黑人在美国历史上的地位ppt
“美国黑人文化”PPT课件模板
• 在苦难的岁月里，黑人靠歌声表达心中的悲愤，用民间 歌谣传递起义的信息，用诗歌抒发自己的心声。早期美国 黑人文学，表现了黑人劳动者的质朴淳厚、感情的深沉、 战斗中的刚毅和受迫害受奴役的生活，不少作品既有丰富 的思想内容，又有一定的艺术造诣。黑人文学的出现，使 美国文学具有更广泛的民族内容和更深刻的民主精神。美 国黑人文学真正开始于18 世纪，后在一代代非裔作家努 力下，经历了以休斯顿为领袖的哈莱姆文艺复兴（第一次 高潮，20 世纪20 年代至30 年代末），以赖特为领袖的第 二次高潮（20 世纪四五十年代），以诺主莫里森为领袖 的第三次高潮（20 世纪70 年代后）。
• 1938年1月16日，Bennie Goodman率领他的大乐队在纽 约卡内基音乐厅表演爵士乐，尽管，Bennie Goodman是 一个白人，但不止他的乐团里有黑人乐手，许多黑皮肤的 布鲁斯、福音歌手也参加了那次演出。这次演出已被看作 一座历史界碑，标示白人世界对黑人音乐艺术性上的承认。 然而，有骨气的黑人音乐家们甚至将这种“艺术性上的承 认”看作屈辱，这种态度令爵士乐史上最重要的转折点， 比波普，得以出现。那是上世纪40年代中期，一些爵士乐 音乐家决定证明爵士乐绝不是供白人取乐的世俗音乐，他 们甚至拔身离开爵士乐的种族性，而只去证实爵士乐的艺 术性。在多数客人已离开的半夜里，他们在酒吧登台，尽 兴地飙技即兴，看谁吹得更快更准，直到天色泛白。
二、福音与灵歌
• 福音音乐是历史上美国的黑人农奴接受了基督教的信 仰之后，常在田里祈祷，希望减少劳动的痛苦。不久 便演变成即兴的音乐表演。在奴隶制废除之后，黑人 们组织了自己的教堂，并把这种音乐形式作为教堂活 动的一种。20世纪中期，猫王把福音音乐引进到自己 的风格中，随后汽车城唱片公司将这种音乐商业化主 要强调有节奏的器乐伴奏和即兴演唱。
美国黑人地位变迁精品PPT课件
4. After the American civil war until now
美国黑人运动
“黑白分明”社会中的“劣等”人，种族隔离
白人顽固的种族主义思想 起因：1955 年12月1日，亚拉巴马州蒙哥马利城黑人R.帕克斯夫人在公 共汽车上拒绝让座给白人，被捕入狱。
马丁·路德·金 外文名： Martin Luther King, Jr.
→ 独立宣言(The declaration ofindepedence) 1776.7.4
虽标榜“一切人生来平等”，却只字 不提黑人奴隶问题，黑奴不完全是人， 仅是“五分之三”非公民，黑人的地
位没有得到明显改善。
托马斯·杰斐逊(1743－1826)，美国政治家、 思想家、哲学家、科学家、教育家，第三任美 国总统。他是美国独立战争期间的主要领导人 之一，1776年，作为一个包括约翰·亚当斯和 本杰明·富兰克林在内的起草委员会的成员， 起草了美国《独立宣言》。此后，他先后担任 了美国第一任国务卿，第二任副总统和第三任 总统。
5.2008.11.5，巴拉克*奥巴马当选美国总 统，成为美国历史上首位黑人总统。
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美国黑人地位的演变
The United States of America Black‘s status-evolution 1.before the American War of independence 2.during the American War of independence 3.during the American civil war 4.after the American civil war until now
浅论美国黑人政治地位的演变
浅论美国黑人政治地位的演变论文题目浅论美国黑人政治地位的演变目录一、引言 (1)二、美国独立战争前的黑人政治地位 (2)（一）肮脏的奴隶贸易 (2)（二）悲惨的奴隶境况 (2)（三）卑贱的奴隶地位 (3)三、独立战争时期的黑人政治地位 (4)四、南北战争时期的黑人政治地位 (5)(一)享有一定法律地位 (5)(二)享有各项公民权利 (6)五、南北战争后至今的黑人政治地位 (7)（一）法院诉讼阶段（20世纪初——50年代中期） (7)（二）直接行动阶段（20世纪50年代后——70年代） (8)（三）积极参政阶段（20世纪70年代以来） (9)六、结语 (10)浅论美国黑人政治地位的演变陈观英指导教师冯正好摘要从奴隶到总统，美国黑人走过的是一条艰辛曲折的政治之路。
从奴隶制时期的毫无政治地位可言到林肯总统废除黑奴制，从蒙哥马利汽车抵制运动到《选举权法》的签署生效，从雪莉?奇泽姆宣布自己将作为民主党候选人之一竞选美国总统到如今奥巴马当选总统，黑人的地位得到了不断的改善和提高。
这些成绩都是广大黑人及白人废奴者不懈斗争的结果。
但美国的种族歧视并未完全消除，美国黑人全面提高自身地位的斗争仍在继续。
关键词美国黑人奴隶种族歧视选举权参政一、引言巴拉克?侯赛因?奥巴马，首先是一个非洲式的名字，而且还带有伊斯兰味道。
在美国，这两点都意味着非主流和弱势。
但是，这个名字的主人却创造了一项历史，他是美国1776年建国以来第一位当选总统的非洲裔黑人。
2008年11月5日，当美国总统的选举结果尘埃落定，黑人奥巴马获得的声誉及历史影响，无疑是震撼的。
一个和平时期靠民选而成功当上美国总统的人，为何吸引了整个美国的异常关注甚至全世界所有关心国际事件的人的心都在为之欢欣鼓舞？要了解一个黑人当选为美国总统的积极意义和其历史定性，就必须要回顾一下美国黑人在美国社会中受到的长达两个世纪的种族歧视。
一直以来，美国黑人这一群体都是世界关注的热点，东西方学者对美国黑人问题进行了比较广泛、细致的研究，并取得了一定的研究成果。
19世纪70年代美国黑人历史
19世纪70年代美国黑人历史对于黑人的历史，也就从奴隶制开始，美国黑人长期受到歧视，没有选举权，很多工作无法做，收入比白人少，许多场所无法入内，也有3K党的迫害。
19世纪70年代的后期，正是美国进步主义的时期，黑人对自己的权利进行保护，成立过国家有色人种协会，包括西奥多罗斯福也曾将黑人加入国会，虽然遭到了很强烈的反对。
在高等教育上倒是有点变化，虽然之前是有专门的黑人学校但是像Booker T. Washington,他出生于奴隶制时期，后来也成为了塔斯基吉大学的校长。
不过大多数人还是带着有色眼镜对待黑人，这一时期的黑人历史变化不大，只能说是进步历史中的前段。
而对于宗教的演变，在19世纪末的时候还只是一般，不过在20世纪初时就明显了，宗教与进化论争论了很久，甚至有的州法律规定不能进行进化论的教育。
对于宗教在美国的发展我了解不多请见谅。
英文的回答我就随便写下：As african americans exercised their newly won political and social rights during reconstruction, they faced hostile and often violent opposition from whites. African americans eventually fell victim to laws restricting their civil rights but never stopped fighting for equality. For at least ten years after the end of reconsturction in 1877, african americans in the south continued to vote and occasionally to hold political office. By the turn of the 20th century, however, southern states had adopted a borad system of legal policies of racial discrimination and devised methods to weaken african-american political power.。
19世纪下半叶美国南部黑人妇女的生活及其社会地位
19世纪下半叶美国南部黑人妇女的生活及其社会地位【摘要】19世纪下半叶，美国南部黑人妇女的生活及社会地位经历了极大的变化。
在奴隶制度下，她们承受着残酷的剥削和压迫，无法享有人身自由和权利，劳动生活极为艰辛。
但随着奴隶制度的废除，黑人妇女获得了自由，开始融入社会，努力改善家庭生活和劳动条件。
教育和文化的发展也为她们提供了更多机会。
社会地位的变迁使得黑人妇女逐渐获得了更多的尊重和平等待遇。
在当时的社会中，她们扮演着重要的角色，为社会的进步和发展作出了巨大贡献。
这段历史给我们带来了启示，让我们更加珍惜现在的平等和自由，以及尊重和支持所有人的努力和付出。
【关键词】19世纪、美国南部、黑人妇女、奴隶制度、解放、劳动、家庭生活、教育、文化、社会地位、变迁、重要性、启示。
1. 引言1.1 背景介绍19世纪下半叶美国南部黑人妇女的生活及其社会地位，是一个备受关注的议题。
在这个时期，美国南部地区的种植园经济主要依靠奴隶劳动，黑人妇女作为奴隶的一部分，承担了重要的劳动任务。
她们不仅要从事繁重的农田劳动，还要负责家庭的日常事务，如烹饪、清洁和照顾子女。
随着南方奴隶制度的废除，黑人妇女的生活状况有了一定程度的改善，但仍然面临着许多挑战。
她们在劳动方面仍然处于劣势地位，往往只能从事粗重的体力劳动，收入微薄，生活贫困。
受到种族歧视的影响，黑人妇女往往无法获得良好的教育和文化资源，限制了她们的社会发展。
随着社会的变迁和种族关系的演变，黑人妇女的社会地位逐渐得到提升。
她们开始参与社会运动和政治活动，争取平等权利和地位。
在今日社会，我们可以从19世纪下半叶美国南部黑人妇女的生活经历中，看到她们在社会中的重要性，以及对我们的启示。
1.2 研究意义19世纪下半叶美国南部黑人妇女的生活及其社会地位是一个备受关注的话题。
研究这一主题的意义在于深入探讨黑人妇女所面临的困境和挑战，以及她们在社会中的地位和作用。
通过对黑人妇女生活的研究，我们可以更好地了解奴隶制度和种族隔离对她们的影响，揭示她们在家庭、劳动和教育领域的种种困境，以及她们如何通过抗争和努力来争取平等权利。
美国黑人文化历史PPT课件
In 1964 L.B. President Johnson has signed "Civil rights Law".
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● It changed the life of the African Americans. ● It also have a profound impact on Americans' life and
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First，Jazz Then,Blues Last,Rap---Hip-Hop---Hippie culture
In March, 1963,Birmingham, the request to cancel the entire city isolation system.
On August 28, 1963 250,000 people (1/4 for Caucasian) tomarch to Washington, the request "was freeimmediately".
Height: 184cm
Hometown: Mount Vernon, New York
Date of birth: December 28, 1954
Occupation: Actor, Director
美国黑人
•The Black Power movement (1966). It expanded upon the aims of the Civil Rights Movement to include economic and political self-sufficiency, and freedom from white authority.
黑人民族意识 的崛起
20 世纪60 年代的黑人民权 运动等, 都是黑人想竭力融入 白人主流社会的尝试。他们 斗争的矛头并不是向推翻整 个现存的制度, 而是在现存的 制度下争取黑人的合法的权 利。也就是说, 黑人想争取和 白人平起平坐的权利。试图 通过种种办法享受过去只有 白人能够享受的种种待遇。
从 文 学 作 品 看 黑 人 地 位
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《根》
美国黑人作家阿历克斯· 哈利写的这 部小说是1976年在美国最大的畅销 书，作者“追”根寻源，经过十二年艰 苦的探索和研究，追溯到他的六代 以上的祖先昆塔· 肯特，一个从非洲 被白人奴隶贩子贩卖到美国当奴隶 的黑人，书中描写了昆塔在非洲的 自由生活，他和他的后代在美国奴 隶制下的苦难历程，从一个黑人家 族七代人的经历和感受，以独特的 叙述方式，从头道来。完全以黑人 的生活为主要情节且以黑人为主人 公，它更贴近人性的层面。从一个 黑人家族的故事，折射出千千万万 个黑人的共同命运，揭露了美国历 史上严重的黑人奴隶制。
• The majority of African Americans descend from slaves who were either sold as prisoners of war by African states or kidnapped directly by Europeans or Americans. • By 1860, there were 3.5 million enslaved African Americans in the United States due to the Atlantic slave trade, and another 500,000 African Americans lived free cross the country. • Over time in most areas of the Americas, these different peoples did away with tribal differences and forged a new history and culture that was a creolization of their common pasts and present.
美国种族概况资料PPT课件
黑人的历史可以说是浸满 血泪和饱受屈辱的历史， 自从被贩卖到美洲后，黑 人只是奴隶主的财产和工 具，受尽了剥削和压迫。 南北战争结束后，黑人虽 然在法律上摆脱了被奴役 的命运，但被歧视的观象 依然十分严重，如黑人不 得与白人同乘一辆车，同 入一个学校，同进一个商 店等。直到20世纪60年 代，美国民权法，选举法 的修定，黑人才获得相对 的平等权利。
长期以来，许多黑人因得不到平等的受教育机会，没有工作， 其中一些人（特别是部分年轻人）经常会做一些“残忍的毒品交 易”，以自己的方式模仿资本主义的创业精神。在黑人聚居区，掠 夺性的犯罪每时每刻都可能发生。
4 、黑人斗争的历史还很短
美国建国200年后，才出现了马丁·路德·金为黑人争取权利的 运动。在这个运动中，有一位黑人领袖说：自由只能用子弹才能得 到。可见直到美国建国200年后，种族仇恨依然十分强烈。然而， 子弹最终打进了马丁·路德·金。因而，美国黑人要想获得真正的平 等，还必须不断地进行顽强的抗争。
19时机中叶，美国迎来 了第一次移民大浪潮。 由于欧洲自然灾害、人 口增长和政治动荡，导 致每年约有500万人背 井离乡，移民海外。 长期以来，欧洲人（白 人）被视作真正“美国 人”的代名词。而其中 英国人是美国早期殖民 者中的主流民族，不过 紧随英国人之后很多别 的欧洲人也蜂拥而来， 其中人数最多，影响最 大的应当说是德国人。
随着美国经济的衰退，有色人种、特别是广大黑人的生存条件面临日益严 重的威胁，种族冲突愈发激烈，种族主义更加猖獗。民主党和共和党在竞 选中令人吃惊地联合起来，他们从各自利益出发，均把矛头指向有色人种， 特别是黑人，并由此出笼了一系列相关政策。
美国种族歧视 PPT课件
<汤姆叔叔的小屋>
是美国作家哈里特·比彻·斯托（斯托夫人）于1852年发表的一部反奴隶制 小说。这部小说中关于非裔美国人与美国奴隶制度的观点曾产生过意义深远 的影响，并在某种程度上激化了导致美国内战的地区局部冲突。
“隔壁的女寝室里，地板上睡着数不清的女人，她们睡的姿势各不相同，肤 色的黑白程度也不一致，年龄有老有少。她们此刻都睡着了。这儿有一个十 岁左右、聪明伶俐的小姑娘，她的母亲刚被卖掉，今晚在没人注意的情况下， 偷偷地流着泪睡着了。那儿有一个瘦弱的老婆婆，瘦削的胳膊和长有老茧的 指头，说明她一生操劳。现在，她正等候明天的拍卖。老板准备拿她当剩余 货卖出去，能卖多少是多少。她们周围躺着四五十个女人，用毯子或衣服蒙 着脑袋。可是，在一个角落里，有两个女人坐着，她们与别人不在一起，相 貌也颇不寻常。年纪大的是一个四五十岁上下的第一代混血女人，衣着得体， 慈眉善目，头上梳着一个高髻，用一块上好的马得拉斯红衣帕包着；身上的 衣裳剪裁合适，衣料也不错，显然，她以前的主人待她很不错。一个约摸十 五岁的姑娘偎依在她身边，应该是她的女儿，她皮肤白皙，是个第二代混血 种；和她母亲一样，她的眼睛也是乌黑而温柔，只是眉毛比她的母亲长一些， 头上的卷发呈浓艳的深棕色，衣着整洁，两只手白白嫩嫩的，显然没干过什 么重活。明天，她们母女俩将和圣克莱尔家的仆人一起被拍卖出去。”
16世纪20年代起，圣多美和普林西比的葡萄牙商 人深入圣萨尔瓦多内地，可能远至扎伊尔河上的 马莱博湖及在南方的恩东戈，从事贩奴活动。从 贝宁湾、刚果、安哥拉等地运来的黑奴，或留在 当地种植园工作，或被转运去黄金海岸、马德拉 群岛、佛得角群岛和葡萄牙本土，16世纪30年代 开始又直接转运去美洲，16世纪中叶成为非洲向 美洲贩运黑奴的主要转运站。圣多美岛在1530— 1560年间达到繁荣的顶点，是当时葡萄牙主要的 海外领地之一。奴隶和甘蔗是其两大财富。柯廷 引用N·迪尔的估计数认为，在整个黑奴贸易期 间，圣多美运进了10万名奴隶。
黑人在美国历史上的地位ppt课件
1955 年12月1日，亚拉巴马州蒙哥马利城 黑人R.帕克斯夫人在公共汽车上拒绝让座给 白人，被捕入狱。在青年黑人牧师M.L.金的 领导下，全城5万黑人团结一致 ，罢乘公共 汽车达一年之久 ，终于迫使汽车公司取消种 族隔离制，这次的罢乘公共汽车运动虽然成 效有限，虽然未达全面性废除种族隔离措施， 但对全美各地的黑人却起了鼓舞作用，并启 发他们的灵感，开始一波波争取民权的运动。
亚伯拉罕· 林肯。美国第16任总统。 他领导了美国南北战争，颁布了《解 放黑人奴隶宣言》，维护了美联邦统一， 为美国在19世纪跃居世界头号工业强国 开辟了道路，使美国进入经济发展的黄 金时代，被称为“伟大的解放者
《汤姆叔叔的小屋》
在这部作品中，斯托夫人刻画了一 系列黑人的形象。他们无一不过着 凄苦无助的悲惨的生活，但是他们 是善良正直的，忠厚淳朴，其中的 主角是一位具有反抗精神的黑奴， 他有很强的工作能力，能读写，善 辞令，追求自由与平等，但是仍然 饱受压迫，在最后他敢于反抗、斗 争的精神让他获得重生。《汤姆叔 叔的小屋》不仅博得人们的同情， 更获得人们对奴隶制的愤恨，成为 美国废奴主义者的有力武器。同时， 这部作品也有利于林肯为这场战争 找到宗教的合法性，把以维护联邦 统一的战争转变为解放黑奴的圣战。
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效果：掌权的资产阶级、种植园主阶级为了自身利益 ，进行种族歧视，虽标榜“一切人生来平等”，却只字 不提黑人奴隶问题，黑奴仅是“五分之三”非公民，黑 人的地位根本没有得到明显改善。
美国历史上的种族歧视性别歧视和年龄歧视
种族隔离和歧视的根源
奴隶制度的遗留影响 种族主义思想的盛行 移民浪潮和外来人口的涌入 政治和社会制度的缺陷
民权运动和反歧视斗争
民权运动：反对种族隔离和 歧视，争取黑人权益
反歧视斗争：反对性别歧视 和年龄歧视，促进平等权利
种族歧视的消除和现状
1960年代民权运动：反对种族歧 视，争取平等权利
年龄歧视的消除和应对措施
立法保护：美国政府通过制定相关 法律，禁止在就业、教育等领域对 老年人的歧视行为。
老年人权益组织：成立老年人权益 组织，为老年人争取权益，提高老 年人在社会中的地位和影响力。
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社会观念的转变：通过宣传和教育， 提高社会对老年人的尊重和关注， 减少对老年人的歧视和排斥。
养老保障体系：建立完善的养老保障 体系，为老年人提供经济和生活上的 支持，减轻老年人在经济上的压力。
跨种族、性别和年龄歧视的表现和影响
种族歧视的表现：对非裔美国人、亚裔美国人等少数族裔的歧视和排斥，表现在教育、就业、住房等方面的机会 不平等。
性别歧视的表现：对女性的歧视和压迫，表现在工资差距、职业发展限制、家庭责任等方面。
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教育和工作机会的限制：女性长期 被排除在高等教育和某些职业领域 之外
性别暴力和歧视：女性遭受家庭暴 力、职场歧视和社会偏见的现象普 遍存在
女权运动的兴起和发展
19世纪末期，女 性开始争取选举权 等政治权利
20世纪60年代，女 权运动达到高潮， 女性要求平等就业、 教育和社会地位
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原因：年龄歧视的原因包括社会文化因素、经济因素和个体因素等。社会对老年人的刻板印象和偏 见，以及经济利益驱动下的资源分配不公，都是导致年龄歧视的重要原因。
美国种族概况ppt课件
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美国华裔大兵在伊拉克
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种族主义意识
① 传统种族主义：有一种观点认为种族间存在行为上的差别，这种观点直到现
在还经常引起争论，很难消除。一些概念，例如国民性格、精神、性情等都 是这种观点的产物。另一个种族主义者经常提到的观点是不同的种族存在着 智力上的差异。科学家认为，既然不同种族间存在着遗传体质上的差异，例 如肤色、发色等，因此不同种族的智力也可能由于基因的不同而不同。更多 的研究表明，智力确实受到基因的影响。基因亦影响免疫力。某些基因导致 人体对某些传染病的抵抗力上升或下降。某些基因本身即能造成疾病。但不 同种族的人也可拥有相同的某些基因，典型例子是不同种族的唐氏综合症 （先天愚型）患者，其容貌、症状都是惊人相似的。返祖多毛症“患者”， 也是如此。
个头戴星条高帽、蓄着山羊胡
须的白发瘦高老人。1961年美
国国会通过决议，正式承认
“山姆大叔”为美国的象征
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19时机中叶，美国迎来 了第一次移民大浪潮。 由于欧洲自然灾害、人 口增长和政治动荡，导 致每年约有500万人背 井离乡，移民海外。 长期以来，欧洲人（白 人）被视作真正“美国 人”的代名词。而其中 英国人是美国早期殖民 者中的主流民族，不过 紧随英国人之后很多别 的欧洲人也蜂拥而来， 其中人数最多，影响最 大的应当说是德国人。
将能与白人男孩和女孩情同骨肉，携手并进。
今天，我有一个梦想。 我梦想有一天，
幽谷上升，高山上升，高山下降；坎坷曲p折pt课件
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之路成坦途，圣光披露，满照人间。
这是一名黑人妇女在华盛顿p职pt课业件 介绍会上收集工作介绍材料21
黑人历史月及美国 黑人的奋斗与成就
美国黑人在历史上起过重要作用
5、美国外交政策的特点与评价美国的外交政策主要只有两次大的转变，一是从独立到二战，主要是奉行孤立自守既孤立主义，二是从二战后到现今，主要是充当世界警察，奉行的是杜鲁门主义既霸权主义。
二战后美国全球战略的目标是谋求“世界领导地位”和“按照美国的构想塑造世界”。
苏联、中国等社会主义国家被认为是阻碍美国实现这两大目标的主要因素。
因此，战后美国对外战略主要围绕反共和争霸展开。
但受制于国际形势变化和自身实力消长，美国的全球战略在不同时期呈现出不同特点：⑴杜鲁门政府的“遏制”战略：为全面实施“遏制战略”，美国推出“马歇尔计划”，并建立北约，还在东亚和东南亚形成了针对中国的战略包围圈。
⑵“艾森豪威尔主义”：军事上，艾森豪威尔政府提出了对付社会主义国家的“大规模报复战略”。
⑶肯尼迪、约翰逊政府的“和平战略”：“一手拿箭，一手拿橄榄枝”的“和平战略”。
在军事战略上，实行“灵活反应战略”。
⑷尼克松、福特政府的“尼克松主义”尼克松主义有三大支柱：“伙伴关系”、“实力地位”和“谈判”。
尼克松主义的实质是美国霸权地位衰落的产物和表现。
评价：仔细研读美国的历史，不难发现：一部美国史，就是一部是不断拓张的历史：从大西洋西岸到太平洋东岸、从北美大陆到夏威夷海域、从美国领空到外层空间，到处都展现着美国从北美“大陆”向“全球”的扩张过程。
美利坚合众国的国家及其外交政策，到处充斥着各种形式的扩张性：大陆扩张、海外扩张、全球扩张；经济扩张、政治扩张、文化扩张；人权扩张、军事扩张、生活方式的扩张，凡此种种。
美国善于利用价值观和西方的道德观来伪装自己军事活动,并且为其辩护；美国拉拢边缘国家,并且扶植亲美政府并提供支持；由于地理因素和投放力量的改变,美国的外交总方针是"近交远攻"；美国进行的是较有对抗性与针对性的外交,目标明确；军事上的假想敌成为外交上的指导依据。
6、试述美国民主与文化的渊源美国主要是盎格鲁撒克逊民族移民的，较多吸收了古希腊罗马的政治文化，如三权分立原则就起源于亚里士多德的构想。
美国民权运动和黑人社会地位的变化
美国民权运动和黑人社会地位的变化近代美国民权运动历史可以追溯到19世纪初，当时非裔美国人的社会地位极低，遭受着普遍的歧视和剥削。
在经过多次反抗和争取之后，他们终于在1960年代获得了更多的民权，并逐渐成为了美国社会中不可忽视的一股力量。
在这个历史进程的不同时期，美国的非裔人口们采取了各种不同的行动来争取自己的权利和地位。
下面我们将针对这些不同的阶段进行一一的讲述。
首先，19世纪晚期到20世纪初期，非裔美国人在奴隶制度的基础上经历了一系列的变革和措施。
在奴隶制度废除后，他们逐渐获得了一些基本的人权，并成为了自由民。
但是在这个时期，仍有许多人受到各种形式的歧视和压迫。
随后，20世纪10年代至30年代，非裔美国人的地位开始发生变革。
20世纪10年代是非裔美国人争取民权和社会地位的起点，当时，许多人开始团结起来，反对针对黑人的暴力和种族主义。
20世纪20至30年代，非裔美国人社区的形象开始有所改观，他们的文化和文学作品逐渐受到广泛的关注。
黑人知识分子也开始在文化、新闻、教育领域打破了传统的种族隔离。
接下来，20世纪40-50年代，美国在二战中的角色变化和领导地位的确立也开始影响到非裔美国人的地位。
美国开始以强大的全球声势反对纳粹主义和种族主义，这使得美国本土的种族问题也得到了强化。
在20世纪40-50年代，一些重要的民权组织的成立和领袖的出现，使得非裔美国人社会地位的争取和争议又开始强化。
到了20世纪60年代，美国民权运动到了最高潮的时期，青年人、学生、工人和妇女等社会群体也逐渐参与到运动中来。
西奈-江普尔斯博罗之类的真实历史事件，在这个时期被广泛地报道，引起了全国民意的关注。
此时，非裔美国人的民权运动也转移了方向，开始争取公开结束公民身份（房、工作、选举）和政治权利方面的歧视。
随着美国民权运动的发展和不断壮大，非裔美国人的社会地位也在不断地得到提高。
许多种族隔离和歧视的法规也经过了修改和取消。
现在，虽然还存在一些种族问题和歧视现象，但是非裔美国人的地位和社会认同已经得到了普遍的提高。
美国历史上黑人所扮演的角色-文学学士
中文摘要从美国的历史可以清楚的了解黑人对美国的政治、经济和文化有着重要的影响。
他们经历了各种各样的困难和挫折，进行了各式的斗争，为的就是争取民族平等和自由。
美国黑人的解放运动是黑人斗争史的开端，民权运动期间达到顶峰。
整个斗争过程对美国历史的发展起到推动作用，更是使美国人权得到发展。
本文重点剖析了美国黑人的地位和民权运动产生的原因。
黑人在美国历史上扮演着非常重要的角色。
同时，应当重视多民族国家的文明发展，从而避免种族歧视对和平发展的遏制。
关键字：黑人的角色；美国历史；种族歧视Table of Contents Abstract (i)中文摘要 (ii)1. Introduction and Literature Review (1)2. History of American Blacks (2)2.1 Black Immigrants (2)2.1.1 Blacks Slaves (2)2.1.2 Liberation Movement of Black Slaves (2)2.2 Civil Rights Movement (3)2.2.1 The Reasons of Civil Rights Movement (3)2.2.2 Anti-segregation Movement (4)2.2.2.1 Non-violent Peace Movement (4)2.2.2.2 The Climax of Black Movement (4)3. Position of American Blacks (6)3.1 Economic Position (6)3.1.1 Living Condition (6)3.1.2 The Impact on the Southern Agriculture (6)3.2 Political Position (6)3.3 Educational Position (7)4.The Great Black Figures in American History (8)5. Conclusion (10)Reference (11)Acknowledgements (12)1. Introduction and Literature ReviewIn American history, blacks played an important role. American blacks tried their best to fight against racial discrimination and national oppression incessantly from the time of early slavery till the promulgation of Emancipation Proclamation, both in Civil War and Civil Rights Movement. American blacks thirsted for extricating themselves from a difficult position, throwing off the yoke, obtaining freedom and being approved by history with dignity. A review of the role played by the American blacks in the history of America raises critical questions about the conflict of Abolition Movement in United States during the Civil War and Civil Rights Movement which struggled against violent repression. Many scholars surveyed the economic, political and cultural position of American blacks in 1960s. Caroline Roth(1972) used the statistics according to Bryant Dowlais to show the injury by racial conflicts during the Civil Rights Movement. Clayborne Carson(2009) recompiled and rearranged the autobiography of Martin Luther King which completely presents the growth of a national leader and his experience as an average black. James Jackson(1959) laid out the road that American blacks fought for their civil rights. The article described the discrimination of blacks from different aspects of American society at that time. Moreover, DengShusheng(1990) gave a detailed analyse on the history of American blacks and their status quo. However, little work has been done on the reasons of Civil Rights Movement as for how to coordinate the multinational relationship. This study discusses the encounter and reasons of American blacks in American history, and analyses their political, economic and educational position to explain the important role played by American blacks. The persons who made contributions to the improvement of American blacks are great blacks in American history. The first part of this paper will lay out black immigiants and civil rights movement. The second part will discuss the position of American blacks, then presents the contributions and some suggestions. This topic and suggestions are of importance to the civilized development of a unitary multinational country and to the peaceful and harmonious development of the whole world.2.History of American Blacks2.1Black ImmigrantsThe United States is a country composed of different nationalities and immigrants. Africans came into the American Continent as thraldom. They knew where they were from but not where they came from exactly because they lost their “roots”in their mohterland and their families.2.1.1Blacks SlavesAs opinions vary, no unanimous conclusion can be drawn when the black slaves first came to America. Some historian points to the year of 1607 without any direct evidence. A Netherlandish ship brought 20 blacks who generally regarded as contracted slaves in 1619, but little evidence can prove whether they were reived or bought. The number of black slaves are less than white contracted slaves by the end of seventeenth century. Virginia is the place regarded as the beginning of early slavery system, with 15000 slaves in 1681 but only 3000 black slaves.(ChengJingyu, 2007:71)Law was passed to ensure that the status of black slaves was constant and sustainable in 1611. At the same time, Black slaves were taken to other colonies. Virginia created a precedent of slavery in American history.(ChengJingyu, 2007:192) Slavery in the United States was a form of bonded labor which existed as a legal institution in North America for more than a century before the founding of the United States in 1776. Black slavery derived in America has its unique feature. In many countries, slavery was admited in history politically and morally for thousands of years. However, the practice of trading black slaves was discussed drastically from the beginning in America. Some colonies even tried to pass laws to prevent slavery system. Those who opposed to the practice or institution of slavery worried that slaves would constitute a threat to the social stability rather than considering the affection of slaves.With the development of southern agriculture, laws which prohibited the sales of slaves couldn’t control the situation. Large-scale smuggling of slaves was rampant when external source of slaves was cut off. This situaton didn’t suspend until 1860.2.1.2Liberation Movement of Black SlavesAlthough The Declaration of Independence states that all men are born equal, the white ruling class didn’t regard blacks as thus. Blacks lost their position and privilege as man, and they were obviously expecting to be equal and respected and strived for them.However, any legal action couldn’t protect their rights and they faced all kinds of frustrations, some blacks were compelled to resort to violence in such situations. More than 250 slave outbreaks had happened before the Civil War, all of which were ruthlessly persecuted and suppressed.(DengShusheng, 1990:49) The movement of demanding the abolition of slavery came into existence since the beginning of 1830s. Actually, during the time of the colonization and Independence War, Franklin and Jefferson had come up with the idea of abolishing slavery. Some states in the north abolished slavery successively after the independence. In 1820s, the organization of abolishment of slavery began to appear in America. In 1820, there was the Manumission Society in North Carolina, which is regarded as the recreation of the South. Abolitionists built some secret subways which led to some routes and accommodation station toasist black slaves in their escape from south to north. From 1800 to 1850, there were 2000 escapes to the North on average each year. (ChengJingyu, 2007:237)The Civil War from 1861 to 1865 played a vital role to decide whether slavery system be abolished or not. Lincoln declared Emancipation Proclamation on January 1st, 1863. American blacks extricated themselves from slavery position through the Civil War, about 250,000 blacks took part in the confederate army to fight against slave holders, and 38000 blacks lost their lives for the Liberation War.(DengShusheng, 1990:50)On January 1st , 1865, The United States Congress passed Amendment of the slavery abolishment to prevent blacks and their descendants from becoming slaves again in law.2.2Civil Rights MovementAfter the World War Ⅱ, in the 50s and 60s of the 20th century, America came into a period of maximum development. During this period, the civil rights movement of the blacks were constantly developing and growing. American capitalism greatly developed after the Civil War, so did the social structure. More and more of the blacks left the South and a large number of intellectual blacks had grown in the North at the beginning of the 20th century. Then the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was founded. The Civil Rights movement in America had come into a period of being well-organized.2.2.1The Reasons of Civil Rights MovementThere are many reasons why Civil Rights Movement has vital effects on the whole history of Blacks struggle. The key factor contains three points. First of all, the basic factor is continual growth of the population of black citizens all over the main cities of America. Large number of black people left the South to find chances to work in big cities at the turn of the century. A significant number of social problems and employment pressure appeared constantly because of the rising population, which resulted in the racial discrimination from regions to the whole country. However, at the same time, it is advantageous to blacks in their protest in regard to the geographical environments. The migration of blacks also provided an indispensable condition for social movement. In 1940, the number of black citizens account for 36% of total number of black population in Southern America. The number increased to 58.4% in 1960. The social foundation of Civil Rights Movement formed gradually during the time of urbanization. Secondly, the appearance and development of a large colony of blacks brought a fertile land to strengthen the sense of identity and create great national leaders. Many colonies became the bases of anti-segregation organization. Finally, the development of black working class began to recognize the importance of human rights, while their consciousness of equality, new thoughts and principles improved gradually.Vice Secretary of Labor of National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Herbert Hill writes “ The growing population of blacks, the fast urbanization of black population and the development of Black Colony are the fundamental precondition of Civil Rights Movement.”（HuJinshan, 1998:51）All of the above reasons laid the foundations for the Civil Rights Movement to launch a nationwide campaign.2.2.2Anti-segregation MovementAmerican monopolied capitalism ruthlessly exploited black laborers through racial discrimination. . American blacks had adequate reasons for freedom and equality and protests against racial discrimination in the last hundred years. However, their situation of oppression, exploitation and discrimination never essentially changed. In the ten years after the Civil War, the movement aimed at equality and freedom was restricted to the struggle in courthouse of National Association for the Advancement of Colored People，U. S.. American blacks began to wage some large-scale movement against racial oppresstion and discrimination and strive for the equal rights of politics, economy and society up to the middle of 1950s to 1960s.2.2.2.1 Non-violent Peace MovementA series of struggles against violent repression happened in Los Angeles, and then spread to Chicago, NewYork, Philadelphia and other big cities in America. Demonstration developed into the climax of national struggle against violent repression, which was largely suppressed by the American government. December 1st, 1955, A black woman in Montgomery, Rosa Parks who was arrested for refusing to offer her seat to a white passenger.Then led by Martin Luther King , black people of Montgomery began to refused to take bus until December 21th, 1956. At last, the bus company was desegregated. This movement was known as the beginning of Civil Rights Movement. The same movement happened in other southern cities.December 17,1956, Martin Luther King stated in Montgomery Improvement Association “Our action was resulted from a series of unfair and insulting words and deeds for many years.”(Clayborne Carson, 2009:73)This showed the fact that the struggle would continue until the governme nt made a compromise. After the explosion in 1956 at King’s house, he claimed that the struggle of civil rights should be non-violent. At the same time, American blacks were aware that non-violent movement would reduce violence. Some conscientious whites also began to make a self-questioning and sympathize with the struggle of blacks, and the non-violent movement was also supported by the prople all over the world. America government had to put a series of problems about blacks’ civil rights on the agenda a nd passed some important laws. All these were the achievement and significance of the Civil Rights Movement.2.2.2.2The Climax of Black MovementDuring the WWⅡ, as the popularity of movement increased and the power of organization developed, the position of the black people had been improved accordingly. They had started to launch a lot of movements in big cities.At that time, A columnist writer of the American blacks George Skyler described his opinion toward WWⅡ:“Our struggle is not only fight against Hitler in Europe, but also another Hitler in America. What we should do is not only defend our rights but also gain civil rights that we never enjoyed .”(HuJinshan, 1998:52) American blacks decided to prove that they would like to contribute to and sacrifice for their country while they were also fighting for their rights.The blacks’struggle never stopped after WWⅡ. The movement of anti-segregation andrecuperation of blacks’civil rights broke out in the south, including Sit-in Movement, Free Passenger Movement and Voting Registration Movement. In the North, they fought against living segregation, employment discrimination and segregation policy in school. Black people from different places united against unfair policies. About 200,000 students from 20 states took part in the Sit-in Movement. In 1963, the black people from 50 states and some whites joined in the Marching to Washington Movement. This pushed the Civil Rights Movement to a climax.3.Position of American Blacks3.1Economic Position3.1.1Living ConditionThe income and professional nature of black citizens gained a significant improvement during WWⅡ. The income of blacks accounted for 40% of white people in 1939 but increased to 53% in 1945. Although the employment, economic and social positions of black people had improved, a large number of them still lived in proverty. What they get is disappointment and hopelessness. In 1960s, laborers with lower income is 99% of total black class, small black capitalists and freelance only accounted for 1%.(ZhuYulian, 1963:15)Economic situation of black people had been improved after Civil Rights Movement. American government passed the law about desegregation of minority nationality, which gave a lot of help to black people. In 1970s to 1980s, the employment of black was still the lowest in America. The majority of the black were doing work that were the most tiring and despised with lower pay because of their lower educational level.A certain organization reported in 1988, “20 years ago, A Commissary of Presidential Commission had warned that America was going to fall into two societies, one belongs to the whites and the wealthy, the other is the society of blacks and the poor. Now it has become true”.(DengShusheng, 1990:56)The gap between whites and poor blacks did not get substantial improvement.3.1.2The Impact on the Southern AgricultureSlavery was once the precondition for the development of the Plantation Economy in south America. Black slaves played an important role in this development. By the early decades of the 19th century, the majority of slaveholders and slaves were in the southern United States, where most slaves were engaged in a work-gang system of agriculture on large plantations, especially devoted to cotton and sugar cane production. Such large groups of slaves were thought to work more efficiently if directed by a managerial class called overseers, usually white men.DengShusheng pointed out: “It is the black slaves’bones used by slave traders and planters that established the economic Kingdom in the southern plantations”. This is really a vivid description of the black slaves.(DengShusheng, 1990:48)At first, tobacco was grown in the plantation in south America, then rice and cotton. These plants were grown in wet marshland, which needed enough human resources who could stand up with hard work and suffer bitterness. And black people were the most suitable in energy and stamina, slaves holders also found that blacks were the best supplementary laboring force when injuries and deaths resulted from vile weather and meagre life.(ChengJingyu, 2007:125)The notorious tobacco kingdom and cotton kingdom were built up on the bones and blood of the blackslares in south America.3.2Political PositionWhen the Civil War was over, black people were still plagued with tragedies because they didn’t obtain real political rights, including voting r ight, freedom of assembly and association and educational right, though they had achieved nominal liberation. After the Civil War, many blacks were under threats from reactionary forces. During the period from 1865 to 1877 thegovernment ran into a verbal battle. Slaves holders concocted Black Codes to stop liberals from fighting for their civil rights. The struggles with the slave holders included Conference of the Representatives, negotiation and armed struggle which brought blacks parts of civil rights. The enactment stated that the right of citizens of the United States to vote should not be denied.Black people were unable to exercise their voting rights stipulated by constitution because of the obstruction of reactionary force,thus the government failed to put it into effect. Reactionary force in the south tried to cancel blacks’voting right by quoting different kinds of reasons and the amendment to the constitution. The number of black voters decreased by a big margin. As a result, all black people in the southern states were deprived of voting right in 1910.Major successes have been achieved in equality of American blacks by Civil Rights Movement in 1950s to 1960s. The political position improved and members of black citizens in the government increased gradually. However, large number of them were working in grass-roots unit without taking part in some important policy decision. The plitical position of them still couldn’t catch up with that of the whites.3.3Educational PositionEducational position of the blacks was not like that of the white students. The level of education and teaching facilities in black schools was lower than those for whites. The illiteracy rate of the blacks was higher than that of whites.Blacks used to be segregated from whites in churches and schools by the end of the 19th century. And laws stipulated that black children couldn’t enter schools for whites, just a small amount of schools were built for the black. In 1954, in order to change the Internatinal image of America, the Supreme Court decided that discrimination in education was unequal according to the case of a lawsuit against the local board of education filed by Mr. Brown.Since the Civil Rights Movement, discrimination in education had been abolished basically. Numbers of black youngsters had opportunities to study at school. There are still many deficiencies and problems on the system in legislation and judicature as well. Black engineers and scientists are a minority.4.The Great Black Figures in American HistoryContribution of some notable people can’t be neglected in history of a nation. They are with higher consciousness and the power of effective action. They have played significant role in the progress and development of their nation. The majority of black people served their nation and fellow-countrymen meritoriously. Here are some outstanding personages.Among the leaders of the U.S. Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s, black clergies played an important role, Martin Luther King is one of them. Martin Luther King, is an American black civil rights leader. He also played an important role in America. He was born on January 15, 1929, awardee of the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1964. In 1955, he led the bus boycott in Montgomery, the first great Negro non-violent demonstration of contemprorary times in the Unite State. In 1957 he was elected president of the Southern Christian Leader-ship Conference. King traveled from place to place and spoke many times in the eleven-year period between 1957 and 1968,appearing wherever there was injustice, protesting and taking action. The most influential and the best well known speech of him is I Have a Dream, which resulted in the abolishment of discrimination policy legally in 1964. His thought had a tremendous effect on the Civil Rights Movement in 1960s. Unfortunately, he was murdered on April 4, 1968, died at the age of thirty-nine.The influence of the common blacks is also very important. Rossa Parks is notable as a famous Civil Rights fighter. On December 1st, 1955, Rossa Parks, a worker in Montgomery, took the bus on her way home, she sat in the first row for blacks. Later a white got on, the driver asked blacks to offer their seats to the white. She refused. Therefore, she was arrested. She thought “I only knew that, as I was being arrested, that it was the very last time that I would ever ride in humiliation of this kind.” Three days afterwards, black civilian people of Montgomery began to refused to take bus. This Movement lasted 381 days. At last, the American government abolished this segregation in the South. She became a heroine.Literature also played an important role in improving the the thinking of black people. Douglas, a popular reformer, writer and debater, gave his whole life to the abolishment of slavery in the black movement in 19 century. He called upon Black people to join the the Union Army during Civil War. He held several talks with Abraham LincoIn about slavery. He had been a justice of certificate in the District of Columbia from 1881 to 1886, and ambassador to Haiti from 1889 to 1891.In 1845, Douglas published his autobiography Life Time of Douglas. Frederick, who was afraid that the book would disclose a true situation , eacaped to London where he could continute his speech. In 1847, he returned to America to edit newspaper for the abolishment of slavery.Uncle Tom's Cabin is a realist novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe, who was born in a family of clergy. She had been a teather and lived in Cincinnati for 18 years. There, she had seen many black people living in difficulties and abscondence, which gave her creative inspiration. This novel first serialised on National’s Time in 1852, it caused strong repercussions. This is a wonderful novel, lays bare the slavery system and describes different encouters of two black slaves. And it also mirrors the American society at that time by portraying characters andsituations. Lincoln even said that this woman’s novel caused a war.However, the prototype of the character in Uncle Tom's Cabin is rarely known to people. Actually he is a slave named Josiah Henson who was born in Maryland in 1789. He survived while he was escaping from his miserable slavery life. Then he ran a labor school where children of all races could study through his effort. It was he who provided the protoype of the character for Mrs.Stowe.(LiZixiu, 1973:15)The fighting of American blacks pushed forward the development of the history of America. Not only Civil rights leader but also average blacks tired their best to fight against racial discrimination and fight for human rights. The thoughts of great black people wake up the sense of gaining human rights among American blacks. And their movements made the whole America society progress on economy and politics to some extent.95.ConclusionToday, discrimination in America is not serious as usual. (DengShusheng, 1990:56) Various forms of struggles of blacks safeguard the human rights, to a certain degree, this gives a boost to the harmonious development between blacks and whites in American society. The road led to victory is always rugged for black people, and the acceptance of American society had improved a lot. Blacks has played a pivotal role in promoting the development of American history.Firstly, blacks have influenced the infrastructure and changed the structure of labor force of America. Blacks came into the American Continent as slaves who provided great labor resources for America. The American infrastructure and plantation economy in South American depended to a great extent on the black labor, espacially the development of southern agriculture. Because of the special economic pattern in southern America, farmlands and slaves spontaneously became the best investment and property. Many blacks were lower class and worker of infrastructure. They went in for hard work. At the same time, blacks played an important role in the development of American cities. Secondly, blacks’ movement also played a vital role in national unity and political progress. As we know, abolishment of slavery is the main factor of the Civil War. Many blacks vied with one another to join the army to fight against the southern confederate government for freedom during the Civil War. This promoted national unity, and America became more powerful. In the half century following the end of the Civil War, American economy was developing rapidly which resulted from releasing the productive forces. The living standards of the rural population have been raised because they had more economic opportunities during this time. During the Civil Rights Movement, blacks strived for universal suffrage and participated in the management of State affairs. Their progress influenced the development of American politics. And these, at the same time, made whole American society harmonious and steady progress to some extent. The improvement of the settlement of racial problems is because there are no so called dominant main nationality to interfere with the relationship between the federation and political system. And democratic rights are enjoyed by both black and white citizens legally now. They can take part in political activities of different parties without considering their races, which reduced the contradition among different races. On November 4, 2010, the Democratic Party presidential nomination of Barack Obama won the election and became the 56th president of the United States. He is the first Afro-American president. And this is a great political advance in American history.The role played by the American blacks in the history of America is obvious and significant. It has far reaching effects on both American and world’s histories. The most impotant point is their spirit of fighting for human rights without fear. Their achievements and experience encouraged people in the world to fight for humanism. At the same time, thinking over carefully about tragic events which happened in the movement and struggles of American blacks, the proples over the will would try their best to prevent our world and nations from falling again into discrimination and persecution, and make effort to build a civilized world. Peace and development are the themes of our times.10。
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正如奥巴马在处理美国的黑人与白人的社会关系时说的： 我们百衲而成的传统是一种优势，而不是劣势。我们是一由基督 教徒和穆斯林、犹太教徒和印度教徒、以及无宗教信仰者组成的国 家。我们受惠于地球上四面八方每一种语言和文化的影响。由于我 们饮过南北战争和种族隔离的苦水，走出了那个黑暗时代并变得更 加坚强和团结，我们不能不相信昔日的仇恨终有一天会成为过去； 族群之间的界线很快会消失…… 我们相信黑人在美国历史上的地位会继续上升，并且最终会达到 与白人完全平等的地位，充分享受民主与平等的权利！
马丁·路德 金 马丁 路德·金(Dr.Martin Luther King) 路德
领导黑人运动的灵魂人物，将“非暴力” （nonviolence）和“直接行动”（direct action） 作为社会变革方法的最为突出的倡导者之一 。 1963 年春天，金和南方基督教领袖会议领 导人在阿拉巴马州的伯明翰（Birmingham） 领导了群众示威。8月，在林肯纪念馆的台阶上， 8 金发表了“我有一个梦想”（I Have a Dream） 的著名演讲。 马丁·路德·金1963 年成为 时代周刊（Time magazine）的年度人物和 1964 年获得诺贝尔和平奖（Nobel Peace Prize）。 1968年4月，马丁·路德·金前往孟菲斯市领导工 人罢工被人谋杀，年仅39岁。
3.美国南北战争期间（1861.4.12–1865.4.9） 美国南北战争期间（ 美国南北战争期间 ）
由于南方种植园经济和北方资本主义经济产生矛盾 ，北方迫切要求解放黑奴， 获得自由劳动力，而南方种植园经济需要更多的奴隶进行劳作，因此奴隶制的 奴隶制的 存废成为双方斗争的焦点。 存废 1861年3月，共和党反对蓄奴的林肯当选总统，而林肯在政纲中提及的保护关 税及《宅地法》大大削弱了南方奴隶主的利益。 1863年1月1日，林肯总统颁布了《解放黑人奴隶宣言》，正式命令在美国解放 奴隶，黑人享有一定的法律地位，成为美国和各州的合法公民，享有各项公民权利 （选举，受教育，参政议政）。 解放黑人宣言是在特殊时期提出来的,一个很主要的原因就是为了使南方的黑人奴隶 倒戈到北方这边来,是带有政治目的的,因此,只是表面上宣布黑人奴隶的解放,随着战 争的结束,黑人奴隶的命运并没有随之有多大改变,并且林肯总统也随之遭到刺杀.因 此,黑人现在仍处于美国社会的最底层,权利并没有得到合法的实现,种族歧视在一些 州仍很严重!
文 学 作 品 看 此 期 间 黑 人 的 地 位
美国内战后至今
黑人运动：
20世纪50年代中期至60年代中期美国黑人反对种族 歧视和种族压迫，争取政治经济和社会平等权利的大规模群众斗 争运动。 百年前林肯虽解放了黑奴，但黑人平等的公民权在南方却从未获 落实，直到马丁·路德·金领导黑人民权运动才获得成功 。 美国黑人是美国人数最多的少数民族，长期受到种族歧视，处于 社会最底层。第二次世界大战后亚非国家有色人种争取民族独立 斗争的胜利的鼓舞以及由于工业化的进展，大批黑人流入城市， 使黑人地位问题成为全国性问题，是运动兴起的重要原因。 。
此期间，黑人被当做奴隶主的私有财产 任意买卖，黑奴们被当做畜生一样看待， 没有尊严与人格没有一点权利与自由 ， 生存条件极端艰难。但是殖民主义各国 都保护黑奴买卖交易，以便使新大陆的 各个岛屿能够更迅速和稳妥地殖民地化 。
2.美国独立战争期间17752.美国独立战争期间1775-1783 美国独立战争期间1775
1955 年12月1日，亚拉巴马州蒙哥马利城 黑人R.帕克斯夫人在公共汽车上拒绝让座给 白人，被捕入狱。在青年黑人牧师M.L.金的 领导下，全城5万黑人团结一致 ，罢乘公共 汽车达一年之久 ，终于迫使汽车公司取消种 族隔离制，这次的罢乘公共汽车运动虽然成 效有限，虽然未达全面性废除种族隔离措施， 但对全美各地的黑人却起了鼓舞作用，并启 发他们的灵感，开始一波波争取民权的运动。
70年代以来， 年代以来， 年代以来 美国广大黑人争取权利的斗争进入积极参政阶段
1. 1973.5，一位警察出身的黑人市议员汤姆斯*布雷德在竞选中获胜， 成为美国洛杉矶市的首位黑人市长。 2. 1983.4.哈罗德*华盛顿击败白人竞选对手成为芝加哥的第一位黑人 市长。 3. 1972年，第一位女性黑人国会议员雪莉*奇泽姆成为首位参选总统 选举的非洲裔女性。 4. 1984和1988年，黑人民权领袖杰西*杰克逊两次获得民主党总统候 选人提名。 5. 2000年底，鲍威尔成为美国历史上第一位黑人国务卿，成为美国有 史以来官阶最高的黑人。 6. 2005年,赖斯出任国务卿，是美国历史上的第二位女国务卿，美国历 史上第一位黑人国务卿。
从
《汤姆叔叔的小屋》 汤姆叔叔的小屋》
在这部作品中，斯托夫人刻画了一 系列黑人的形象。他们无一不过着 凄苦无助的悲惨的生活，但是他们 是善良正直的，忠厚淳朴，其中的 主角是一位具有反抗精神的黑奴， 他有很强的工作能力，能读写，善 辞令，追求自由与平等，但是仍然 饱受压迫，在最后他敢于反抗、斗 争的精神让他获得重生。《汤姆叔 叔的小屋》不仅博得人们的同情， 更获得人们对奴隶制的愤恨，成为 美国废奴主义者的有力武器。同时， 这部作品也有利于林肯为这场战争 找到宗教的合法性，把以维护联邦 统一的战争转变为解放黑奴的圣战。
总结：在民权运动的影响下，美国国会通过了1964民权法案。该法案宣布雇主对 黑人和妇女的歧视为非法；铲除了长期以来南方黑人参加选举的法律障碍；宣布 在几乎所有公共场合的种族隔离为非法.虽然民权运动取得了一系列重要成就，仍 然存在着令人失望的现象，特别是学校的种族隔离问题。例如，黑白混校的实行 就遇到不小阻力。总之，民权运动虽然在其高潮阶段取得了重要成果，美国社会 最根本的深层结构问题并未得到解决。
亚伯拉罕·林肯。美国第 任总统 任总统。 亚伯拉罕 林肯。美国第16任总统。 林肯 他领导了美国南北战争，颁布了《 他领导了美国南北战争，颁布了《解 放黑人奴隶宣言》，维护了美联邦统一， 》，维护了美联邦统一 放黑人奴隶宣言》，维护了美联邦统一， 为美国在19世纪跃居世界头号工业强国 为美国在 世纪跃居世界头号工业强国 开辟了道路， 开辟了道路，使美国进入经济发展的黄 金时代，被称为“ 金时代，被称为“伟大的解放者
电影与美国社会
PPT放映结束 放映结束
祝老师工作顺心！ 祝老师工作顺心！
黑人在美国历史上的地位
2010级对外汉语02班 伍阳 1010060220
在美国独立战争 之前
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美国独立战争之 --美国内战 后--美国内战
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美国内战期间 美国内战后至今
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1.在美国独立战争之前 黑人在美国历史上的地位 在美国独立战争之前
黑奴贸易（三角贸易） ↙
被贩卖的没有自由的奴隶 ↘
奴隶贩子从欧洲出发，乘船到达非 洲，在非洲通过各种卑鄙的方式俘 获黑人之后，他们把黑奴运往美洲， 把黑奴卖给美洲的种植园主，然后， 再把美洲的黄金和工业原料运回欧 洲。这就是被称为为一本万利的 “三角贸易”，最先进行奴隶贸易 的是葡萄牙人，但英国杰斐逊 托马斯 杰斐逊(1743－1826)，美国政治 杰斐逊 － ， 家、思想家、哲学家、科学家、教育家， 思想家、哲学家、科学家、教育家， 第三任美国总统。 第三任美国总统。他是美国独立战争期 间的主要领导人之一， 间的主要领导人之一，1776年，作为一 年 个包括约翰·亚当斯和本杰明 亚当斯和本杰明·富兰克林在 个包括约翰 亚当斯和本杰明 富兰克林在 内的起草委员会的成员， 内的起草委员会的成员，起草了美国 《独立宣言》。此后，他先后担任了美 独立宣言》 此后， 国第一任国务卿， 国第一任国务卿，第二任副总统和第三 任总统。 任总统。
18世纪上半期，启蒙思想在英属北美殖民地 世纪上半期， 世纪上半期 得到传播，涌现出一些杰出的思想家，如富 得到传播，涌现出一些杰出的思想家， 兰克林和杰斐逊。 兰克林和杰斐逊。英属北美殖民地的民族和 民主意识日趋增强 ↓ 《独立宣言》（1776.7.4） 中心思想：天赋 独立宣言》 1776.7.4） 中心思想： 人权、人人平等、主权在民 人权、人人平等、 ↓ 效果：掌权的资产阶级、 效果：掌权的资产阶级、种植园主阶级为了自身利益 进行种族歧视，虽标榜“一切人生来平等” ，进行种族歧视，虽标榜“一切人生来平等”，却只字 不提黑人奴隶问题，黑奴仅是“五分之三”非公民， 不提黑人奴隶问题，黑奴仅是“五分之三”非公民，黑 人的地位根本没有得到明显改善。 人的地位根本没有
虽然，在现在美国社会中种族歧视的劣根还没有完全消除，一些黑人还 不能享受到与白人完全同等的待遇，也有学者说美国种族关系的新特点 是美国人似乎正在向“自愿性种族隔离”转化，即白人和黑人彼此自愿性 地保持距离，但是这些分歧正在消逝，黑人与白人的关系不断改善，黑 人的社会地位也在不断上升 。 而且，无论如何，奥巴玛入主白宫、纯黑的第一夫人和以黑色为主调 的第一家庭居然成为白宫主人这一事实，的确开辟了美国历史的新时代 。它极大地激励了少数族群特别是黑人民众，黑人男女在他的榜样激励 下，将更加自信、自强、自尊，更加奋发进取，最终在整体素质和社会 地位上获得与白人完全平等的地位。
7. 2008.11.5，巴拉克*奥巴马 当选美国总统，成为美国历史 上首位黑人总统。
奥巴马的成功就职反映出了黑人在美国社会上地位的提高，而这一举动 又反过来促进了其地位的提升。对于黑人与白人的关系这真是一个令人 兴奋的突破点。 奥巴马的成功不仅对黑人，而且对其他一切少数族群都是巨大鼓舞。 一位社会学家指出：“只是在10年多一点时间以前， 对我们任何一个 人而言，谁都不相信能够看到一位非洲裔美国人能够拿下一个国家政 党的提名，并且能够非常有效率地参加竞选。这一事实向其他族群， 即亚裔人、拉丁裔和其他在历史上长期被拒之美国制度门外的族群昭 示，他们也有巨大机会”。新泽西州纽瓦克的市长布鲁克（Corey Booker）说：“我们国家正在显示着他的进步，即一个人的肤色掩盖 不了他的才能，这一点是值得庆祝的”