美国黑人文化历史课件
“美国黑人文化”PPT课件模板
• 在苦难的岁月里,黑人靠歌声表达心中的悲愤,用民间 歌谣传递起义的信息,用诗歌抒发自己的心声。早期美国 黑人文学,表现了黑人劳动者的质朴淳厚、感情的深沉、 战斗中的刚毅和受迫害受奴役的生活,不少作品既有丰富 的思想内容,又有一定的艺术造诣。黑人文学的出现,使 美国文学具有更广泛的民族内容和更深刻的民主精神。美 国黑人文学真正开始于18 世纪,后在一代代非裔作家努 力下,经历了以休斯顿为领袖的哈莱姆文艺复兴(第一次 高潮,20 世纪20 年代至30 年代末),以赖特为领袖的第 二次高潮(20 世纪四五十年代),以诺主莫里森为领袖 的第三次高潮(20 世纪70 年代后)。
• 1938年1月16日,Bennie Goodman率领他的大乐队在纽 约卡内基音乐厅表演爵士乐,尽管,Bennie Goodman是 一个白人,但不止他的乐团里有黑人乐手,许多黑皮肤的 布鲁斯、福音歌手也参加了那次演出。这次演出已被看作 一座历史界碑,标示白人世界对黑人音乐艺术性上的承认。 然而,有骨气的黑人音乐家们甚至将这种“艺术性上的承 认”看作屈辱,这种态度令爵士乐史上最重要的转折点, 比波普,得以出现。那是上世纪40年代中期,一些爵士乐 音乐家决定证明爵士乐绝不是供白人取乐的世俗音乐,他 们甚至拔身离开爵士乐的种族性,而只去证实爵士乐的艺 术性。在多数客人已离开的半夜里,他们在酒吧登台,尽 兴地飙技即兴,看谁吹得更快更准,直到天色泛白。
二、福音与灵歌
• 福音音乐是历史上美国的黑人农奴接受了基督教的信 仰之后,常在田里祈祷,希望减少劳动的痛苦。不久 便演变成即兴的音乐表演。在奴隶制废除之后,黑人 们组织了自己的教堂,并把这种音乐形式作为教堂活 动的一种。20世纪中期,猫王把福音音乐引进到自己 的风格中,随后汽车城唱片公司将这种音乐商业化主 要强调有节奏的器乐伴奏和即兴演唱。
美国黑人地位变迁精品PPT课件
4. After the American civil war until now
美国黑人运动
“黑白分明”社会中的“劣等”人,种族隔离
白人顽固的种族主义思想 起因:1955 年12月1日,亚拉巴马州蒙哥马利城黑人R.帕克斯夫人在公 共汽车上拒绝让座给白人,被捕入狱。
马丁·路德·金 外文名: Martin Luther King, Jr.
→ 独立宣言(The declaration ofindepedence) 1776.7.4
虽标榜“一切人生来平等”,却只字 不提黑人奴隶问题,黑奴不完全是人, 仅是“五分之三”非公民,黑人的地
位没有得到明显改善。
托马斯·杰斐逊(1743-1826),美国政治家、 思想家、哲学家、科学家、教育家,第三任美 国总统。他是美国独立战争期间的主要领导人 之一,1776年,作为一个包括约翰·亚当斯和 本杰明·富兰克林在内的起草委员会的成员, 起草了美国《独立宣言》。此后,他先后担任 了美国第一任国务卿,第二任副总统和第三任 总统。
5.2008.11.5,巴拉克*奥巴马当选美国总 统,成为美国历史上首位黑人总统。
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Thank you for coming and listening,you can ask questions according to this section and this courseware can be downloaded and edited freely
美国黑人地位的演变
The United States of America Black‘s status-evolution 1.before the American War of independence 2.during the American War of independence 3.during the American civil war 4.after the American civil war until now
美国黑人民权运动ppt
Although the roots of the movement go back to the 19th century, it peaked in the 1950s and 1960s. African American men and women, along with whites, organized and led the movement at national and local levels. They pursued their goals through legal means, negotiations, petitions, and nonviolent protest demonstrations.
1960
Sit-ins In February 1960, four African American students sat down at a segregated lunch counter in a local store in Greensboro, North Carolina. They refused to leave until they were served.
"Black elementary school" "White elementary school"
3. Major events
1954
Brown Decision--Separation Is Inherently Illegal
The 1954 U.S. Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas ushered in a new rights. This landmark decision outlawed racial segregation
美国黑人文学――历史与文化潮流PPT课件
African American Literature
African American Literature
Lucy Terry (1730-1821) Thought to be the author of the oldest piece of African-American literature, “Bars, about an Indian raid on settlers in Massachusetts. It was not published until 1855.
African American Literature Post-slavery Era
African American Literature
Phillis Wheatley (1753-1784) The first African-American and the second woman to publish a book in the colonies, she is one of the best known early black poets; her work was praised by leaders of the American Revolution, including George Washington. She is one of the first writers to use an epistolary style (in the form of letters).
6-American Black Literature
Themes and Subjects
His common theme is to condemn racism, urge reform, criticize evils of society. His books focus on racial conflict and physical violence. They review the devastating effect of institutionalized hatred (hatred brought by social system) and ) humiliation on black males’ psyche. They affirmed dignity and humility of society’s outcasts.
Writing Techniques : Realism, Naturalism
He tries to show that people cannot escape from society. Therefore, society must be changed. He is a father figure, especially to the writers of violence.
Over ) black (after civil rights movement) )
Oral Tradition
(1)songs and ballads ) (2)spirituals: sorrow of the singers* ) * earlier condition and longing for freedom (3)blues: after civil war, derived from ) work songs of loneliness, separation, losses, wonderings, love, desperation, sense of doom (4)jazz: after WWI, developed from ) blues, died out in the Great Depression
黑人在美国的历史
随着人类文明的发展,追求平等的思想开始出现,先进的白人开始认识到祖先贩卖黑人当奴隶的罪恶。
他们开始反省,认为同为上帝的子民,黑人不应该永远是奴隶,他们应该享有与白人一样的尊严。
由此拉开了解放黑人运动的序幕。
这其中最有影响的就是美国了。
美国黑人走上了历史舞台黑人在奴隶血泪史中,更多的是体现在美国。
美国黑人是在违反其自身意志的情况下被强行带到美国的唯一种族,1863年“解放黑人奴隶宣言”之前,已经有50万“自由黑人”生活在美国北方。
生活在美国的黑人大体上可分为三类,获得自由的时间是他们之间的关键差别。
一是最早被掳掠至西半球的非洲黑人,他们有很多是契约奴,或者黑白混血儿,后来成为自由黑人。
二是17世纪中期到18世纪中期大量贩卖而来的黑人奴隶。
三是来自西印度群岛的黑人。
北非阿拉伯人是第一批奴役非洲黑人的人,奴隶制千百年来一直存在于非洲和欧洲。
把黑人当作商品,是8世纪阿拉伯人征服北非后开始的。
他们和当地部落合作,抓获或者购进奴隶,将其带出撒哈拉沙漠。
阿拉伯人是最残忍的奴隶主,撒哈拉沙漠上白骨累累。
直到20世纪中期后,阿拉伯世界才彻底消除了奴隶制。
阿拉伯奴隶贩子将非洲人带到西班牙时,欧洲奴隶制已经消亡。
西班牙人在西半球开辟殖民地,从撒哈拉以南非洲运送奴隶到了西半球。
几个世纪一来,共有1000万非洲奴隶被运送到西半球,其中1720-1820年占一半以上。
死在海上的比例达9-16%。
1000万奴隶中,40万被运送到了今美国境内的各个殖民地。
到1825年,美国拥有的奴隶居西半球之首,占1/3左右。
但巴西买入的奴隶是美国的6倍。
原因在于美国是奴隶能够繁衍后代并按照自然规律保持人口增长的唯一国家。
西半球的其他地方,奴隶生存状况恶劣,死亡率高,出生率低,以至于要不断买入来替代。
在美国的黑奴生活状况尚可,他们虽吃低质量的食品但温饱无忧;住房与欧洲农民和工人相当,甚至更好;平均寿命36岁,相当于荷兰和法国,高于意大利和奥地利,更高于爱尔兰农民(19岁)。
美国黑人文化历史PPT课件
In 1964 L.B. President Johnson has signed "Civil rights Law".
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Your Subtitle Goes Here
Finally,They Won!!!
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Result
● It changed the life of the African Americans. ● It also have a profound impact on Americans' life and
Artists
Sports Man
PPreressiiddeenntt
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Musicians of The Black
------Something about hip-hop
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Music--------Hip-hop
First,Jazz Then,Blues Last,Rap---Hip-Hop---Hippie culture
In March, 1963,Birmingham, the request to cancel the entire city isolation system.
On August 28, 1963 250,000 people (1/4 for Caucasian) tomarch to Washington, the request "was freeimmediately".
Height: 184cm
Hometown: Mount Vernon, New York
Date of birth: December 28, 1954
Occupation: Actor, Director
美国黑人民权运动ppt课件
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• Although the roots of the movement go back to the 19th century, it peaked in the 1950s and 1960s. African American men and women, along with whites, organized and led the movement at national and local levels. They pursued their goals through legal means, negotiations, petitions, and nonviolent protest demonstrations.
;.
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Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr eventually became the leader of the Civil Rights Movement.
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1964
• Congress passed Civil Rights Act declaring discrimination based on race illegal after 75-day long argument.
;.
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Education
• For every $150.000 spent on white children at the "white schools" only $50.000 was spent on African American children at the "black schools."
In 1985, an American company bought this toothpaste company and changed its name.
美国种族歧视 PPT课件
<汤姆叔叔的小屋>
是美国作家哈里特·比彻·斯托(斯托夫人)于1852年发表的一部反奴隶制 小说。这部小说中关于非裔美国人与美国奴隶制度的观点曾产生过意义深远 的影响,并在某种程度上激化了导致美国内战的地区局部冲突。
“隔壁的女寝室里,地板上睡着数不清的女人,她们睡的姿势各不相同,肤 色的黑白程度也不一致,年龄有老有少。她们此刻都睡着了。这儿有一个十 岁左右、聪明伶俐的小姑娘,她的母亲刚被卖掉,今晚在没人注意的情况下, 偷偷地流着泪睡着了。那儿有一个瘦弱的老婆婆,瘦削的胳膊和长有老茧的 指头,说明她一生操劳。现在,她正等候明天的拍卖。老板准备拿她当剩余 货卖出去,能卖多少是多少。她们周围躺着四五十个女人,用毯子或衣服蒙 着脑袋。可是,在一个角落里,有两个女人坐着,她们与别人不在一起,相 貌也颇不寻常。年纪大的是一个四五十岁上下的第一代混血女人,衣着得体, 慈眉善目,头上梳着一个高髻,用一块上好的马得拉斯红衣帕包着;身上的 衣裳剪裁合适,衣料也不错,显然,她以前的主人待她很不错。一个约摸十 五岁的姑娘偎依在她身边,应该是她的女儿,她皮肤白皙,是个第二代混血 种;和她母亲一样,她的眼睛也是乌黑而温柔,只是眉毛比她的母亲长一些, 头上的卷发呈浓艳的深棕色,衣着整洁,两只手白白嫩嫩的,显然没干过什 么重活。明天,她们母女俩将和圣克莱尔家的仆人一起被拍卖出去。”
16世纪20年代起,圣多美和普林西比的葡萄牙商 人深入圣萨尔瓦多内地,可能远至扎伊尔河上的 马莱博湖及在南方的恩东戈,从事贩奴活动。从 贝宁湾、刚果、安哥拉等地运来的黑奴,或留在 当地种植园工作,或被转运去黄金海岸、马德拉 群岛、佛得角群岛和葡萄牙本土,16世纪30年代 开始又直接转运去美洲,16世纪中叶成为非洲向 美洲贩运黑奴的主要转运站。圣多美岛在1530— 1560年间达到繁荣的顶点,是当时葡萄牙主要的 海外领地之一。奴隶和甘蔗是其两大财富。柯廷 引用N·迪尔的估计数认为,在整个黑奴贸易期 间,圣多美运进了10万名奴隶。
美国的黑人文化
美国的黑人文化美国的黑人文化,是指由美国黑人所创造和传承下来的各种文化现象和艺术形式,它们在美国社会中扮演着重要的角色,并对全球文化产生着深远的影响。
黑人文化朵起源于非洲大陆,随着历史的演变而传播到美洲地区,它融合了非洲、欧洲与美洲等多种文化元素,形成了独特的黑人文化现象。
接下来,本文将就黑人文化的历史背景、艺术形式、音乐舞蹈、道德信仰、时装和语言方面做出一些阐述。
一、历史背景美国黑人文化的发展可以追溯到奴隶贸易时期。
非洲裔奴隶被迫迁移至美国,并将他们的文化、语言、艺术等传承下来。
由于奴隶主的残酷对待和压制,黑人文化往往处于压制的状态,但反抗与求生的意识也使得黑人文化更为地卓越和生动。
黑人文化从摇摆舞曲、蓝调、爵士乐、嘻哈等等多种艺术形式中脱颖而出,其中最为人所知的就是蓝调和爵士乐了。
二、艺术形式黑人艺术形式的多样性是黑人文化的核心特点之一。
蓝调、爵士乐、嘻哈、灵歌、摇滚乐等音乐形式是黑人文化中最富有影响力的艺术形式。
其中蓝调是美国黑人音乐的灵魂。
它源自于非洲的庙会音乐和西班牙的吉他之音,起初是非洲裔美国南方农民唱着自作的歌曲展现自己的苦痛与忧伤,与七声音阶和蓝调音阶产生的混合音乐形式,形成了一种温暖、協调的音乐。
爵士乐则是美国上世纪廿年代到七十年代的主流音乐形式,是黑人文化中最具影响力的音乐形式之一。
它融合了非洲、欧洲、拉丁美洲和加勒比海等众多音乐元素,形成了属于黑人文化的独特风格。
爵士乐的表现方式追求更为自由、多样化和具有个性的创意,把人的情感、经历和夢想融入到音乐中。
嘻哈是美国黑人文化中具有代表性的音乐形式之一。
它的起源可以追溯到上世纪七十年代的纽约布朗克斯区。
通过杂技、街舞和独特的音乐形式,嘻哈音乐把黑人的声音和历史带到了世界的舞台上,成为了黑人文化的重要组成部分。
嘻哈音乐的人物多样,是一种自由、反抗又诙谐的文化形式。
三、音乐舞蹈音乐和舞蹈在黑人文化中占有非常重要的地位。
对于黑人,音乐和舞蹈不仅是生活的一部分,更是情感和文化的表现方式。
美国黑人文学和托尼莫里森精品PPT课件
标志着20世纪美国黑人文学史上继赖特、艾里森之 后的又一座高峰。
1993年,被授予该年度诺贝尔文学奖,她是获此殊 荣的第一位美国黑人作家,也是继赛珍珠之后第二 位获得该奖的美国女性作家。
女作家艾丽丝·沃克赞美她:“没有人比托尼·莫里 森写得更美,她始终不懈地探索非洲裔美国人的复 杂性、恐惧和生活中的爱。无理的批评没有阻止她, 过分的赞美也没有使她跌倒,她是配得上这一荣誉 的作家。”
鲍德温和《向苍天呼吁》
五六十年代美国黑人文学的一个主要声音来自小说 家和散文作家鲍德温(James Baldwin)
处女作《向苍天呼吁》(Go Tell on the MOuntain,1953)
在鲍德温看来,美国黑人是美国文明的“私生子”, 其本质是遭遗弃和受辱。
《向苍天呼吁》与赖特的《土生子》和艾里森的 《看不见的人》并列为四五十年代美国黑人文学的 经典作品
In 1949 she entered Howard University(霍华德 大学) in Washington, D.C., America's most distinguished black college. There she changed her name from "Chloe" to "Toni", explaining once that people found "Chloe" too difficult to pronounce.
蓬勃发展
美国黑人文学是在20世纪才真正得以蓬勃发 展。
“哈莱姆文艺复兴运动” 麦凯 (Claude Mckay)、图默(Jean
Toomer)、休斯(Langston Hughes)、 卡伦(Countee Cullen)等一批年轻的诗人和 小说家有意识地从黑人的生活、传统和民间 文化中汲取营养,塑造“新黑人”形象,抒 发黑人的思想感情。
美国黑人文化历史 [自动保存的]
Contents
African-American Civil Rights Movement Causes of The Civil Rights Movement Contents of The Civil Rights Movement Results of The Movement And its Inflution
In 1964 L.B. President Johnson has signed "Civil rights Law".
The leader of the movement of civil right
Martin Luther King , Jr. _320x240_2.00M_h.264.flv
The Atlantic slave trade
African-American's Success
History of The Black
当黑人来到北美“新大陆”,他们并没有获 得新的生命和自由。残酷的剥削和压迫一直 笼罩着他们,肤色歧视如影随形,即使是到 了自诩为“人权卫士”的美利坚合众国。
------Something about hip-hop
Music--------Hip-hop
First,Jazz Then,Blues Last,Rap---Hip-Hop---Hippie culture It contains: 1,Rap 2,Breakdancing 3,Graffiti art(涂鸦艺术)
the Black into a community which admit every citizen has equal rights.
Lesson4 美国黑人民权运动PPT课件
❖ But through non-violent protests, strive for African American people's right of mass
struggle.
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Event background
❖ In 1955, Montgomery, Alabama black for against bus segregation on, insist to boycott the bus movement of for one year, the Supreme Court ruled segregation of the bus was unconstitutional.
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On Thursday, December 1,1995, Mrs. Rosa Park was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white man on a bus.
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Martin Luther King
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• …I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today…14
美国黑人文化
•the African-American Civil Rights Movement•African American Music CAUSE CONTENT RESULTJAZZBLUEHIP-POPCAUSE•The black people in America were descendants of African people who were doomed to the United States by the European settlers.•December 1st, 1955. The 42-year-old black woman Rosa Parks refused to stand up for the white on the bus.•in 1956, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation(种族隔离)on buses is a violation of the Constitution.CONTENT•In 1957,Dr. Martin Luther King and his supporters formed the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.•In 1958, 21 major cities in South US organized the black civil rights movement.•Early May 1961, Congress of Racial Equality carried out "free passengers" movement •In March, 1963, Martin Luther King organized the demonstration in Birmingham,where racial segregation was extremely serious•On August 28, 1963 , 250,000 people (1/4 of which were white)were organized to march to Washington, the request "was free immediately".•In 1964 , President Johnson were forced to sign the"Civil rights Law".RESULT•They won !• a model of non-violence movement.changed the life of the African Americanshave a profound impact on Americans' life and their concept of lifeInfluence changed America from a country into a community美国黑人音乐JAZZ-爵士樂♫Jazz is a style of music that originated at the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States from a confluence of African and European music traditions.JAZZMUSICBlues 蓝调A type of folksong that originated among Black Americans at the beginning of the 20th century; has a melancholy(忧郁的) sound from repeated use of blue notes.•现代蓝调(Modern Blues)•跳跃蓝调(Jump Blues)•口琴蓝调(Harmonica Blues)•电子蓝调(Electric Blues)•三角洲蓝调(Delta Blues)•乡村蓝调(Country Blues)•经典女性蓝调(Classic Female Blues) •综艺蓝调(Vandeville)•城市蓝调(Urban Blues)•德克萨斯蓝调(Texas Blues)•沼泽蓝调(Swamp Blues)•灵魂蓝调(Soul Blues)•钢琴蓝调(Piano Blues)•纽约蓝调(NY Blues)•新奥尔良蓝调(New Orlean Blues)•孟斐斯蓝调(Memphis Blues)•爵士蓝调(Jazz Blues)•民谣蓝调(Folk Blues)•节奏蓝调(R&B)•Hip-pop first emerged among young urban blacks in New York City during the late1970’s/early1980’s.•By the late1990’s,Hip-pop had become more popular than Rock music in America.The four elements of hip-pop •Rapping•DJ-ing•Break dancing(霹雳舞)•Graffiti Art(涂鸦)。
黑人在美国历史上的地位ppt课件
1955 年12月1日,亚拉巴马州蒙哥马利城 黑人R.帕克斯夫人在公共汽车上拒绝让座给 白人,被捕入狱。在青年黑人牧师M.L.金的 领导下,全城5万黑人团结一致 ,罢乘公共 汽车达一年之久 ,终于迫使汽车公司取消种 族隔离制,这次的罢乘公共汽车运动虽然成 效有限,虽然未达全面性废除种族隔离措施, 但对全美各地的黑人却起了鼓舞作用,并启 发他们的灵感,开始一波波争取民权的运动。
亚伯拉罕· 林肯。美国第16任总统。 他领导了美国南北战争,颁布了《解 放黑人奴隶宣言》,维护了美联邦统一, 为美国在19世纪跃居世界头号工业强国 开辟了道路,使美国进入经济发展的黄 金时代,被称为“伟大的解放者
《汤姆叔叔的小屋》
在这部作品中,斯托夫人刻画了一 系列黑人的形象。他们无一不过着 凄苦无助的悲惨的生活,但是他们 是善良正直的,忠厚淳朴,其中的 主角是一位具有反抗精神的黑奴, 他有很强的工作能力,能读写,善 辞令,追求自由与平等,但是仍然 饱受压迫,在最后他敢于反抗、斗 争的精神让他获得重生。《汤姆叔 叔的小屋》不仅博得人们的同情, 更获得人们对奴隶制的愤恨,成为 美国废奴主义者的有力武器。同时, 这部作品也有利于林肯为这场战争 找到宗教的合法性,把以维护联邦 统一的战争转变为解放黑奴的圣战。
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效果:掌权的资产阶级、种植园主阶级为了自身利益 ,进行种族歧视,虽标榜“一切人生来平等”,却只字 不提黑人奴隶问题,黑奴仅是“五分之三”非公民,黑 人的地位根本没有得到明显改善。
美国黑人文学——历史与文化潮流
African American Literature The Harlem Renaissance
Alain Locke (1886-1954) essayist, editor Claude McKay (1889-1948) poet Jean Toomer (1894-1967) poet Anne Spencer (1882-1975) poet
African American Literature The Harlem Renaissance
The artistic and socio-cultural awakening of African Americans in the 1920s and 1930s It was centered around the vibrant African American community in Harlem, New York, but had farreaching influence in art, music, literature and social thought. The interplay of art and race, and the aesthetic criteria for evaluating black writing are some of the intellectual legacies of the Harlem Renaissance.
African can Literature
History and Current Trends
African American Literature
The first writings by blacks in America was autobiographical and became known as the Slave Narrative Three themes developed in early African American writings around the issue of slavery: accommodation, protest, and escape
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Jay Z
Beyonce Giselle Knowles pop singer
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Will Smith
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? Sports In the international stadium,especially in the track and field stadium,the
? African Americans' history started in the 16th century.They were transported unlawfully to the United States by the Black Triangle Trade.
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?
1862.9.22 Abraham Lincoln The Emancipation Proclaimation
Group 6
African-American
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Contents
Brief introduce about the African-American African-American Civil Rights Movement
Causes of the movement The key event of the moof the movement
most excellent athletes are Black nowadays. African American made a very positive contribution to the success of
the American basketball game.
Michael Jordan
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? literature 19th century: Harriet Beecher Stowe (Uncle Tom's Cabin)
20th century: Toni Morrison (Song of Solomon)
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Politics
Barack Obama
◎Was elected the 44th President in 2008 ◎Won Nobel Peace Prize in 2009
Success of the African-American People In music and sports In literature In politics
Conclusion
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Brief introduce
? African Americans, also referred to as Black Americans or AfroAmericans, is the largest ethnic group of citizens in America.
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? In America, however, the racial discrimination was everywhere, the racial conflict often happened, the black people were treated as slaves by white people.
? It changes America from a country which was against the Black into a community which admits every citizen has equal rights.
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Successes in some aspects
? They'd the lowest salary, insurance and other many unfair treatments.
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Cause of the movement
? On December 1,1955,in Montgomery,Rosa Parks refused to obey bus driver's order that she gave up her seat in the colored section to a white passenger after the white section was filled.
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Your Subtitle Goes Here
Finally,They Won!!!
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Result
? It changed the life of the African Americans.
? It also have a profound impact on Americans' life and their concept of life.
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The key event of the movement
In 1963, Dr.King gathered 250,000 masses, and published his speech I have a dream before Lincoln memorial in Washington square.
The gathering finally forced the congress to pass the Civil Rights Act .That became the key events.
He received the Nobel Peace Prize before he was assassinated in 1968.
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Conclusion
During more than 400 years,African Americans made every effort to improve their position and status. ? As a result, African culture has been an important part of American culture. African American's social status becomes higher accompanied by their significant contribution to various fields even though there is still racial discrimination in our world.