人的心都在为之欢欣鼓舞？要了解一个黑人当选为美国总统的积极意义和其历史定性，就必须要回顾一下美国黑人在美国社会中受到的长达两个世纪的种族歧视。
一直以来，美国黑人这一群体都是世界关注的热点，东西方学者对美国黑人问题进行了比较广泛、细致的研究，并取得了一定的研究成果。
美国黑人在美国历史上的发展历程
Negro
Negro / Nigger
Darkie
Black African American
African American
Introduction of Slavery 17th & 18th Century American Civil War 19th Century The Civil Rights Movement 20th Century
Introduction of Slavery 17th & 18th Century
Black slaves were the slave owners’ private property, they were treat just like animals and were purchased to do some hard work, there was no freedom for them.
How does the status of African Americans improved in the course of American history？
Dix-sept
2014-11-30
How can we call those black people?
Spanish word “black”
Montgomery Bus Boycott 蒙哥马利巴士抵制运动
• Under the system of segregation used on Montgomery buses, white people who boarded the bus took seats in the front rows, filling the bus toward the back. Black people who boarded the bus took seats in the back rows, filling the bus toward the front. • Eventually, the two sections would meet, and the bus would be full. If other black people boarded the bus, they were required to stand. • If another white person boarded the bus, then everyone in the black row nearest the front had to get up and stand, so that a new row for white people could be created.
美国黑人历史 英文
From 1619 to about 1640, Africans could earn their freedom working as laborers and artisans for the European settlers. Africans could become free people and enjoy some of the liberties like other new settlers. By 1640, Maryland became the first colony to institutionalize slavery. In 1641, Massachusetts, in its written legislative Body of Liberties, stated that "bondage was legal" servitude, at that moment changing the conditions of the African w10o/6r/k20e2r0s - they became chattel slaves who could be bought
Celebrat e Black History Month
10/6/2020
Created by Natalie Walker, Russell Conwell Center, Temple University
Welcome!
Thank you for “attending” the African American History Month Online Workshop. There is a lot of great information about various aspects of African American history and culture . Please familiarize yourself with the information provided on this PowerPoint, the information given through the video and be prepared to take the quiz afterward.
african american美国黑人
Harlem Renaissance （哈莱姆文艺复兴）
The Harlem Renaissance was also a time of increased political involvement for African Americans. Among the famous African American political movements founded in the early 20th century are the United Negro Improvement Association（美黑人改良协会）and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People（NAACP即全国有色人种促进协会）.
GOOD AFTERNOON,
EVERYONE~~
参考网址
/wiki/African_American_culture /wnet/aaworld/ /subject/History/tm/black.html
Kwanzaa(宽扎节)
Kwanzaa is observed each year from December 26 to January 1. Participants in Kwanzaa celebrations affirm their African heritage(遗产,传统) and the importance of family and community by drinking from a unity cup; lighting red, black, and green candles; exchanging heritage symbols, such as African art; and telling the lives of people who struggled for African and African American freedom
African American’s status-evolution美国黑人地位提升进程英文report
African American’s status-evolutionIn this passage, we want to talk about African American's status-evolution. The United States is comprised of people of different races, and among which, about 12 percent of them are black people, known as African American. In fact, from 1619 to now, during about 400 years, Their social status has been kept changing, or in other word, improving.At the very beginning, African American lived a slavish life. Most of Black people in American are seed of the black slaves in the seventh century. The first recorded Africans in British North America were "20 and odd Negroes" who came to Jamestown, Virginia via Cape Comfort in August 1619 as indentured servants, which was similar to slavery. In 1619, the first group of black people was looted to the United States by Dutch from western Africa, mainly from Angola, Congo. After that, they were enslaved to White People, acting as tool just like animals in early plantation and later, also in factories. According to researches, by the end of 17th century, about 1,300,000 Africans endured great sufferance in the New World. Slave system did not fully develop until the 18th century. We consider it as the bottom of their social status.During the 1770s, Africans, both enslaved and free, helped rebellious English colonists secure American Independence by defeating the British in the American Revolution.After War of Independence. African Americans still had not complete democratic right like White People did.Further more, one of the most important reasons why the Civil War broke out is about the slavery in the south of America. In the period of time, blacks couldn’t get equal treatment, they were humiliated, scolded even abused and tortured by whites. President Lincoln led the war into victory, which indirectly ended the slave system. In December 1864, Congress moved the United States at the end of the 13th amendment to the Constitution 13th amendment in 1865 was made completely, all United States abolished slavery. 1868 14th amendment citizens rights and give the Federal Government greater authority to require the States to provide equal legal protection. In 1870, the 15th amendment guaranteed black male (not including black women) voting rights. The 14th and 15th amendments overturned the United States Supreme Court's Dred Scott decision of 1857, but particularly in the 14th amendment, there were unexpected and far-reaching impact. After that, black people began to win some respect from other races little by little.Combined with a growing African-American community in the Northern United States, the Great Migration of the early 20th century, led to a movement to fight violence and discrimination against African Americans that, crossed racial lines. In 1960s, by their fighting, after the black civil rights movement, African American’s right and status have been improved greatly by now. In 1963, Martin Luther King delivered a famous speech called “I have a dream”in Washington D.C, stating thatblack people are supposed to possess the identical rights as white people do. finally forcing the Congress next year to pass a Bill, announced the policy of racial segregation and discrimination as illegal, becoming United States key events in the history of the civil rights movement. It is unfortunate that on April 4, 1968, King was shot and killed, African American civil rights movement in the year to an end. With all that efforts, and his sacrifice the Africans in USA eventually got their liberation and their freedom and highly promoted the position of black people and made a huge step in the mankind history.In the modern society, there are still many examples which have proved black people have never stopped to fight for themselves, for their social status. Obama was elected the first black president of America in 2008. It is incredible and controversial for a black to take charge of the whole country, whereas Obama did it. The process of converting from slave to president has marked the black people themselves have fundamentally changed the situation. NBA is a paradise of black people. They actualize their values and dreams by their unmatched strength and power. In the field of music, they also do their utmost to win the respect. Mariah Carey, Beyonce, Rihanna, all these divas gain their unshakable positions by their hardworking and effortless voices.So throughout the best and darkest time of America, discussing about African Americans’status-evolution, we think that, the leading trend isthat African Americans status have been improved greatly, and we ascribes it to the development of American democracy and, more importantly, their own fighting for their right.。
英语关于黑人的作文
英语关于黑人的作文The History and Struggles of the Black Community。
The history of the black community is one that isfilled with both triumph and struggle. From the days of slavery to the civil rights movement, black people have faced countless challenges and injustices. Despite these obstacles, the black community has continued to push forward and fight for equality and justice.The history of black people in America dates back to the days of slavery. From the 17th to the 19th century, millions of black people were forcibly brought to America and sold into slavery. They were treated as property, subjected to inhumane conditions, and denied their basic human rights. Despite these horrific circumstances, the black community persevered and maintained their dignity and strength.The abolition of slavery in 1865 was a significantvictory for the black community, but it did not mark the end of their struggles. The period of Reconstruction was met with resistance and violence from white supremacists, leading to the implementation of Jim Crow laws that enforced racial segregation and discrimination. This era of segregation and oppression persisted for decades, creating a system of inequality that impacted every aspect of black people's lives.The civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s marked a turning point in the fight for equality. Led byinfluential figures such as Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks, the black community and their allies organized protests, marches, and boycotts to demand an end to segregation and discrimination. Their efforts culminated in the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which were crucial steps towards dismantling institutionalized racism.Despite these legislative victories, the black community continues to face systemic racism and inequality. From disparities in education and employment todisproportionate rates of incarceration and police brutality, black people are still fighting for equal treatment and opportunities. The Black Lives Matter movement, which gained momentum in recent years, has brought attention to the ongoing struggles of the black community and sparked important conversations about racial injustice.In addition to facing external challenges, the black community also grapples with internal issues such as colorism and internalized racism. These issues stem from the legacy of slavery and colonialism, which have left lasting scars on the black community. Addressing these complex issues requires not only societal change but also introspection and healing within the black community.Despite the many challenges they have faced, the black community has made significant contributions to every aspect of society. From art and music to science and technology, black people have played a vital role in shaping the world we live in. Their resilience, creativity, and perseverance have been instrumental in the fight forjustice and equality.Moving forward, it is crucial for society to continue addressing the systemic issues that have plagued the black community for centuries. This includes reforming the criminal justice system, addressing economic inequality, and dismantling the barriers that have hindered the progress of black people. It also requires a commitment to education, empathy, and understanding from people of all races.The history and struggles of the black community are an integral part of the broader narrative of human rights and social justice. By acknowledging the past and working towards a more equitable future, we can honor theresilience and strength of the black community and create a society that is truly inclusive and just for all.。
the evolution of aframericans’ roles in history 美国黑人在历史上角色的演变研究大学论文
摘要所谓美国黑人，是历史上被欧洲殖民者劫运到美国的非洲黑人奴隶的后裔，又称非洲裔美国人。
属尼格罗人种。
其中2／3为黑白混血种人。
通用英语。
美国黑人在历史上起过重要作用，他们积极参加美国独立战争和反法西斯战争，屡立战功。
对发展美国的经济文化也作出了很大贡献，他们一直是美国农业的主要力量；在钢铁工业中黑人工人约占1／3，在汽车工业中约占半数；在音乐、文艺、体育方面，黑人的成就更为显著。
本文主要从称谓，政治，经济，黑人英语，以及文化等方面来研究美国黑人在历史上角色的演变，充分考察了美国历史文化，选取在各个领域最有代表的美国黑人以及对美国黑人地位演变有着巨大推动作用的人物，从正面和侧面来证明如下结论：美国黑人从奴隶到总统这漫长的历史中，在实现族种平等摆脱奴隶制度的艰难过程中，付出了血与泪的代价；美国黑人角色的演变和地位的提高标志着美国民主制度的逐步完善。
推而广之，一个种族，一类群体要想在其所属的领域占有一席之地，有所建树，是要从各个方面来提升自己并拼搏的，即中国古语所说的文武双全；反之，要看一个种族，一类群体是否在其所属的领域地位和角色有所提升，是要从各个方面考察的。
总之，道路是曲折的，可是，前途却是光明的。
关键词: 奴隶制度美国黑人角色演变ABSTRACTAfrican-Americans are persons from America who are members of a race of people who have dark skin, originally from Africa. They were transported to the United States by European colonizers and called African, Negro, Colored, and Black in history. The original role of the African Americans in American society is African slaves. Though they lived in poor accommodations and lacked adequate food, they made a very positive contribution to American society in history.（Pollard, 2004）This study is mainly concerns on the evolution of African-Americans’ role-play in American society from the following aspects: appellation, politics, economy, Black English, literature, etc; this study is through great information about American history and culture, conspicuous representatives from respective field to analyzing African-Americans’ evolutionary roles in detail directly or indirectly.From this paper, some conclusions can be drawn. In the process of slipping slavery, fulfilling racial equality, improving American democratic system, African-Americans play a significant role in American society. They deserve a higher status in American society after all that life-long hard work with terrible cost of the revolution in death and suffering.Through analyzing that, get a deeper conclusion that it need all-round promotion in improving the role of some group of weak race or minority in society though bleeding and difficult it may be. We should respect them. Their experiences prove that process is winding, and future is promising.Key word: Slavery African American Evolutionary Role目录1. 引言 (1)1.1 美国黑人的定义 (2)1.2 美国黑人的原始角色及概况 (2)1.3 制约美国黑人发展的因素 (3)2从称谓变化看美国黑人的角色演变 (4)2.1 非洲人 (4)2.2 有色人 (4)2.3 尼格罗 (5)2.4 黑人 (5)2.5 非洲裔美国人 (6)3从政治和经济角度看美国黑人角色演变 (8)3.1 亚伯拉罕.林肯的《解放黑人奴隶宣言》 (8)3.2 马丁.路德.金的《我有一个梦想》 (12)3.3 芭芭拉.乔丹的正义之声 (14)3.4 贝拉克.奥巴马的“是的，我们可以” (17)3.5 美国黑人对经济所做出的贡献 (20)4从黑人英语看美国黑人角色演变 (22)4.1 黑人英语概述 (22)4.2 黑人英语的起源 (22)4.3 黑人英语的地位 (25)5从文化角度看美国黑人角色演变 (26)5.1 音乐 (26)5.2 体育 (28)5.3 文学 (28)结论 (30)致谢 (31)参考文献 (31)CONTENTS1. Introduction (1)1.1 The Definition of African Americans (2)1.2 The Original Role of African Americans (2)1.3 The Main Factors that shape African Americans (3)2 The Evolution in Appellation (4)2.1 African (4)2.2 Colored (4)2.3 Negro (5)2.4 Black (5)2.5 African American (6)3 The Evolution of Aframerican s’ Roles in Politics and Economy (8)3.1 Abraham Lincoln and t he Emancipation Proclamation (8)3.2 Martin Luther King and I Have a Dream (12)3.3 Barbara Jordan and Her Voice for Justice (14)3.4 Barack Obama and Yes We Can (17)3.5 African American’s Contribution to Economy (20)4 Black English (22)4.1 Introduction of Black English (22)4.2 The Historical Origins of Black English (22)4.3 The Role of Black English (25)5 The Evolution of Aframericans’ Roles in Culture (26)5.1 Music (26)5.2 Sports (28)5.3 Literature (28)Conclusion (30)Acknowledgements (31)Bibliography (31)1.IntroductionThe Main Factors that shape African Americans was their cultural differences from the European Americans excluded them from equal participation in American society through formal and informal barriers and their historical circumstances.(Robertson,1986) So the original role of African-American was very low. They were not allowed to marry, be educated or work independently. Since they were not allowed to practice their cultural activities or speak their native languages, they lost their African culture and language completely. They worked long days, did not have much of a family life, and were lynched for violation of the rules set by their owners. They lived in poor accommodations and lacked adequate food.（Pollard, 2004）Slavery was outlawed in 1780 in the northern states. At the end of the US Civil War (1865), slavery was abolished everywhere in the United States. Legal segregation slowly ended, beginning with President Truman’s directive (1948) to en segregation in the US military and the US Supreme Court decision (1954) in the case of Brown vs. the Broad of Education of Topeka, Kansas. The Civil Rights Movement led by Martin Luther King, Jr. finally desegregated the South in the 1960’s. The Civil Rights Act (1964-1965) integrated minorities, women and other disadvantaged people into the work force. In spite of these laws and Affirmative Action which gives preferential treatment to women and minorities, discrimination in employment and housing still exists. By the 1990’s more educational and employment opportunities for African Americans and other minorities became available. However, because Affirmative Action has been controversial since its inception, it has been challenged and eliminated in some states.（Almes，2004）A large segment of the Black African-American population was trapped in ghettoes, areas in a city where minority groups lived, often because of pressure from the majority group. Unemployment, poverty, infant mortality, and a lower status in society were common in ghettoes. As members of an underclass since the days of slavery, only a limited number of educated Blacks enjoyed the moderate economic gains between the 1970’s and 1990’s.This paper will first concern on the background of the African Americans, and then make an analysis the changing of the roles from several aspects, such as politics, economy, and appellation, language, etc. Then listing the changing roles during the long process, at last gives a conclusion of the evolution of African Americans’ roles from analysis and comparison.The African-American is a particular group in America. Racial discrimination is a particular phenomenon in American society. Slavery is a particular system in American history. It deserves study.This paper gives the specific details that African American’s role-play in America from five aspects, such as appellation, politics, economy, Black English, literature. Maybe there are something that not so thoughtful or accurate. Please give your previous suggestions.1.1 The Definition of African AmericansWhat is the meaning of African-American? Macroscopically speaking, African-American is a person from America who is a member of a race of people who have dark skin, originally from Africa.Microcosmically speaking, African-Americans are also called Afro-Americans or Afromericans, which were transported unlawfully to the United States by the European colonizers in history.1.2 The Original Role of African AmericansBeginning in 1619 Africans were imported to the United States as slaves to work on the cotton, tobacco and plantations. Gradually, a racist ideology developed. African slaves were called Negro and stereotyped as subhuman, innately irresponsible, stupid, lazy and promiscuous. They were not allowed to marry, be educated or work independently. Since they were not allowed to practice their cultural activities or speak their native languages, they lost their African culture and language completely. They worked long days, did not have much of a family life, and were lynched for violation of the rules set by their owners. They lived in poor accommodations and lacked adequate food.A large segment of the Black African-American population was trapped in ghettoes, areas in a city where minority groups lived, often because of pressure from the majority group. Unemployment, poverty, infant mortality, and a lower status in society were common in ghettoes. As members of an underclass since the days of slavery, only a limited number of educated Blacks enjoyed the moderat e economic gains between the 1970’s and 1990’s.In the United States, race is a very important issue. Race guides the behavior, education, opportunities and resources of Americans. Dominant Euro-Americans have traditionally held political and economic power. Since many Euro-Americans consider the United States as theircountry, psychologically they do not seem to accept minority Americans who constitute the other 20% of the population. By the end of the twentieth century the American racial/ethnic population was approximately:The Declaration of Independence proclaimed that all men are created equal and have rights to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Tomas Jefferson, who wrote the Declaration of Independence,owned slaves. Others who signed the document also had slaves and held negative attitudes toward a large number of Black African-Americans formerly called Negroes. As a matter of fact, many of the leaders in the colonies who fought for American independence owned slaves. This was true in the Northern colonies as well as the Southern ones. One example is the famous American diplomat, inventor and businessman Benjamin Franklin. He owned slaves for thirty years and sold them at his general store. But his ideas about slavery changed during his long life. Benjamin Franklin started the first schools to teach blacks and later argued for their freedom.(Pollard, 2004)1.3 The Main Factors that shape African AmericansAccording to Jan Robertson, two factors have shaped the conditions of non-Europeans in the United States. First, their cultural differences from the European Americans excluded them from equal participation in American society through formal and informal barriers. Second, historical circumstances prevented their participation as equal partners in the society. This meant that Black Africans who were imported as slaves were not usually treated as equals by their owners or employers.2 The Evolution in AppellationThere was an English saying that sticks and stones may break my bones, but words can never hurt me. It is always utilized self-console that one doesn’t have to worry about negative things about spoken language. However, as a matter of fact, most people would rather lose money than be slandered. That’s what people attach importance to nowadays. Due to the phenomena and ideas, the old saying gets several variants. Such as, sticks and stones may break my bones, and names can also hurt me; Sticks and stones may break my bones, and words can also hurt me, etc. That’s the voice against unequal spoken language.African Americans go through a long and bloody way in order to win a satisfying name in society. Along the way, their names have been changed several times.(Du, 2005)2.1 AfricanIn 1554, an Englishman named William Towerson took five Africans to England, where they were taught English and fostered to be translators of slavery trade so that they could be put to good use of serving for the Western African colonies. In 1557, three of the five Africans returned to Gold Coast of Africa. It symbolizes the beginning of their use of English. And they were called Africans by English from then on.The appellation of African was used to unitarily call all kinds of Africans. But Europeans in America titled “free” or “slave” respectively according to the nature and type of Afri cans. For those who were unidentified, the Europeans in America titled them Nigger or Negro. During the two to three centuries, Africans were considered as comparative single status. Africans were either “free” or “slave”. So African’s not only a name of A fricans in Africa but also a title of Africans in America.2.2 ColoredIn 19th century, “Colored” became the appellation of African America n. People cannot clearly distinguish the native place in semantics from the appellation of African, especially after the founding of the United States. The slavery trade became less and less, while the African Americans became more and more after multiplying for generations. The appellation of African would confuse people easily.At the beginning, “Colored” referred to several free Africans. Then people considered it asall the African in America. Though the “Colored” showed racial discrimination, the leading persons in the Slavery Abolishing Movement used “Colored” in their speeches or articles. So other people tacitly approved it. In 1909, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People” showed that “Colored” was the formal appellation of the Africans in America. 2.3 NegroThe appellation of Negro originated in the end of 19th century. The American Negro Academy founded in 1897 and the National Business League founded in 1900 both regarded Negro as the unified appellation of the Africans in America.At the beginning of 20th century, people changed the appellation of the Africans in America from “Colored” into “Negro”. Because “Colored” in America dedicated their valiant spirit and bleeding sacrifice to fighting against fascists. It suddenly struck American politicians that “Colored” should be treated equally. Though the ideal dream w as not fulfilled, American official abolished the old appellation and adopted “Negro” instead in order to establish and safeguard the dignity of African Americans. On March 7, 1930, the New York Times said that “Negro” should be written with a capital “N” and it's the formal appel lation of Africans in America.2.4 BlackAs time went on, newspapers and publishing houses accepted the argument that the Negro group of words had indefensible racial overtones. A new name should be substituted for the slavery-imposed name. In 1966, an American Negro leader Stokeley Carmichael issued a call for Black power. Under the influence of the Black power, many African Americans started to recognize their equal right. They unlocked coloracracy and said to themselves “I’m black, and I’m proud” instead of “If you are white, you are all right; if you are brown, stick around; if you are black, git back”.There’s an essay and a great person that showed the origination of the appellation of Black.“Seems to me that the institutions that function in this co untry are clearly racist, and that they're built upon racism. And the question, then, is how can black people inside of this country move? And then how can white people who say they’re not a part of those institutions begin to move? And how then do we begin to clear away the obstacles that we have in this society, thatmake us live like human beings? How can we begin to build institutions that will allow people to relate with each other as human beings? This country has never done that, especially around the country of white or black.”“Now we want to take that to its logical extension, so that we could understand, then, what its relevancy would be in terms of new civil rights bills. I maintain that every civil rights bill in this country was passed for white people, not for black people. For example, I am black. I know that. I also know that while I am black I am a human being, and therefore I have the right to go into any public place. White people didn't know that. Every time I tried to go into a place they stopped me. So some boys had to write a bill to tell that white man, "He’s a human being; don’t stop him." That bill was for that white man, not for me. I knew it all the time. I knew it all the time.”“And we're never going to get caught up in questions about power. This country knows what power is. It knows it very well. And it knows what Black Power is 'cause it deprived black people of it for 400 years. So it knows what Black Power is. That the question of, Why do black people -- Why do white people in this country associate Black Power with violence? And the question is because of their own inability to deal with "blackness." If we had said "Negro power" nobody would get scared. Everybody would support it. Or if we said power for colored people, everybody would be for that, but it is the word "black" -- it is the word "black" that bothers people in this country, and that’s their problem, not mine.”Since then, Black had become more and more popular both in American society and life. Such as, Black History Week, Black Culture, Black Experience, etc.2.5 African AmericanIn 1977, Smitherman suggested that Black should be replaced by African American in her works about African American language study. Her suggestion didn’t come true until 1989. The celebrated scholar, Doctor Manning Marable published an article called African-American or Black? The Politic of Culture Identify in the periodical of Black Issues in Higher Education in April, 1989. After that the voice of changing name appeared in society.Doctor Dorothy Height played an important role in changing title of Black, as well as Jesse Jackson’s eloquent speech. The appellation of African American became more and more famousin newspapers, periodicals, TV shows, etc. in 1990, MOTOWN (a TV show) made a programme for the appellation of African America. Now, especially in the south of America, people almost don’t use Black but African American.African Americans went through a long and bloody way in order to win a satisfying name in society. Along the way, their names have been changed several times. That’s all for the appellation of African American’s titles. Every title shows that their social roles became more and more significant in America. It shows that sticks and stones may break my bones, and words can also hurt me.3 The Evolution of Aframericans’Roles in Politics and EconomyThere are four representatives played important roles in the evolution of African Americans’roles in Politics. They are Abraham Lincoln who fighted for the freedom and equal rights of African slaves, Martin Luther King，and Barbara Jordan，Barack Obama. This chapter will represent the experience of them in the process of slipping slavery, fulfilling racial equality, improving American democratic system.In addition, a little information of African Americans’ positive contribution to the overall American economy will be given.3.1 Abraham Lincoln and t he Emancipation ProclamationAbraham Lincoln is the only president in American history to lead a nation divided by civil war.At the heart of the issues that divided the South from the North was slavery. Southern states withdrew from the Union because they saw a threat to their way of life. Their agricultural economy depended on the labor of slaves originally brought from Africa. The states thought the federal government would free the slaves.South Carolina was the first to leave. It did so shortly after Lincoln's election in November of eighteen sixty. Six other states followed by the time he took office in March of eighteen sixty-one. In his inaugural speech, Lincoln begged southern states not to leave the Union.Abraham Lincoln did not receive a majority of the popular vote in the eighteen sixty election. But he won enough electoral votes to become president.Lincoln fought to keep the Union together. He led a civil war in which more than six hundred thousand Americans were killed. And, in leading that war, he took the first steps that would destroy the institution of slavery.At the beginning of the Civil War, Lincoln’s main goal was the preservation of the Union. But as the war continued, the complete emancipation of the slaves became a necessity. From the beginning of the war, Blacks had come over into the Union lines. How to treat these “contrabands of war” as they were called? The Northern generals began to liberate the slaves. Meanwhile Lincoln edged toward emancipation. In Mar. 1862, he proposed that federalcompensation be offered to any state which began gradual emancipation. On July 17, 1862, a Confiscation Act was passed, liberating the slaves of all persons aiding the rebellion. (Fan, 2005) On January 1, 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation. The Proclamation declared freedom for all slaves in the areas under Confederate control. He emphasized that this action was based on his war powers. The immediate effect of the Emancipation Proclamation did not become law until January 31, 1865 when Congress ratified the 13th Amendment of the US Constitution which completely abolished slavery in the United States. The proclamation, containing, among others things, the following, to wit:“That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom.”“And by virtue of the power and for the purpose aforesaid, I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States and parts of States are, and henceforward shall be, free; and that the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons.”“And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice, warranted by the Constitution upon military necessity, I invoke the considerate judgment of mankind and the gracious favor of Almighty God.”Most whites did not consider blacks -- or Negroes, as they called them -- to be their equal. Lincoln was no different. But he believed that slavery was wrong.Yet he thought that slavery would die out naturally over time -- and that outsiders should not force southerners to end slavery. He explained his position many times in speeches, debates and letters, including this one written in eighteen fifty-eight:The declaration that "all men are created equal" is the great fundamental principle upon which our free institutions rest; that negro slavery is violative of that principle; but that, by our frame of government, that principle has not been made one of legal obligation; that by our frameof government, the states which have slavery are to retain it, or surrender it at their own pleasure; and that all others —individuals, free states and national government —are constitutionally bound to leave them alone about it.But Lincoln changed his mind. Some historians think the death of his eleven-year-old son Willie had an influence. The president and his wife, Mary Todd Lincoln, had four children, all sons. Three got sick and died. Only one lived past the age of eighteen.Tom Schwartz is the Illinois state historian and an expert on Abraham Lincoln. He says the president began to think seriously about the meaning of life after Willie died in eighteen sixty-two. Lincoln never joined a church, but he believed in a supreme being who created every person with a purpose in life.After his son's death, Lincoln decided that one of his purposes was to be an emancipator -- to begin the process of freeing the slaves. A few months later, he wrote the Emancipation Proclamation.Many people think the Emancipation Proclamation freed the slaves. It did not. It only declared slaves in the Confederacy to be free. In other words, only slaves in the southern states that did not recognize Lincoln as president.Lincoln read the first draft of the document to his cabinet in July of eighteen sixty-two, five months after Willie's death.A new stage play has been written about those five months in Lincoln's life. "The Heavens Are Hung In Black" by James Still is the first play being presented in the newly redecorated Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. That is the same theater where President Lincoln was shot in eighteen sixty-five.Historians say that by writing the Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln established a moral purpose for the war. No longer was the purpose simply to bring the southern states back into the Union. Now his declaration made freeing the slaves a long-term goal of the conflict.It put the Confederate states in the position of fighting for slavery -- even though most of the soldiers were too poor to own slaves. And it increased the military strength of the Union by making it possible for free blacks to serve in the northern army.Political opponents and the press criticized actions taken by President Lincoln.The First Amendment to the Constitution guarantees free speech and a free press. Yet Lincoln briefly closed some newspapers.Another action that he took was to suspend the right of habeas corpus. Habeas corpus is a legal term for the right to have a judge decide if a person is being detained lawfully. The request is made to the court in a written document called a writ.The Constitution, in setting limits on Congress, says in Article One: "The privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it."Suspending habeas corpus means that a prisoner can be held without trial for as long as the government wants.Abraham Lincoln or his cabinet officers suspended that right several times. They believed they were acting within the Constitution.President Lincoln knew that he would be criticized for issuing such orders without waiting for congressional approval. Yet he himself was not sure what powers he had in many situations. American history could offer no guide. After all, the country had never before had a civil war.Yet Abraham Lincoln is often called America's greatest president. He is remembered as the man who saved the Union and re-invented it at the same time.By including blacks, Lincoln expanded "the borders of freedom," says historian Tom Schwartz. Lincoln himself said his purpose was to provide "an open field and a fair chance in life." He succeeded in beginning that process, though black Americans did not gain full civil rights until the nineteen sixties.Abraham Lincoln was the first presidential candidate of the modern Republican Party. He included political opponents in his cabinet, which is unusual. Doris Kearns Goodwin wrote about this in her two thousand five books "Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln."Lincoln was the leading force behind the Thirteenth Amendment which officially ended slavery in the United States. It became law in December of eighteen sixty-five.By then, Lincoln was dead. On April 14th, 1865, Southern sympathizer and actor John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln in Ford's Theatre. It happened five days after the South surrendered and the Civil War ended.Not surprisingly, America's sixteenth president is a hero of another former Illinois lawmaker. Barack Obama has spoken repeatedly of Lincoln's influence in making it possible for the country to have its first African-American president.During the three decades after the war, the civil rights of blacks disappeared under the pressure of white rule in the South and the force of the US Supreme Court decision to narrow the application of the Reconstruction Amendments. The fundamental problem of the Black person’s place in American society has continued to haunt subsequent generations.Abraham Lincoln fighted for the freedom and equal rights of African Americans so that African Americans’roles were enhanced to some extent. At least, they were not slaveries any more.3.2 Martin Luther King and I Have a DreamIn 1863 President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation freeing all slaves in the United States. One hundred years after this decree was signed, however, the life of blacks was still "sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination." On August 28, 1963, a quarter of a million people of all races came to Washington, D. C., to show their support for freedom and justice for all Americans, and for black people in particular. At that demonstration Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered this famous speech, widely regarded as the most eloquent statement of the black people's dreams and aspirations ever made. Dr. King told the world, "I have a dream" that equality would come "to all of God's children." He said he wanted everyone to be able to "join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, 'Free at last! Free at last…'"“To be a Negro in America is to hope against hope,” wrote Martin Luther King. The advance of the black man in the United States, from the position of slave to that of proud and equal citizen, is slow. The black man’s hopes have often ended in despair.“Of the good things in life he has about one-half those of whites; of the bad he has twice those of those of whites,” wrote Dr. King. Half of all black people lived in poor houses. They received about half as much pay as whites. They had twice as many of their people out of work and twice as many babies dead for lack of proper care. Allowing for their numbers, twice as many black men as white fought in the war in Vietnam, and twice as many died in that war. Most。
美国黑人社会地位变迁(英文)
The Evolution in Aframericans’ Roles in Culture
Barack Obama and Yes We Can
She was there for the buses in Montgomery, the hoses in Birmingham, a bridge in Selma, and a preacher from Atlanta who told a people that "we shall overcome." Yes we can. The First Black President in U.S. History
Abraham Lincoln and the Emancipation Proclamation
Martin Luther King anave a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal." I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.
African-American History美国黑人历史 美国黑人运动(英语)
From Slave To the Summit of White House
• Great contribution to American Revolution， Anti-fascist war and American economic culture.
•
• Agriculture The iron and steel industry • Automobile industry • Athlete
Western Africa
Virginia 1619
Southern United States
Congo Angola
More and more slaves
Hard word
Sickness or death
Arrival the port
American Revolution
1775—1783 The independent war broke out in 1776.
Middle of 19th century
The armed struggle between western farmers and free state immigration and southern slave owners broke out in Kansas.
Civil War(1861-1865)
1865（Lincoln died）—now
Another story…
The first Klan was founded in 1865, as a terrorist organization by veterans of the Army. As a secret group, the Klan targeted freedmen (free black man) by threats and violence, including murder.
美国黑人
•The Black Power movement (1966). It expanded upon the aims of the Civil Rights Movement to include economic and political self-sufficiency, and freedom from white authority.
黑人民族意识 的崛起
20 世纪60 年代的黑人民权 运动等, 都是黑人想竭力融入 白人主流社会的尝试。他们 斗争的矛头并不是向推翻整 个现存的制度, 而是在现存的 制度下争取黑人的合法的权 利。也就是说, 黑人想争取和 白人平起平坐的权利。试图 通过种种办法享受过去只有 白人能够享受的种种待遇。
从 文 学 作 品 看 黑 人 地 位
Company name
Company slogan here
《根》
美国黑人作家阿历克斯· 哈利写的这 部小说是1976年在美国最大的畅销 书，作者“追”根寻源，经过十二年艰 苦的探索和研究，追溯到他的六代 以上的祖先昆塔· 肯特，一个从非洲 被白人奴隶贩子贩卖到美国当奴隶 的黑人，书中描写了昆塔在非洲的 自由生活，他和他的后代在美国奴 隶制下的苦难历程，从一个黑人家 族七代人的经历和感受，以独特的 叙述方式，从头道来。完全以黑人 的生活为主要情节且以黑人为主人 公，它更贴近人性的层面。从一个 黑人家族的故事，折射出千千万万 个黑人的共同命运，揭露了美国历 史上严重的黑人奴隶制。
• The majority of African Americans descend from slaves who were either sold as prisoners of war by African states or kidnapped directly by Europeans or Americans. • By 1860, there were 3.5 million enslaved African Americans in the United States due to the Atlantic slave trade, and another 500,000 African Americans lived free cross the country. • Over time in most areas of the Americas, these different peoples did away with tribal differences and forged a new history and culture that was a creolization of their common pasts and present.
美国黑人社会地位的演变
American Civil War
（1861.4.12–1865.4.9）
Causes Of The American Civil War
The southern plantation economy VS The northern capitalistic economy
support against
The United States of America Black’s status-evolution
—— 2B508
Mammy
Considerate
Loyal
Hattie
McDaniel
Actors
Singers
Sports Star
Politician
Columbus discovered the New Continent.
Slavery
Emancipation Proclamation Destroyed Slavery
American Civil Rights Movement
1955年12月1日，亚拉巴马 州蒙哥马利城黑人R.帕克斯 夫人在公共汽车上拒绝让座 给白人，被捕入狱。在青年 黑人牧师M.L.金的领导下， 全城5万黑人团结一致 ，罢 乘公共汽车达一年之久 ， 终于迫使汽车公司取消种 隔离制，这次的罢乘公共汽 车运动虽然成效有限，虽然 未达全面性废除种族隔离措 施，但对全美各地的黑人却 起了鼓舞作用，并启发他们 的灵感，开始一波波争取民 权的运动.
Movies
《乱世佳人》Gone with the Wind 《冷山》Cold Mountain 《战役风云》Gods and Generals 《盖茨堡之役》（英文原著《天使杀手》） 《光荣战役》 Glory 《南北军魂》 《与魔鬼共骑》Ride with the Devil 《众神与将军》Gods and Generals
美国黑人史
Re-elected to president in 1864 Assassinated (刺杀) by a mob in the pay of the slave owners in 1865
In the same year, the Thirteenth Amendment (宪法第13条修 正案) was enacted.
In Sep.22,1982, he enacted the “Emancipation Proclamation” (解放宣言) to abolish the slavery completely in the system. What’s more, Lincoln also ordered to free slaves formally in Jan.1,1863. Lincoln government had changed from restricting slavery to abolishing slavery completely. Since then, black people began to free from the chains of slave.
Slavery was formally treated as illegal.
16th century— 1865（Lincoln died） 1865—now
Another story…
The first Klan was founded in 1865, as a terrorist organization by veterans of the Confederate Army. As a secret vigilante group, the Klan targeted freedmen and their allies; it sought to restore white supremacy by threats and violence, including murder, against black and white Republicans. Prosecution of Klan crimes and enforcement of the Force Acts suppressed Klan activity. In 1874 and later, however, newly organized and openly active paramilitary organizations, such as the White League and the Red Shirts, started a fresh round of violence aimed at suppressing blacks' voting and running Republicans out of office. These contributed to segregationist white Democrats regaining political power in all the Southern states by 1877.
美国的黑人运动以及黑人地位的转变
The Culture Of The African-AmericanBY AgnesLegendJeromeAlfredthe African-American Civil Rights Movement&The United States of America Black‘s status-evolutionby Legendthe African-American Civil Rights MovementThe United States of America Black‘s status-evolution CausesContentsResultsbefore the American War of independence during the American War of independence during the American civil warafter the American civil war until nowthe cause of the African-American Civil Rights Movement The African-American Civil Rights Movement started in the year 1955,and it lasted for nearly 13 years(that means it ends in the year 1968)in 1956the continent of the African-American Civil Rights Movementthe continent of the African-American Civil Rights MovementOn August 28, 1963250,000 people (1/4 forCaucasian) tomarch toWashington, therequest "wasfreeimmediately".In 1964 L.B. PresidentJohnson has signed"Civil rights Law".Your Subtitle Goes Here Finally,They Won!!!It changed the life of the African Americans.It also have a profound impact on Americans'life and their concept of life.It changes America from a country which was against the Black into a community which admit every citizen has equal rights.The United States of America Black‘s status-evolutionbefore the American War of independenceduring the American War of independenceduring the American civil warafter the American civil war until nowBefore the American War of independence"Triangular trade"During the American War of independenceDuring this time, the black people in America undertaken double tasksduring the American civil warBecause of the economic contradiction between the north and the south, the North was no longer willing to tolerate slavery as being part of the fabric of US society. So the slavery is the the focus of the struggle.On January 1st 1863the Emancipation Declaration （《解放黑人奴隶宣言》）after the American civil war until nowSince the 70s, black people struggle for their right actively, especially in political. There are many examples to demonstrate it, but one of the most typical is that Barack Obama was elected as President of the United States and being the first black president in the history of AmericaMusic and DanceSoul of Afro-American Cultureby JeromeAbstractMusic and dance, the soul of Afro-American culture, play an important role in the international circle. Afro-Americans have inherent talent for music dance, and since they settled down in this new land, the arduous and bitter lives give them more inspiration to create many outstanding music and dance. Afro-American music and dance are unique with Afro-American root instead of an appendage of the mainstream culture, and truly demonstrate the history and social life of Afro-Americans. And the uniqueness of Afro-American music and dance is the root of the popularity of Afro-American culture.MUSIC Category⏹Blues⏹Jazz⏹R&B⏹Rock&Roll⏹Hip-hop⏹B-Box⏹Rap⏹Spiritual SongDanceStreet danceMany street dance styles were formed as an answer to the needs among youths in various urban areas, such as lack of affordable dance studios. They also offered an alternative lifestyle to gang violence, opening up newways to form social bonds and expressing their feelings through nonviolent and creative methods.SHOWSModern black man cultureby AlfredCulture of NBAToday,we can find many talented basketball players in NBA, such as Kobe Bryant,LeBron James.One of the greatest black basketball players in NBA history is Michael Jordan, who pushed basketball to the peak and made it spread around the world widely.If you are a basketball fans,you can find the world of NBA is governed by blcak men.To a dgree, many outstanding black players have been making great contributions to the development and prosper of NBA.Culture of MusicAs we all know,black man makes big contributions to music so that American music can spread around the world widely.In this century,we still can find many have a big impcat on the world's m u s i c d e v e o p m e n t,s u c h a s M i c h a e l Jackson,Quincy Jones(昆西·琼斯）.Althought Michael Jackson makes skin graft operation be a white man,there is no doubt his blood and soul still belong to black man.Michael Jackson creat a kind of new and fashionable music style that is accepted by the whole world.Culture of policy and publicAll black men will remember the year of2008,the black congressman,Barack Obama,won the general election and became the first black president in American history.Besides,a black woman has had a big impact on the public since she steped the stage"talk show".her name is Oprah Winfrey,her talk show program has an important influence on American society and therefore she earn much money by creating a special entertainment world by her own effort.We can see Obama and Winfrey as the sympols of the victory of black man'struggle and the extent of black man's culture.Altought,many black men and women make plenty of contributions to the USA,but the American have to admit the fact that today average black man still suffer many unfairs and live in the low-class society.In USA or some other white-man countries,the black man still have to stand racial discrimination and live in the slumdog in the city and have a few chances to accept normal edaucation,and they can not enjoy the same rights as citizens like white man.I believe that black man will continue to make contribution to the USA,and to the world，and I wish them can reallyd e s e r v e t h e r i g h t s a n d h a p p n i e s s i n t h e ‘democratic’and‘free’country.。
黑人历史英文演讲稿
黑人历史英文演讲稿African Americans also referred to as Black Americans, are citizens or residents of the United States who have total or significant partial ancestry from any of the native populations of Sub-Saharan Africa.Slavery eraIn 1565, the colony of Saint Augustine in Florida, founded by Pedro Menendez de Aviles, became the first permanent European settlement in North America. It included an unknown number of free and enslaved Africans that were part of this colonial expedition.The first recorded Africans in British North America were "20 and odd negroes" who came to Jamestown, Virginia via Cape Comfort in August 1619 as indentured servants. As English settlers died from harsh conditions, more and more Africans were brought to work as laborers.The status of indentured servants in early Virginia and Maryland was similar to slavery. Servants could be bought, sold, or leased and they could be physically beaten for disobedience or running away. Africans could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom. They raised families, marrying other Africans and sometimes intermarrying with Native Americans or English settlers.The popular conception of a race-based slave system did not fully develop until the 18th century. The Dutch West India Company introduced slavery in 1625 with the importation of eleven black slaves into New Amsterdam. All the colony's slaves, however, were freed upon its surrender to the British. Massachusetts was the first British colony to legally recognize slavery in 1641. In 1670 the colonial assembly passeda law prohibiting free and baptized Negroes from purchasing Christians but allowing them to buy persons "of their own nation."The first black congregations and churches were organized before 1800 in both northern and southern cities following the Great Awakening. By 1775, Africans made up 20% of the population in the American colonies, which made them the second largest ethnic group after the English. During the 1770s, Africans, both enslaved and free, helped rebellious English colonists secure American Independence by defeating the British in the American Revolution..American Civil WarDate April 12, 1861 – May 9, 1865 (by declaration)[1] (4 years, 3 weeks and 6 days)(last shot fired June 22, 1865)Location Southern United States, Northeastern United States, Western United States, Atlantic OceanResult Union victoryTerritorial integrity preserved ?ReconstructionSlavery abolishedReconstruction and Jim CrowAfrican Americans quickly set up congregations for themselves, as well as schools, community and civic associations, to have space away from white control or oversight. While the post-war reconstruction era was initially a time of progress for African Americans, in the late 1890s, Southern states enacted Jim Crow laws to enforce racial segregation and disenfranchisement.In the last decade of the 19th century, racially discriminatory laws and racial violence aimed at African Americans began to mushroom in the United States. These discriminatory actsincluded racial segregation which was legally mandated by southern states and nationwide at the local level of government, voter suppression or disenfranchisement in the southern states, denial of economic opportunity or resources nationwide, and private acts of violence and mass racial violence aimed at African Americans unhindered or encouraged by government authorities.Great Migration and Civil Rights MovementThe desperate conditions of African Americans in the South that sparked the Great Migration of the early 20th century, combined with a growing African American community in the Northern United States, led to a movement to fight violence and discrimination against African Americans. The Civil Rights Movement from 1954 to 1968 was directed at abolishing racial discrimination against African Americans, particularly in the Southern United States. The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom and the conditions which brought it into being are credited with putting pressure on President John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson.By 1966, the emergence of the Black Power movement, which lasted from 1966 to 1975, expanded upon the aims of the Civil Rights Movement to include economic and political self-sufficiency, and freedom from white authority.Post-Civil Rights eraPolitically and economically, blacks have made substantial strides during the post-civil rights era. In 1989, Douglas Wilder became the first African-American elected governor in U.S. history. In 1992 Carol Moseley-Braun of Illinois became the first black woman elected to the U.S. Senate. There were 8,936 black officeholders in the United States in 2000, showing a net increase of 7,467 since 1970. In 2001 there were 484 black mayors.On November 4, 2008, Democratic Senator Barack Obama defeated Republican Senator John McCain to become the first African American to be elected President.At least 95 percent of African-American voters voted for Obama. He also received overwhelming support from young and educated whites, a majority of Asians, Hispanics, and Native Americans picking up a number of new states in the Democratic electoral column. Obama lost the overall white vote, although he won a larger proportion of white votes than any previous no incumbent Democratic presidential candidate since Jimmy Carter. The following year Michael S. Steele was elected the first African-American chairman of the national Republican Party.。
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Influence
• 它不仅改变了美国黑人的命运，赋予了他们很大程度上的 平等、自由和尊严，也深刻影响了所有美国人的生活与观 念。具体来说，民权运动推动联邦政府实行铲除种族隔离 制的改革，最终消灭了公开的白人至上主义，为黑人赢得 民权。它把美国从一个容忍种族主义、歧视黑人的社会转 变为一个不管肤色与种族，承认每一个公民的平等权利的 社会，从而深深改变了民众的思想。不仅如此，民权运动 也激发了新时期美国社会的民主和自由斗争。现代妇女运 动、反战运动、新左派运动和其他族裔争取权利的斗争等 都受到民权运动的推动和影响。
African-Americans
African-Americans are also called Afro-Americans or Afromericans, which were transported unlawfully to the United States by the Black Triangle Trade in history.
• The Evolution in Appellation • The Evolution in Aframericans’ Roles in culture,politics and economy. • Conclusion
The Evolution in Appellation
African African American
• Literature
19th century: Harriet Beecher Stowe (Uncle Tom’s Cabin)
20th century: Toni Morrison （Song of Solomon）
The successful model
Politics R&B Rap Sport
• On December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Parks refused to obey bus driver's order that she gave up her seat in the colored section to a white passenger, after the white section was filled.
ColoredBiblioteka BlackNegro
The Evolution in Aframericans’ Roles in Politics and Economy
1862.9.22
Abraham Lincoln The Emancipation Proclamation
The Civil Rights Movement
Conclusion
During more than 400 years, African Americans made every effort to improve their position and status. As a result,African culture has been an important part of American culture.African American’s social status becomes higher accompanied by their significant contribution to various fields.
The Evolution in Aframericans’ Roles in Culture • Music
Jazz,blues and Rap were created and developed by African American.
• Sports
In the international stadium, especially in the track and field stadium, most excellent athletes are Black nowadays. African American made a very positive contribution to the overall success of the American basketball game.
Martin Luther King
It was to Gandhi's concept of "satyagraha" (非暴 力的消极抵抗和不合作主义）that Dr. King turned for inspiration in his peaceful struggle for civil rights 1963.8.28 "I have a dream"