Capacity Maximization Based Power Loading Analysis for Digital Channelized Satcom Systems

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财务专业英语词汇翻译

财务专业英语词汇翻译现在随着英语的普及，越来越多的专业词汇需要被大家知道、学习，文章中介绍了关于财务专业英语词汇，供大家学习。

proceeds from borrowings 举债所得款项proceeds of bills 库券收益proceeds of forfeit 出售没收物品所得收入proceeds of sale 售卖得益;销售收入pro-competition 鼓励竞争pro-competition policy 鼓励竞争的政策procuration fee 借款代理费procuration signature 代理签名producer 生产商product price index [PPI] 生产物价指数production approach 生产计算法production cost 生产成本production expenses 生产开支;生产费用production-based gross domestic product estimate 以生产为计算基础的本地生产总值估计数字productive capacity 生产能力productivity 生产力;生产率professional accountant 专业会计师professional charges 专业收费Professional Course for Equity Options Practitioners 股票期权从业员专业课程professional indemnity insurance 专业弥偿保险professional reinsurer 专业再保险人professional valuation 专家估值profit 利润;盈利;溢利profit and loss account 损益帐;损益表profit and loss appropriation account 损益分配帐profit and loss of previous period 前期损益profit and loss of previous year 上年损益profit and loss on exchange 汇兑损益profit and loss on securities 证券损益profit and loss statement 损益表profit arising in or derived from Hong Kong 于香港产生或得自香港的利润profit forecast 利润预测;盈利预测profit margin 利润率;利润幅度profit maximization 获取最大利润;最高利润点profit record 盈利记录profit sharing 盈利摊分profit taking 获利回吐;见利抛售profitability 盈利能力profiteer 投机商人;奸商profiteering 牟取暴利;投机倒把profit--loss sharing ratio 盈亏分配比率profits tax 利得税profits tax assessment 利得税评税profits tax return 利得税报税表profit-sharing bonus 红利奖金program trading 程序买卖Programme Management System 纲领管理制度programme of deregulation [interest rate] 撤销利率限制计划Programme of Economic Surveys 经济统计调查计划progressive rate 累进税率progressive tax band 累进税阶project cost 工程项目费用project estimates 计划预算;工程项目预算;工程计划预算project financing 项目融资project-by-project approach 逐项计划处理方法projected income 预计收入projected revenue 预计收入projection 推算;预测;预计project-linked borrowing 与指定计划有关的借款promise to pay 付款承诺promissory note [P/N] 承付票;本票;期票prompt collection of money 迅速收款prompt date 交割日proof of debt 债权证明;债权证明表proof of title 业权证明proper account 妥善帐目proper books of account 妥善帐簿proper disbursement 正当垫付费用properties sectorial index 地产分类指数properties sub-index 地产分类指数property 财产;物业;产权property assessable to tax 应课税的物业property derived from the deceased 得自死者的财产property gains tax 物业增值税property investment arrangement 财产投资安排property lending 物业贷款property liable to estate duty 须缴纳遗产税的财产property market 物业市场;地产市场property market rental index 物业市场租金指数property passing on a death 死者去世时转移的财产property portfolio 房地产投资组合property situated outside Hong Kong 在香港以外地方的财产property tax 物业税property tax assessment 物业税评税Property Tax Demand Note 物业税缴税通知书property tax return 物业税报税表property taxpayer 缴纳物业税的人士property-linked benefit 与财产相连的利益proportional treaty 比例协约proportional treaty reinsurance 比例协约再保险proportionate reduction of property tax 按比例减征物业税Proposal for Alteration of Valuation List 修改估价册建议书proposal form 投保表格proposed estimates 建议预算proprietary insurance corporation 营利保险法团proprietor 东主proprietorship 独资企业;东主所有权prospective buyer 有意购买者;准买家prospective liabilities 预期负债prospective planholder 有意参与投资计划的人士Protection of Wages on Insolvency Fund 破产欠薪保障基金Protection of Wages on Insolvency Fund Board 破产欠薪保障基金委员会protective trust 保护信托protest of bills 汇票的拒付证明provable debt 可证债项;可证债权provident benefit 公积金福利provident fund 公积金provident fund scheme 公积金计划provision 拨款;预留款项;备付款项;准备金provision for diminution in value 减值准备provision for taxation 备付税项provision on account 临时拨款额provisional administrator 临时管理人provisional agreement for sale and purchase 临时买卖协议Provisional Certificate of Receipt of Estate Duty 遗产税收讫临时证明书provisional damages 临时损害赔偿provisional estimate 临时估计数字provisional estimate of gross domestic product 本地生产总值临时估计数字provisional letter of allotment 暂定配股通知书provisional limit 暂定限额provisional liquidator 临时清盘人;暂委清盘人provisional profits tax 暂缴利得税provisional property tax 暂缴物业税provisional salaries tax 暂缴薪俸税provisional tax 暂缴税provisional tax instalment system 暂缴税分期缴付制度Provisional Urban Council rates 临时市政局差饷provisionally acceptable levels [PALs] 暂定上限provisionally acceptable levels of expenditure 暂定预算开支上限provisioning policy 坏帐准备政策proxy 代表;委托书prudential supervision system 审慎监管制度public account 政府帐目public accountant [PA] 注册核数师Public Accounts Committee of the Legislative Council 立法会政府帐目委员会public auction 公开拍卖public body 公共机构public company 公众公司public consumption expenditure 公众消费开支public corporation 上市公司;公营公司public debt 政府债务;公债public debt repayment 偿还政府债务public deposit 政府存款public examination 公开研讯public expenditure 公共开支public finance 公共财政public float 公众持股量public float requirement 公众持股量规则public fund 公帑;公共基金public interest 公众利益public investment expenditure 公共投资开支public limited company 公共有限公司;公众有限公司;上市有限公司public listed company 公众上市公司public money 公帑public offer 公开发售public officer 公职人员public policy 政府政策;公共政策public revenue 政府收入;公共收入Public Search Division [Companies Registry] 公众查册部〔公司注册处〕Public Search Hall [Companies Registry] 公众查册大堂〔公司注册处〕public sector 公营部门public sector entity in Hong Kong 香港公营单位public sector expenditure 公营部门开支public sector expenditure on buildings and constructions 公营部门的建造开支public sector expenditure on consolidated account 综合帐目内的公营部门开支public subscription 公开发售;公开认购public tender 公开招标public trustee 公共受托人public utility 公用事业;公用事业设施public utility company 公用事业公司public utility tariff 公用事业的收费public utility-type undertaking 公用事业式企业Public Works Management System 工务工程管理系统public works non-recurrent expenditure 公共工程非经常开支public works recurrent expenditure 公共工程经常开支Public Works Subcommittee [PWSC] [Finance Committee of the Legislative Council] 工务小组委员会〔立法会财务委员会〕Public Works Tender Board 工务投标委员会published price 公布价格punitive tax 惩罚性税项purchase and sale statement 日结单对帐表;买卖报告purchase consideration 买入价格;购买代价purchase money 买款purchase price 买价purchase tax 购物税purchaser 承购人;购买人;买家purchasing and inventory control 购货与存货管制purchasing pattern 购买模式;采购模式purchasing power 购买力purchasing power parity 购买力平价pure reinsurer 纯再保险人put option 认沽期权;看跌期权put warrant 认沽认股权证pyramid selling 层压式推销法以上便是关于“财务专业英语词汇精选”的具体内容。

运行策略分析在DES方案设计中的应用

ENERGY CONSERVATION FORUM运行策略分析在DES 方案设计中的应用高雄伟潘军松上海申能能源服务有限公司摘要：本文简要分析了DES 系统的运行策略，为实现DES 系统经济和能效最大化的可能，建立了基于原动机负荷与建筑负荷匹配分析的DES 系统容量优化配置方法，并提出在特定条件下原动机采用“混合模式”可能获得最大经济性。

关键词：运行策略；DES；方案设计DOI:10.13770/ki.issn2095-705x.2018.07.007Operation Strategy Analysis Applied in DES Solution De-signGao Xiongwei,Pan JunsongShanghai Shenergy Energy Service Co.,Ltd.Abstract:The article analyzes operation strategy of DES system to realize economy and energy efficiency maximization of DES system.The author sets up DES system capacity optimization configu-ration method based on primer load and builidng load matching analysis and puts forward primer apply-ing ‘hybrid’under special conditions to obtain maximum economy.Key words:Operation Strategy,DES,Solution Design1问题的提出天然气分布式供能系统（简称DES ）作为当前有效的能源系统之一，在公用建筑、区域性能源项目中已成为一种基础性的配置。

数学专业词汇(M)

mach angle 马赫角mach cone 马赫锥mach number 马赫数machine computation 机破算machine computing 机破算machine equation 机平程machine language 机骑言machine word 计算机语mackey topology 麦基拓扑maclaurin expansion 马克劳林展开maclaurin formula 马克劳林公式macro instruction 广义指令macrooperation 大运算macroparameter 宏观参数macrostatistics 宏观统计学magic circle 幻圆magic cube 幻立方magic figure 幻图magic square 纵横图magnetic head 磁头magnetic store 磁存储器magnetic tape 磁带magnetohydrodynamics 磁铃力学magnitude 量main diagonal 衷角线main program 痔序major axis 长轴major cycle 大循环major premise 大前提major term 大词majorant 强级数majorant criterion 比较检验majorant series 强级数majority 多数majority decision function 多数判定函数majority function 强函数majority game 强对策majorized sequence 优化序列majorized series 优化级数mal posed problem 不适定问题malfunction 错误动作maltiple classification 廖分类manifold 廖manifold classification 廖分类manifold of flags 旗廖manifold without boundary 无边廖manipulation 操作mannheim curve 曼海姆曲线mantissa 尾数many body problem 多体问题many dimentional sepce 多维空间many valued composition law 多值合成律many valued function 多值函数many valued logic 多值逻辑many valued mapping 多值映射map 映射map coloring problem 地图着色问题map projection 地图投影mapping 映射mapping cone 映射锥mapping cylinder 映射柱mapping function 映射函数mapping norm 映射范数mapping of sets 集映射mapping of the boundary 边缘映射mapping space 映射空间mapping theorem 映射定理mapping transformation 映射变换marginal density 边缘密度marginal distribution 边缘分布marginal distribution density function 边缘分布密度函数marginal distribution function 边缘分布函数mark 记号market model 市场模型marking function 标记函数markoff chain 马尔可夫链markov chain 马尔可夫链markov decision process 马尔可夫决策过程markov matrix 马尔可夫矩阵markov process 马尔可夫过程markov transform 马尔可夫变换marriage problem 配对问题mass 质量master program 痔序master sample 标准样本matching 匹配matching theorems 匹配定理material implication 实质蕴涵mathematical 数学的mathematical analysis 数学分析mathematical approximation 数学近似法mathematical constant 数学常数mathematical expectation 期望值mathematical formula 数学公式mathematical induction 数学归纳法mathematical logic 数理逻辑mathematical model 数学模型mathematical pendulum 数学摆mathematical physics 数学物理mathematical programming 数学规划mathematical random sample 数学随机样本mathematical statistics 数理统计mathematics 数学mathieu equation 马提厄方程mathieu function 马提厄函数mathieu group 马提厄群matricial rank 矩阵的秩matrix 矩阵matrix algebra 矩阵代数matrix analysis 矩阵分析matrix calculation 矩阵计算matrix element 矩阵元matrix equation 矩阵方程matrix factorization method 矩阵因子分解方法matrix form 矩阵形式matrix function 矩阵函数matrix game 矩阵对策matrix group 矩阵群matrix inversion 矩阵求逆matrix norm 矩阵范数matrix of coefficients 系数矩阵matrix of the transformation 变换矩阵matrix operator 矩阵算子matrix power series 矩阵幂级数matrix product 矩阵积matrix representation 阵表示matrix ring 矩阵环matrix semigroup 矩阵半群matrix series 矩阵级数matrix solution 矩阵解matrix transformation 矩阵变换matrix tree theorem 矩阵狮理matrix unit 矩阵单位matroid 矩阵胚maximal abelian extension 最大阿贝耳扩张maximal chain 连通链maximal element 极大元maximal equivalent orber 极大整环maximal hermitian operator 最大埃尔米特算子maximal ideal 极大理想maximal ideal space 极大理想空间maximal operator 最大算子maximal order 极大整环maximal principle 最大值原理maximal separable extension 极大可分扩张maximal strip 极大带maximal tree 最大树生成树maximality 极大性maximin 极大极小maximization 极大化maximizing sequence 极大化序列maximum 最大maximum condition 极大条件maximum deviation 最大偏差maximum ergodic theorem 极大遍历定理maximum likelihood equations 极大似然方程maximum likelihood estimating function 极大似然估计量maximum likelihood estimator 极大似然估计量maximum likelihood method 极大似然法maximum likelihood principle 极大似然法maximum matching 极大匹配maximum modulus principle 最大模原理maximum number 最大数maximum of a function 函数最大maximum or minimum condition 极大或极小条件maximum point 最大点maximum principle 最大值原理maximum problem 极大值问题maximum solution 最大解maximum term 极大项maximum value 绝对极大值maxwell boltzmann distribution law 麦克斯韦玻耳兹曼分布律maxwell's distributlon law 麦克斯事分布律maxwell's equations 麦克斯事方程meager set 贫集mean 平均mean continuity 中数连续性mean convergence 平均收敛mean convergence of p th order p阶平均收敛mean curvature 平均曲率mean curvature of surface 曲面的平均曲率mean density 平均密度mean derivative 平均微商mean deviation 平均偏差mean difference 平均差mean error 平均误差mean life 平均寿命mean number 平均数mean ordinate 平均纵坐标mean pay off 平均支付mean proportional 比例中项mean square 均方mean square contingency 均方列联mean square deviation 方差mean square of error 误差的均方mean square value 均方值mean term 内项mean type 平均型mean value 平均值mean value method 平均值法mean value theorem 平均值定理mean vector 均值向量measurability 可测性measurable 可测的measurable function 可测函数measurable mapping 可测映射measurable set 可测集measure 测度measure of dispersion 离差的度量measure of skewness 偏度measure preserving transformation 保测变换measure space 测度空间measure theory 测度论measure zero 零测度measurement 测量measuring error 测量误差measuring rule 量尺mechanics 力学mechanism 机构median 中位数median line 中线median point 中点mediant 中间数medium 媒体meet 交meet homomorphic image 保交同态像meet irreducible element 交不可约元素mega 兆member 项member of an equation 方程的端边memory 存储器memory capacity 存储容量memory cell 存储单元memory register 存储寄存器mental arithmetic 心算meridian 子午线meromorphic differential 亚纯微分meromorphic function 亚纯函数meromorphic function element 亚纯函数元素meromorphic mapping 亚纯映射meromorphism 亚纯映射meromorphy 亚纯mesh point 网格点mesh size 网格大小mesokurtic distribution 常峰态分布meta axiom of choice 亚选择公理metabelian group 亚交换群metacompact space 亚紧空间metaharmonic function 亚低函数metalanguage 元语言metalogic of predicates 谓词元逻辑metatheorem 元定理meter 米method of approximation 近似法method of artificial variables 人工变量法method of balayage 扫除法method of characteristic curves 特者法method of comparison 比较法method of conjugate gradients 共轭梯度法method of difference 差分法method of elimination 消元法method of estimation 估计法method of exhaustion 穷竭法method of false position 试位法method of finite elements 有限元法method of fractional steps 分步法method of integration of partial differential equations 偏微分方程的积分法method of iteration 迭代法method of partial fractions 部分分数法method of perturbation 扰动法method of potentials 起脚石法method of power series 幂级数法method of principal axes 轴法method of principal components 种量法method of regularization 正则化法method of residues 剩余法method of runge kutta type 朗格库塔型的方法method of steepest ascent 最速上升法method of steepest descent 最速下降法method of successive approximation 逐次近似法method of undetermined coefficients 比较法metre 米metric 度量metric coefficient 度量系数metric connection 度量联络metric form 度量形式metric normal form of quadratic form 二次形式的度量标准形式metric space 度量空间metric subspace 度量子空间metric tensor 基本张量metric topology 度量拓扑metrically convex subset 度量凸子集metrically dense 度量的稠密metrizability 可度量性metrizable 可度量化的metrizable group 可度量化群metrizable uniform space 可度量化一致空间metrization 度量化metrization theorem of urysohn 乌里申度量化定理microlocal analysis 微局部分析mid square method 平方取中法middle term 中项midperpendicular 中垂线midpoint 中点midrange 中列数millimeter 毫米million 百万minimal automaton 极小自动机minimal basis 极小基minimal disjunctive normal form 极小析取范式minimal element 极小元素minimal generating set 不可约生成集minimal graph 极小图形minimal manifold 极小簇minimal model 极小模型minimal polynomial 极小多项式minimal propositional calculus 极小命题演算minimal solution 极小解minimal submanifold 极小子廖minimal sufficient estimator 最小充分估计量minimal sufficient statistic 最小充分统计量minimal surface 极小曲面minimal type 极小类型minimal variety 极小簇minimality 极小性minimax 极小极大minimax decision function 极小极大判决函数minimax inequality 极小极大不等式minimax principle 极小极大原理minimax solution 极小极大解minimax strategy 极小极大策略minimax theorem 极小极大定理minimization 极小化minimizing method 极小化法minimizing sequence 极小化序列minimum 最小minimum condition 极小条件minimum covering 极小覆盖minimum density 极小密度minimum integral 极小解minimum modulus 最小模minimum modulus principle 最小模原理minimum number 最小数minimum of a function 函数的最小minimum point 极小点minimum principle 极小原理minimum problem 极小问题minimum solution 极小解minimum value 最小值minimum with a condition 条件极小minimum with a constraint 条件极小minkowski approximation theorem 闵可夫斯基逼近定理minkowski inequalities 闵可夫斯基不等式minkowskian addition 闵可夫斯基加法minkowskian linear combination 闵可夫斯基线性组合minkowskian space 闵可夫斯基空间minor 子式minor arc 劣弧minor axis 短轴minor cycle 小循环minor determinant 子行列式minor premise 小前提minor term 小词minorant 弱函数minorant function 弱函数minuend 被减数minus infinity 负无穷大minus mark 负号minute 分miscalculation 计算误差;计算误差missing plot technique 缺区补救技术missing value 缺少值mistake 错误mix 混合mixed area 混合面积mixed concomitant 混合相伴式mixed differential parameter 混合微分参数mixed distribution 混合分布mixed graph 混合图形mixed group 混合群mixed ideal 混合理想mixed number 带分数mixed partial derivative 混合偏导数mixed problem 混合问题mixed side condition 混合边条件mixed strategy 混合策略mixed tensor 混合张量mixed type 混合型mixed vertex 混合顶点mixing problem 混合问题mixing ratio 混合比mixture 混合mnemonic 助记的mnemonic device 助记装置mnemonics 助记mobility 可动性modal class 众数组modal proposition 模态命题modal system 模态系统modal value 最常见的值modality logics 模态逻辑mode 众数mode of vibration 振动模式model 模型model of moving means 移动平均模型model test 模型试验model theory 模型理论modern geometry 近世几何学modification 变形modified bessel function 修正贝塞耳函数modified newton method 修正牛顿法modular 模的modular category 模范畴modular character 模特征modular equation 模方程modular figure 模图modular form 模形式modular function 模函数modular group 模群modular lattice 模格modular matrix 模矩阵modular substitution 模置换modular variety 模簇module 模module of boundaries 边界模module of homomorphisms 同态模module of program 程序的模module of quotients 商模moduli space 参模空间modulo 模modulus 绝对值;模modulus of a congruence 同余模modulus of elasticity 弹性模数modulus of periodicity 周期的模modulus of rigidity 刚性模量modus tollens 否定式moment 矩moment generating function 矩量母函数moment matrix 矩量矩阵moment of distribution 分布矩moment of force 力矩moment of inertia 惯性矩moment of momentum 动量矩moments method 矩量法momentum 动量monad 单子monge cone 蒙日锥monic 首一的monic polynomial 首一多项式monitor 监督程序monocyclic system 单循环系monodromy 单值monodromy group 单值群monodromy theorem 单值定理monogenic 单演的monogenic function 单演函数monogenic module 循环模monogyre 一次对称轴monoid 单式半群monoidal representation 单项表示monoidal transformation 单项变换monomial 单项式monomial equation 单项方程monomial factor 单项因子monomial form 单项形式monomial group 单项群monomial representation 单项表示monomorphism 单一同态monotone approximation 单灯近monotone class 单掂monotone decreasing 单递减的monotone decreasing function 单递减函数monotone function 单弹数monotone increasing function 单递增函数monotone numbering 单掂号monotone sequence 单凋列monotonic function 单弹数monotonic system of sets 单掂monotonic transformation 单典换monotonically decreasing sequence 单递减序列monotonically increasing sequence 单递增序列monotonicity 单翟monotony interval 单跌间monte carlo method 蒙特卡罗法monte carlo simulation 蒙特卡罗模拟montel space 空间moore smith convergence 穆尔史密斯收敛morphism 射morse inequalities 莫尔斯不等式morse theory 莫尔斯理论mortality rate 死亡率mortality table 死亡率表most powerful test 最大功效检定most probable duration 最可能持续时间most probable value 最常见的值most stringent test 最紧迫检验motion 运动motion equation 运动方程movable singularity 可移奇点move 步着movement 运动moving arm 移动臂moving average 移动平均moving average method 移动平均法moving frame 活动标架moving trihedral 怜三面形moving trihedron 怜三面形mrkoff process 马尔可夫过程mu continuity 连续性mu continuous function 连续函数mu integrable 可积分mu measurable 可测的mu singular 奇异multi dimensional integral 多维积分multi modal distribution 多重模态分布multi person game 多人对策multi phase sampling 多相抽样法multi purpose computer 万能计算机multi stage game 多阶段对策multi stage sampling 多级抽样法multi valued mapping 多值映射multi valuedness 多值性multiaddress 多地址multicollinearity 多重共线性multidimensional space 多维空间multigraph 多重图multigroup 超群multilinear form 多重线性形式multilinear function 多重线性函数multinomial 多项式multinomial coefficient 多项式系数multinomial distribution 多项分布multinomial expansion 多项展开式multinomial series 多项级数multinomial theorem 多项式定理multiple 倍数multiple arc 多重弧multiple correlation coefficient 多重相关系数multiple decision problem 多重判定问题multiple edge 多重棱multiple fourier series 多重傅里叶级数multiple hypergraph 多重超图multiple markov process 多重马尔可夫过程multiple point 多重点multiple regression 多重回归multiple root 多重根multiple sequence 多重序列multiple series 多重级数multiple stratification 多层化multiple tangent 多重切线multiple test 多重检验multiple valued 多值的multiple valued function 多值函数multiplicand 被乘数multiplicand register 被乘数寄存器multiplication 乘multiplication operator 乘法算子multiplication ring 乘环multiplication sign 乘号multiplication table 九九表multiplication theorem 乘法定理multiplicative 乘法的multiplicative axiom 乘法公理multiplicative character 乘法特贞multiplicative group 乘法群multiplicative lattice 乘格multiplicative process 繁殖过程multiplicatively closed set 积闭集multiplicator 乘数multiplicity 重数multiplicity of a root 根的重数multiplier 乘数;乘群multiplier register 乘数寄存器multiply 乘multiply connected domain 多连通区域multiply connected region 多连通区域multiply connected sequence 多连通序列multiply connected space 多连通空间multiply monotone sequence 多重单凋列multiply periodic function 多重周期函数multiply transitive group 多重可迁群multipolar 多极的multiprogram processing 多级程序处理multistage programming 多阶段规划multistep method 多步方法multitude 多数multivalent 多叶的multivalent function 多叶函数multivalued decision 多值判断multivariate analysis 多元分析multivariate analysis of variance 多元方差分析multivariate distribution 多元分布multivariate distribution function 多元分布函数multivariate statistics 多元统计multivector 多重矢量mutual information 交互信息mutually disjoint 互不相交的mutually disjoint events 互不相交事件mutually disjoint subsets 互不相交子集mutually independent events 互相独立事件myria 万myriad 无数的myriads 无数。

IC基本电气特性-华为内部员工培训资料

IC基本电气特性Quiescent current 静态电流Standby current低功耗电流Dropout voltage (LDO特性)压降的输入电压Efficiency功率Transient response顺势特性Line regulation线路调整器Load regulation负载调整率Power supply rejection电源排除/抑制NoiseAccuracy精确性IC量测IC（LDO）结构框图Capacitor电容reference参考（电压）error amplifier误差信号放大器Pass element无源元件（二极管）dynamic load 动态负载主要模块包括;Voltage Reference参考（电压）Error Amplifier误差信号放大器Feedback Network 反馈网络Series-pass Element无源元件（二极管）优点：简单、输出纹波电压低、出色的line 和负载稳压、对负载和line 的变化响应迅速、电磁干扰(EMI) 低缺点：效率低、如果需要冷却设备，则要求较大的空间IC基本电气特性－Quiescent Current & Standby CurrentQuiescent Current(Ground current):The difference between input and output。

Low quiescent current is necessary tomaximize the efficiency.低静态电流是最大限度地提高效率必要条件。

Standby Current:The input current drawn by a regulator whenthe output voltage is disabled by a shutdownsignal.Quiescent Current and Output CurrentThe value of quiescent current is mostly determinedby the series pass element, topologies, ambienttemperature, etc.静态电流的值主要是一系列无源元件，拓扑结构，环境温度等确定的具体特性与IC结构、制程密切相关IC基本电气特性－Dropout V oltage（特有规格）◆Low-Dropout Linear Regulators低压差线性稳压器◆传统的三端稳压器如：LM78xxVdrop的典型值是2V，看到很多7805应用时都会背着一个散热器。

山东大学齐鲁青年学者基本情况一览表

学会级
厅级
IEEEICCT最佳论文
IEEE ICCT最佳论文
第一
第三
第一
第一
第一
第二
第二
山东省人民政府
山东省人民政府
山东省人民政府
中国电子学会
山东省妇女联合会
IEEE国际
会议
IEEE
国际
会议
2014~2017
2010~2012
2014~2017
2011~2014
2011~2015
2013~2016
2014~2016
山东省科学技术奖（科学进步奖）一等奖，“低成本、低功耗、云架构的新型信息化系统”第三位
国际通信领域顶级期刊IEEE JSAC/Transactions论文6篇(3篇第一作者，3篇通信作者)
国内首部跨层通信专著1部《无线通信跨层设计--从原理到应用》，第一作者
个性化培养方案（由所在单位填写）
主要学术兼职
主要研究内容
加入/组建团队及平台情况（由所在单位填写）
2004.09-2008.12，山东大学，通信与信息系统，工学博士
2001.09-2004.06，山东大学，通信与信息系统，工学硕士
1997.09-2001.06，桂林电子科技大学，通信与信息系统，工学学士
张海霞博士重点研究了无线通信中的传输可靠性、频谱有效性、以及无线资源的优化配置等问题。在无线传输领域，提出了多天线、多用户、多数据流传输理论、低复杂度正交空时编码方案、新型网格编码空间调制方案，并发展了基于小波基的多载波传输理论。在无线资源优化领域，基于有效容量，形成了一套围绕频谱、功率和用户QoS保证的无线资源优化方法，并在多种无线场景下获得了验证；借助博弈理论体系，发展了多媒体无线资源管理理论，在此基础上，提出了基于干扰感知的跨层分布式多媒体传输机制。

基于主从博弈的虚拟电厂参与多元竞争市场投标策略研究

第52卷第7期电力系统保护与控制Vol.52 No.7 2024年4月1日Power System Protection and Control Apr. 1, 2024 DOI: 10.19783/ki.pspc.230934基于主从博弈的虚拟电厂参与多元竞争市场投标策略研究彭超逸1，徐苏越2，顾慧杰1，周华锋1，胡荣1，聂涌泉1，孙海顺2，陈文哲2(1.中国南方电网电力调度控制中心，广东广州 510530；2.强电磁工程与新技术国家重点实验室(华中科技大学电气与电子工程学院)，湖北武汉 430074)摘要：虚拟电厂(virtual power plant, VPP)可以聚合多元异构分布式能源(distributed energy resource, DER)灵活参与电力市场，但受市场多元主体投标行为不确定性的影响，VPP在日前电力市场面临着潜在的投标需求流标风险。

为解决多元竞争电力市场中电价电量不确定性影响下VPP的优化申报问题，提出一种VPP灵活分段投标策略。

首先，基于分布式能源运行特性构建了虚拟电厂聚合可调节能力评估方法，在考虑电力平衡需求的基础上，提出按可调节能力划分区间的VPP灵活分段投标策略。

然后，构建了虚拟电厂参与日前电力现货市场投标的主从博弈模型，以实现VPP收益及社会效益的最大化。

最后，采用强对偶理论和大M法将该均衡约束规划问题(equilibrium problems with equilibrium constraints, EPEC)转化为混合整数线性规划问题(mixed integer linear program, MILP)求解。

算例结果表明，VPP采用灵活分段投标策略参与日前电力市场，可以充分利用其可调节能力，保障其投标需求有效中标，有效提升了VPP收益及社会效益。

关键词：虚拟电厂；聚合算法；投标策略；主从博弈Bidding strategy for a virtual power plant participating in a multiple competitivemarket based on the Stackelberg gamePENG Chaoyi1, XU Suyue2, GU Huijie1, ZHOU Huafeng1, HU Rong1, NIE Yongquan1, SUN Haishun2, CHEN Wenzhe2(1. China Southern Power Grid Dispatching & Control Center, Guangzhou 510530, China; 2. State Key Laboratory of AdvancedElectromagnetic Engineering and Technology (School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Wuhan 430074, China)Abstract: Virtual power plants (VPP) can aggregate multiple heterogeneous distributed energy resources (DER) to flexibly participate in the energy market. However, because of the uncertainty of bidding strategies of market participants, VPPs face potential risks of bidding failure in the day-ahead energy market. To solve the problem of VPPs’ optimal bidding strategy given the uncertainty of electricity price and quantity in the multiple competitive electricity market, a VPP flexible segmented bidding strategy is proposed. First, VPPs’ aggregated regulation capacity estimation method is constructed based on the operational characteristics of DERs, and a flexible segmented bidding quantity range of VPP is proposed considering power balance demand. Then, a VPPs’ day ahead energy market bidding model based on the Stackelberg game is established to realize the maximization of VPP profit and social welfare. Finaly, strong duality theory and the ‘big-M’ method are introduced to transfer the equilibrium problems with equilibrium constraints (EPEC) into a mixed integer linear program (MILP). The results of case studies indicate that the adoption of the flexible segmented bidding strategy in the day ahead electricity market can fully exploit VPP regulation capacity, ensure the effective bidding of electricity quantity demand, and increase VPP profit and social benefit.This work is supported by the Science and Technology Project of China Southern Power Grid Co., Ltd. (No.000000KK52200035).Key words: virtual power plant (VPP); aggregation algorithm; bidding strategy; Stackelberg game0 引言随着“双碳”目标的提出和我国电力市场建设基金项目：中国南方电网有限责任公司科技项目资助(000000KK52200035) 的不断推进[1-2]，大力发展面向高比例新能源的电力市场已成为我国能源转型的必然要求。

Optimizing%20power%20and%20resource%20management%20for%20multiuser%20MIMO_OFDM%20systems%20[1]

§
power control. The objective is to optimize the power efficiency while ensuring the fulfillment of each user’s QoS requirements including the bit rate and BER (bit error rate). In [3-5], different users are separated by transmitting on different subcarriers. In this paper, multiple users are allowed to transmit on the same subcarriers because they can be separated in the space domain by multiple antennas. This, however, introduces CCI (cochannel interference). The existence of CCI makes our problem much more complicated than that in [3-5]. In contrast to [8, 9], this paper proposes algorithms that can specify the allocation of subcarriers, power and modulation modes for every user. Moreover, the instantaneous QoS provisioning makes the optimization problem in this paper much more challenging. The complexity of the power-efficiency optimization problem is extremely high because of the presence of the nonlinear, nonconvex constraints resulting from CCI and QoS guarantee. To deal with the prohibitively high complexity, low complexity algorithms are proposed. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section II, the system model is described. An SVD-based (singular value decomposition) SDMA scheme is introduced in Section III. The joint optimization problem is then formulated in Section IV. In this case, zero forcing (ZF) is applied to decouple the joint optimization problem into simpler single user optimization problems. The problem of power-enhancement that exists in the ZF-based algorithm is solved in Section V by proposing another algorithm that introduces orthogonality in the frequency domain to those users who lack separability in space. The performance of both algorithms is demonstrated in Section VI. Finally, the paper is concluded in Section VII. II. SYSTEM MODEL In this paper, we investigate a multiple access system based on the use of a MIMO/OFDM structure. Assume that there are K users in the system, with J k denoting the number of transmit

经济学商学名词解释

1 亚当·斯密的“有效需求”"Effectual Demand", in Adam Smith2 自回归综合移动平均模型ARIMA Models3 不在地主Absentee4 绝对地租Absolute Rent5 绝对的和可交换的价值Absolute and Exchangeable value6 国际收支的开支吸收分析法Absorption Approach to the Balance of Payments7 吸收能力Absorptive Capacity8 节欲Abstinence9 抽象劳动与具体劳动Abstract and Concrete Labour10 加速原理Acceleration Principle11 会计学与经济学Accounting and Economics12 私人和社会会计Accounting, Private and Social13 资本的积累Accumulation of Capital14 非循环性Acyclicity15 适应性预期Adaptice Expectation16 总额相符问题Adding-up Problem17 调整的成本Adjustment Cost18 调整过程与稳定性Adjustment Processes and Stability19 有管理的价格Administered Prices20 预付Advances21 逆选择Adverse Selection22 广告Advertising23 顾问Advisers24 人口老化Ageing Populations25 代理费Agency Costs26 生产要素Agents of Production27 总需求理论Aggregate Demand Theory28 总需求和总供给分析Aggregate Demand and Supply Analysis29 总供给函数Aggregate Supply Function30 加总问题Aggregation Problem31 经济关系的总和Aggregation of Economic Relations32 农业经济学Agricultural Economics33 农业增长和人口变化Agricultural Growth and Population Change34 农产品供给Agricultural Supply35 农业与经济发展Agriculture and Economic Development36 农业与土地Agriculture and Land37 异化Alienation38 阿莱悖论Allais Paradox39 阿尔蒙滞后Almon Lag40 利他主义Altruism41 美国经济协会American Economic Association42 摊销Amortization43 类比Analogy44 无政府主义Anarchism45 反托拉斯政策Antitrust Policy46 适用技术Appropriate Technology47 套利Arbitrage48 套利定价理论Arbitrage Pricing Theory49 仲裁Arbitration50 军备竞赛Arms Races51 阿罗定理Arrow''s Theorem52 阿罗-德布勒一般均衡模型Arrow-Debren Model of General Equilibrium53 资产定价Asset Pricing54 资产与负债Assets and Liabilities55 指派问题Assignment Problems56 非对称信息Asymmetric Information57 原子状竞争Atomistic Competition58 拍卖者Auctioneer59 拍卖Auctions60 奥地利经济学派Austrian School of Economics61 自给自足Autarky62 自发支出Autonomous Expenditures63 自回归和移动平均时间序列过程Autoregressive and Moving-average Time-series Processes64 平均成本定价Average Cost Pricing65 阿弗奇一约翰逊效应Averch-Johnson effect66 公理化理论Axiomatic Theories67 交割延期费Backwardation68 落后性Backwardness69 贸易差额理论史Balance of Trade, History of The Theory70 平衡预算乘数Balanced Budget Maltiptier71 平衡增长Balanced Growth72 中央银行利率Bank Rate73 银行学派,通货学派,自由银行学派Banking School, Currency School, Free Banking School74 讨价还价(议价) Bargaining75 物物交换Barter76 物物交换和交易Barter and Exchange77 基本品和非基本品Basics and Non-Basics78 基点计价制Basing Point System79 杂牌凯恩斯主义Bastard Keynesianism80 贝叶斯推断Bayesian Inference81 以邻为整Beggar-the-neighbor82 行为经济学Behavioral Economics83 有偏和无偏的技术进步Biased and Unbiased technological Change84 出价Bidding85 双边垄断Bilateral Monopoly86 复本位制Bimetallism87 生物经济学Bioeconomics88 经济学在生物学中的应用Biological Applications of Economics89 伯明翰学派Birmingham School90 生死过程Birth-and-death Processes91 债券Bonds92 有限理性论Bounded Rationality93 资产阶级Bourgeoisie94 贿赂Bribery95 泡沫状态Bubbles96 预算政策Budgetary Policy97 缓冲存货Buffer Stocks98 内在稳定器Built-in Stabilizers99 金银本位主义的争论Bullionist Controversy100 束状图Bunch Maps101 公债负担Burden of The Debt102 官僚制度Bureaucracy103 经济周期Business Cycles104 不变替代弹性生产函数CES Production Function105 变分法Calculus of Variations106 官房经济学派Cameralism107 资本资产定价模型Capital Asset Pricing Model108 资本预算的编制Capital Budgeting109 资本外逃Capital Flight110 资本的收益与损失Capital Gains and Losses111 资本品Capital Goods112 资本的反常现象Capital Perversity113 资本理论Capital Theory114 资本的理论：争论Capital Theory: Debates115 资本理论：悖论Capital Theory: Paradoxes116 固定资本利用程度Capital Utilization117 作为一种生产要素的资本Capital as A Factor of Production118 作为一种社会关系的资本Capital as a Social Relation119 资本、信贷和货币市场Capital, Credit and Money Markets120 资本主义Capitalism121 资本主义的与非资本主义的生产Capitalistic and Acapitalistic Production 122 卡特尔Cartel123 交易学Catallactics124 突变论Catastrophe Theory125 赶超Catching-up126 因果推理Causal Inference127 经济模型中的因果关系Causality in Economic Models128 删截数据模型Censored Data Models129 中央银行业务Central Banking130 中心地区理论Central Place Theory131 中央计划Central Planning132 波动重心Centre of Gravitation133 确定性等价Certainty Equivalent134 如果其他条件不变Ceteris Paribus135 偏好的改变Changes in Tastes136 宪章运动：宪章的条款Chantism: the point of the Charter 137 物品特性Characteristics138 宪章运动Chartism139 低息借款Cheap Money140 芝加哥学派Chicago School141 技术选择与利润率Choice of Technique and the Rate of Profit 142 牟利学(理财) Chrematistics143 基督教社会主义Christian Socialism144 循环流动Circular Flow145 流通资本Circulating Capital146 阶级Class147 古典经济学Classical Economics148 古典增长模型Classical Growth Models149 古典货币理论Classical Theory of Money150 历史计量学Cliometrics151 社团Clubs152 合作社Co-operatives153 科斯定理Coase Theorem154 柯布-道格拉斯函数Cobb-Douglas Function155 蛛网定理Cobweb Theorem156 共同决定和利润分享Codetermination and Profit-sharing157 同族学科Cognate Displines158 柯尔培尔主义Colbertism159 集体行动Collective Action160 集体农业Collective Agriculture161 劳资集体谈判Collective bargaining162 合谋Collusion163 殖民主义Colonialism164 殖民地Colonies165 联合Combination166 组合论Combinatorics167 命令经济Command Economy168 商品拜物教Commodity Fetishism169 商品货币Commodity Money170 商品储备货币Commodity Reserve Currency171 公共土地Common Land172 习惯法Common Law173 公共财产权Common Property Rights174 通讯Communications175 共产主义Communism176 社会(公共)无差异曲线Community Indifference Curves177 比较利益Comparative Advantage178 比较静态学Comparative Statics179 补偿需求Compensated Demand180 补偿Compensation181 补偿原理Compensation Principle182 竞争Competition183 竞争政策Competition Policy184 竞争与效率Competition and Efficiency185 竞争与选择Competition and Selection186 国际贸易竞争Competition in International Trade187 奥地利学派的竞争理论Competition: Austrian Conceptions188 古典竞争理论Competition: Classical Conceptions189 马克思学派的竞争理论Competition: Marxian Conceptions190 竞争性市场过程Competitive Market Processes191 一般均衡的计算Computation of General Equlibria192 集中比率Concentration Ratios193 冲突与解决Conflict and Settlement194 冲突与战争Conflict and War195 拥挤Congestion196 综合性大企业Conglomerates197 推测均衡Conjectural Equilibria198 炫耀性消费Conspicuous Consumption199 不变资本和可变资本Constant and Variable Capital200 制度经济学Constitutional Economics201 耐用消费品Consumer Durables202 消费者剩余Consumer Surplus203 消费者支出Consumers, Expenditure204 消费函数Consumption Function205 消费集Consumption Sets206 消费税Consumption Taxation207 消费与生产Consumption and Production208 可竞争市场Contestable Markets209 或有商品Contingent Commodities210 经济历史的连续性Continuity in Economic History211 连续和离散时间模型Continuous and Discrete Time Models212 连续-时间随机模型Continuous-time Stochastic Model213 连续时间随机过程Continuous-time Stochastic Processes214 矛盾Contradiction215 资本主义的矛盾Contradictions of Capitalism216 经济活动的控制与协调Control and Coordination of Economic Activity 217 趋向性假说Convergence Hypothesis218 凸规划Convex Programming219 凸性Convexity220 合作均衡Cooperative Equilibrium221 合作对策Cooperative Games222 核心Cores223 谷物法Corn Laws224 谷物模型Corn Model225 公司经济Corporate Economy226 公司Corporations227 社团主义Corporatism228 对应原理Correspondence Principle229 对应Correspondences230 成本函数Cost Functions231 成本最小化和效用最大化Cost Minimization and Utility Maximization 232 成本和供给曲线Cost and Supply Curves233 生产成本Cost of Production234 成本-效益分析Cost-benefit Analysis235 成本推动型通货膨胀Cost-push Inflation236 反向贸易Counter Trade237 反设事实Counterfactuals238 抗衡力量Countervailing Power239 蠕动钉住汇率Crawling Peg240 创造性破坏Creative Destruction241 信贷Credit242 信贷周期Credit Cycle243 信贷配给Credit Rationing244 犯罪与处罚Crime and Punishment245 危机Crises246 关键路径分析Critical Path Analysis247 挤出效应Crowding Out248 累积的因果关系Cumulative Causation249 累积过程Cumulative Processes250 通货Currencies251 通货委员会Currency Boards252 关税同盟Customs Unions253 周期Cycles254 社会主义经济的周期Cycles in Socialist Economies255 技能退化De-skilling256 高息借款Dear Money257 销路理论Debouches, Theorie des258 分权Decentralization259 决策理论Decision Theory260 衰落产业Declining Industries261 人口下降Declining Population262 国防经济学Defence Economics263 赤字财政Deficit Financing264 赤字支出Deficit Spending265 垄断程度Degree of Monopoly266 效用程度Degree of utility267 需求管理Demand Management268 需求价格Demand Price269 需求理论Demand Theory270 货币需求：经验研究Demand for Money: Empirical Studies271 货币需求：理论研究Demand for Money: Theoretical Studies272 需求拉动型通货膨胀Demand-pull Inflation273 人口转变Demographic Transition274 人口统计学Demography275 依附Dependency276 折耗Depletion277 折旧Depreciation278 萧条Depressions279 派生需求Derived Demand280 决定论Determinism281 发展Development282 发展经济学Development Economics283 发展计划Development Planning284 辩证唯物主义Dialectical Materialism285 辩证推理Dialectical Reasoning286 微分对策Differential Games287 获得的困难Difficulty of Attainment288 生产的难易程度Difficulty or Facility of Production289 技术扩散Diffusion of Technology290 经济量的维数Dimension of Economic Quantities291 直接税Direct Taxes292 直接非生产性寻利活动Directly Unproductive Profit-seeking (DUP) Activities 293 离散的选择模型Discrete Choice Models294 歧视性垄断Discriminating Monopoly295 歧视Discrimination296 非均衡分析Disequilibrium Analysis297 隐蔽性失业Disguised Unemployment298 反中介行动Disintermediation299 扭曲Distortions300 分配Distribution301 占典分配理论Distribution Theories: Classical302 凯恩斯主义的分配理论Distribution Theories: Keynesian303 马克思主义的分配理论Distribution Theories: Marxian304 新古典分配理论Distribution Theories: Neoclassical305 分配伦理Distribution, Ethics of306 分配规律Distribution, Law of307 分配公平Distributive Justice308 多样化经营Diversification of activities309 分段的总体和随机模型Divided Populations and Stochastic Models310 股息政策Dividend Policy311 迪维西亚指数Divisia Index312 劳动分工Division of Labour313 经济学说Doctrines314 土地调查清册Domesday Book315 家务劳动Domestic Labour316 复式簿记Double-entry Bookkeeping317 二元经济Dual Economies318 二元性Duality319 虚拟变量Dummy Variables320 倾销Dumping321 双头垄断Duopoly322 动态规划和马尔可夫决策过程Dynamic Programming and Markov Decision Process 323 经济增长和发展的动力学Dynamics, Growth and Development324 东西方经济关系East-west Economic Relations325 伊斯特林假说Easterlin Hypothesis326 经济计量学Econometrics327 经济人类学Economic Anthropology328 社会主义经济的经济计算Economic Calculation in Socialist Economies329 经济自由Economic Freedom330 经济增长Economic Growth331 经济和谐Economic Harmony332 经济史Economic History333 经济一体化Economic Integration334 历史的经济学解释Economic Interpretation of History335 经济法则Economic Laws336 经济人Economic Man337 经济组织Economic Organization338 经济组织与交易成本Economic Organization and Transaction Costs339 经济科学与经济学Economic Science and Economics340 经济剩余与等边际原理Economic Surplus and the Equimarginal Principle341 经济理论与理性假说Economic Theory and The Hypothesis of Rationality342 国家的经济理论Economic Theory of the State343 经济战Economic War344 经济和社会人类学Economic and Social Anthropology345 经济和社会史Economic and Social History346 经济学图书馆与文献的使用Economics Libraries and Documentation347 规模经济与规模不经济Economies and Diseconomies ofScale348 经济计量学Economitrics349 有效需求Effective Demand350 实际保护Effective Protection351 有效配置Efficient Allocation352 有效率市场假说Efficient Market Hypothesis353 国际收支的弹性分析方法Elasticities Approach to the Balance of Payments354 弹性Elasticity355 替代弹性Elasticity of Substitution356 就业理论Employment, Theories of357 空匣Empty Boxes358 内生性与外生性Endogencity and Exoyeneity359 内生货币与外生货币Endogenous and Exogenous Money360 能源经济学Energy Economics361 强制执行Enforcement362 恩格尔曲线Engel Curve363 恩格尔定律Engel''s Law364 英国历史学派English Historical School365 权利Entitlements366 企业家Entrepreneur367 熵Entropy368 进入与市场结构Entry and Market structure369 包络定理Envelope Theorem370 环境经济学Environmental Economics371 妒忌Envy372 国民历代大事记或民族精神编年史Ephemerides du Citoyen ou Chronique de I''esprit National 373 经济学中的认识论问题Epistemological Issues in Economics374 均等利润率Equal Rates of Profit375 平等Equality376 交易方程Equation of Exchange377 均衡：概念的发展Equilibrium: Development of The Concept378 均衡：一个预期性的概念Equilibrium: an Expectational Concept379 公平Equity380 遍历理论Ergodic Theory381 变量误差Errors in Variables382 估计Estimation383 欧拉定理Euler''s Theorem384 欧洲美元市场Eurodollar Market385 事前与事后Ex Ante and Ex Post386 过度需求与供给Excess Demand and Supply387 交换Exchange388 外汇管制Exchange Control389 汇率Exchange Rate390 可能竭资源Exhaustible Resources391 一般均衡的存在性Existence of General Equilibrium392 退出和进言Exit and Voice393 预期Expectations394 预期效用假说Expected Utility Hypothesis395 预期效用及数学期望Expected Utility and Methematical Expectation396 消费支出税Expenditure Tax397 经济学中的实验方法(i) Experimental Methods in Economics(i)398 经济学中的实验方法(ii) Experimental Methods in Economics(ii)399 剥削Exploitation400 展延家庭Extended Family401 扩展型对策Extensive Form Games402 粗放与集约地租Extensive and Intensive Rent403 外债External Debt404 外在经济External Economies405 外在性Externalities406 费边经济学Fabian Economics407 因子分析Factor Analysis408 要素价格边界Factor Price Frontier409 公平分配Fair Division410 公平性Fairness411 下降的利润率Falling Rate of Profit412 家庭Family413 计划生育Family Planning414 饥荒Famine415 法西斯主义Fascism416 生育力Fecundity417 人口出生率Fertibity418 封建主义Feudalism419 法定不兑现纸币Fiat Money420 虚拟资本Fictitious Capital421 信用发行Fiduciary Issue422 最终效用程度Final Degree of Utility423 最终效用Final Utility424 金融Finance425 金融资本Finance Capital426 融资和储蓄Finance and Saving427 金融危机Financial Crisis428 金融中介Financial Intermediaries429 金融新闻业Financial Journalism430 金融市场Financial Markets431 微调Fine Tuning432 厂商理论Firm, Theory of The433 财政联邦主义Fiscal Federalism434 财政态势Fiscal Stance435 发展中国家的财政和货币政策Fiscal and Monetary Policies in Developing Countries 436 渔业Fisheries437 固定资本Fixed Capital438 固定汇率Fixed Exchange Rates439 不变生产要素Fixed Factors440 不动点定理Fixed Point Theorems441 固定价格模型Fixprice Models442 浮动汇率Flexible Exchange Rates443 强制储蓄Forced Saving444 预测Forecasting445 对外援助Foreign Aid446 国外投资Foreign Investment447 对外贸易Foreign Trade448 对外贸易乘数Foreign Trade Multiplier449 森林经济Forests450 欺骗Fraud451 自由银行制度Free Banking452 自由处置Free Disposal453 免费物品Free Goods454 免费午餐Free Lunch455 自由贸易和保护主义Free Trade and Protection456 充分就业Full Employment457 充分就业预算盈余Full Employment Budget Surplus458 完全及有限信息方法Full and Limited Information Methods459 泛函分析Functional Analysis460 功能财政Functional Finance461 根本性失衡Fundamental Disequilibrium462 可替代性Fungibility463 期贷市场、套头交易与投机Futures Markets, Hedging and Speculation 464 期货交易Futures Trading465 模糊集合Fuzzy Sets466 贸易收益Gains from Trade467 对策论(博奕论) Game Theory468 不完全信息对策Games With Incomplete Information469 赌博合同Gaming Contracts470 度规函数Gauge Functions471 资本搭配Gearing472 性别Gender473 一般均衡General Equilibrium474 一般系统理论General System Theory475 德国历史学派German Historical School476 吉布拉定律Gibrat''s Law477 吉芬悖论Giffen''s Paradox478 赠品Gifts479 吉尼比率Gini Ratio480 经济理论中的整体分析Global Analysis in Economic Theory481 金本位Gold Standard482 黄金时代Golden Age483 黄金律Golden Rule484 货物与商品Goods and Commodities485 政府预算约束Government Budget Restraint486 图论Graph Theory487 重力模型Gravity Models488 格莱辛定律Gresham''s Law489 总替代品Gross Substitutes490 群(李群)论Group(Lie Group)Theory491 增长的核算Growth Accounting492 增长与周期Growth and Cycles493 经济增长与国际贸易Growth and International Trade494 哈恩问题Hahn Problem495 汉密尔顿体系Hamiltonians496 哈里斯-托达罗模型Harris-Todaro Model497 哈罗德-多马增长模型Harrod-Domar Growth Model498 霍金斯一西蒙条件Hawkins-Simon Condition499 卫生经济学Health Economics500 赫克歇尔-俄林贸易理论Heckscher-Ohlin Trade Theory501 套头交易Hedging502 享乐函数和享乐指数Hedonic Functions and Hedonic Indexes503 享乐主义Hedonism504 黑格尔主义Hegelianism505 赫芬达尔指数Herfindahl index506 异方差性Heteroskedasticity507 隐蔽活动，道德风险与合同理论Hidden Action, Moral Hazard and Contract Theory 508 等级制度Hierarchy509 讨价还价Higgling510 健全货币与货币基础High-powered Money and The Monetary Base511 历史成本会计Historical Cost accounting512 历史人口统计学Historical Demography513 经济思想及学说史History of Thought and Doctrine514 齐次函数和位似函数Homogeneous and Homothetic Functions515 国际游资Hot Money516 家庭预算Household Budgets517 家庭生产Household Production518 家务劳动Housework519 住房市场Housing Markets520 人力资本Human Capital521 人类资源Human Resources522 虚构的生产函数Humbug Production Function523 持猎和采集经济Hunting and Gathering Economies524 恶性通货膨胀Hyperinflation525 假设检验Hypothesis Testing526 IS-LM分析IS-LM Analysis527 理想指数Ideal Indexes528 理想产出Ideal Output529 理想类型Ideal Type530 识别Identification531 意识形态Ideology532 贫困化增长Immiserizing Grow533 尽早消费偏好Impatience534 不完全竞争Imperfect Competition535 不完全模型Imperfectionist Models536 帝国主义Imperialism537 默认契约Implicit Contracts538 进口替代和出口导向型增长Import Substitution and Export-Led Growth 539 派算Imputation540 剌激的协调性Incentive Compatibility541 刺激性合同Incentive Contracts542 收入Income543 收入-支出分析Income-Expenditure Analysis544 收入政策Incomes Policies545 不完全合同Incomplete Contracts546 不完全市场Incomplete Markets547 规模报酬递增Increasing Return to Scale548 指数Index Numbers549 指数化证券Indexed Securities550 指导性计划Indicative Planning551 指标Indicators552 无差异定律Indifference, Law of553 间接税Indirect Taxes554 间接效用函数Indirect Utility Function555 个人主义Individualism556 不可分性Indivisibilities557 归纳Induction558 产业组织Industrial Organization559 劳资关系Industrial Relations560 产业革命Industrial Revolution561 工业化Industrialization562 不等式Inequalities563 不平等Inequality564 国家之间的不平等Inequality between Nations565 人与人的不平等Inequality between Persons566 性别的不平等Inequality between The Sexes567 工资的不平等Inequality of Pay568 新生工业Infant Industry569 婴儿死亡率Infant Mortality570 通货膨胀Inflation571 通货膨胀会计Inflation Accounting572 通货膨胀与增长Inflation and Growth573 通货膨胀预期Inflationary Expections574 通货膨胀缺口Inflationary Gap575 非正规经济Informal Economy576 信息论Information Theory577 继承Inheritance578 继承税Inheritance Taxes579 创新Innovation580 投入-产出分析Input-output Analysis581 制度经济学Institutional Economics582 工具变量Instrumental Variables583 保险Insurance584 整数规划Integer Programming585 需求的可积性Integrability of Demand586 智力Intelligence587 相依偏好Interdependent Preferences588 利率Interest Rate589 利息和利润Interest and Profit590 多种利益Interests591 代际模型Intergenerational Models592 内部经济Internal Economies593 国内移民Internal Migration594 内部收益率Internal Rate of Return595 国际资本流动International Capital Flows596 国际金融International Finance597 国际收入比较International Income Comparisons598 国际债务International Indebtedness599 国际清偿能力International Liquidity600 国际移民International Migration601 国际货币经济学International Monetary Economics602 国际货币体制International Monetary Institutions603 国际货币政策International Monetary Policy604 国际贸易International Trade605 人际效用对比Interpersonal Utility Comparison606 时际均衡与效率Intertemporal Equilibrium and Efficiency607 时际资产组合理论和资产定价Intertemporal Portfolio Theory and Asset Pricing 608 价值的不可变标准Invariable Standard of value609 存货Inventories610 存货周期Inventory Cycles611 确定性条件下的存货政策Inventory policy under certainty612 投资Investment613 投资决策标准Investment Decision Criteria614 投资计划Investment Planning615 投资与积累Investment and Accumulation616 看不见的手Invisible Hand617 非自愿失业Involuntary Unemployment618 工资铁律Iron Law of Wages619 作为经济理论家的杰文斯Jevons As An Economic Theorist 620 联合生产Joint Production621 线性模型中的联合生产Joint Production in Linear Models 622 法理学Jurisprudence623 公平价格Just Price624 公平Justice625 公平、不平等及岐视Justices, Inequality and Discrimination 626 凯恩斯的《通论》Keynes''s General Theory627 凯恩斯主义经济学Keynesian Economics628 凯恩斯革命Keynesian Revolution629 凯恩斯主义Keynesianism630 弯折的需求曲线Kinked Demand Curve631 圣殿骑士团Knights Templar632 康德拉季耶夫周期Kondratieff Cycle633 库兹涅茨波动Kuznets Swings634 劳动经济学Labour Economics635 劳动交换Labour Exchange636 劳动市场歧视Labour Market Discrimination637 劳动市场Labour Markets638 劳动力Labour Power639 劳动过程Labour Process640 妇女劳动供给Labour Supply of Women641 劳动剩余经济Labour Surplus Economies642 劳动价值论Labour Theory of value643 劳动与就业Labour and Employment644 劳动者管理经济Labour-Managed Economies645 拉格朗日乘子Lagrange Multipliers646 自由放任主义Laissez-Faire647 土地改革Land Reform648 地租Land Rent649 土地税Land Tax650 兰格一勒纳机制Lange一Lerner Mechanism651 巨大经济Large Economies652 潜在变量Latent Variables653 大庄园制Latifundia654 法律与经济学Law and Economics655 解雇Layoffs656 沙特利耶原理Le Chatelier Principle657 起前与滞后Leads and Lags658 边干边学Learning-by-doing659 最小二乘法Least Squares660 闲暇Leisure661 有闲阶级Leisure Class662 里昂惕夫悖论Leontief Paradox663 字典式序Lexicographic Orderings664 自由主义Liberalism665 自由Liberty666 生命周期假说Life Cycle Hypothesis667 人寿保险Life Insurance668 寿命表Life Tables669 似然Likelihood670 极限定价Limit Pricing671 有限应变量Limited Dependent Variables672 增长的极限Limits to Growth673 林达尔均衡Lindahl Equilibrium674 林达尔论财政Lindahl on Public Finance675 线性模型Linear Models676 线性规划Linear Programing677 联系Linkages678 流动性Liquidity679 流动性偏好Liquidity Preference680 可贷资金Loanable Funds681 地方财政Local Public Finance682 经济活动的区位Location of Economic Activity683 对数正态分布Lognormal Distribution684 长周期Long Cycles685 经济增长中的长波Long Swing in Economic Growth686 长期和短期Long-run and Short-run687 洛伦茨曲线Lorenz Curve688 低工资Low Pay689 一次总付税Lump Sum Taxes690 李雅普诺夫函数Lyapunov Functions691 李雅普诺夫定理Lyapunov''s Theorem692 机器问题Machinery Question693 宏观经济计量模型Macroeconometric Models694 宏观经济政策Macroeconomic Policy695 宏观经济学理论Macroeconomic Theory696 宏观经济学：与微观经济学的关系Macroeconomics Relations with Microeconomics 697 保持资本完整无缺Maintaining Capital Intact698 马尔萨斯的人口理论Malthus Theory of Population699 马尔萨斯与古典经济学Malthus and Classical Economics700 经理资本主义Managerial Capitalism701 曼彻斯特学派Manchester School702 制造业活动与非工业化Manufacturing and De-industrialization703 资本边际效率Marginal Efficiency of Capital704 边际生产力理论Marginal Productivity Theory705 货币的边际效用Marginal Utility of Money706 边际和平均成本定价Marginal and Average Cost Pricing707 边际主义经济学Marginalist Economics708 市场失灵Market Failure709 营销期Market Period710 集贸市场Market Places711 市场价格Market Price712 市场份额Market Share713 市场社会主义Market Socialism714 市场结构Market Structure715 市场结构与创新Market Structure and Innovation716 市场价值与市场价格Market value and Market Price717 购销管理局Marketing Boards718 马歇尔-勒纳条件Marshall-Lerner Condition719 鞍Martingales720 马克思主义经济学Marxian Economics721 马克思主义价值分析Marxian value Analysis722 马克思主义Marxism723 马克思主义经济学Marxist Economics724 物资平衡Material Balances725 数理经济学Mathematical Economics726 政治经济学的数学方法Mathematical Method in Political Economy727 矩阵乘子Matrix Multiplier728 极大似然Maximum Likelihood729 最大满足Maximum Satisfaction730 平均值Mean value731 均值-方差分析Mean-variance Analysis732 确义性与不变性Meaningfulness and Invariance733 测度论Measure Theory734 经济增长的测算Measurement of Economic Growth735 测算理论Measurement, Theory of736 重商主义Mercantilism737 兼并Mergers738 有益品Merit Goods739 方法论之争Methodentreit740 方法论Methodology741 微观经济学Microeconomics742 军费开支Military Expenditure743 最低工资Minimum Wages744 生产方式Mode of Production745 模型与理论Models and Theory746 增长模型Models of growth747 货币主义Monetarism748 国际收支的货币分析法Monetary Approach to the Balance of Payments749 货币基础Monetary Base750 货币幻想Monetary Cranks751 货币非均衡和市场出清Monetary Disequilibdum and Market Clearing752 货币均衡Monetary Equilibrium753 货币体制Monetary Institution754 货币政策Monetary Policy755 货币理论Monetary Theory756 货币幻觉Money Illusion757 货币供应Money Supply758 货币和一般均衡理论Money and General Equilibrium Theory759 货币与宏观经济学Money and Macroeconomics760 经济活动中的货币Money in Economic Activity761 货币贷款者Moneylenders762 城市经济学中的单中心模型Monocentric Models in Urban Economics 763 垄断性竞争Monopolistic Competition764 垄断性竞争与一般均衡Monopolistic Competition and General Equilibrium 765 垄断Monopoly766 垄断资本主义Monopoly Capitalism767 垄断与寡头垄断Monopoly and Oligopoly768 单调映射Monotone Mappings769 蒙特卡罗方法Monte Carlo Methods770 道德风险Moral Hazard771 道德哲学Moral Philosophy772 死亡率Mortality773 多重共线性Multicollinearity774 多国公司Multinational Corporations775 乘数分析Multiplier Analysis776 乘数-加速器相互作用Multiplier-accelerator Interaction777 多部门增长模型Multisector Growth Models778 多元时间序列模型Multivariate Time Series Models779 近视决策规则Myopic Decision Rules780 纳什均衡Nash Equilibrium781 国债National Debt782 国民收入National Income783 国民体系National System784 民族主义Nationalism785 国有化Nationalization786 自然法Natural Law787 自然垄断Natural Monopoly788 自然价格Natural Price789 自然利率和市场利率Natural Rate and Market Rate790 自然失业率Natural Rate of Unemployment791 自然资源Natural Resources792 自然资源和环境Natural Resources and Enviroment793 自然选择与进化Natural Selection and Evolution794 自然工资Natural Wage795 自然和人类资源Natural and Human Resources796 自然的及正常的条件Natural and Normal Conditions797 自然的和有保证的增长率Natural and Warranted Rates of Growth 798 必需品Necessaries799 负所得税Negative Income Tax800 负量Negative Quantities801 新李嘉图主义Neo-Ricardianism802 新古典的Neoclassical803 新古典增长理论Neoclassical Growth Theory804 新古典综合Neoclassical Synthesis805 净产品Net Product806 中性税收Neutral Taxation807 货币中性Neutrality of Money808 新古典宏观经济学New Classical Macroeconomics809 非合作对策Non-Cooperative Game810 非线性规划Non-Linear Programming811 非参数统计方法Non-Parametric Statistical Methods812 非竞争集团Non-competing Groups813 非凸性Non-convexity814 经济计量学中的非线性方法Non-linear Methods in Econometrics 815 非嵌套假设Non-nested Hypotheses816 非价格竞争Non-price Competition817 非盈利机构Non-profit Organizations818 非标准分析Non-standard Analysis819 无替代定理Non-substitution Theorems820 南北经济关系North-south Economic Relations821 价值标准Numeraire822 效用定律的数值确定Numerical Determination of the Laws of utility 823 营养Nutrition824 奥卡姆剃刀Occam''s (Ockham''s) Razor825 职业分离Occupational Segregation826 提供Offer827 提供曲线或相互需求曲线Offer Curve or Reciprocal Demand Curve 828 (卖方)寡头垄断Oligopoly829 寡头垄断与对策论Oligopoly and Game Theory830 敞地制Open Field System831 公开市场业务Open-market Operations832 运筹学Operations Research833 满足度Ophelimity834 机会成本Opportunity Cost835 最优控制与动态经济学Optimal Control and Economic Dynamics 836 最适度储蓄Optimal Savings837 最优关税Optimal Tariffs838 最优税收Optimal Taxation839 最优性与效率Optimality and Efficiency840 乐观主义与悲观主义Optimism and Pessimism841 最优货币区Optimum Currency Areas842 最适度人口量Optimum Population843 最适度货币数量Optimum Quantity of Money844 期权定价理论Option Pricing Theory845 期权Options846 序Orderings847 资本有机构成Organic Composition of Capital848 组织理论Organization Theory849 离群值Outliers850 产出与就业Output and Employment851 过度储蓄Over saving852 过度投资Over-investment853 间接成本Overhead Costs854 一般均衡的交叠世代模型Overlapping Generations Model of General Equilibrium 855 生产过剩Overproduction856 峰突Overshooting857 自生利率Own Rates of Interest858 帕尔格雷夫政治经济学辞典Palgrave''s Dictionary of Political Economy859 范式Paradigm860 悖论与异常Paradoxes and Anomalies861 帕累托分布Pareto Distribution862 帕累托效率Pareto Efficiency863 作为经济学家的帕累托Pareto as an Economist864 专利Patents865 路径分析Path Analysis866 回收期Pay-off Period867 工资税Payroll Taxes868 旺季定价Peak-load Pricing869 小农经济Peasant Economy870 小农Peasants871 货币经济与非货币经济Pecuniary and Non-Pecuniary Economies872 完全竞争Perfect Competition873 完全预见Perfect Foresight874 完全信息Perfect Information875 完全竞争市场和不完全竞争市场Perfectly and Imperfectly Competitive Markets 876 表演艺术Performing Arts877 生产周期Period of Production878 外围Periphery879 佩龙一弗罗宾尼斯定理Perron-Frobenius Theorem880 菲利普斯曲线Phillips Curve。

风_柴_储能系统发电容量充裕度评估

ABSTRACT: A simulation method is proposed for the generating capacity adequacy evaluation of small isolated power systems(SIPS) including wind energy and energy storage facilities. The simulation technique is based on using hourly counted random events to mimic the operational history of a generating system, taking into account the chronological time correlated nature of the site resources and the failure and repair characteristics of the generating units in the system. The application of the proposed method has been illustrated using several example systems. The adequacy of the system depends on many factors such as the energy storage capacity, the system load demand, the wind energy penetration, the generating unit forced outage rate (FOR) and the geographic location. The relatively high reliability benefits are achieved by the increased energy storage. The adequacy of SIPS degrades with increase in the system load. Variations in the FOR of the wind power generating units do not have significant impacts on the system adequacy. Reliability improvement can be obtained by increasing the wind energy penetration level. The system situated at a location with a high mean wind speed obviously provides higher system reliability than that at a location with lower mean wind speed.

开关电源输入输出电容的选择

1.2
Selecting Input Ceramic Capacitors
Load current, duty cycle, and switching frequency are several factors which determine the magnitude of the input ripple voltage. The input ripple voltage amplitude is directly proportional to the output load current. The maximum input ripple amplitude occurs at maximum output load. Also, the amplitude of the voltage ripple varies with the duty cycle of the converter. For a single phase buck regulator, the duty cycle is approximately the ratio of output to input dc voltage. A single phase buck regulator reaches its maximum ripple at 50% duty cycle. Figure 1 shows the ac rms, dc, and total rms input current vs duty cycle for a single phase buck regulator. The solid curve shows the ac rms ripple amplitude. It reaches a maximum at 50% duty cycle. The chart shows how this magnitude falls off on either side of 50%. The straight solid line shows the average value or dc component as a function of duty cycle. The curved dashed line shows the total rms current, both dc and ac, of the rectangular pulse as duty cycle varies.

超市收银员英文自我评价

超市收银员英文自我评价当自己沉淀下来，窥探自己的内心，写下自己的自我评价，这样才可以不断进步。

但是自我评价要怎么写呢?下面是店铺为大家带来超市收银员英文自我评价，相信对你会有帮助的。

超市收银员英文自我评价篇一In the past work * months, there is joy, success, frustration and failure, in the leadership and care and guidance, with the support of colleagues with the help of my ability to work has been greatly improved, My self-evaluation of my work over the past 12 months is as follows:1, to study hard and continuously improve their operational capacity. At work, conscientiously study business knowledge, continue to accumulate experience, and actively participate in learning and training, and constantly enrich themselves; 2, compliance. 3 months, their work is not afraid of hardship, not afraid of tired, learning excellent staff approach, and earnestly completed the work of the job tasks; 3, unite colleagues and work together. 4, due to their lack of work experience in the work of the lack of practical experience in dealing with customer complaints, service work done not meticulous, this is my future direction of the effort. 4, due to lack of work experience,2. Since entering the company, I have gained great progress through the accumulation of personal efforts and work-related experience, with the help of my colleagues, and my knowledge has been continuously expanded and my work ability has been greatly improved.3, review the past * months, I seriously study the business training, and actively participate in job training.Wholeheartedly, courteous, enthusiastic service, patience to answer questions, toprovide quality services to customers and continue to practice in improving their own quality and business level, grow into a qualified salesperson.I strive to work in the future I would like to grow into a good staff, strive for the company to bring greater benefits.超市收银员英文自我评价篇二Internship summary - after the harvest1, the knowledge learnedFirst of all, I first entered the supermarket, the classroom teachers are explained by the theory of knowledge. I follow the supermarket cashier predecessors to learn, give her a fight. In the cash register this I also learned a lot of knowledge. The most important thing is bagging.Will be a good commodity for customers into the bag is a cash register work, I think it is easy at first, and later discovered that is not, and often because of this work done well, so customers disappointed. During this time I also figured out the control procedures for bagging operations: hard and heavy goods bottom bagging; square or rectangular goods into the two bags of the bag as a stand; bottled or canned goods put In the middle to prevent damage from external pressure; fragile goods or light bulbs placed in the bag above the goods. Bagging must be absolutely not to avoid a customer's goods into the same bag in the phenomenon; to remind customers to take away all the goods into the bag into the bag, to prevent their forgotten goods at the cashier situation. In the process of bagging, I also let a few mistakes. I remember one time the customer bought a few chewing gum, because the small size of the gum, I did not pay attention to installed in, and later reminded the older generation, did not make mistakes. If not really installed, then the customer back, do not blame ourservices did not do a good ah.Sometimes, I also deserted, the older generation did not sweep the finished goods into the bag, the older generation said I was too seriously. Fortunately, this error is also an occasional occurrence, or I laid off. Of course, sometimes I will encounter tough customers, you help him so loaded, he insisted so loaded. No way, the customer is God Well, so I had to laugh and say: sorry, I help you reinstall.From the older generation, I also learned: do cash register to be careful, not deserted, distracted. Cashier in the provision of billing services not only fast, and must be accurate. Not low-priced goods to high-priced play, damage to the interests of customers; nor high-priced goods to low-cost play, damage the interests of enterprises. For the scanning of goods, should enter the commodity code, in the input should see the numbers, put an end to the error. Also learn a lot of other knowledge, such as customers using different bank cards should be how to operate, the recognition and security of RMB, the role of membership cards, return some of the relevant knowledge, Fan Quan during the operation should be encountered after the problem How to deal with and so on. In the absence of internships, I thought that the cashier's job was simple, that is, the customer selected items of the price settlement. In fact, although to provide customers with checkout service is the basic work of the cashier, but this is not the cash register of all, can not simply work with the cash register checkout work. Sometimes the cashier's every move, speech and behavior represent the image of the supermarket, so the quality of cashiers and customer service is very important. Supermarket as an operating entity, its operating characteristics determine the supermarket cash register work must be coordinated with the operation of the supermarket in order toachieve the supermarket profit maximization. For some in the price of tough customers, our cashier will still smile to them, a little to do the next explanation, so that they patiently waiting.2, feelings and experiencesFirst, the service attitude, the relationship with the customer is essential.As a service industry, the customer is a good attitude of God is a must, in order to obtain more profits must increase sales. This requires that we want customers to think, be anxious customers worry about, improve service quality language to be polite and civilized, hospitality to be warm and thoughtful, as far as possible to meet customer requirements, and customer relationship management. Second, innovation to inject new vitality.Innovation is a relatively popular word, business needs the same innovation. According to different levels of consumers to provide different goods.Third, the integrity is the fundamental success.Honesty is undoubtedly the survival of the fundamental business, if there is no credibility, the closure is sooner or later, integrity, my understanding is people to be honest and sincere in order to get a good reputation.Fourth, pay only gain.In today's era, the competition mechanism has penetrated into all areas of society and the whole process of life, learning life and work without exception.Therefore, I think it is necessary for us to strengthen our sense of competition before choosing a job and getting a job. We must in the correct self-evaluation on the basis of full confidence in their own strength, the courage to compete to achieve the desired goal. In addition,We must deepen our understanding of competitive wit fromthe perspective of social progress and deepening reform, strengthen our sense of competition, consciously face up to social reality, change our minds, and prepare ourselves to participate in competition. But in order to obtain employment and job advantage, only the courage to compete is not enough, but also must be good at competition. Good competition embodied in a good psychological quality, power and good condition.Every college student will be faced with an important mental preparation before he ends his college life, leaving his alma mater and embarking on a society. He is going to change his role, set aside romance and fantasy, know his true position and harsh social reality, and seek truth from facts. The face of such a reality of employment.In short, the internship for me after entering the workplace is very useful. In addition, I also learned how to better communicate with others, how to better state their views on how to persuade others to agree with their point of view. I believe that these valuable experiences will be an important cornerstone of my future success.超市收银员英文自我评价篇三After 2xx-x years have passed, I entered xx has been a full two years, although halfway had left for two months, but I will cherish my choice - to be a qualified cashier.I remember once heard such a sentence: "The more difficult place, the more able to exercise the will of the people, the more people can feel full." Xx came to work more to feel the meaning of this sentence. Basically, every day at the same checkout for a few hours, in the face of countless customers, of which the hardship is self-evident. But I did not give up, especially in our shop, each time to take turns to the back door to work, it is winter,we suffered the cold is to be imagined. Every time I go to the back door to work, hands, feet all frozen swollen, the summer sun direct us, but I did not give up over insistence. "The customer is God," the purpose of cashiers in this ordinary post, the burden on the shoulder is not light: the same day a repeat of the work, but also to explain to customers all their questions, and no matter how harsh the customer said , Must learn to endure all the grievances in my heart.In the past work, we always encounter some problems, such as commodity price and computer does not match, we should promptly notify the team to verify, and to ask the patience of customers, there must be a smile service, when you Smile to customers, no matter how dissatisfied with our customers, this time his mood will be followed by sunny. Smile is the most charming expression, a smile does not charge a penny to give a lot of people know how to smile on life, will have a beautiful life, when you smile when the world is smiling to you. Then there is to pay attention to language art: "Do not quarrel with the customer, not insult, sarcasm, satire customers."The above is what I feel most in the work, I hope I can work in the future to do so. I believe that as long as all our staff work together, xx tomorrow will be more brilliant!。

NKK开关产品参数手册说明书

B40I n d i c a t o r s A c c e s s o r i e s S u p p l e m e n t T a c t i l e sK e y l o c k sR o t a r i e s P u s h b u t t o n s I l l u m i n a t e d P B S l i d e sP r o g r a m m a b l eT o u c h T i l tT o g g l e sGeneral SpecificationsElectrical Capacity (Resistive Load)Power Level: 10A @ 125/250V AC for JWM & JWMW models; 10A @ 30V DC for JWMW;16A @ 125/250V AC for JWL & JWLW models; 5A @ 72V DC for telecommunication applicationsOther RatingsContact Resistance: 10 milliohms maximum for JWM & JWMW; 20 milliohms maximum for JWL & JWLWInsulation Resistance: 1,000 megohms minimum @ 500V DCDielectric Strength: 2,000V AC minimum between contacts for 1 minute minimum;4,000V AC minimum between contacts & case for 1 minute minimumMechanical Life: 25,000 operations minimum Electrical Life: 25,000 operations minimumNominal Operating Force: JWM & JWMW Single Pole 3.92N & Double Pole 7.84NJWL Single Pole 5.00N & Double Pole 10.00N; JWLW Double Pole 10.00NAngle of Throw: 26°Materials & FinishesRocker:Polyphenylene ether (UL94V-0) Contacts: JWM & JWMW: Silver alloy with silver plating Housing/Frame & Barrier: Polyamide (UL94V-0) JWL & JWLW: Silver alloy plus copper with Interior Seal for JWM & JWL:Polyphenylene sulfide (UL94V-0) silver plating Case/Base:Melamine (UL94V-0) Terminals: Brass with silver platingEnvironmental DataOperating Temperature Range: –25°C through +70°C (–13°F through +158°F) for JWM & JWL;–25°C through +85°C (–13°F through +185°F) for panel seal JWMW & JWLW modelsHumidity: 90 ~ 95% humidity for 96 hours @ 40°C (104°F)Vibration: 10 ~ 55Hz with peak-to-peak amplitude of 1.5mm traversing the frequency range & returningin 1 minute; 3 right angled directions for 2 hoursShock: 50G (490m/s 2) acceleration (tested in 6 right angled directions, with 5 shocks in each direction)Sealing: IP67 of IEC60529 standard for panel seal JWMW & JWLW models; dust resistant inner seal for othersInstallationSoldering Time & Temperature: Manual Soldering: See Profile A in Supplement section.Standards & CertificationsFlammability Standards: UL94V-0 for rocker, housing, seal & case/base of JWL, JWM, JWMW & JWLW models TV Ratings for UL & CSA: JWM (TV-5) Overload Test @ 120V AC for 50 operations:Steady State Current (rms) 7.5A; Minimum Inrush Current (peak) 111A.JWM (TV-5) Endurance Test @ 120V AC for 25,000 operations:Steady State Current (rms) 5A; Minimum Inrush Current (peak) 78A.JWL (TV-8) Overload Test @ 120V AC for 50 operations:Steady State Current (rms) 12A; Minimum Inrush Current (peak) 163A.JWL (TV-8) Endurance Test @ 120V AC for 25,000 operations:Steady State Current (rms) 8A; Minimum Inrush Current (peak) 117A.UL: File No. E44145JWM & JWMW models recognized at 10A @ 250V AC. JWMW recognized at 10A @ 30V DC. JWL & JWLW models recognized at 16A @ 250V AC; JWL at 5A @ 72V DC.Models below recognized only when ordered with marking on switch. JWMW: add “/U” to end of part number to order UL mark on switch; add “/CUL” to end of part number to order cULus mark on switch. JWL: add “/U-DC” to end of part number to request UL rating on DC rated switch.CSA: File No. 023535_0_000JWM & JWMW models certified at 10A @ 250V AC; JWL models certified at 16A @ 250V AC VDE: License No. 115674JWM models approved at steady state 5A, inrush 80A, resistive 10A, & motor load 6A all at 250V AC; JWL models approved at steady state inrush 128A, resistive 16A, & motor load 8A all at 250V AC.Note: JWM & JWL Double Pole, Single Throw models approved only with the international ON-OFF symbols on the actuator.8/3/17B41I n d i c a t o r s A c c e s s o r i e s S u p p l e m e n t T a c t i l e s K e y l o c k s R o t a r i e s P u s h b u t t o n s I l l u m i n a t e d P B S l i d e s P r o g r a m m a b l e T o g g l esT o u c hT i l t Distinctive CharacteristicsActual Size JWMIndustry’s first molded rocker with TV rating. Designed to handle large inrush current, with high electrical capacity of 10 and 16 Amps. JWM models certified for TV-5 rating and JWL models for TV-8 rating.JWMW and JWLW panel seal versions meet IP67 of IEC60529 Standards (similar to NEMA 4 and 6). Prominent external insulating barriers increase insulation resistance and dielectric strength. Uniquely constructed to break light contact welds.Increased electrical life with speciallydesigned plate to minimize contact bounce. Constructed for dust resistance with interior cover between actuator and contact area. Terminals are molded in and epoxy sealed to lock out flux, dust, and other contaminants. Solder lug/quick connect terminals can be used with connector.Housing and case of heat resistant resin meet UL94V-0 standard.B42I n d i c a t o r s A c c e s s o r i e s S u p p l e m e n tT a c t i l e sK e y l o c k s R o t a r i e sP u s h b u t t o n sI l l u m i n a t e d P BS l i d e sP r o g r a m m a b l eT o u c hT i l t T o g g l e sTYPICAL SWITCH ORDERING EXAMPLEDESCRIPTION FOR TYPICAL ORDERING EXAMPLEJWLW21RA1ABlack HousingDPSTON-NONE-OFF CircuitBlack Rocker Cap withInternational ON-OFF Symbolsin Horizontal Orientation16A @ 125/250V ACB43I n d i c a t o r sA c c e s s o r i e s S u p p l e m e n tT a c t i l e sK e y l o c k sR o t a r i e sP u s h b u t t o n sI l l u m i n a t e d P B S l i d e s P r o g r a m m a b l e T o g g l esT o u c hT i l tM Panel Seal Power Level 10A @ 125/250V AC Power Level 10A @ 125/250V AC Power Level16A @ 125/250V ACMW LRATINGSBARRIER TYPES & COLORSBarrier type designates that either AT217 (for JWM) orAT218 (for JWL) is factory assembled.Dimensions for barriers are shown in the Accessories section.RFlange/Housing Material: PolyamideFinish: MatteBarrier Material: Polyamide Finish: MatteNo-barrier type has a flat flange which is an integral part of the switch.No BarrierBWith BarrierABlackHGrayBIvoryBarrier Colors Available:JWMW and JWLW panel seal devices have exterior seal of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber covering the flange.Panel SealPower Level16A @ 125/250V ACLWJWM JWL JWM JWLCAP COLORSCap Material: Polyphenelene Oxide Finish: MatteRocker cap is an integral part of the switch and not available separately.JWMW and JWLW available with black or red caps only.BlackIvoryRedGrayCap ColorsAvailable:ABCHB44I n d i c a t o r sA c c e s s o r i e sS u p p l e m e n tT a c t i l e sK e y l o c k sR o t a r i e sP u s h b u t t o n s I l l u m i n a t e d P BS l i d e sP r o g r a m m a b l eT o u c hT i l t T o g g l e sTERMINALSJWMWBlackIvoryABHINSCRIPTIONSInscription forHorizontal MountingDPST models without inscriptions do not have VDE approval.Inscription for Vertical MountingThe IEC symbols for On-Off are supplied with Single Throw models only.Orientation of inscription must be selected.Inscription Colors: Black ink on Ivory or Gray cap. White ink on Black or Red cap.Contact factory for other inscriptions.12No InscriptionNo CodeJWM & JWMWMaterial: Polyamide Finish: MatteColors Available:JWMW and JWLW panel seal models available with black housing only.HOUSINGGrayJWL & JWLWThk = (0.5).020.024.026Thk = (0.8) .031JWMPanel Thickness RangeWithout Barrier (JWM & JWMW):.039” ~ .157” (1.0mm ~ 4.0mm)With Barrier (JWM):.024” ~ .126” (0.6mm ~ 3.2mm)PANEL CUTOUTSSolder Lug/Quick Connect .110” (2.8mm)Solder Lug/Quick Connect .187” (4.75mm)Panel Thickness RangeWithout Barrier (JWL & JWLW):.039” ~ .157” (1.0mm ~ 4.0mm)With Barrier (JWL):.024” ~ .126” (0.6mm ~ 3.2mm)JWLWJWLB45I n d i c a t o r sA c c e s s o r i e sS u p p l e m e n t T a c t i l e sK e y l o c k sR o t a r i e s P u s h b u t t o n s I l l u m i n a t e d P B S l i d e s P r o g r a m m a b l e T o g g l esT o u c h T i l t TYPICAL SWITCH DIMENSIONS FOR JWM & JWMWJWM11RC1AJWMW22RCASingle & Double Pole With Barrier • 10 AmpSingle & Double Pole Panel Seal • No Barrier • 10 AmpJWM11BCA-HSingle & Double PoleNo Barrier • 10 AmpSingle pole double throw models do not have terminals 2a, 2, & 2b; single throw models do not have 1a & 2a.B46I n d i c a t o r sA c c e s s o r i e s S u p p l e m e n tT a c t i l e sK e y l o c k sR o t a r i e sP u s h b u t t o n sI l l u m i n a t e d P BS l i d e sP r o g r a m m a b l eT o u c hT i l tT o g g l e sTYPICAL SWITCH DIMENSIONS FOR JWL & JWLWWith Barrier • 16 AmpSingle & Double PoleJWL11BCA-HSingle pole double throw models do not have terminals 2a, 2, & 2b; single throw models do not have 1a & 2a.Panel Seal • 16 Amp • InscriptionDouble Pole Single ThrowJWLW21RA1AJWL21RC2A Single pole double throw models do not have terminals 2a, 2, & 2b; single throw models do not have 1a & 2a.No Barrier • 16 AmpSingle & Double PoleB47I n d i c a t o r s A c c e s s o r i e s S u p p l e m e n t T a c t i l e s K e y l o c k sR o t a r i e s P u s h b u t t o n s I l l u m i n a t e d P B S l i d e s P r o g r a m m a b l e T o g g l esT o u c hT i l t OPTIONAL DUST COVERTop Side BottomAssembly Instructions:1. Insert bottom of switch through the base untilthe tabs lock into place.2. Snap the switch into the panel.3. Seat the lid into the grooves of the base .Notes1. The dust cover is not for use with JWLW.2. The dust cover cannot be used with the barrier option.AT4126Dust Cover for JWL RockerWhen installed, the Dust Cover protects the switch from an environment containing small particles and dust. The switch is operable with the Dust Cover in place.Materials:Recommended Temperature Range:Lid: Clear Polyvinyl Chloride –10° ~ +70°C (+14°F ~ +158°F)Base: Black PolyamideLoses pliability below 0°C (+32°F)Recommended Panel Thickness:.031” ~ .134” (0.8mm ~ 3.4mm)LidBaseTYPICAL SWITCH DIMENSIONS FOR JWLWDouble Pole Double ThrowPanel Seal • 16 Amp • No InscriptionJWLW22RAAB48I n d i c a t o r s A c c e s s o r i e s S u p p l e m e n t T a c t i l e s K e y l o c k sR o t a r i e sP u s h b u t t o n s I l l u m i n a t e d P BS l i d e s P r o g r a m m a b l eT o u ch T i l t T o g g l e sPRECAUTIONS FOR HANDLING & STORAGE FOR JWMW/LW (PANEL SEAL TYPES)Operating Environment• Do not actuate switch if submerged in water or oil.• water may occur. In such an environment, a minimum 30° angle installation is advisable. If there is a possibility of freezing, install vertically so no moisture will be retained within switch housing.Panel Mounting• After mounting a switch, be sure there are no gaps between switch and panel. Lightly push into panel.• After installing into panel, do not apply excessive force.• After panel installation and wiring is completed, do not apply force horizontally or vertically from behind panel.corners of cutout to prevent level mounting.。

继电保护专业英语词汇

C cable cable transmission line
call for capacitance capacitor capacitors bank cascade case catenary CB ceiling （crest）voltage change-over changeover relay characteristic equation characteristic impedance charge charge density circuit circuit breaker circuit breaker circuit breaker monitoring clearance clock phase and anti-clock phase clock synchronisation close command close-up fault closing relay closing and opening time closing time codes cold load cold load pickup commissionning common test voltage communication links compatible complex conductance configurable configure connectors
I ideal transformer identification IED immunity to eraledciatrtoesdtaetliecctdriosmchaagrngetic energy impedance impedance relay impedance earthed impedance grounded impulse voltage inductance induction motor inductive inductor industrial substations and co-generation infinite bus inhibition time initialize instantaneous instantaneous instantaneous power instantaneous phase overcurrent instantaneous trip instantaneous trip instrument transformer insulated insulating property insulating string insulating transformer insulation insulation level insulator integrate

容量简介

• Funamental Effective Capacity Limits of Cognitive Radio in Fading Environments with Imperfect Channel Information • 没有太多新意，也没有推出闭式解，不过是结合了个时延的处理 • Joint Network Capacity Region for Cognitive Networks Heterogeneous and RF-Environment Awareness • 这篇文章主要讲的是不同的检测方法对于容量的影响（overly方式） • 主次用户均为泊松分布，有一定发射半径，同一时间，同一频率，一定的地理范围内只能有一个用户发送。 • 该文章比较了传统的能量检测，住用户发射机辅助检测，住用户接收机辅助检测下的网络容量，得出了后两种检测比之于第一种检测的容量增益 • 2012 • Ergodic Capacity for TAS/MRC Spectrun sharing capacity Radio • 该文章推到了发射天线选择（只选择一根发送）和最大比值合并方式下，在主用户接收端的干扰峰值功率受限，次用户接收端发射峰值功率受限，瑞利新倒下次用户的容量。 • 完美CSI 一对主用户一对次用户
中断容量
注：中断容量的优势简单可实现固定速率
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
多用户容量
• 一个带宽为B，周期为T的信号的空间维度是2BT。为了支持多用户通信，必须将系统的信号空间维度分配给不同的用户，称为多址接入。 • 多用户信道的容量不是用一个数来衡量，而是用速率域。速率域是个用户的速率形成的向量的集合。 • 上行（多址） • 下行（广播）
Ergodic capacity is a good performance limit indicator for delayinsensitive services, when the codeword length can be sufﬁciently long to span over all the fading blocks.

RBV(资源基础理论)的经典文献及摘要

Theory in RBV♦◆☐a) Penrose, 1959. "Theory of the Growth of the Firm".●Theme:1) The internal resources of a firm - the productive services available to a firm from its own resources, particularly the productive services available from management with experience within the firm.2) As management tries to make the best use of the resources available, a truly 'dynamic' interacting process occurs which encourages continuous growth but limits the rate of growth.●RQ: Assuming that some firms can grow, what principles will govern their growth, and how fast and how long can they grow? Alternatively, assuming that there are opportunities for expansion in an economy, what determines the kind of firm that will take advantage of them and to what extent?●What is a "firm":a) Economics: Price (p) and Output (q) --> Optimal size problem.(Size=output)b) The Firm as an administrative organization (central management)c) The Firm as a collection of productive resources.-- Resources: physical resources and human resources.-- Services yielded by resources-- The size of a firm should be measured with respect to the present value of the total of its resources used for its own productive purposes.●The motivation of the firm:a) The profit motive: The financial and investment decisions of firms are controlled by a desire to increase total long-run profits.b) Growth and profits become equivalent as the criteria for the selection of investment programs.●Inherited Resources and the Direction of Expansion1) Firm Growth: External and Internal inducement / obstacles- Internal obstacles arise when services (in particular the managerial capacity and the technical skills) required for expansion are not available in sufficient amounts within the firm.- Internal inducements arise largely from the existence of a pool of unused productive services, resources, and special knowledge.2) The continuing availability of unused services:强调人与资产的循环互动,相互推动,相互开发.a) So long as any resources are not used fully in current operations, there is an incentive for a firm to find a way of using them more fully.b) No "equilibrium position"Indivisibility of resources: There's always unused servicesIn the process of utilizing unused services, new types of resources will always be added to the firm's collection of resources.c)'Idle' services and 'specialized' services: Specialization leads to higher common multiplies, higher common multiplies leads to greater specialization. -- Specialization --> Diversification --> Specialization......d) New services will also become available from existing resources.Interaction between personnel and material resources: Not only can the personnel of a firm render heterogeneous varieties of services, but also the material resources can be used in different ways, if the people who work with them get different ideas.e) The creation of new productive services. The services that resources will yield depend on the capacities of the men using them, but the development of the capacities of men is partly shaped by the resources men deal with.3) Demand and ResourcesDemand is a necessary condition of entrepreneurial interest in any product, but the original incentive to a great deal of innovation can be found in a firm's desire to use its existing resources more efficiently.4) The Direction of ExpansionNew combinations previously acquired or inherited resources and other resources which must be obtained from the market.♦◆☐b) Wernerfelt, 1984. "A Resource-Based View of the firm".●Theme: to look at firms in terms of resources rather than products; & Sequential entry.●Resource: anything which could be thought of as a strength or weakness of a given firm. Definition: Tangible or intangible assets which are tied semi-permanently to the firm.●1. Resource and profitability1) General effect: monopolistic bargaining power, substitution2) First Mover Advantage - Resource position barriers (VS. entry barrier- entry barrier是针对incumbent和potential entrants,未考虑diversifier.)3) Attractive resources (difficult for others to catch up)4) Mergers and Acquisitions: to trade otherwise non-marketable resources and to buy or sell resources in bundles.●2. Dynamic resource management1) The resource-product matrix2) Sequential entry - to develop the resource in one market and then to enter other markets from a position of strength.3) Exploit and develop - a balance between exploitation of existing resources and development of new ones.4) Stepping stones - diversification step must be evaluated in terms of short-term balance effect and long-term function as stepping stones to further expansion.c) Barney, 1986. "Strategic factor markets: expectations, luck and business strategy".●Theme: Above normal economic returns comes from more accurate expectations (originated from unique skills and capabilities) or luck from the strategic factor market.●1. Strategic factor markets: where firms buy and sell the resources necessary to implement their strategies.●2. Expectation and luck in strategic factor market●3. To obtain above normal returns: a) must be consistently better informed concerning the future value of those strategies; b) there are some ways to be better informed1) by analysis of competitive environment: less likely to systematically generate the expectation advantages because the methodologies for collecting this information and the conceptual models for analyzing it are in the public domain.2) by analysis of unique skill and capabilities: to analyze information about the assets a firm already controls but are not available to other firms (special manufacturing know-how, business experience, TMT...).♦◆☐d) Barney, 1991, "Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage".●Assumptions: Firms may be heterogeneous and resources may not be perfectly mobile.●Key concepts:-Firm Resource: include all assets, capabilities, organizational processes, firm attributes, information, knowledge, etc. (or, strengths) controlled by a firm that enable the firm to conceive of and implement strategies that improve its efficiency and effectiveness. (physical capital resources, human capital resources and organizational capital resources)-Sustained Competitive Advantage: 1) compared with current and potential competitors; 2) notduplicable by others; 3) not necessarily survive in Schumpeterian Shocks.●4 attributes of resources to have potential SCA:-Valuable-Rare-Imperfectly imitable: path dependent, causally ambiguity and socially complexity.-Non substitutable: substituted by similar resources or different strategic resources.♦◆☐ePriem and Butler, 2001. "Is the Resource-Based 'View' a useful perspective for strategic management research?"●1. RBV as a Theory? - lawlike generalizationa) Generalized conditionsb) Empirical context (tautology)c) Nomic necessity●2. An elemental fallacy of RBVThe 'value' attribute and environmental side●3. For strategy researcha) Operational validity and implement abilityb) RBV boundaries ( context)c) All-inclusive Resourcesd) The process from resource to SCAe) Static RBV - limitations (hard to evaluate resource, process black box, difficult to practice,...) ●4. Discussion:Formalizing RBV towards a theoryAnswering the How questionIncorporating the temporal component - path dependentIntegrating demand heterogeneity model♦◆☐f) Barney, 2001. 'Is RBV a useful perspective for strategic management research? Yes.' Admitting market-side consideration♦◆☐g) Amit and Schoemaker, 1993. "Strategic Assets and Organizational Rent".●RQ: How to identify, develop and deploy firm-specific Strategic Assets?●Main Contributions: Strategic assets and Strategic Industry Factors●Firm level - Strategic assets: the set off difficult to trade and imitate, scarce, appropriable and specialized Resources and Capabilities.●Market level - Strategic Industry Factors: Certain resources and capabilities that have become the prime determinants of economic rents. (ex post)●Problem: how to identify, ex ante, a set of Strategic Assets.●Multidimensional view:1) Industry Analysis: the focus is on rent distribution2) RBV: the focus is internal evolutionary path; trade-off between specialization and robustness3) Behavioral view: uncertainty, complexity, conflict. --> suboptimal♦◆☐f) Dierickx and Cool, 1989. "Asset stock accumulation and Sustainability of competitive advantage". (early dynamic RBV article)●Main points:-Critical resources that are imperfectly imitable are accumulated rather than acquired in strategic factor market (Barney, 1986). Asset accumulation process: time compression diseconomies, asset mass efficiencies, inter-connectedness, asset erosion and causal ambiguity.-Accumulation of asset stocks: the strategic asset stocks are accumulated by choosing appropriate time paths of flows over a period of time.-Strategic asset stocks: non-tradable, nonimitable and nonsubstitutableEmpirical in RBVA. Topic: Managerial Ability and firm performance♦◆☐Holcomb et. al, 2009. "Making the most of what you have: managerial ability as a source of resource value creation".●This article goes back to Penrose (1959)'s seminal work, investigating the effect of managerial ability on resource productivity, interacting with resource quality. There are 3 main contributions:1. Managerial ability is a potential source of value creation.2. Managerial ability interactive with resource quality influences value creation.3. The process of managerial ability to optimize firm performance -- synchronization of combinations of resource bundles.●Data source: football team.B. Topic: Non-scale free capabilities and diversification♦◆☐Levinthal and Wu, 2010. "Opportunitycosts and non-scale free capabilities: profit maximization, corporate scope, and profit margins".●This study provides an alternative explanation for diversification discount, which relies on an opportunity costs logic to distinguish between non-scale free and scale free capabilities, and also provides a rational explanation for the divergence between total profits and profit margins.1. RBV logic: The fungibility of resource is the basis for the explanation of related diversification. --> Assumption: scale free.2. Opportunity cost of resources --> non-scale free resources3. Market demand and resource allocation - Diversification is also impacted by the market opportunities: when the current industry becomes mature, firms make rational decisions to increase total profit (profit maximization) via diversification. However, firms need to allocate their non-scale free resources to new business, which may lead to lower average returns.4. Diversifying firms are 'good types' (i.e., high capabilities) operating in 'bad' market context. (i.e., generalist firm)C. Topic: Formality and SME performance♦◆☐Terziovski, 2010. "Innovation practice and its performance implications in small and medium enterprises (SEMs) in the manufacturing sector: a resource-based view."●Theory: Schumpeterian's two-phase innovation theory; the benefits of formality (efficiency) and informality (flexibility).●Results: innovation strategy and formal structure are positive predictors of SME performance.D. Mergers and Acquisitions♦◆☐a) Puranam and Srikanth, 2007. "What they know VS. What they do: how acquirers leverage technology acquisitions".●Theme: to reconcile the integration paradox - Leveraging what they know (learning) & Leveraging what they do (disruption).●Main effect: Post acquisition integration (structural integration/structural separation) --> the success of leveraging.●Moderating effect: acquisition experience●Logic: integration mechanism both enhances coordination and harm leveraging technology.●Arguments:1. Structural integration enhances the leveraging of knowledge via coordination effect.2. Structural integration harms the leveraging of capability (ongoing innovations of the acquired firm) via the decrease of autonomy.3. Acquisition experience of acquirer moderates the relationship.4. Some solutions of post acquisition: rich unstructured communication, in the form of frequent face-to-face interactions, acids the disruptive consequences of administrative and cultural integration while also enabling high levels of coordination.♦◆☐b) Larsson and Finkelstein, 1999. 'Integrating strategic, organizational, and human resource perspective on mergers and ac questions: a case survey of synergy realization'.●Arguments: Synergy realization is a function of the similarity and complementarity of two merging businesses (combination potential), the extent of interaction and coordination during the organizational integration process, and the lack of employee resistance the combined entry.♦◆☐c) Haunschild, 1994. "How much is that company worth?: Interorganizational relationship, uncertainty and acquisition premiums."- Network perspective●Arguments:1. Firm managers will look to both their interlock partners and professional firms when deciding how much to pay.2. The impact of interlocks and professional firms on the premium decision will be stronger when managers are uncertain about the value of the Acquisition target.♦◆☐d) Stearns and Allan, 1996. "Economic behavior in institutional environments: the corporate merger wave of the 1980s".-Network and institutional perspective●A model: First, economic and political changes create conditions for merger wave; second, challengers (marginal actors) who lack status and resources exploit these conditions; third, the methods of successful challengers are imitated through the business community.。

基于最小损耗的IGBT驱动最优设计方法

Telecom Power Technology研制开发基于最小损耗的IGBT驱动最优设计方法申，朱选才，徐飞冬，翁炳文，吴梦胜（台达电子企业管理（上海）有限公司杭州分公司，浙江以绝缘栅双极型晶体管（IGBT）的驱动为研究对象，提出了一种基于最小损耗的驱动最优设计方法。

提损耗目标函数、建立基于安全工作区的约束条件以及最小损耗下的驱个步骤。

最后，以级联型高压变频器为应用实例，完成了驱动优化及功率单元的满载实验。

驱0.14%，实验结果验证了所提出最优设计方法的有效性。

高压变频器；IGBT；驱动；最优设计；双脉冲测试Optimum Design Strategy of IGBT Drive Based on Minimum Power Loss，XU Fei-dong，WENG Bing-wenShanghai） Co.，Ltd.，Hangzhou Branchand an optimum design，establishing goal function of IGBT power lossand searching for optimum drive parameter based on minimum power loss. 2020年8月10日第37卷第15期·　１５　·Telecom Power TechnologyＡｕｇ．　１０，２０２０，Ｖｏｌ．　３７　Ｎｏ．　１５　陈申，等：基于最小损耗的 IGBT 驱动最优设计方法1.2.2 IGBT 关断损耗关断损耗可以表示为关断能量E off 乘以开关频率f sw 。

根据IGBT 数据手册和实际测量结果，关断能量E off 仅和关断电阻有关，近似呈一阶关系。

P off =E off ·f sw =(k off ·R g_off +b off )·f sw （3）式中，k off 和b off 为关断能量系数。

毕业论文外文翻译----设计供应链以用来合理区分原始设备制造商的特点论文翻译-中英文论文对照翻译

中文3070字标题：Making supply chain design the rational differentiating characteristic of the OEMs原文：The ownership of the parts manufacturers was consequently fused together into new global companies with significant technological and innovation capabilities. At the same time,the OEMs divested their components and sub-systems divisionsin an effort to tap into the non-OEM a utomotive markets. These developments intensified the OEMs’　move t o outsource the bulk of the manufacturing and design of the subsystems andcomponents to their suppliers and, in effect, lost most of their manufacturing strength and bargaining power to them; thesuppliers currently account for 28% of the total automotiveindustry profits as opposed to only 24% for the OEMs. The outsourcing trend has thus resulted in OEMs relinquishing their historical strategic role and to position themselves more like original brand manufacturers (OBMs).These trends have contributed to an accelerated increaseof the supply uncertainty in addition to the already recognizeddemand uncertainty. Various supply uncertainty reductionstrategies have been designed in order to stabilize theplanning process among w hich the most significant is the design collaboration which includes the sharing of NPI plans and even a joint NPI plans design.As the components and sub-systems are being outsourced, and the suppliers are leveraging the innovation and technological costs across OEMs, i ndustry SC s tructure has also evolved into an extremely complex and intricate network in which allsuppliers tend to have short-term relations with multiple OEMs. The result: any difference in quality, performance, safety,fuel efficiency, and amenities has been reduced significantly.The OEMs, i n many w ays, have historically been treating SC design as a‘‘tactical’’ issue separate from concurrently designing the product and manufacturingprocess: after theconcept design phase, the Purchasing Department would start continuous quest for the lowest cost components by establishingan optimum between the capacity and production costs, locationof the supplier’s facility, and ransportation and logisticscosts (Financial Times 2005). Chain performance would thus bemeasured in oversimplified and sometimes counterproductive(cost reduction-based) terms.However, the performance measures that emphasize mainlycosts distort the way in which the chain members reach keydecisions concerning which customers are the most important and therefore the most profitable to serve. The fundamental problem of cost-centric measures is its focus on individual costsminimization rather than on the maximization of value to end customers (see e.g. Simaputang and Sridharan (2002) for details on the advantages of collaboration and cooperation in SCM).While the cost-centric measures might still be acceptable for components with low strategic importance, low customervisibility and low clock speed (e.g. nuts and bolts), they are far less appropriate for those with high clock speed.The lessons learned from fast moving industries (such asDell, Nike and Li & Fung) teach us that the companies that have successfully outsourced their manufacturing in order to lower their costs and increase their flexibility concomitantlycreated extremely valuable SC c ontrols that led them to remain the dominant player of the SC. This in turn has permitted these companies to further differentiate themselves from theircompetitors and has allowed them to maintain a sustainable competitive advantage. Not following the strategy ofimplementing SC controls, on the other hand, has severelylimited the ability of the OEMs to make the fundamental SCdesign and synchronization decision and has ultimately caused them to lose their role as integrators within the value chain.To maintain their role as value chain integrators, the OEMs should put more emphasis on the restructuring of their existing SC; the industry has to shift its differentiation focus intothe realm of SC design and synchronization. This implies thatthe supplier selection decisions should be guided not only by operational factorsbut also by strategic factors such asflexibility, the capacity to innovate, and the supplier’s business-technology alignment.When t he development of the SC b ecomes i ntegral to the NPI process, then the sup pliers’ responsibilities at differentstages of product and process designs could be clearlyacknowledged depending on the strategic importance and theclock speed of different components and sub-systems.In fact, in our opinion, the design of the SC links thatprecede the final assembly should be considered as the rationaldifferentiating characteristic of the OEMs from an operational point of view (agility, innovation, quality and reliability). Styling, an distribution channel design and management (thepost-OEM assembly operations)are the emotionaldifferentiating characteristics from a brand perspective.Classifying components based on their clock speed Thebarriers to clock speed, the dampeners, are the complexity ofthe product architecture and the organizational inertia of the OEMs. The up-stream rates of technological innovation, whichare dictated by the customer demands and the industry competitiveness, are accelerating as they cascade down thesupply chain. In order to capitalize on this down-streamacceleration, the OEMs have to modularize their products’　architecture.As mentioned, there are different clock speeds fordifferent auto sub-systems and components. To illustrate, wecan consider 10 of a vehicle’s most representative components. The sheet metal and the hardware (screws, bolts, nuts, rivets, etc.) have the lowest clock speed because these components’　rate of change and innovation is relatively low. Sheet metaland automotive hardware is produced in large-scalemanufacturing facilities with very little flexibility. Theengineering efforts are focused on efficiency and optimization of processes and not on new product design. At the conceptdesign stage all the product and process characteristics arewell known and can be easily planned for. To a lesser extent,the same is valid for glass and other automotive construction materials such as steel, aluminium, rubber and plasticThe non-functional structural components like the frames, sub-frames, rear axels, suspension components and the seats are located in the middle of the scale.These components are fabricated in large batches and the engineering efforts are focused both on improving efficiencyas well as product innovation and quality. Some productattributes need to be designed and developed after the concept design phase but in general the approach is conservative and incremental to current designs and processes.Exterior and interior ornamentation components and colors are closely related to the latest design trends and, as a result, they are associated with a higher clockspeed than the other components. During the concept phase the design fashion trends are still evolving but the core product attributes (plasticmoulds, pigments, etc.) are known, as are the basicmanufacturing processes. The batches are smaller than the ones used for the previous components in order to ensureflexibility.The electronic components and software have the highest clockspeed among the automotive sub-systems. During theconcept design phase only the performance specifications canbe determined. Even these specifications are subject to change pending technological advancement during the design phase as well as the social preferences of the customers.In the automotive industry the highest financial burden is created by the huge time gap between the capital investment and the moment of the first sale. This creates an acute need foraccurate sales volumes predictions and, even moreimportantly ,sales option mix. The base models volumes (withlower sticker prices and profitability) are easier to predictthan the high option content vehicles which bring in the mostprofits. In general, the higher the clockspeed the lesspredictable the demand becomes. The clockspeed of thecomponents and their associated clock speed scores areinstrumental in prioritizing the product design, processcapacity planning and SC c oordination activities during the NPI concept design phase.Classifying components based on their strategic importance From the government requirements and customer preferences point of view, the components and sub-systems could also have different strategic importance to the OEMs. I n fact, as we will show later, the ‘‘make or buy’’ decisions as well as the design of the SC during the concept phase of the NPI alsoreq uire a greaterunderstanding of the components’ strategic importance.How could we organize these strategic differences?Generally, the architecture of a product is considered aconstraint for the sourcing decisions. In the openarchitecture (the one whose specifications are public), as long as theperformance specifications of a product are met then the manufacturing process could be spread outside the boundariesof one corporation. One of the great advantages of an open architecture is that anyone can design add-on products for it. By making architecture public, however, a manufacturer allows others to duplicate its product. Bicycles and PCs a re excellentexamples of modular products with open architectures. Putting together standardized parts will result in the final product.Naturally, the extreme complexity of a vehicle(4,000–5,000 main components and up to 20,000 parts) and the inherited integral character of the system make it difficultto develop robust interfaces and performance specifications to serve as a development base for the individual sub-systems and components functional specifications. However, theapplicability of the open architecture concept to automanufacturing is a growing phenomenon. Today, the ‘‘Open Source’’ design and manufacturing of an entire vehicle maybe a concept of the future, but in the realm of low strategicimportance components it is very much a current event (see Blankmanet al. 2002 for details).In North America, although the OEMs are gradually openingup the architectural dimensions of their products to theirsuppliers, it is safe to argue that today the auto industry is more of a hybrid between open and closedponents with relatively low strategicimportance that do not contribute to the differentiation of theproducts (e.g. sheet metal, hardware and glass) are excellent candidates for open-source car designed manufacturing。

基于关键断面辨识的复杂级联电网日前调度优化

电气传动2022年第52卷第12期ELECTRIC DRIVE 2022Vol.52No.12摘要：为解决新能源最大化消纳与预留运行断面潮流裕度之间的矛盾，实现电网运行效益提升、促进清洁能源消纳和确保电网安全稳定运行三项目标间的有序协调，提出了一种基于关键断面辨识的复杂级联电网日前协调优化方法。

统筹考虑新能源与负荷两方面主要不确定性因素，提出了级联电网中断面越限风险评价指标，以辨识制约新能源消纳的关键断面。

在坚持全局协调优化的基础上，根据关键断面分布，合理预留各调度机构的运行断面潮流调节资源。

以新能源消纳和系统运行效益最大化为目标，并考虑关键断面调节能力充裕性等约束条件进行模型优化。

结果表明：该方法能够有效实现安全、经济、清洁等目标有序衔接，在提升运行断面潮流安全性的基础上，有效提升级联电网系统的清洁能源消纳能力。

关键词：级联电网；日前调度；关键断面；新能源消纳中图分类号：TM743文献标识码：ADOI ：10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd23177A Day -ahead Dispatching Optimization Method for Complex Cascaded Power GridBased on Key Section IdentificationLI Qi 1，CHEN Yihua 1，GUO Bin 1，ZHANG Deliang 2，GUO Shaoqing 2（1.State Grid Shaanxi Electric Dispatch and Control Center ，Xi'an 710049，Shaanxi ，China ；2.Beijing QU Creative Technology Co.，Ltd.，Beijing 100102，China ）Abstract:In order to solve the contradiction between the maximum consumption of new energy and the reserved power flow margin of operation section ，a day-ahead coordination optimization method for complex cascaded power grid based on key section identification was proposed to achieve the orderly coordination among the three objectives of improving the efficiency of power grid operation ，promoting the consumption of new energy and ensuring the safe and stable power grid operation.An evaluation index of high-risk over-load operation section in cascaded power grid was proposed by considering two main uncertainties of new energy and power load to identify the key sections which restrict the consumption of new energy.On the basis of insisting on global coordination and optimization ，the power flow regulation resources for operation sections of each dispatch mechanism are reasonably reserved according to the distribution of key sections.The optimization model takes the maximization of new energy consumption and power system operation benefit as the optimization goal and considers the constraints including the sufficient adjustment capacity for key sections.The results show that this method can effectively realize the orderly connection of the goals of safety ，economy and cleanliness ，and effectively upgrade the clean energy absorption capacity of the connected power grid system by improving the power flow safety of the operating section.Key words:cascaded power grid ；day-ahead dispatch ；key section ；new energy consumption基金项目：国家自然科学基金（51907035）作者简介：李琦（1970—），男，硕士，高级工程师，Email ：通讯作者：张德亮（1983—），男，本科，高级工程师，Email ：基于关键断面辨识的复杂级联电网日前调度优化李琦1，陈艺华1，郭斌1，张德亮2，郭少青2（1.国网陕西省电力公司电力调度控制中心，陕西西安710049；2.北京清大科越股份有限公司，北京100102）随着我国风电、光伏为代表的新能源快速发展，电网安全稳定运行面临日益严峻的挑战[1]。

基于容量最大化的mMTC 场景的资源分配问题研究

摘要：文章研究了一种基于容量最大化的大规模机器类通信（massive Machine Type of
特
Communications，mMTC）场景的资源分配算法。以 LTE 单蜂窝小区为背景，考虑 LTE 蜂窝用户设备
别推
与 mMTC 设备共存的环境，建立了 mMTC 场景的两层网络模型，引入 mMTC 网关（massive Machine
关键词：大规模机器类通信；容量最大化；资源分配；功率控制；粒子群优化算法
Abstract: This paper studies a resource allocation algorithm for massive Machine Type of Communications (mMTC) scenarios based on capacity maximization. Taking LTE single cell as the background, considering the coexistence environment of LTE cellular user equipments and mMTC equipments, a two-layer network model of mMTC scenario is established, and the transmission power control strategy of mMTC gateway (mMTCG) in mMTC scenario is analyzed by introducing mMTCG. On this basis, in order to maximize the system capacity, the problem of bandwidth and power resource allocation in mMTC scenario is studied by using particle swarm optimization algorithm. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can improve the system capacity, and the power control is more in line with the characteristics of mMTC scenarios. Key words: massive Machine Type of Communications(mMTC); capacity maximization; resource allocation; power control; particle swarm optimization algorithm