3 Soil losses due to harvesting of chicory roots and sugar beet an underrated geomorphic process
关于天气预报要安排的事英语作文
关于天气预报要安排的事英语作文英文回答：With the advent of weather forecasting, individuals have gained the ability to make informed decisions about their daily activities and long-term plans. Weather forecasts provide insights into the predicted atmospheric conditions, allowing us to anticipate potential storms, heatwaves, or precipitation. This information has a significant impact on various aspects of our lives, influencing everything from our choice of clothing to the planning of outdoor events.One of the most common uses of weather forecasts is to plan our daily activities. By knowing the predicted weather conditions, we can dress appropriately and avoid getting caught off guard by unexpected showers or extreme heat. For example, if the forecast predicts rain, we may choose to carry an umbrella or wear waterproof clothing to stay dry. Similarly, if the forecast indicates a hot day, we may optfor lightweight and breathable fabrics to stay cool.Weather forecasts also play a crucial role in planning outdoor events. Whether it's a family picnic, a sporting event, or a music festival, accurate weather information is essential for ensuring the safety and enjoyment of attendees. Organizers can make informed decisions about the timing and location of the event, as well as provide appropriate precautions to protect participants from inclement weather. For instance, if a thunderstorm is predicted, organizers may delay or cancel the event to avoid potential lightning strikes or flooding.In addition to short-term planning, weather forecasts also have implications for long-term decision-making. Farmers rely on weather forecasts to plan their planting and harvesting schedules, as well as to make informed decisions about irrigation and pest control. Accurate weather information can help farmers optimize their yields and minimize losses due to adverse weather conditions. Similarly, businesses involved in weather-sensitive industries, such as tourism and construction, use weatherforecasts to make strategic decisions about resource allocation and project timelines.Furthermore, weather forecasts are essential for emergency preparedness and disaster management. By providing advance notice of severe weather events, such as hurricanes or tornadoes, weather forecasts enable authorities to issue timely warnings and evacuation orders. This information can save lives and property by giving people sufficient time to prepare and take necessary precautions. In areas prone to extreme weather, weather forecasts play a vital role in mitigating the impacts of natural disasters.In conclusion, weather forecasts are an invaluable tool that provides us with essential information about the predicted atmospheric conditions. By utilizing weather forecasts, we can make informed decisions about our daily activities, plan outdoor events, optimize agricultural practices, make strategic business decisions, and prepare for potential emergencies. Weather forecasting has become an integral part of our lives, empowering us to live safer,more efficient, and more enjoyable lives.中文回答：天气预报的出现让人们能够对日常活动和长期计划做出明智的决定。
全球气候变化对粮食生产的影响与适应考研英语作文范文
全球气候变化对粮食生产的影响与适应考研英语作文范文The Impact of Global Climate Change on Food Production and AdaptationIn recent years, global climate change has become a pressing issue that poses significant challenges to food production worldwide. The adverse effects of the changing climate, including rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and increased frequency of extreme weather events, are already being witnessed in various regions around the globe. This essay aims to explore the impact of global climate change on food production and discuss potential strategies for adaptation.Firstly, rising temperatures have a direct impact on crop yields. High temperatures can lead to heat stress in plants,negatively affecting their growth and productivity. Crops such as wheat, maize, and rice are particularly vulnerable to temperature extremes. Studies have shown that a 1-degree Celsius increase in temperature during the growing season can result in a decline of 3-5% in wheat and rice yields. As global temperatures continue to rise, it is expected that crop productivity will be significantly reduced, leading to potential food shortages.Secondly, altered precipitation patterns due to climate change also pose challenges to food production. Some regions may experience increased rainfall, leading to waterlogging, soil erosion, and increased incidence of pests and diseases. On the other hand, other areas may face droughts and reduced water supplies, affecting crop growth and yield. For example, in regions heavily dependent on rainfall for agriculture, such as sub-Saharan Africa, decreased precipitation could lead to crop failures and increased food insecurity.Furthermore, global climate change is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, typhoons, and floods. These events can cause significant damage to crops, livestock, and infrastructure, disrupting food production and distribution systems. In addition to physical damage, extreme weather events can also result in post-harvest losses and increased food waste due to transportation and storage difficulties. Consequently, the effects of these events can have long-lasting implications for food availability and accessibility.To adapt to the impact of global climate change on food production, various strategies can be employed. Firstly, there is a need for improved crop breeding and agronomic practices that enhance resilience and tolerance to higher temperatures and altered precipitation patterns. Research and development in drought-tolerant and heat-tolerant crop varieties can help mitigate the adverse effects of climate change on yields.Furthermore, investment in irrigation infrastructure and water management technologies is crucial to ensure water availability for agriculture, particularly in regions proneto droughts. Drip irrigation, rainwater harvesting systems, and improved water storage facilities can contribute to more efficient water use and reduce dependence on rainfall.Additionally, promoting sustainable and climate-smart agricultural practices can help enhance resilience and minimize greenhouse gas emissions. Practices such as conservation agriculture, agroforestry, and organic farming can improve soil health, reduce soil erosion, and enhance carbon sequestration. Moreover, adopting precision farming techniques that utilize data and technology to optimize crop management can improve resource efficiency and reduce environmental impacts.Lastly, strengthening global cooperation and implementing international policies to combat climate change are essential.Countries need to work together to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, promote renewable energy sources, and adapt to the consequences of climate change. International collaborations can provide support for developing countries in implementing adaptation strategies and ensure equitable access to resources and expertise.In conclusion, global climate change poses significant challenges to food production due to rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and increased frequency of extreme weather events. These impacts have the potential to result in reduced crop yields, food shortages, and increased food insecurity. However, through the adoption of adaptation strategies such as improved crop varieties, water management techniques, sustainable agricultural practices, and global cooperation, it is possible to mitigate the effects of climate change and ensure food security for future generations.。
高一英语农学基础单选题50题
高一英语农学基础单选题50题1. In the agricultural field, the ______ of the new fertilizer has improved the crop yield significantly.A. usageB. useC. usefulD. useless答案：A。
本题考查名词的用法。
A 选项“usage”是名词，“使用；用法”；B 选项“use”既可以作动词也可以作名词，但此处需要名词形式，“usage”更强调“使用的方式、方法”，更符合语境；C 选项“useful”是形容词，“有用的”；D 选项“useless”是形容词，“无用的”。
2. The ______ weather has a great impact on the growth of crops.A. climateB. weatherC. climaticD. weathery答案：C。
本题考查形容词的用法。
A 选项“climate”是名词，“气候”；B 选项“weather”是名词，“天气”；C 选项“climatic”是形容词，“气候的”；D 选项“weathery”不是正确的单词。
这里需要形容词修饰“weather”，所以选C。
3. The farmers need to work ______ to harvest the crops before the rain comes.A. hardB. hardlyC. harderD. hardest答案：A。
本题考查副词的用法。
A 选项“hard”作副词时，表示“努力地；辛苦地”；B 选项“hardly”意思是“几乎不”；C 选项“harder”是“hard”的比较级；D 选项“hardest”是“hard”的最高级。
此处没有比较的意思，所以用“hard”。
4. The ______ of the soil is very important for the quality of the crops.A. qualityB. quantityC. qualificationD. qualificationally答案：A。
农民如何应对暴雨英语作文
农民如何应对暴雨英语作文Title: Dealing with Heavy Rainfalls: A Farmer's Perspective。
In the face of heavy rainfall, farmers encounter a plethora of challenges that can significantly impact their livelihoods. From soil erosion to crop damage, the consequences of excessive rain are profound. However, through strategic planning, proactive measures, and resilience, farmers can mitigate the adverse effects of heavy rainfall.First and foremost, preparation is key to weathering the storm. Farmers should invest in infrastructure that helps manage excess water, such as drainage systems, terracing, and contour plowing. These measures can prevent soil erosion and waterlogging, which are common problems during heavy rainfalls. Additionally, maintaining proper soil health through practices like cover cropping and organic matter incorporation can improve soil structure andwater retention capacity, reducing the risk of erosion and nutrient loss.Furthermore, diversification is essential forresilience in the face of unpredictable weather patterns. Planting a variety of crops with different rooting depths and growth patterns can help mitigate the impact of heavy rainfall on agricultural productivity. For example, deep-rooted crops like maize can withstand waterlogged conditions better than shallow-rooted crops like lettuce. Similarly, integrating livestock into farming systems can provide alternative sources of income during periods when crop yields are affected by excessive rain.In addition to physical infrastructure and crop diversification, leveraging technology can enhance farmers' ability to cope with heavy rainfall. Weather forecasting tools and remote sensing technologies enable farmers to anticipate extreme weather events and adjust their farming practices accordingly. For instance, advanced warning systems can alert farmers to impending storms, allowing them to implement emergency measures such as harvestingcrops early or securing equipment and livestock.Moreover, collaboration within the farming community and with relevant stakeholders is crucial for effective disaster preparedness and response. Farmer cooperatives, extension services, and government agencies can facilitate knowledge sharing, resource pooling, and coordinated action during times of crisis. By working together, farmers can access support services, share best practices, and advocate for policies that promote sustainable and resilient agriculture in the face of climate change-induced challenges.Despite proactive measures, farmers may still face losses due to heavy rainfall. In such cases, having access to financial instruments such as crop insurance can provide a safety net and help farmers recover from unforeseen setbacks. Governments and international organizations can play a vital role in providing financial assistance, technical support, and capacity building initiatives to help farmers build resilience to extreme weather events.In conclusion, heavy rainfall poses significant challenges for farmers, but with careful planning, diversification, technology adoption, and collaboration, they can minimize the negative impacts and build resilience to withstand future shocks. By investing in sustainable agricultural practices and strengthening community resilience, farmers can adapt to a changing climate and ensure food security for future generations.(Word count: 444 words)。
智慧农场科技研学英语作文
智慧农场科技研学之旅In the modern age, technology has penetrated every aspect of our lives, and agriculture is no exception. The emergence of smart farms represents a significant leap forward in the field of agriculture, blending cutting-edge technology with traditional farming practices to create a sustainable and efficient farming system. This essay explores the concept of smart farms, highlights their importance, and examines the role of technology in revolutionizing agriculture.The concept of smart farms envisions a future where farms are equipped with sensors, drones, robots, and other advanced technologies to monitor and manage crop health, soil conditions, water usage, and more. These technologies enable farmers to make informed decisions based on real-time data, increasing crop yields, reducing waste, and conserving resources.One of the most significant benefits of smart farms is precision farming, which allows farmers to target specific areas of their fields with precision fertilizers and pesticides. This approach reduces the amount of chemicalsused, minimizes environmental pollution, and ensures that crops receive the exact amount of nutrients they need. Furthermore, sensors can detect changes in soil conditions and alert farmers to potential problems, enabling them to take corrective measures promptly.Another crucial aspect of smart farms is automation. Robots and drones can perform tasks such as planting, weeding, and harvesting, reducing the need for manual labor and increasing productivity. Automation not only reduces labor costs but also ensures that tasks are completedquickly and efficiently, minimizing losses due to weatheror other factors.Moreover, smart farms are sustainable by design. By conserving resources, reducing waste, and using renewable energy sources, smart farms contribute to environmental protection and climate change mitigation. By integrating renewable energy sources like solar panels or wind turbines, smart farms can reduce their carbon footprint and become truly sustainable.In conclusion, smart farms represent the future of agriculture, combining technology with traditional farmingpractices to create a sustainable, efficient, andprofitable farming system. The role of technology in revolutionizing agriculture cannot be overstated, and as we move forward, we must continue to innovate and adapt to ensure a sustainable food supply for future generations.**智慧农场科技研学之旅**在现代社会，科技已经渗透到我们生活的方方面面，农业也不例外。
浪费食物英文作文
浪费食物英文作文Title: The Consequences of Food Waste。
Food waste is a critical issue plaguing our modern society, with significant environmental, social, and economic consequences. Despite the abundance of food in many parts of the world, a shocking amount goes to waste every day. This essay aims to explore the various dimensions of this problem and propose potential solutions.First and foremost, let us delve into the environmental ramifications of food waste. When food is discarded, it doesn't simply disappear. Instead, it ends up in landfills where it decomposes anaerobically, producing methane, a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change. Additionally, the resources expended in producing, transporting, and packaging the wasted food are squandered, further exacerbating environmental degradation.Beyond its environmental impact, food waste also hasprofound social implications. In a world where millions suffer from hunger and malnutrition, throwing away edible food is not just morally reprehensible but also ethically unjustifiable. The resources wasted on producing this food could have been redirected to alleviate food insecurity and feed those in need. Moreover, food waste perpetuates socioeconomic disparities, as affluent societies waste significantly more food than their less privileged counterparts.Economically, food waste represents a staggering lossof financial resources. From agricultural production toretail and consumer levels, inefficiencies in the food supply chain result in substantial economic losses. Farmers often bear the brunt of these losses, as imperfect produce deemed unsuitable for sale is discarded or left unharvested. For businesses, food waste translates to lost revenue and decreased profitability, while consumers unknowingly squander their hard-earned money on food they ultimately discard.Addressing the issue of food waste requires amultifaceted approach involving stakeholders at every level of the supply chain. At the production stage, farmers can implement better harvesting practices to minimize losses due to spoilage and damage. Improved storage facilities and transportation infrastructure can also help prevent food from perishing before it reaches consumers.In the retail sector, supermarkets and grocery stores can implement strategies to reduce food waste, such as offering discounts on perishable items nearing their expiration dates or donating unsold food to food banks and charities. Additionally, raising consumer awareness about the consequences of food waste through education campaigns and labeling initiatives can empower individuals to make more informed purchasing decisions and minimize waste at home.On a personal level, each of us can take simple yet impactful steps to reduce our own food waste footprint. Planning meals, buying only what is needed, and properly storing perishable items can go a long way in minimizing waste. Moreover, embracing creative cooking techniques torepurpose leftovers and utilizing composting systems to divert food scraps from landfills can contribute to a more sustainable food system.In conclusion, food waste is a complex issue with far-reaching consequences for the environment, society, and economy. By taking collective action and adopting sustainable practices at every level, we can work towards mitigating this problem and building a more equitable and resilient food system for future generations. It is imperative that we recognize the urgency of addressing food waste and commit to implementing effective solutions to ensure a sustainable and food-secure future for all.。
湛江东北部农用地土壤重金属污染及生态风险评价
第45卷第1期2022年1月河北农业大学学报JOURNAL OF HEBEI AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITYVol.45 No.1Jan.2022湛江东北部农用地土壤重金属污染及生态风险评价孙志佳，李保飞，陈玉海，袁庆政，闫兴国,赵明杰（中国地质调查局 烟台海岸带地质调查中心，山东 烟台 264004）摘要：为探明湛江市东北部地区不同类型农用地土壤重金属污染及生态状况，保证土壤环境及农产品质量安全。
本研究采集189个农用地表层土壤样品并分析了其中Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn等8种重金属元素含量，评估了重金属的富集程度、污染等级，预测其生态风险，并初步探讨了Cd、Hg的来源。
结果表明：湛江市东北部地区农用地表层土壤Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn的平均含量分别为0.20、0.15、3.51、18.12、32.13、13.94、8.08、31.65 mg/kg，Cd和Hg存在明显的富集，均值分别为广东省土壤元素背景值的3.57和1.96倍，As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn平均值低于广东省背景值。
13.23%的样品Cd元素含量高于《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准（试行）》（GB15618—2018）的风险筛选值，存在生态风险。
区内农用地土壤样品未受污染的占93.12%，其中安全等级的样品占82.54%，轻污染和中污染分别占6.35%和0.53%。
不同类型农用地的综合污染风险差异较大，旱地综合污染风险最低，果园最高，从低到高整体排序为：旱地、水浇地、乔木林地、水田、果园。
整个研究区农用地土壤潜在生态风险等级以轻微和中等为主，共占样品总数的87.83%，有12.17%的样品风险等级为强或很强，元素Cd和Hg贡献较高。
初步分析土壤Cd主要来源于化肥、农药、有机肥的过量施用，Hg主要来源于大气沉降。
关 键 词：农用地；土壤；重金属污染；综合污染风险；潜在生态风险中图分类号：S322；X53开放科学（资源服务）标识码（OSID）：文献标志码：AAssessment of agricultural land on soil heavy metals pollution andecological risk in the northeast of Zhanjiang CitySUN Zhijia, LI Baofei, CHEN Yuhai, YUAN Qingzheng, YAN Xingguo, ZHAO Mingjie (China Geological Survey Yantai Coastal Zone Geological Survey Center, Yantai 264004, China)Abstract: The soil heavy metal pollution and ecological status of different types of agricultural land are essential tosoil environment and the safty of agricultural products in the northeast of Zhanjiang City. In this study, 189 surfacesoil samples of agricultural land were collected to detect the concentration of eight heavy metal elements (Cd, Hg,As, Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn). The enrichment degree and pollution level of heavy metals were evaluated and the ecologicalrisk was predicted. The results showed that Cd and Hg were significantly enriched in the surface soil of agriculturalland in the northeast of Zhanjiang City, whose average values were 3.57 and 1.96 times of the background valuesof soil elements in Guangdong Province, respectively. While the average values of As, Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn werelower than the background values in Guangdong Province. 13.23% of the samples had higher Cd content than收稿日期：2021-04-14基金项目： 中国地质调查局地质调查项目（DD20208062）.第一作者： 孙志佳（1991—），男，河北沧州人，学士，工程师，从事自然资源调查.E-mail：本刊网址：http: // hauxb. hebau. edu.文章编号：1000-1573(2022)01-0061-08DOI：10.13320/ki.jauh.2022.000962第45卷河北农业大学学报随着工业化和城镇化的不断推进，农用地承受着越来越大的压力。
停电以后的英语作文
停电以后的英语作文Title: Coping with Power Outages。
Power outages are not uncommon occurrences in our modern lives. Whether caused by severe weather conditions, technical failures, or other unforeseen circumstances,being without electricity can disrupt daily routines and pose challenges. In this essay, we will explore the impactof power outages and strategies to cope with them effectively.Firstly, let's delve into the effects of power outages. Beyond the inconvenience of not being able to useelectrical appliances or access electronic devices, power outages can have far-reaching consequences. For instance, businesses may suffer financial losses due to interrupted operations, medical facilities may face critical situations, and individuals may experience discomfort or even danger, particularly during extreme weather conditions.Despite these challenges, there are several strategies individuals and communities can employ to mitigate the impact of power outages. One crucial aspect is preparedness. Having an emergency kit stocked with essentials such as flashlights, batteries, non-perishable food items, andwater can help individuals and families navigate through power outages more comfortably. Additionally, investing in alternative power sources like generators or solar panels can provide a backup during prolonged outages.Moreover, fostering community resilience is essential. Establishing neighborhood support networks where residents can check on vulnerable individuals, share resources, and collaborate in emergency situations can significantly enhance collective coping mechanisms. Furthermore, local authorities and utility companies play a pivotal role in disseminating information, coordinating response efforts, and restoring power efficiently.Furthermore, adapting one's lifestyle to be moreresilient to power outages can also be beneficial. This may involve reducing reliance on electricity by incorporatingenergy-efficient appliances, utilizing manual tools or devices, and adopting sustainable practices such as rainwater harvesting or backyard gardening. Embracing a simpler way of life not only reduces dependency on fragile infrastructures but also promotes self-sufficiency and environmental stewardship.Additionally, fostering a positive mindset is crucial when dealing with power outages. Instead of viewing them solely as inconveniences, they can be opportunities to disconnect from the digital world, spend quality time with loved ones, and engage in activities that do not require electricity, such as reading, board games, or stargazing. Adopting an attitude of resilience and adaptability can help individuals navigate through challenges more gracefully.In conclusion, while power outages can disrupt daily routines and pose challenges, they also present opportunities for resilience, community bonding, and personal growth. By being prepared, fostering community resilience, adapting lifestyle practices, and maintaining apositive mindset, individuals and communities can effectively cope with power outages and emerge stronger from such experiences.。
提升亩均效益十法的经典案例分享
提升亩均效益十法的经典案例分享English Answer.1. Crop Rotation:Implement diverse crop rotations to minimize disease and pest pressure, improve soil fertility, and enhance yield.Example: In a corn-soybean rotation, the nitrogen-fixing ability of soybeans improves soil health for subsequent corn crops, reducing fertilizer requirements.2. Precision Farming:Utilize data-driven technologies like GPS guidance and variable rate application to optimize inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation based on specific field conditions.Example: Targeted application of fertilizer based on soil nutrient maps can significantly increase yield while reducing environmental impact.3. Water Management:Employ efficient irrigation techniques such as drip irrigation or mulching to conserve water and maximize crop performance under water-stressed conditions.Example: In arid regions, drip irrigation can increase crop yields by 50% or more compared to conventional irrigation methods.4. Integrated Pest Management (IPM):Adopt a holistic approach to pest control by combining biological, cultural, and chemical methods to minimizeyield losses from pests and diseases.Example: Introducing beneficial insects like ladybugs can naturally suppress pest populations, reducing the needfor chemical pesticides.5. Soil Health Management:Implement practices such as cover cropping, no-till farming, and organic matter amendments to improve soil structure, fertility, and water retention capacity.Example: Cover crops can increase soil organic matter, enhancing nutrient availability and reducing erosion.6. Seed Selection:Choose high-yielding, disease-resistant varieties that are well-suited to local climate and soil conditions.Example: Drought-tolerant corn hybrids can maintain productivity under water-scarce conditions.7. Fertilizer Optimization:Conduct soil testing to determine specific nutrientneeds and apply fertilizers accordingly, avoiding over-application and nutrient imbalances.Example: Split nitrogen applications can optimize crop uptake and minimize leaching.8. Plant Density Optimization:Determine the optimal plant population per unit area to maximize yield while minimizing competition and disease susceptibility.Example: Adjusting planting density based on soil fertility and climatic conditions can increase yields without compromising grain quality.9. Harvest Efficiency:Use efficient harvesting techniques to minimize crop losses and maintain product quality.Example: Timely harvesting using GPS-guided combinescan reduce yield losses due to lodging and weathering.10. Post-Harvest Management:Implement proper storage and handling practices to preserve crop quality and minimize spoilage.Example: Temperature and humidity control during storage can prevent moisture loss and preserve grain integrity.中文回答：1. 轮作：实施多样化的轮作制度，以最大程度地减少病虫害压力，改善土壤肥力并提高产量。
灰尘对果园的影响英语作文
Dust is a common environmental factor that can significantly impact orchards in various ways. Heres a detailed look at how dust can affect orchards and the measures that can be taken to mitigate its impact.Introduction to the Impact of Dust on OrchardsOrchards are vital agricultural ecosystems that provide a variety of fruits and contributeto the economy and food security. However, dust, which consists of small particles of soil, pollen, and other materials, can have both direct and indirect effects on the health and productivity of these orchards.Direct Impacts of Dust on Orchard Health1. Soil Quality Degradation: Dust accumulation can lead to soil compaction, reducing water infiltration and aeration. This can negatively affect root growth and the overall health of the trees.2. Nutrient Loss: Dust particles may carry away essential nutrients from the soil, leading to nutrient deficiencies in the orchard.3. Water Stress: Dust can increase the rate of evaporation, causing water stress in plants, especially during dry periods.4. Physical Damage: Accumulation of dust on leaves and fruits can block sunlight, reducing photosynthesis and potentially leading to reduced fruit size and quality.5. Disease and Pest Vectors: Dust can carry pathogens and pests, increasing the risk of disease and infestation in orchards.Indirect Impacts of Dust on Orchard Productivity1. Pollination Issues: Dust can interfere with the pollination process by obstructing the movement of pollinators or by clogging the stigma of flowers, reducing fruit set.2. Fruit Quality: Dust on the surface of fruits can affect their appearance and marketability, leading to economic losses.3. Ecosystem Disruption: Dust can disrupt the microclimate of the orchard, affecting the balance of the ecosystem and potentially leading to a decline in biodiversity.Mitigation Strategies1. Proper Orchard Management: Regular cultivation and soil management practices can help maintain soil structure and prevent dust accumulation.2. Irrigation: Proper irrigation techniques can help control dust by maintaining soil moisture and reducing the amount of dust that becomes airborne.3. Mulching: Using organic or inorganic mulches can help reduce dust by covering the soil surface and conserving moisture.4. Windbreaks: Planting windbreaks around the orchard can help reduce wind erosion and the spread of dust.5. Pest and Disease Management: Integrated pest management strategies can help control the spread of pathogens and pests that may be carried by dust.6. Use of Dust Suppressants: In some cases, the application of dust suppressants can be considered to reduce dust levels in the orchard.ConclusionWhile dust is a natural part of the environment, its impact on orchards can be significant. By understanding these effects and implementing appropriate management practices, orchardists can minimize the negative impacts of dust and maintain the health and productivity of their orchards.。
关于天气预报的英语作文山西孝义
关于天气预报的英语作文山西孝义The Importance of Weather Forecasting in Xiaoyi, ShanxiXiaoyi, a city located in the heart of Shanxi province, is known for its diverse climate and weather patterns. From the scorching summers to the frigid winters, the residents of Xiaoyi have long relied on accurate weather forecasting to plan their daily lives and prepare for the changing seasons. In a region where agriculture plays a crucial role in the local economy, the ability to anticipate and respond to weather conditions has become increasingly important.One of the primary reasons why weather forecasting is so crucial in Xiaoyi is the impact it has on the agricultural sector. Farmers in the region depend on timely and reliable information about rainfall, temperature, and other meteorological factors to make informed decisions about planting, harvesting, and managing their crops. Accurate weather forecasts can help them avoid costly losses due to unexpected weather events, such as droughts, floods, or frosts.For instance, during the summer months, the region is prone tosevere thunderstorms and heavy rainfall. Farmers in Xiaoyi closely monitor weather forecasts to ensure that they can take appropriate measures to protect their crops and livestock. By anticipating these weather patterns, they can adjust their irrigation schedules, apply pest control measures, or even delay harvesting to minimize the impact of the storms.Similarly, the winter months in Xiaoyi can be particularly harsh, with heavy snowfall and freezing temperatures. Accurate weather forecasting plays a vital role in helping residents prepare for these conditions. Local authorities can use weather data to plan snow removal operations, ensure adequate supplies of heating fuel, and provide assistance to vulnerable populations, such as the elderly or those living in remote areas.Beyond the agricultural sector, weather forecasting also plays a crucial role in the daily lives of Xiaoyi's residents. Commuters rely on weather reports to plan their travel routes and adjust their schedules accordingly, while outdoor enthusiasts use the information to determine the best times for activities like hiking, fishing, or outdoor sports.The importance of weather forecasting in Xiaoyi is further amplified by the region's vulnerability to natural disasters. Xiaoyi is situated in an area that is prone to severe weather events, such asthunderstorms, heavy snowfall, and even occasional tornadoes. Accurate and timely weather forecasting can provide early warning systems that allow local authorities and residents to take appropriate action to mitigate the impact of these disasters.For example, in recent years, Xiaoyi has experienced an increase in the frequency and intensity of severe thunderstorms. These storms can bring heavy rain, strong winds, and even hail, which can cause significant damage to property and infrastructure. By closely monitoring weather patterns and issuing early warnings, local authorities can mobilize emergency response teams, evacuate residents from high-risk areas, and take measures to protect critical infrastructure, such as power lines and transportation networks.To ensure the accuracy and reliability of weather forecasting in Xiaoyi, the local government has invested heavily in modern meteorological technology and infrastructure. This includes the installation of advanced weather monitoring stations, the use of sophisticated computer models and satellite data, and the training of highly skilled meteorologists and forecasters.Additionally, the local government has implemented a comprehensive public awareness and education campaign to help residents understand the importance of weather forecasting and how to interpret the information effectively. This includes thedissemination of weather information through various media channels, such as television, radio, and social media, as well as the development of educational materials and programs for schools and community organizations.Overall, the importance of weather forecasting in Xiaoyi, Shanxi, cannot be overstated. From its critical role in supporting the agricultural sector to its impact on the daily lives of residents and the mitigation of natural disasters, accurate and reliable weather information has become an essential component of the city's infrastructure and resilience. As Xiaoyi continues to grapple with the challenges posed by a changing climate, the importance of weather forecasting will only continue to grow, serving as a vital tool for the city's residents and policymakers alike.。
数字农业对农业发展的影响英语作文
数字农业对农业发展的影响英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: The Impact of Digital Agriculture on Agricultural DevelopmentWith the rapid advancement of technology, digital agriculture has been playing an increasingly important role in transforming the traditional agricultural industry. Digital agriculture, also known as precision agriculture, refers to the use of technologies such as drones, sensors, and data analytics to optimize agricultural practices. The integration of technology into agriculture has brought about numerous benefits and has the potential to revolutionize the way food is produced.One of the key impacts of digital agriculture on agricultural development is increased productivity. By using data-driven insights and real-time monitoring, farmers are able to make more informed decisions about their crops, leading to higher yields and better quality produce. For example, sensors can be used to measure soil moisture levels and nutrient content, allowing farmers to adjust their irrigation and fertilizationpractices accordingly. This precision farming approach not only improves crop productivity but also reduces waste and minimizes the use of resources, making agriculture more sustainable.Furthermore, digital agriculture has the potential to enhance the resilience of agricultural systems in the face of climate change. By monitoring weather patterns and soil conditions in real-time, farmers can anticipate and mitigate the impact of extreme weather events, such as droughts or floods. The use of drones and satellite imagery can also help identify pest infestations or diseases early on, allowing for timely intervention measures. This proactive approach to managing risks in agriculture can help farmers adapt to changing environmental conditions and minimize crop losses.In addition, digital agriculture has the ability to improve farm management practices and reduce labor costs. By automating routine tasks such as irrigation, fertilization, and pest control, farmers can save time and focus on more strategic aspects of their operations. For example, the use of autonomous tractors and robotic harvesters can streamline the planting and harvesting process, increasing efficiency and reducing the need for manual labor. Digital tools such as farm managementsoftware can also help farmers track expenses, analyze performance metrics, and make informed decisions about their operations.Overall, the adoption of digital agriculture has the potential to revolutionize the agricultural industry and drive sustainable development. By harnessing the power of technology, farmers can boost productivity, increase resilience to climate change, and improve farm management practices. As we continue to embrace digital innovations in agriculture, it is crucial to ensure that smallholder farmers and rural communities have access to these technologies and are equipped with the necessary skills to leverage them effectively. By promoting inclusive and sustainable digital agriculture practices, we can create a more resilient and efficient food system for future generations.篇2The Impact of Digital Agriculture on Agricultural DevelopmentDigital agriculture, also known as precision agriculture or smart farming, refers to the use of advanced technologies such as Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things, drones, and satellites to improve agricultural productivity, efficiency, and sustainability.In recent years, digital agriculture has been gaining momentum and transforming traditional farming practices. Its impact on agricultural development has been profound and far-reaching.One of the key benefits of digital agriculture is the ability to optimize resource use. By using sensors and data analytics, farmers can monitor soil conditions, weather patterns, and crop health in real-time. This allows them to make informed decisions on when to plant, irrigate, fertilize, and harvest, leading to higher yields and reduced input costs. In addition, precision agriculture techniques such as variable rate application enable farmers to apply inputs such as seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides at the right time, in the right amount, and in the right place, further increasing efficiency and reducing environmental impact.Furthermore, digital agriculture enables farmers to manage risks more effectively. By using predictive analytics and weather forecasting tools, farmers can anticipate potential threats such as pests, diseases, and extreme weather events, and take proactive measures to mitigate them. For example, drones equipped with thermal imaging cameras can detect early signs of crop diseases, allowing farmers to intervene before the entire crop is affected. In addition, digital agriculture solutions such as crop insuranceand satellite imagery help farmers hedge against production risks and losses, ensuring a more stable income.Moreover, digital agriculture promotes sustainability by minimizing the environmental footprint of farming operations. Precision agriculture practices such as controlled traffic farming, conservation tillage, and cover cropping help reduce soil erosion, water pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. By usingdata-driven insights and decision support tools, farmers can adopt more sustainable farming practices that conserve natural resources, protect biodiversity, and preserve ecosystem services. This not only benefits the environment but also enhances the long-term viability of agricultural production.In conclusion, digital agriculture has revolutionized the way farming is done and has had a significant impact on agricultural development. By harnessing the power of technology, farmers can increase productivity, reduce costs, manage risks, and promote sustainability. As the global population continues to grow and food demand rises, digital agriculture will play a crucial role in ensuring food security, economic prosperity, and environmental stewardship. It is clear that the future of agriculture lies in embracing digital technologies and unlocking their potential to transform the way we produce food.篇3The Impact of Digital Agriculture on Agricultural DevelopmentIntroductionIn recent years, digital agriculture has become a significant trend in the agricultural sector. By utilizing advanced technologies such as big data, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things (IoT), digital agriculture aims to improve agricultural productivity, efficiency, and sustainability. This essay will examine the impact of digital agriculture on agricultural development.Improved Decision-MakingOne of the key benefits of digital agriculture is that it provides farmers with access to real-time data and analytics that can help them make informed decisions. For example, through satellite imagery and sensors, farmers can monitor crop health, soil moisture levels, and weather conditions. This information enables them to optimize irrigation, fertilizer usage, and pest control, leading to higher yields and reduced costs.Precision AgricultureDigital agriculture also enables the implementation of precision agriculture techniques, which involve the use of technology to target inputs more precisely to the needs of crops. By analyzing data on a hyper-local level, farmers can apply resources such as water, fertilizers, and pesticides more efficiently. This not only reduces waste but also minimizes environmental impact and enhances overall crop health.Market AccessDigital agriculture can also improve market access for farmers by connecting them directly with buyers and consumers through online platforms. This allows farmers to bypass traditional intermediaries and negotiate better prices for their products. Additionally, digital tools can help farmers track market trends, demand patterns, and pricing information, enabling them to make informed decisions about what and when to produce.Risk ManagementAnother benefit of digital agriculture is its potential to help farmers manage risks more effectively. By tracking and analyzing data on factors such as climate, soil health, and market conditions, farmers can identify and mitigate potential risks before they become critical issues. This proactive approach canhelp farmers avoid losses due to factors such as droughts, pests, or market fluctuations.Skill DevelopmentDigital agriculture also presents opportunities for skill development among farmers. As technologies become more integrated into agricultural practices, farmers need to acquire new skills related to data analysis, technology use, and digital literacy. Training programs and workshops can help them acquire these skills and stay competitive in an increasingly digitalized agricultural sector.ChallengesDespite its many benefits, digital agriculture also faces various challenges that need to be addressed. These include issues related to data privacy and security, limited access to technology in rural areas, and the digital divide between large commercial farms and smallholder farmers. Additionally, there are concerns about the cost of implementing digital technologies and the potential for technology to replace human labor in agriculture.ConclusionIn conclusion, digital agriculture has the potential to transform the agricultural sector by improving productivity, efficiency, and sustainability. By harnessing the power of technologies such as big data, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things, farmers can make better decisions, optimize resource use, access markets more effectively, manage risks, and develop new skills. However, it is important to address challenges related to data privacy, technology access, and equity to ensure that all farmers can benefit from the advantages of digital agriculture. With the right support and investment, digital agriculture can play a crucial role in the development of a more sustainable and productive agricultural sector.。
收割麦子的作文
收割麦子的作文英文回答：The act of harvesting wheat is a crucial step in the agricultural process, transforming ripe wheat plants into valuable grain. It involves a series of practices aimed at gathering the mature kernels while minimizing losses and ensuring their quality.Harvesting Techniques。
Over the centuries, various methods have evolved for harvesting wheat:Sickle Harvesting: This traditional method uses a handheld sickle or scythe to cut the wheat stalks. It is labor-intensive, requiring skilled workers and resulting in moderate yields.Reaper Binding: Invented in the 19th century, reapersmechanically cut and tied the wheat stalks into bundles. These bundles were later threshed to separate the kernels from the straw.Combine Harvesting: The most modern and efficient method, combine harvesters simultaneously cut, thresh, and clean the wheat in a single pass. They provide high yields and reduced labor requirements.Harvest Timing and Management。
The Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture
The Impact of Climate Change onAgricultureClimate change has emerged as one of the most pressing global challenges ofour time, and its impact on agriculture is undeniable. As temperatures rise, extreme weather events become more frequent, and rainfall patterns shift, the agricultural sector is faced with numerous challenges that threaten food security and livelihoods. This essay will explore the multifaceted impact of climate change on agriculture, considering both the negative consequences and potential opportunities that may arise. First and foremost, the increasing temperatures associated with climate change pose significant risks to crop production. Many staple crops, such as wheat, rice, and maize, are sensitive to temperature changes, and even slight increases can lead to reduced yields. Heat stress during critical growth stages can result in lower grain quality, decreased pollination rates, and increased susceptibility to pests and diseases. This not only affects the livelihoods of farmers but also has far-reaching implications for global food security. In addition to rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns pose a major challenge for agriculture. Some regions are experiencing more frequent and intense droughts, while others are facing increased rainfall and flooding. Both scenarios have detrimental effects on crop production. Droughts can lead to water scarcity, reduced soil moisture, and crop failure, while excessive rainfall can result in waterlogging, soil erosion, and nutrient leaching. These extremesdisrupt planting and harvesting schedules, reduce crop yields, and increase therisk of crop diseases. Furthermore, climate change exacerbates the prevalence of pests and diseases in agricultural systems. Warmer temperatures and altered precipitation patterns create favorable conditions for the proliferation of pests, such as insects and weeds, and the spread of plant diseases. Pests and diseasescan devastate crops, leading to significant economic losses for farmers and reducing the availability of nutritious food for communities. Moreover, the increased use of pesticides to combat these challenges can have negative environmental and health impacts. Despite these challenges, climate change also presents opportunities for innovation and adaptation in agriculture. Farmers areincreasingly adopting climate-smart practices, such as conservation agriculture, agroforestry, and precision farming, to mitigate the effects of climate change. These practices promote sustainable land management, enhance soil fertility and water retention, and improve crop resilience. Furthermore, advancements in technology, such as remote sensing, data analytics, and genetic engineering,enable farmers to make informed decisions and develop climate-resilient crop varieties. In conclusion, climate change poses significant threats to agriculture, affecting crop production, food security, and livelihoods. Rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and increased pest and disease prevalence allcontribute to these challenges. However, it is crucial to recognize the potential opportunities for adaptation and innovation that arise from this crisis. By embracing climate-smart practices and leveraging technological advancements, the agricultural sector can build resilience and contribute to sustainable development. Urgent global action is needed to mitigate climate change and support farmers in adapting to its impacts, ensuring a secure and sustainable food future for all.。
水稻亩产七万斤的技术措施 二手书
水稻亩产七万斤的技术措施二手书英文回答：To achieve a rice yield of 70,000 catties per acre, several technical measures can be implemented. Here are some of the key practices that can contribute to achieving this high yield:1. Improved Seed Selection: Selecting high-yielding and disease-resistant rice varieties is crucial for achieving high yields. I would consult with local agricultural experts or visit reputable seed suppliers to obtain the best seeds available.2. Proper Land Preparation: Before planting, it is essential to prepare the land properly. This includes plowing, leveling, and removing any weeds or debris. Proper land preparation ensures good soil aeration and water drainage, which are essential for healthy rice growth.3. Adequate Water Management: Rice is a water-intensive crop, so proper water management is critical. I wouldensure that the rice fields are properly flooded during the initial stages of growth and maintain the water level at a suitable depth throughout the growing season. Regular monitoring of water levels and adjusting as needed is essential to prevent water stress or waterlogging.4. Fertilizer Application: Applying the right amountand type of fertilizer is crucial for achieving high yields. Soil testing can help determine the nutrient requirementsof the rice crop. I would consult with agricultural experts to develop a customized fertilizer plan based on thespecific needs of my soil and crop.5. Pest and Disease Management: Regular monitoring for pests and diseases is necessary to prevent yield loss. I would use integrated pest management techniques, including the use of resistant varieties, biological controls, and judicious use of pesticides when necessary.6. Weed Control: Weeds can compete with rice plants fornutrients, water, and sunlight, reducing yields. I would implement effective weed control measures, such as manual weeding, herbicide application, or the use of mulching techniques.7. Timely Harvesting: Harvesting at the right time is crucial to maximize yield. I would monitor the rice crop closely and harvest when the grains are fully mature but not overripe. Delayed harvesting can lead to yield losses due to shattering or grain quality deterioration.8. Post-Harvest Management: Proper post-harvest management is essential to maintain the quality and market value of the harvested rice. This includes drying the rice to the appropriate moisture content, proper storage to prevent pest infestation, and ensuring good hygiene practices during handling and packaging.中文回答：要达到每亩七万斤的水稻产量，可以采取几项技术措施。
玉米种农艺821简介
玉米种农艺821简介英文回答：Introduction to Corn Agronomy 821。
Corn Agronomy 821 is a hybrid corn variety that is widely grown for its high yield and adaptability to different growing conditions. As a farmer who has been cultivating this variety for several years, I can confidently say that it has proven to be a reliable and profitable crop.One of the key characteristics of Corn Agronomy 821 is its excellent disease resistance. This variety has been bred to withstand various diseases that commonly affect corn crops, such as common rust, gray leaf spot, and northern corn leaf blight. This means that I can minimize the use of chemical pesticides, reducing costs and environmental impact.Moreover, Corn Agronomy 821 has a strong tolerance to drought and heat stress. This is particularly important in regions where water availability is limited or where temperatures can soar during the growing season. I have personally witnessed how this variety has managed to produce decent yields even in challenging weather conditions, ensuring a stable income for my farm.Another advantage of Corn Agronomy 821 is its early maturity. This means that the crop reaches its full growth and maturity earlier than other varieties, allowing me to harvest it sooner. This can be beneficial in areas where the growing season is shorter or where there is a risk of early frosts. By harvesting earlier, I can avoid potential yield losses due to adverse weather conditions.In terms of yield potential, Corn Agronomy 821 consistently delivers high yields. The plants are vigorous and produce large ears with abundant kernels. This translates into higher profits for me as a farmer. Additionally, the quality of the kernels is also excellent, making them suitable for both human consumption and animalfeed.Furthermore, Corn Agronomy 821 has good standability, meaning that the plants have a strong stalk structure that can withstand strong winds and heavy rain. This reduces the risk of lodging, where the plants bend or break due to adverse weather conditions. This is important as it ensures that the crop remains upright and can be easily harvested without any losses.To illustrate the benefits of Corn Agronomy 821, let me share a personal experience. Last year, a severe droughthit my region during the corn growing season. Many farmers suffered significant yield losses, but my Corn Agronomy 821 crop managed to withstand the drought and produced a decent yield. This gave me a competitive advantage in the market, as the supply of corn was low due to the drought, and I was able to sell my crop at a higher price.中文回答：玉米种植农艺821简介。
珍惜粮食 不要浪费英语作文
珍惜粮食不要浪费英语作文Title: The Value of Grain: A Call to Cherish and Not to Waste.In the annals of human history, the quest for survival and sustenance has always been a relentless pursuit. One of the fundamental staples of life, grain, has played apivotal role in shaping the destiny of nations and communities. From the fertile plains of the River Nile to the rich paddies of Asia, the harvest of grain has been a testament to human resilience and innovation. However, despite its profound significance, grain often goes unnoticed in our modern lives, lost amidst the glut of food options and the convenience of supermarkets. It is high time we rediscovered the value of grain and resolved to cherish it, rather than squander it.The importance of grain extends far beyond its nutritional value. Grain is a symbol of sustainability and self-reliance. It represents a direct connection betweenthe farmer and the consumer, a bond that is slowly eroding with the advent of industrialized food systems. Grain is the embodiment of the sun's energy, transformed by the farmer's labor into a nourishing food source. Each grain of wheat, rice, or maize is a testament to the hard work and dedication of millions of farmers across the globe.Yet, despite its profound significance, grain waste is a staggering problem. The statistics are alarming: a significant portion of the grain produced worldwide is lost or wasted, often due to inefficient harvesting techniques, storage facilities, and consumer behavior. This waste not only represents a loss of resources but also contributes to environmental degradation and climate change. The carbon footprint of food waste is immense, and grain waste is a significant contributor to this problem.The reasons for grain waste are diverse and complex. On the supply side, issues such as poor infrastructure,limited access to modern farming techniques, and market distortions can lead to significant losses. On the demand side, consumer ignorance, mismanagement of food stocks, andoverconsumption are primary culprits. Cultural norms and social practices also play a role, as some communities are more prone to waste than others.Addressing grain waste requires a multipronged approach. At the policy level, governments need to invest in infrastructure development, improve market access for farmers, and promote sustainable farming practices. They should also implement educational programs to raise awareness about the importance of grain and the need to reduce waste.At the individual level, each of us can make a difference. Simple practices like planning meals, storing grain properly, and cooking in bulk can significantlyreduce waste. We can also support local farmers and buygrain directly from them, ensuring that our food dollars go towards sustainable and ethical farming. By being mindfulof our food consumption, we can reduce the carbon footprint of our diets and contribute to a healthier and more sustainable world.Moreover, we should celebrate and honor the farmers who toil tirelessly to produce grain. Their efforts should not be taken for granted, and their contributions should be recognized and rewarded. By supporting farmers and valuing their work, we can ensure that the grain production chain remains strong and sustainable.In conclusion, grain is a precious resource that deserves our utmost respect and conservation. It is notjust a food source; it is a symbol of life, sustainability, and human resilience. It is our responsibility to cherish it, reduce waste, and ensure that it remains a vital part of our diets and cultures. By doing so, we can contribute to a healthier, more equitable, and sustainable world. Let us not squander this vital resource but instead, embrace it with gratitude and respect.。
农民的艰辛与快乐作文英语
农民的艰辛与快乐作文英语Title: The Hardships and Happiness of FarmersIntroduction:Farming, an age-old profession, plays a fundamental role in providing food and resources to sustain human life. Inthis essay, we will explore the strenuous challenges faced by farmers and the profound joy they find in their laborious work.Agricultural Challenges:1. Physical Labor: Farmers engage in backbreaking work, tilling the soil, planting seeds, and harvesting crops. The constant physical exertion often leaves them fatigued and sore.2. Uncertain Weather: Farmers are at the mercy of unpredictable weather patterns that can wreak havoc on theircrops. Droughts, floods, and extreme temperatures can result in devastating losses.3. Pest Infestations: Insects and pests pose a constant threat to crops, leading to substantial economic losses. Farmers must employ various strategies, such as pesticides or integrated pest management, to combat these nuisances.4. Market Factors: Farmers are affected by fluctuating market prices and consumer demand. This uncertainty can impact their income and financial stability.5. Rural Isolation: Many farmers live in remote areas, often lacking access to basic amenities and struggling with social isolation. The limited availability of resources and services can further compound their challenges.Hardships Endured by Farmers:1. Long working hours: Farmers work long hours, often from dawn until dusk, tending to their crops and livestock.Their dedication and work ethic are crucial for their survival.2. Financial Instability: Farmers face financial insecurities due to the unpredictability of their crops and market conditions. They must carefully manage their resources to sustain their livelihoods.3. Generational Transition: Passing down farming practices to future generations can be challenging. As modernization progresses, young people may be drawn to urban areas for better opportunities, leaving behind a generation gap within the farming community.4. Emotional Stress: The challenges faced by farmers can result in emotional distress. Instances of crop failure or financial instability can lead to depression and anxiety.The Bliss of Farming:1. Connection to Nature: Farmers experience a deep connection with the natural world, witnessing the miracle of growth and nurturing life. This bond with nature brings them profound happiness and satisfaction.2. Sense of Accomplishment: Successfully bringing a crop to harvest or raising healthy livestock brings immense pride and a sense of achievement to farmers.3. Community Support: Despite the challenges, farmers often find solace in their tight-knit communities. Mutual support, shared knowledge, and celebration of festivals and traditions provide a strong sense of belonging.4. Sustainable Living: Farming allows individuals to live closer to nature, practising sustainable agriculture and minimizing their ecological footprint. This eco-conscious lifestyle brings farmers a sense of fulfillment and purpose.Conclusion:Farming is a demanding occupation that entails numerous challenges and hardships. Despite the physical and emotional toll, farmers find solace and happiness in their connection to nature, their sense of accomplishment, and their resilient communities. It is essential to recognize and appreciate the immense contributions of farmers, ensuring their well-being, and supporting sustainable agricultural practices.。
高标准农田建设项目管理操作指南
高标准农田建设项目管理操作指南英文回答：High Standard Farmland Construction Project Management Manual.Introduction:The High Standard Farmland Construction Project Management Manual serves as a comprehensive guide for the successful implementation and management of high standard farmland construction projects. This manual outlines the key steps, processes, and best practices to ensure the efficient and effective execution of such projects.Project Planning:The first step in managing a high standard farmland construction project is thorough project planning. This involves conducting a detailed feasibility study, includingsoil analysis, water availability assessment, and market demand analysis. By understanding the project's viability and potential challenges, project managers can develop a comprehensive plan that addresses these factors.For example, when planning a high standard farmland construction project, I conducted a soil analysis to determine the suitability of the land for agricultural purposes. This analysis helped me identify the necessary soil amendments and irrigation requirements to optimize crop production.Resource Allocation:Once the project plan is in place, the next crucial step is resource allocation. This involves determining the necessary resources, such as land, labor, machinery, and financial capital, and allocating them effectively to meet project objectives.For instance, during a high standard farmland construction project, I allocated skilled labor to preparethe land for cultivation, ensuring that the soil was properly tilled and fertilized. Additionally, I secured the necessary machinery, such as tractors and irrigation systems, to facilitate efficient farming operations.Risk Management:Effective risk management is vital to the success of any high standard farmland construction project.Identifying potential risks and implementing strategies to mitigate them is essential to minimize project delays and financial losses.For example, during a recent project, I identified the risk of water scarcity due to seasonal variations. To mitigate this risk, I implemented a rainwater harvesting system and installed efficient irrigation techniques to ensure a sustainable water supply for the crops.Monitoring and Evaluation:Regular monitoring and evaluation are crucial to trackproject progress and identify any deviations from the planned objectives. By conducting periodic assessments, project managers can make timely adjustments to ensure project success.For instance, I implemented a monitoring system that included regular field visits and data collection to assess crop growth, pest infestation, and yield. This allowed meto identify any issues promptly and take corrective actions, such as adjusting fertilizer application or implementing pest control measures.Conclusion:In conclusion, the High Standard Farmland Construction Project Management Manual provides a comprehensive guidefor the successful implementation and management of high standard farmland construction projects. By following the outlined steps and best practices, project managers can ensure efficient resource allocation, effective risk management, and regular monitoring and evaluation. This manual serves as a valuable tool to achieve the desiredoutcomes and contribute to the development of sustainable agriculture.中文回答：高标准农田建设项目管理操作指南。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Ž.Catena 43200135–47 r locate r catenaSoil losses due to harvesting of chicory roots and sugar beet:an underrated geomorphic process?Jean W.A.Poesen a,b,),Gert Verstraeten a,b ,Ruben Soenens b ,Leen Seynaeve baFund for Scientific Research,Flanders,BelgiumbLaboratory for Experimental Geomorphology,K.U.Leu Õen,Redingenstraat 16,B-3000Leu Õen,BelgiumReceived 15December 1999;received in revised form 26April 2000;accepted 26April 2000AbstractField observations in central Belgium indicate a significant soil degradation process which has hitherto not been considered in assessments of soil erosion rates:i.e.,soil losses due to root crop Ž.Ž.harvesting SLRH .The objectives of this study were:1to assess SLRH for two commonly Ž.grown root crops in Belgium,i.e.chicory roots and sugar beet,2to investigate some factors Ž.controlling the spatial and temporal variation of SLRH,and 3to evaluate the contribution of this soil degradation process to overall soil loss in the study area.Soil losses due to harvesting of witloof chicory roots were assessed by measuring dirt tare from 43root samples whereas SLRH for inuline chicory roots and sugar beet were calculated from dirt tare data provided by factories processing these roots.Mean soil loss was 11.8ton ha y 1harvest y 1for witloof chicory roots,8.1ton ha y 1harvest y 1for inuline chicory roots and 9.1ton ha y 1harvest y 1for sugar beet.Assuming that root crops are grown once in 2years in the study area,mean annual SLRH equals 5.0ton y 1y 1Ž.ha year 0.33mm r year .Since these root crops have been grown over a period of at least 200years in Belgium,this implies a mean soil profile truncation of 66mm.However,important spatial and temporal variability in SLRH data was observed,depending on soil texture,soil moisture at harvest time and harvesting technique.Given the importance of SLRH,it needs to be incorporated into future assessments of soil degradation processes and sediment budgets.q 2001Elsevier Science B.V.All rights reserved.Keywords:Soil losses;Root crops;Soil texture;Soil moisture content;Precipitation;Chicory;Sugar beets;Soil degradation;Erosion)Corresponding author.Present address:Laboratory for Experimental Geomorphology,K.U.Leuven,Redingenstraat 16,B-3000Leuven,Belgium.Tel.:q 32-16-326425;fax:q 32-16-326400.Ž.E-mail address:jean.poesen@geo.kuleuven.ac.be J.W.A.Poesen .0341-8162r 01r $-see front matter q 2001Elsevier Science B.V.All rights reserved.Ž.PII:S 0341-81620000125-9()36J.W.A.Poesen et al.r Catena43200135–471.IntroductionThe impacts of land use and land use changes on soil degradation processes have received considerable attention,for instance in the framework of Global Change studies Ž.e.g.,Ingram et al.,1996;Poesen et al.,1996a;Bouma et al.,1998.In the past,studies looking at anthropogenic soil loss have focussed only on water erosion,wind erosionŽ.and mass movements e.g.,Oldeman and van Lynden,1998.More recently,tillage erosion has also been identified as an important soil degradation process in a range ofŽintensively cultivated hilly environments e.g.,Govers et al.,1994;Poesen et al.,1997;.Turkelboom et al.,1997.However,field observations in central Belgium point to an additional significant soil degradation process which has hitherto rarely been considered in assessments of soilŽ. erosion rates.When harvesting root crops such as chicory roots Cichorium intybus L.Ž.and sugar beet roots BetaÕulgaris L.,significant soil losses can occur.Soil sticking to the harvested roots is exported from the field and rarely returns to the same field.Hence,Žthis soil volume represents a true soil loss and is referred to by SLRH ie.soil losses due.to root crop harvesting.Any change in the area used for root crop production will affect total SLRH for this area.In the soil degradation literature,relatively few data has been published on thisŽ.Ž. process.Maier and Schwertmann1981and Auerswald and Schmidt1986estimatedŽ.that mean soil losses due to sugar beet harvesting in Bavaria southern Germany ranged y1y1Ž.137from4.5to7ton ha year.Vandenberghe and Gulinck1987,studying Cs lossesŽin a catchment located in central Belgium,reported that dirt tare i.e.,mass of wet soil.sticking to the roots r gross root yield associated with sugar beet harvest causedy1y1Ž. maximal yearly soil losses of about5ton ha year.Frost and Speirs1996stated that harvesting root crops such as potatoes or carrots in Scotland commonly removes1 ton soil ha y1which was greater over94%of their study area than the soil loss caused by water erosion triggered by a severe rain storm with a return period in excess of20 years.Little or no data on spatial and temporal variation of SLRH exist.Some data on dirt tare can be found in the literature dealing with agronomic aspects of root crops orŽwith machinery used to harvest root crops e.g.,Brunotte and Isensee,1994;Duval,. 1988;Hoogerkamp,1993;Lips,1993;Theurer,1994;Vandergeten et al.,1995. However,there have been few attempts to quantify these soil losses when assessing soil degradation rates in agricultural areas.Ž.Therefore,the objectives of this study are:1to assess SLRH for two common rootŽ.crops in Belgium,chicory roots both witloof chicory and inuline chicory and sugar Ž.beet,2to investigate factors controlling the spatial and temporal variation of SLRH,Ž.and3to evaluate the contribution of this soil degradation process to overall soil loss in the study area.Since witloof chicory roots and inuline chicory roots are processed in a different way,soil losses associated with the harvesting of these two root crops are assessed separately.2.Study areaŽ.The study area northern and central Belgium has a temperate humid climate:mean annual air temperature is9.58C and annual precipitation is700–850mm.Precipitation is()J.W.A.Poesen et al.r Catena43200135–4737 evenly distributed all over the year but rain erosivity is highest in July–August and lowest in the period from November to April.The northern lowland plain has sandy andŽ.clayey soils.Further south central plateau the soils have loamy sand,sandy loam and Ž.silt loam loess textures.Much of the land in this region has been under intensive cultivation for at least several centuries and is now mainly used for the production ofŽ.Žwinter wheat and barley autumn sown,sugar beet,chicory,potatoes and maize spring .sown.In1998,the area under cultivation in Belgium-Luxemburg for chicory rootŽ. production was12,649ha and that for sugar beet was92,980ha FAOSTAT,1999. These areas represent62.7%and1.3%,respectively,of the world area for these crops.3.Materials and methods3.1.Witloof chicoryŽ.As soil dirt tare for witloof chicory roots is not measured regularly,43witloof chicory root samples were taken in the field when roots were harvested with machines in Ž.Ž.the autumn of1996nine samples and199734samples;for locations see Fig.1.The fields were selected to represent a range of soil textures,and the timing of sampling wasŽ.such that the topsoils had a range of soil moisture contents SMC at harvest time.Ž.Fig.1.Location of sites indicated by a star where witloof chicory root samples were taken.The star in a circle indicates the location of the inuline chicory factory.()38J.W.A.Poesen et al.r Catena43200135–47Each witloof chicory root sample contained20–50randomly sampled chicory roots,depending on root size.At the time of sampling,a soil sample at8-cm-depth was alsoŽ.taken for gravimetric SMC and soil texture sieve-pipette method determinations.TheŽ.total number of chicory roots per ha N was also assessed in the field:N ranged fromc c150,000to300,000roots ha y1.Next,the roots q dirt tare were weighed,washed andŽ. weighed again,and mean oven-dry soil mass sticking to each individual root M wass calculated,taking SMC at harvest time into account.This figure was then converted intoŽ.total soil loss per ha of chicory roots SLRH s N M.c s3.2.Inuline chicoryFactories processing chicory roots for the production of inuline do measure dirt tare of the roots produced by farmers.To calculate soil losses during harvesting,the following data for the period1990–1996,provided by the inuline producing factory ofŽ. Raffinerie Notre-Dame r Orafti Oreye,eastern Belgium,see Fig.1for location,wereŽused:gross root yield s total mass of roots per ha,including mass of toppings,mass of.Ž.soil and mass of soil moisture,top tare mass of toppings r gross root yield and dirt tare Ž.total mass of soil and soil moisture r gross root yield.In order to calculate oven-dry soil losses,it was assumed that mean gravimetric moisture content of the soil sticking to the roots on delivery to the factory was15%,which is a realistic soil moisture range at Ž.harvest Govers and Poesen1986.3.3.Sugar beetAn identical procedure to that followed for the inuline chicory roots was used in order to calculate SLRH data for sugar beet.Data for the whole of Belgium provided byŽ.the Belgian Beet Growers Association CBB were used.4.Results and discussion4.1.Witloof chicoryTable1shows the range of soil textures at the sites where witloof chicory roots weresampled and the corresponding SMC,M and SLRH values.Mean,minimum andsmaximum M values were56.6,5and321g root y1,respectively.Fig.2depicts the sfrequency distribution of SLRH for witloof chicory roots.Mean SLRH was11.8ton y1y1Ž.ha harvest minimum s1.7,maximum s70.5.These figures corroborate data Ž.published by Lips1993who reported dirt tare data for witloof chicory roots ranging from5to30ton ha y1harvest y1.To explain the observed variation in M and SLRH data,relations with%clay,%sŽ.silt,%clay q silt,%sand and SMC were investigated.The range of these parametersŽ.for the43-witloof chicory root samples was as follows:%clay0.2–48.6,%silt Ž.Ž.Ž.Ž.Ž.7.4–92.5,%clay q silt14–95,%sand5–86and SMC%,11.7–33.7.Overall,()J.W.A.Poesen et al.r Catena43200135–4739Table1Ž.Top soil texture and gravimetric Soil moisture content SMC of sites where witloof chicory roots wereŽ.sampled,the oven-dry soil mass sticking to an individual root M and oven-dry soil loss per ha and persŽ.harvest SLRHWitloof chicory Clay Silt Sand SMC M SLRHsy1y1Ž.Ž.Ž.Ž.Ž.Ž. sample%%%%g r root ton ha harvest111.648.24011.737 5.6211.1464312.319 4.73 1.645.353.117.47111414.123.96219.313 1.9517.849.332.920.212 1.86 6.67.48612.823 6.6733.747.31925.5377848.634.117.325.79918.791873925.29718.9100.674.524.918.66610.11112.446.840.821.217 2.612 4.742.952.433.730 4.51311.532.55615.1193140.955.14421.111116.71515.731.35319.125 3.8160.244.85517.538 5.7171157.831.21933618 1.749.34916.61641919.719.860.518.714 3.3201819.562.515.6517.22111.219.96915.623 6.52210.225.86418.71832312.360.72721.57413.32410.756.33321.1407.1250.718.38118.35 1.72615.425.958.723.56930.527 1.436.66221.219 4.12810.733.35619.111334.6290.641.45819.5458.530 5.416.67816.29 2.63113.914.671.518.99127.83214.838.746.525.44313.533 1.944.15421.710 3.3347.126.96623.233 3.335 2.592.5524.620440.836489.6 6.32610220.437 4.688.17.324.932170.538 3.374.82224.56714.739 5.389.6 5.127.915828.640 2.752.944.423.227 5.841 3.767.528.820.216 2.442 4.561.234.228.16715.443 4.95441.125.552 5.9Mean9.646.044.420.856.611.8Standard deviation9.221.921.4 4.659.113.3()40J.W.A.Poesen et al.r Catena43200135–47Ž.Fig.2.Frequency distribution of Soil losses caused by witloof chicory root harvesting SLRH,calculated from43root samples taken in central and northern Belgium at harvest.Žcorrelations between these soil parameters and M were better than with SLRH Tables.Ž2.2.The highest coefficient of determination was found for%sand r s0.43followedŽ.Ž2.Ž2.Ž2.by%clay q silt r s0.38,%silt r s0.34,SMC r s0.19and%clay Ž2.r s0.003.Multiple regression equations containing two or more of these soilTable2Ž.Regression equations between SLRH for witloof chicory and soil properties n s43y1y12Ž.Ž.ln SLRH ton ha harvest s4.664y0.7355ln%sand r s0.35p-0.0001 y1y12Ž.Ž.ln SLRH ton ha harvest s1.084q0.0203%silt r s0.23p s0.0012 y1y12Ž.Ž.ln SLRH ton ha harvest s1.967q0.0052%clay r s0.003p s0.7419 y1y12Ž.Ž.ln SLRH ton ha harvest s0.781q0.0222%clay q silt r s0.26p s0.0005 y1y12Ž.Ž.ln SLRH ton ha harvest s0.367q0.0791SMC%r s0.15p s0.012Ž.Ž.ln M g r root s6.499y0.795ln%sand r s0.43p-0.0001 s2Ž.Ž.ln M g r root s2.541q0.0238%silt r s0.34p-0.0001 s2Ž.Ž.ln M g r root s3.585q0.0054%clay r s0.003p s0.7257 s2Ž.Ž.ln M g r root s2.193q0.026%clay q silt r s0.38p-0.0001 s2Ž.Ž.ln M g r root s1.862q0.0853SMC%r s0.19p s0.0038 s()J.W.A.Poesen et al.r Catena 43200135–4741parameters were not significant.The best predictive equations for witloof chicory roots werey 0.7952M g r root s 664.2%sand r s 0.431Ž.Ž.Ž.s Ž.Fig.3andy 0.736y 1y 12SLRH ton ha harvest s 106.1%sand r s 0.35.2Ž.Ž.Ž.The negative relation between M or SLRH and sand content is explained by s decreasing cohesion with increasing sand content.4.2.Inuline chicoryŽ.Fig.4shows the changes in mean annual SLRH for inuline chicory roots 1990–1996.Over the 7-year period,the mean SLRH value was 8.06ton ha y 1harvest y 1assumingFig.3.Relation between sand content of the top soil and mean oven-dry mass of soil sticking to a witloof Ž.chicory root M .s()42J.W.A.Poesen et al.r Catena43200135–47Ž.Fig.4.Mean annual Soil losses caused by harvesting of inuline chicory roots SLRH.SLRH was calculated using dirt tare data provided by Raffinerie Notre-Dame r Orafti and assuming a gravimetric Soil moisture Ž.content SMC of15%.Total rainfall amount recorded during harvest season at a nearby meteorological Ž.station Waremme is also shown.Rain data for1996were not available.that SMC s0.15.However,there were important variations in annual SLRH;it ranged between3.23ton ha y1harvest y1in1995and12.68ton ha y1harvest y1in1992.Part of this variation can be explained by topsoil moisture content at harvest as reflected byŽ. total precipitation recorded during the harvest season1September–31December at aŽ.nearby meteorological station i.e.,Waremme,Fig.4.4.3.Sugar beetFig.5shows the changes in mean annual SLRH for sugar beet in Belgium for the period1968–1996.Mean SLRH was8.72ton ha y1harvest y1assuming SMC s15%. Maximum and minimum annual SLRH values were19.52and4.37ton ha y1harvest y1 for1974and1969,respectively.For individual deliveries of sugar beet to the factory, SLRH-values can vary even more between1and100ton ha y1harvest y1.Fig.6shows that the mean SLRH values increased with date during the harvest season.This was()J.W.A.Poesen et al.r Catena43200135–4743Fig.5.Mean annual soil losses caused by sugar beet harvesting in Belgium.SLRH was calculated using dirtŽ.tare data provided by the CBB and assuming a gravimetric Soil moisture content SMC of15%.Total rainfallŽ.recorded during the harvest season in Ukkel central Belgium is also shown.probably due to an increase in topsoil moisture content that rendered the soil more sticky.Almost half of the variation in annual SLRH can be explained by total rainfallŽ.Ž.amount recorded in central Belgium during the harvest season P Fig.7:Ž.Ž.Ž.SLRH ton ha y1harvest y1s0.0325P mm q0.0782r2s0.47,3 where SLRH is calculated assuming SMC s15%.The positive relationship between P and SLRH is explained by a positive relation-Ž.ship between SMC at harvest and SLRH,as reported by Duval1988.The remaining scatter in SLRH,particularly for large rainfall values,may reflect the occurrence of precipitation in relation to the exact timing of harvest.Also,efforts made by the farmers()44J.W.A.Poesen et al.r Catena43200135–47Fig.6.Changes in SLRH for sugar beet during the harvesting season assuming SMC s15%.Data are basedŽ.on mean dirt tare figures from12sugar refinery factories and for a7-year period1990–1996.Dirt tare data were provided by the CBB.to reduce SLRH since1990might explain the rather low SLRH values since thenŽ. despite the large amounts of rain during harvest seasons such as in1993Fig.5.Ž.Mean long-term precipitation during the harvest season in central Belgium Ukkel is Ž.ing Eq.3,this corresponds to a mean annual SLRH for sugar beet of9.11 y1y1Ž.ton ha harvest Fig.7.5.ImplicationsŽy1y1.Mean SLRH values for all three root crops8.1–11.8ton ha harvest are far from negligible,indicating that SLRH should be considered a significant soil degrada-tion process.In the past,when comparing overall soil losses with soil loss tolerance Ž.levels e.g.,Morgan,1995SLRH was usually not considered.One of the agronomic measures to control mean long-term soil losses by water erosion is crop rotation whereby years in which crops are grown which cause high soil losses are alternated with()J.W.A.Poesen et al.r Catena43200135–4745Ž.Fig.7.Relation between rainfall recorded at Ukkel central Belgium during harvest season and SLRH assuming SMC s15%.years in which crops are grown causing less soil loss so as to reduce mean long-term Ž.soil loss Morgan,1995.For each crop,soil losses by water erosion are quantified in order to calculate total long-term soil loss.If root crops are included in the crop rotation scheme,the SLRH should also be taken into account.As an example,Table3compares the mean annual SLRH and mean annual soil losses caused by other soil degradationTable3Mean annual soil losses caused by various soil erosion processes in areas of central Belgium where root crops are grown regularlyProcess Soil losses Sourcey1y1Ž.ton ha yearŽ.Water erosion Poesen et al.1996bŽ.Interrill and rill erosion 6.926.5%Ž.Ephemeral gully erosion 5.420.8%Ž.Ž.Tillage erosion8.733.5%Van Oost et al.2000Ž.SLRH 5.019.2%This studyŽ.Total26.0100%()46J.W.A.Poesen et al.r Catena43200135–47processes on fields where root crops are grown in central Belgium.Mean annual SLRH equals5.0ton ha y1year y1and is based on the average figure obtained in this studyŽ.assuming that root crops chicory,sugar beet or potatoes are grown once every2years.Ž. This figure is similar to averages published by Maier and Schwertmann1981andŽ.Auerswald and Schmidt1986for southern Germany and by Vandenberghe and Ž.Gulinck1987for central Belgium.In central Belgium,mean SLRH therefore represents19.2%of total mean soil loss for fields where root crops are grown regularly.However,in flat areas,the contribution of SLRH to total soil loss can be as high as100%.Therefore,SLRH needs to be incorporated in sediment budgets.Based on a literature review as well as on fieldŽobservations,the following conceptual model can be put forward:SLRH s f climate,.soil type,root crop type,root crop yield,harvesting technique.Water erosion and tillage erosion are quite intense in central Belgium at specific topographic positions in the landscape:i.e.,on steep and long slopes and in plan form Ž.concavities hollows for water erosion,and on hillslope convexities and upper parts ofŽ.field plots for tillage erosion Van Oost et al.,2000.Although it has not yet been studied,SLRH may be less dependent on local topography,unless topography influences soil texture,SMC at harvesting time or root yield.SLRH also needs to be considered when interpreting processes leading to soil profile truncation.In central Belgium,root crops have been grown for over200years.Žy1y1 Assuming a mean annual denudation rate of0.33mm equivalent to5ton ha year, .Table3SLRH would have been responsible for an overall soil profile truncation of66 mm though there would have been important variations between different fields or regions given the spatial variability of controlling factors.Given the importance of SLRH,these soil losses should be reduced where possible inŽ. order not to exceed soil loss tolerance levels.This could be achieved,for instance,1byŽ.reducing the area where root crops are grown,2by avoiding harvesting root cropsŽ.Ž. when soils are rather wet and sticky,3by improving harvesting techniques,4by providing financial incentives for root crop growers in order to encourage low SLRH or Ž.5by charging environmental taxes for large SLRH.6.ConclusionsŽ.Mean Soil losses by root crop harvesting SLRH are similar to those of other processes causing soil loss.Consequently,SLRH needs to be incorporated into future assessments of soil degradation and sediment budgets.Although this study presented some data on the spatial and the temporal variation of SLRH,significant research effort is still needed to quantify the factors controlling spatial and temporal variation of SLRH and the associated nutrient losses.AcknowledgementsWe thank the following persons for providing background information or dataŽ.¨on yield and dirt tare of various root crops:Dr.K.Auerswald T.U.Munchen,()J.W.A.Poesen et al.r Catena 43200135–4747Ž.Dr.J.Boiffin,Dr.Y.Duval and Dr.J.Guerif INRA,Laon,France ,Mr.D.Du Ville ´Ž.Ž.ŽCBB,Brussels ,Mr.J.Fockedey Warcoing Industrie ,Dr.F.Kwaad University of .ŽAmsterdam ,Mr.G.Legrand and Mr.J.P.Vandergeten KBIVB,Royal Institute for .Žthe Improvement of the Sugar beet,Tienen ,Mr.G.Paternoster Raffinerie .ŽNotre-Dame r Orafti,Oreye and Mr.Rob Sarrazyn Provinciaal Voorlichtingscentrum .West-Vlaanderen ReferencesAuerswald,K.,Schmidt,F.,1986.Atlas der Erosionsgefardetung in Bayern.GLA-Fachberichte,Munchen 1,¨¨74pp.Bouma,J.,Varallyay,G.,Batjes,N.H.,1998.Principal land use changes anticipated in Europe.Agric.,Ecosyst.Environ.67,103–119.Brunotte,J.,Isensee,E.,1994.Nach Mulchsaat weniger Erdanhang?DLG-Mitteilungen 3,20–21.Duval,Y.,1988.Pour reduire la tare,connaıtre et observer les sols.Le Betteravier Franc¸ais 531,27,29.´ˆFAOSTAT,1999.Agriculture data.Agricultural production.http:rr .Frost,C.A.,Speirs,R.B.,1996.Soil erosion from a single rainstorm over an area in East Lothian,Scotland.Soil Use Manage.12,8–12.Govers,G.,Poesen,J.,1986.A field-scale study of surface sealing and compaction on loam and sandy loam soils:Part I.Spatial variability of soil surface sealing and crusting.In:Callebaut,F.,Gabriels,D.,De Ž.Boodt,M.Eds.,Assessment of Soil Surface Sealing and Crusting.University of Ghent,pp.171–ers,G.,Vandaele,K.,Desmet,P.,Poesen,J.,Bunte,K.,1994.The role of tillage in soil redistribution of hillslopes.Eur.J.Soil Sci.45,469–478.Hoogerkamp, D.,1993.Research on dirt tare in the Netherlands.Proceedings 27th Biennial Meeting Agriculture,Anaheim,CA,March 3–6.American Society of Sugar beet Technologists,pp.113–119.Ingram,J.,Lee,J.,Valentin, C.,1996.The GCTE soil erosion network:a multi-participatory research program.J.Soil Water Conserv.51,377–380.Lips,J.,1993.Het rooien van de wortelen.Witloofteelt.Ministery of Agriculture,Brussels,pp.81–90.Maier,J.,Schwertmann,U.,1981.Das Ausmass des Bodenabtrags in einer Losslandschaft Niederbayerns.¨Žndwirtsch.Jahrb.582,194.Morgan,R.P.C.,1995.Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation.Longman,England.Oldeman,L.R.,van Lynden,G.W.I.,1998.Revisiting the GLASOD methodology.In:Lal,R.,Blum,W.R.,Ž.Valentin,C.,Stewart,B.A.Eds.,Methods for Assessment of Soil Degradation.Adv.Soil Sci.CRC Press,Boca Raton,FL,pp.423–440.Poesen,J.,Boardman,J.,Wilcox,B.,Valentin,C.,1996a.Water erosion monitoring and experimentation for global change studies.J.Soil Water Conserv.51,386–390.Poesen,J.,Vandaele,K.,van Wesemael,B.,1996b.Contribution of gully erosion to sediment production on cultivated lands and rangelands.IAHS Publ.236,251–266.Poesen,J.,van Wesemael,B.,Govers,G.,Martinez-Fernandez,J.,Desmet,P.,Vandaele,K.,Quine,T.,Degraer,G.,1997.Patterns of rock fragment cover generated by tillage erosion.Geomorphology 18,183–197.Theurer,J.C.,1994.Agronomic comparison of different types of smooth root and A soil free B sugar beet.J.Ž.Sugar Beet Res.313–4,105–116.Turkelboom,F.,Poesen,J.,Ohler,I.,Van Keer,K.,Ongprasert,S.,Vlassak,K.,1997.Assessment of tillage erosion rates on steep slopes in northern Thailand.Catena 29,29–44.Vandenberghe,I.,Gulinck,H.,1987.Fallout 137Cs as a tracer for soil mobility in the landscape framework of Ž.the Belgian loamy region.Pedologie 371,5–20.Vandergeten,J.P.,Vreven,T.,Engels,P.,1995.Les demonstrations de materiel de recolte en 1994.Le ´´´Betteravier,Fevrier 1995,18–23.Van Oost,K.,Govers,G.,Desmet,P.,2000.Evaluating the effects of changes in landscape structure on soil erosion by water and nd.Ecol.,in press.。