Part 1 foundation chemistry vocabulary
高中化学英文词汇
高中化学英文词汇High School Chemistry English VocabularyChemistry is a fascinating subject that explores the composition, properties, and behavior of matter. Whether you are a high school student diving into the world of chemistry for the first time or a seasoned science enthusiast, it is essential to have a good understanding of the English vocabulary commonly used in this field. In this article, we will introduce some key terms and concepts in high school chemistry, along with their English equivalents.1. Elements and AtomsIn chemistry, an element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means. Each element is made up of atoms, which are the smallest units of matter that retain the properties of the element. Some common elements include hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen.2. Compounds and MoleculesCompounds are substances composed of two or more elements chemically combined in fixed proportions. The smallest unit of a compound is called a molecule, which consists of two or more atoms bonded together. Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are examples of compounds.3. Chemical ReactionsChemical reactions involve the breaking and forming of chemical bonds between atoms. During a chemical reaction, reactants are transformed intoproducts through the rearrangement of atoms. Some common types of chemical reactions include synthesis, decomposition, combustion, and single displacement.4. Acids and BasesAcids are substances that donate protons (H+) in a chemical reaction, while bases are substances that accept protons. The strength of an acid or base is determined by its pH level, with acids having a pH below 7 and bases having a pH above 7. Examples of acids include hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4), while common bases include sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and ammonia (NH3).5. Chemical EquationsChemical equations are symbolic representations of chemical reactions, with reactants on the left side and products on the right side. Coefficients are used to balance chemical equations and ensure the conservation of mass. For example, the reaction between hydrogen gas (H2) and oxygen gas (O2) to form water can be represented as 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O.6. States of MatterMatter can exist in three states: solid, liquid, and gas. Solids have a fixed shape and volume, liquids have a fixed volume but can change shape, and gases have neither a fixed shape nor volume. Changes in temperature and pressure can cause substances to change states, such as melting, freezing, boiling, and condensation.7. The Periodic TableThe periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the elements based on their atomic number and chemical properties. Elements are organized into groups and periods, with similar properties grouped together. The periodic table provides valuable information about the properties of elements, such as their atomic mass, symbol, and electron configuration.8. StoichiometryStoichiometry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the calculation of quantities of reactants and products in a chemical reaction. It involves balancing chemical equations, determining the limiting reactant, and calculating the theoretical yield of a reaction. Stoichiometry is essential for understanding the composition of compounds and predicting the outcome of reactions.In conclusion, mastering the English vocabulary of high school chemistry is crucial for success in the subject. By familiarizing yourself with key terms and concepts, you can enhance your understanding of chemical principles and communicate effectively with peers and educators. Remember to review and practice these terms regularly to solidify your knowledge and confidence in the exciting world of chemistry.。
AP化学单词
Part 1foundation chemistry 基础化学Chapter 1acid酸apparatus仪器，装置aqueous solution水溶液arrangement of electrons电子排列assumption假设atom原子（化学变化中的最小粒子）atomic mass原子量atomic number原子序数atomic radius原子半径atomic structure原子结构be composed of由……组成bombardment撞击boundary界限cathode rays阴极射线cathode-ray oscilloscope (C.R.O)阴极电子示波器ceramic陶器制品charge-clouds电子云charge-to-mass ratio(e/m)质荷比（质谱分析时样品质量的测量以质量与其离子电荷之比表示）chemical behaviour化学行为chemical property化学性质（物质在化学变化中表现出来的性质）clockwise 顺时针方向的compound化合物（由不同元素组成的纯净物）configuration构型copper铜correspond to相似corrosive腐蚀d-block elements d 区元素deflect使偏向，使转向derive from源于deuterium氘diffuse mixture扩散混合物distance effect距离效应distil蒸馏distinguish区别distribution分布doubly charged(2+) ion正二价离子dye染料effect of electric current in solutions电流在溶液里的影响electrical charge电荷electrical field电场electrically neutral atom电中性原子electricity电electrolysis电解electron电子（负电荷粒子，电量等于4.77×10-10绝对静电单位）electron shielding电子屏蔽element元素（具有相同核电荷数即荷内质子数的一类原子的总称）emission spectrum发射光谱（根据发射光源和激发能量方式所产生的特征电磁波谱）energy level能态，能级（稳态能量，有相同主量数的电子壳层）fertiliser肥料first ionisation energy一级电离能fluorescent screen荧光屏fluoride 氟化物fuel燃料fundamental substance基础物质fuzzy模糊的galaxy星系，银河gas气体gaseous state气态gravity重力GroupⅠ第一族Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle海森堡测不准原理hydrofluoric acid氢氟酸identical同一的，相等的in terms of根据，在……方面innermost最内的，最深的interaction相互作用internal structure内部结构interpret解释investigate研究,调查ionisation energy电离能（从原子或分子中移走一个电子至无穷远处所需的能量，以电子伏特eV 表示）ionise电离isotope同位素（原子里具有相同的质子数和不同的中子数的同一元素的原子互称同位素）J.J. Thomson’s e/m experiment汤姆森质何比实验Latin拉丁lepton轻粒子liquid液体magnet磁铁magnetic field 磁场Maltese Cross马耳他十字marble大理石mass number质量数matter物质metal foil 金箔meteorite陨星microbe微生物，细菌Millikan’s ‘oil-drop’ ecperiment密立根油滴实验model-building模型建筑mole摩尔（表示一个系统的物质的量的单位，该系统中所包含的基本单元数与12g碳12即12C的原子数目相等,每摩尔物质含有阿佛加德罗常数个微粒）molecule分子（保持物质的化学性质的最小粒子）narrow beam狭窄的光线negative electrode（cathode）阴极negligible 可以忽略的neutron中子nitrate硝酸盐noble gas稀有气体normal pressures常压nuclear charge（原子）核电荷nuclear model for atoms原子核模型nuclear reaction核反应nucleus （pl.nuclei）核Orbital轨道paraffin wax石蜡particle微粒，粒子Pauli exclusion principle保里不相容原理（每个原子轨道至多只能容纳两个电子；而且，这两个电子自旋方向必须相反）Periodic Table周期表physical property物理性质（物质不需要发生化学变化就表现出来的性质，如颜色、状态、气味、熔沸点、密度等）plastics塑料plum-pudding李子布丁positive charge正电荷（带有质子的物质，用丝绸摩擦玻璃棒，在棒上会产生正电荷）positive electrode(anode)阳极positively charged particle(ion)离子potential difference电位prediction预言principal quantum number主量子数（标示轨道电子的波函数，包括轨道角动量和自旋量子数，电子的能级和距原子核的平均距离主要取决于主量子数）probe探测，探究protium氕proton质子quantum （pl. quanta）量子（一个电子转移到原子的下一层轨道时发出的有限辐射能单位）quantum mechanics量子力学Quantum Theory量子理论quark夸克（组成基本粒子的更小的粒子）radioactive source放射源repel排斥repulsion斥力respectively 分别地rung梯级scattering effect散射作用Schr?dinger equation薛定谔（波动）方程（一偏微分方程，描述基本粒子波动性）scintillation火花shell电子壳层shielding effect屏蔽效应simpler substance单质（指由同种元素组成的纯净物）solid固体sphere球spin自旋stable state稳态sub-atomic particle原子内的粒子subset子集，小团体successive ionisation energy逐级电离能symbol符号symmetry对称the lowest-energy orbitals最低能量轨道transition elements过渡元素tritium氚X-ray X 射线α-particlesα粒子，即alpha-particle（带有两个质子和中子的粒子，即氦原子核，对物质的穿透力较强，流速约为光速的1/10）α-ray α 射线β-particlesβ粒子β-ray β 射线γ-patticlesγ粒子γ-rayγ 射线Chapter 2abbreviation缩写absorption吸收abundance丰度accelerate加速alloy合金alter改变atmospheric pressure大气压Avogadro’s constant阿佛加德罗常数（12g12C 含有的原子数，约为6.02×1023）azide叠氮化物balance chemical equation配平化学方程式balance ionic equation配平离子方程式benzene苯blast furnace高炉bromide溴化物bulk体积burette滴定管butane丁烷carbon dioxide二氧化碳carbon monoxide一氧化碳carbonate 碳酸盐collide with冲突combustion analysis燃烧分析concentration浓度conical flask锥形瓶convert转化covalent bonds共价键（原子间通过共用电子对形成的化学键）decimal place小数位deposit沉淀物detonator炸药dioxide二氧化物dissolve溶解dropwise逐滴地electric current电流empirical formulae 实验式，经验式（只表示化合物中原子间最简单比例关系，非分子式，而为成分式）end-point终点enthalpy焓（热力学状态函数，单位质量的热含量，恒压下系统改变状态时增加的热含量等于内能与体系体积与压力乘积之和）equation方程式ethanoic acid 乙酸filament灯丝formula （pl. formulae）化学式（用元素符号来表示物质组成的式子）granule颗粒Group Ⅰ- the alkali metal 第一族,碱金属Group Ⅱ-the alkaline earth metal 第二族,碱土金属Group Ⅲ-第三族Group Ⅳ-Carbonic Group碳族Group Ⅴ-Nitric Group氮族Group Ⅵ-Oxygenic Group氧族Group Ⅶ, the halogens第七主族，卤族hexane己烷horizontal axis横坐标hydrocarbon碳氢化合物，烃hydrochloric acid盐酸hydrogen peroxide过氧化氢hydroxide氢氧化物hypothesis假设indicator指示剂inspect检查，查看iodide碘化物ionic compound离子型化合物（电负性相差大的两种元素相互作用，发生电子转移，变为正、负离子，正、负离子结合形成离子型化合物）iron oxide氧化铁low pressure低压mass spectrometer 质谱仪methane甲烷mixture混合物（由两种或多种物质混合而成的，这些物质相互间没有发生反应，混合物里各物质都保持原来的性质）molar mass摩尔质量（1摩尔物质的质量）molarity摩尔浓度，也叫物质的量浓度（以1升即1立方分米溶液里含有多少摩溶质来表示溶液组成的物理量）molecular formulae分子式（根据元素分析和分子量表示的化学式）monoxide一氧化物negative ion (＝anion)阴离子neutralise中和nitric acid硝酸non-metal非金属octane辛烷organic compound有机化合物oxidation state氧化态oxide氧化物peroxide过氧化物phosphate磷酸盐pipette移液管positive ion (＝cation)阳离子precipitation reaction 沉淀反应reactant反应物reaction反应reagent试剂，反应物redox reaction氧化还原反应relative atomic mass 相对原子质量（以碳12原子的质量的1/12约1.66×10－27kg作为标准，其他原子的质量跟它比较所得的值）relative formula mass相对式量relative isotopic mass 相对同位素质量relative molecular mass相对分子质量（化学式中各原子的相对原子质量的总和）room temperature室温singly charged 单核stoichiometric ratio化学计量比stoichiometry化学计量法sulphate 硫酸盐sulphide硫化物sulphite亚硫酸盐sulphuric acid硫酸temperature温度thermite铝热剂，灼热剂titration滴定法（将已知浓度的标准溶液加到被测溶液中，直到反应完成，借以测定其浓度）vaporize汽化vertical axis纵坐标vice versa反之亦然volume体积weld焊接Chapter 3adjacent molecule相邻的分子amide酰胺(含-CONH2基)ammonia氨atmosphere 大气层atomic orbital原子轨道attractive force吸引力biochemical compound生化化合物boiling point沸点bond angle键角(与同一原子连接的两个键之间的角度)bond enthalpybond length键长(分子中两个原子核间的平衡距离)bonding pair 成键电子对brine盐水brittle脆的building-block(=monomer unit)单体(聚合物中最简单的重复结构单元)catalyst催化剂（能改变反应速度而它本身的组成和质量在反应前后保持不变的物质）chemical bonding化学键（分子或晶体中，原子或离子之间直接的、主要的和强烈的相互作用称为化学键）chemical bonding and structure化学键及结构chloride 氯化物cleavage裂开condense浓缩conduct electricity导电covalent compound共价化合物crystal晶体crystal lattice晶格crystal plane晶体平面crystalline solid晶状固体cyclohexane环己胺dative covalent bond=coordinate bond配位键decomposition离解density密度dipole-dipole force取向力dot-and-cross diagram电子式,点叉式double bond双键double helix双螺旋ductile 可塑性,易变形的,可延展的electric dipole电偶极子（一对相距极近，符号相反、数值相等的电荷所形成的体系）electrical insulator电绝缘体electrical transformer变压器electronegativity电负性（原子或基团吸引并持留价电子的能力）electron-pair电子对electron-pair repulsion theory电子对互斥理论（是利用中心原子周??子的排斥理??盍?的分子及滕子(去除金?部分)的形?）electrostatic attraction静电吸引（引力）emerald翡翠enthalpy change of vaporization蒸发焓ethane乙烷ethanol乙醇，又叫酒精evaporation蒸发fabric布,fibre纤维fibrous纤维状的formation of ions离子的形成gaseous state气态gemstone宝石graphite石墨haemoglobin血红蛋白hard硬的high-density poly(ethene)高密度聚乙烯hydrated ion水合离子（与水结合而成，如H3O ＋）hydrogen bond氢键(氢键是由于与电负性极强的元素如氟、氧等相结合的氢原子和另一分子中电负性极强的原子间所产生的引力而形成)insoluble不溶instantaneous dipole-induced dipoleforces诱导力intermediate character两性intermolecular force分子间作用力(又称van der Waals’ force 范德华力)interval间隙ionic bonding离子键（由原子得失电子后，生成的正负离子之间，靠静电作用而形成的化学键）ionic crystal离子晶体（离子间通过离子键结合而成的晶体）ionic lattice离子晶格jewellery珠宝kinetic theory of matter物质运动论(所有物质的分子处于恒动状态)liquid state液态lone-pairs孤对电子low-density poly(ethene)低密度聚乙烯LP-LP repulsion> LP-BP repulsion> BP-BP repulsion孤电子对―故电子对斥力>孤电子对―成键电子对斥力>成键电子对―成键电子对斥力lubricant润滑剂magnetise磁化malleable有延展性的melting point熔点metal complex金属络合物（由金属离子与电子给予体结合而成）metallic bonding金属键(通过自由运动的价电子将金属原子连结起来的键)metallic element金属元素mineral矿物质mobile electron流动电子molecular orbital分子轨道molten熔化non-contuctor非导体non-linear molecule非直线分子non-metallic element非金属元素non-polar molecule非极性分子non-stick properties不黏性nylon尼龙,聚酰胺纤维octahedron八面体oppositely charged electron电性相反的电极oppositely charged ion电性相反的离子outer-shell electron外层电子oxonium ion(=hydronium ion) 水合氢离子polar molecule极性分子polarisation of ions离子极化（在阴阳离子自身电场作用下，产生诱导偶极，而导致离子的极化，即离子的正负电荷重心不再重合，电子云发生变形，致使物质在结构和性质上发生相应的变化）polarized极化poly聚乙烯poly(ester) chain聚酯链polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)多氯联（二）苯polymer聚合物,高分子polymer chain聚合物链protein蛋白质quartz石英relative bond strength相对键能repulsion斥力ruby红宝石sapphire蓝宝石semi-precious stone亚宝石single bond单键slippery光滑sodium chloride 氯化钠solid state固态solubility溶解度（物质在溶剂中达到饱和时的溶解程度）soluble可溶sparingly soluble难溶sublimation升华(固体不经液态直接转变为气态) sublime升华(固体不经液态直接转变为气态) sucrose蔗糖surface tension表面张力(由于表面层下面的分子与表面层下面的分子间的分子吸引,液体表面收缩成最小表面的趋向)symmetrical distribution对称分布tensile strength抗拉强度tetrahedral molecule四面体分子tetrahedron四面体the δ+ and δ-chargesδ+ 和δ-电荷three-dimensional arrangement三维排列triangular pyramidal molecule三角锥形分子trichloromethane三氯甲烷trigonal planar molecule 三角锥形分子triple bond三键unit cell晶胞vapour pressure(蒸汽压)viscosity黏度(流体流动阻力的表示,为液体中黏合力和内聚力的综合效果)volatility挥发性washing-up liquidwater is peculiar水是特殊的weapon武器δbondδ键δorbitalδ轨道π bondπ键π orbitalπ轨道Chapter 4 and 5antacid tablet解酸的药片atomic radii(＝atomic radius) 原子半径barium meal钡餐Blocks of elements in the Periodic Table周期表中元素的分区brick red砖红色bricklaying砌砖，泥水业brilliant whitish flame明亮的白色火焰bubble 泡camera lenses照相机镜头cement水泥chalk白垩chemical species化学物种clay黏土，泥土cliff悬崖cloudy white precipitate浑浊的白色沉淀covalent radius共价半径covered with a layer of its oxide覆盖一层氧化物薄膜crucible坩埚crumble粉碎d-block d区diatomic molecule双原子分子dilute稀释disulphur dichloride 二氯化二硫dolomite白云石electronegative带负电的，负电性的electropositive带正电的，正电性的evolution（气体）散出exothermic reaction放热反应f-block f区filtration过滤firework焰火flare照明弹good conductivity of heat and electricity良好的导电导热性gypsum石膏hydrogencarbonate碳酸氢盐incendiary bomb燃烧弹indigestion remedy消化不良的治疗lanthanide and actinide elements镧系和锕系元素（周期表中，ⅧB族有32种元素，包括钪、钇、镧和锕，其中镧这一格代表15种镧系元素[Z=51~71]，锕这一格代表15种锕系元素[Z=89~103]）Law of Octaves八行周期律（当元素按原子量增加的顺序排列成以八个为一组时，则上下每组对应元素有相似的性质）Law of Triadslime石灰lime water石灰（水溶液）limelight灰光灯limestone石灰石liquid phase液相magnesium ribbon镁条marine invertebrate海里的无脊椎动物Mendeleev’s periodic table门捷列夫周期表（按原子序数递增顺序排列成行，并将元素性质相同者置于各行之下，由此形成18列，各列元素的化合价按正规顺序变化）metal hydride金属氢化物metallic radius金属半径molten slag熔渣monatomic ion一价离子mortar灰浆negative oxidation state负化合价opaque 不透，不传导oxidation氧化oxidation number (abbreviated ox. no.)氧化数（某元素一个原子的荷电数，这种荷电数由假设把每个键中的电子指定给电负性更大的原子而求得）oxidation state氧化态oxidising agent氧化剂（得到电子的物质）p-block p区periodic patterns周期律periodicity周期性photographic flash bulb感光photosynthesis光合作用pitchblende沥青铀矿plaster石膏plaster of Pairs熟石膏positive oxidation state正化合价quicklime生石灰reactivity活动性reciprocal倒数redox system氧化还原体系reducing agent还原剂（逝去电子的物质）reduction还原refractory material难熔物质rotary kiln回转窑（炉）saturated solution饱和溶液s-block s区scum 浮垢sedimentary rock沉积岩siemens per metre (S m-1)西门子/米（西门子是电导实用单位，亦称姆欧，欧姆的倒数）single atom单原子slaked lime石灰（固）solid phase固相suspension悬浮液the outmost electrons最外层电子the rising parts of the curve曲线的上升部分the trend is uneven趋势是不规则的thermal decomposition热（分）解toxic有毒的tracer bullet示踪子弹trough曲线上的最小值valency化合价vapour phase气相vigorous剧烈的Chapter 6a cream precipitate米黄色沉淀aerosol propellant气溶胶喷射剂ammonia solution氨水anomalous properties异常的性质antiseptic抗菌剂，防腐剂apparent透明的bacteria细菌bleach漂白bromine is a dark red liquid giving off a dense red vapour溴是深红色液体，会挥发浓的红色溴蒸气capture an electron捕获一个电子CFCS(chlorofluorocarbons)含氯氟烃chlorine is greenish yellow gas氯是黄绿色气体contamination污染covalent diatomic molecule共价双原子分子cyclohexane环己烷dichloromethane二氯甲烷displacement reaction置换反应（由一种单质跟一种化合物起反应,生成另一种单质和另一种化合物的反应：1.非金属取代―电负性强者取代弱者；2.金属取代―金属性强者取代弱者）disproportionation reaction歧化反应（又叫自身氧化还原反应，在歧化反应中同一种元素的一部分原子[或离子]被氧化,另一部分原子[或离子]被还原）electron affinity电子亲合势（原子保持其离子电荷的亲合势）fire extinguisher 灭火器flammable 易燃的fluoride controversyfluorine is pale yellow gas氟是淡黄绿色气体foaming agent 起泡剂germicide 杀菌剂halate次卤酸根离子halide卤化物halogen卤族元素，简称卤素hydrated halide ion水合卤素离子inert惰性的iodine in alcohol碘酒iodine is a shiny, grey-black crystalline solid which sublimes to a purple vapour碘是有光泽的灰黑色晶体，会升华变成紫色碘蒸气liver damage肝脏损伤Lubricant 滑润剂non-flammable 不易燃的organic solvent有机溶剂organo-chlorine 有机氯ozone layer臭氧层poisonous有毒的PTFE (polytetrafluoroethene)聚四氟乙烯PVC聚氯乙烯refrigerant 制冷剂solvent 溶剂thyroid problem甲状腺问题volatility挥发性water purification水质净化waterproof clothing防水布Chapter 14reaction rates反应速率acidity 酸性，酸度adsorb吸附aldehyde乙醛at normal temperatures and pressures在常温常压下basicity 碱度；碱性Bung塞camphor 樟脑catalytic converter催化转化器celluloid 赛璐珞(明胶)chemical analysis化学分析chemical kinetics化学动力学colorimeter色度计colour intensity色度concentration of reactants反应物浓度constant random motion永恒的无规则运动desorb解吸entropy熵（热力学状态函数，用于量度系统无序度，等于吸收之热与吸热时绝对温度之商）esterification酯化exhaust gases排放气体factors that affect the rate of a reaction影响反应速率的因素gas syringe气体注射器glass delivery tube玻璃导管heterogeneous catalysis多相催化（催化剂与反应物处于不同相如在固体和流体相界面间发生催化作用）homogeneous catalysis均相催化（催化剂与反应物在同相中反应）intensity of the radiation 照射的强度inverted, water-filled burette倒置的装满水的量管latitude纬度low-energy collisions低能量碰撞nitrocellulose 硝化纤维素nitroglycerine 硝化甘油oxyacetylene torch 氧乙炔火炬peroxyacetyl nitrate(PAN)硝酸过氧化乙酰ppb 十亿分之一（10－10）ppm 百万分之一（10－6）pressure sensor压力感受器rate determining step决定反应速率的步骤removal去除Ribena scanning probe microscopy(SPM)扫描显微探针sealed container密闭容器self-sustainedspectrophotometer 分光光度计(根据样品对可见光分解为单色光后的透（反）射能量与波长的函数关系，可准确分析色度或比较两种波长的发光强度)surface area表面积temperature sensor 温感器（能对温度变化作出反应）the asymmetric shape of the curve曲线的不对称形状the Boltzemann distribution玻耳兹曼分布（处于热平衡的气体中具有不同能级的分子数的几率）the collision theory of reactivity碰撞理论（化学反应速率等于反应物分子间的碰撞数乘以有效碰撞因子）Timer计时器Chapter 15equilibra 平衡base碱closed system封闭系统constancy of macroscopic propertiescotton wool脱脂棉dynamic equilibrium动态平衡（在一定条件下德可逆反应里，正反应和逆反应德速率相等，反应混合物中各组成成分德含量保持不变）fertility肥(沃)度forwards direction正方向irreversible one-way reaction不可逆单向反应keep the pressure constant保持恒压Le Chatelier’s principle勒沙特列原理（如果改变影响平衡的一个条件如浓度、压强或温度等，平衡就向能够减弱这种改变的方向移动）macroscopic propertiesnail varnish remover洗甲油Ostwald process奥斯特瓦尔德法（制硝酸，采用高温铂网催化剂，将氨氧化为氧化氮，经水吸收成硝酸）porous iron多孔的铁reaction vessel反应容器reverse direction反方向reversible reaction可逆反应。
IGCSE化学单词汇总
The Vocabulary of Chemistry for IGCSE10ElementsHydrogen氢Helium氦Lithium锂Beryllium铍Boron硼Carbon碳Nitrogen氮Oxygen氧Fluorine氟Neon氖Sodium钠Magnesium镁Aluminium铝Silicon硅Phosphorus磷Sulfur硫Chlorine氯Argon氩Potassium钾Calcium钙Scandium钪Titanium钛Vanadium钒Chromium铬Manganese锰Iron铁Cobalt钴Nickel镍Copper铜Zinc锌Gallium镓Germanium锗Arsenic砷Selenium硒Bromine溴Krypton氪Rubidium铷Strontium锶Zirconium锆Palladium钯Silver银Cadmium镉Tin锡Stibium锑Iodine碘Xenon氙Cesium铯Barium钡Tungsten钨Osmium锇Iridium铱Platinum铂Gold金Mercury汞Lead铅Radon氡Radium镭Uranium铀OthersEndorse支持代言Conjugate共轭的Equilibria平衡Monobasic一元的Dibasic二元的Tribasic三元的Dissociate分离电离游离Propanone丙酮11Motion运动Particle微粒Matter&substance物质Atom原子Molecule分子Ion离子Property属性Proximity接近（程度）Condense冷凝（液化）Freeze凝固Salicylic水杨酸Interval间隔区间Plot绘图表Probe探测器Logger电子自动记录器Dichromate重铬酸盐12diffusion扩散kinetic particle theory分子运动论collide碰撞ammonia氨（水）ammonium铵hydrochloric acid盐酸concentrated浓的chloride氯化物layer层dioxide二氧化物relative molecular mass相对原子质量methane甲烷13equivalent相等的pipette移液管balance天平proceed进行precision精确度decimeter分米cylinder圆筒measuring cylinder量筒burette滴定管flask烧瓶titration滴定(法) syringe注射器delivery tube导管scale division刻度meniscus弯液面14chromatography色谱法filter过滤demonstrate证明pigment颜料solubility溶解性（度）solvent溶剂soluble可溶的ethanol乙醇methanol甲醇propanone丙酮interpret解释翻译botanist植物学家dropper滴管thereby从而purify提纯compound化合物amino acid氨基酸ninhydrin茚三酮alanine丙氨酸lysine赖氨酸serine丝氨酸valine缬氨酸TOEFL vocabSear灼烧Ignite使烧着Neutralize中和Polymerization聚合Functional起作用的Synthetic合成的(综合的) Intermediary媒介物Catalyst催化剂Scorch使退色Bleach漂白Tint上色Hydronic液体循环加热Alchemy炼金术Hackneyed陈腐的Caustic腐蚀性的Decomposition分解Silica硅土Limestone石灰石Petroleum石油15assess评估distill蒸馏tablet药片distinct不同的reactant反应物decant滗析centrifugation离心分离16funnel漏斗residue滤渣filtrate滤液crystallization结晶solute溶质volatile易挥发的immiscible不互溶的hexane己烷17condenser冷凝器conical圆锥的miscible可混溶的21subatomic亚原子的nucleus原子核proton质子nucleons核子neutron中子electron电子whiz飞速转动22isotope核素同位素americium镅tumor肿瘤thyroid甲状腺gland无分泌功能的现状组织sterilize消毒technetium锝23valence化合价valence electron价电子noble惰性的noble gas惰性气体configuration结构排布24monoxide一氧化物dioxide二氧化物trioxide三氧化物tetroxide四氧化物pentoxide五氧化物hexoxide六氧化物heptoxide七氧化物rutherfordium胪25density密度malleability延展性可煅性ductility延展性可塑性brittle易碎的graphite石墨lustrous有光泽的sonorous能发出响亮声音的basic碱性的alloy合金31octet八隅体32covalent bond共价键overlap重叠部分33methanol甲醇methanal甲醛ethane乙烷ethane乙烯ethyne乙炔34ionic lattice晶格volatility挥发性electrostatic静电的sublimation升华intermolecular分子间的molten熔融的35formula分子式macromolecule高分子大分子rigid刚硬的、死板的allotrope同素异形体hexagon六边形flake剥落lubricant润滑剂delocalised离域去域voltage电压quartz石英36detergent洗涤剂grain晶态petri dish培养皿41formulae pl.分子式transition elements过渡元素peroxide过氧化物ozonide臭氧化物hydroxide氢氧化物nitrate硝化硝酸根carbonate碳酸根42empirical formula成分式实验式经验式hydrogencarbonate ion碳酸氢根离子43diatomic双原子的44aqueous水的（aq）spectator旁观者precipitate沉淀51proportion比例52Avogadro阿佛加德罗Avogadro constant阿佛加德罗常数mole摩尔molar mass摩尔质量stoichiometry化学计量（学）53reagent试剂excess过量ethanoic acid乙酸54percentage by mass质量分数molar gas volume气体摩尔体积55yield产量malachite孔雀石56ore矿石crucible坩埚spectrometer分光仪57conc=concentrated浓缩的61anode阳极正极cathode阴极负极electrode电极inert惰性的toxic有毒的corrosive腐蚀性的electrolyte电解液电解质62brine盐水dynamo发电机discharge放电回到单质状态margarine人造奶油diaphragm隔膜porous能渗透的membrane薄膜63dilute稀释的halogen卤素halide卤化物cation阳离子anion阴离子oxidation氧化reduction还原64refine提炼sludge沉淀物anode slime阳极泥65electroplate电镀66bauxite铝土矿crust硬皮壳alumina氧化铝cryolite冰晶石amp安培siphon虹吸管67insulator绝缘体pylon高压线铁塔biodegradable能进行生物降解的thermosetting热固的mould浇铸模具71exothermic放热的endothermic吸热的photosynthesis光合作用joule焦耳72calorimeter热量计alight点亮着的bombard轰炸thorium钍73reverse相反muddle混淆redox氧化还原反应(剂) 74relevant有关的diesel内燃机传动的porous能渗透的81bung塞子interval间隔plot用曲线表示sketch画草图82gradient斜率independent variable自变量interpret解释83lump块combustible易燃的sawmill锯木厂hazard危险(源) pellet颗粒状物gauze网纱8485thiosulfate硫代硫酸盐86alkane烷(属)烃photosynthesis光合作用chlorofluorocarbon含氯氟烃ultraviolet紫外的depletion枯竭starch淀粉cellulose纤维素chlorophyll叶绿素pondweed水池草intensity(光照)强度gelatin白明胶redox氧化还原transparent透明的91reversible可逆的hydrated水合的anhydrous无水的anhydride酸酐脱水物water of crystallization结晶水dynamic动态的sealed密封的92restore恢复93booster推进器chlorate(未知价)氯酸盐agent剂numeral数字dichromate重铬酸盐94polyol多羟基化合物kit工具包101citric柠檬酸的nettle荨(qián)麻102litmus石蕊lichen地衣trough槽splint薄木条tartaric酒石酸的methylbenzene甲苯103lime(生熟)石灰slaked lime熟石灰unslaked lime消石灰antacid抗酸性base能与酸反应的物质alkali碱(可溶的base) volatile不稳定的fungus真菌104nuclei(pl.)nucleus ionized电离105amphoteric两性的111deposit存储112methyl orange甲基橙phenolphthalein酚酞initial最初的titer/titre滴定度(量) uncontaminated未被污染的113distilled用蒸馏法提得的114bung塞子squeaky短促的尖叫声(爆鸣音) 115cation阳离子algae水藻slime黏质物portion一部分116anion阴离子halide卤族的qualitative定性的effervescence冒泡foil箔金属薄片121metalloid准金属trend趋势Mendeleev门捷列夫successive连续的122upset打乱tweezers镊子violet紫色123diatomic双原子的astatine砹displacement置换124weld焊接filament细丝polonium钋125turbine涡轮机withstand承受Haber process哈伯制氨法sterilize灭菌131alloy合金solder焊锡disrupt破坏brass黄铜bronze青铜cutlery刀具nitinol镍和钛的非磁性合金brace支架sprinkler喷洒器132133thermit铝热剂shield挡开134charcoal木炭kiln窑135thermal有热造成的nitrite亚硝酸盐141blende闪锌矿haematite赤铁矿coke焦炭tray盘blast鼓风slag炉渣relevant有关的combustion燃烧142143brittle易碎的tip倾斜scrap零屑lance喷枪mould模子144mild可煅的chisel凿子galvanize镀锌151coolant冷却剂turbine涡轮机cholera霍乱typhoid伤寒grid网格sedimentation沉淀(作用) gravel砾石osmosis渗透(作用) 152colony群体respiration呼吸combustion燃烧weld焊接153soot煤烟油烟particulate颗粒微粒的(的) deposition储存沉积exhaust废气154smog烟雾light catalyzed smog光化学污染nitrous(亚)氮的nitrous oxide笑气nitric(五价)氮的irritation刺激物compartment分隔间honeycomb蜜蜂巢(状) rhodium铑155paddy稻田termite白蚁depletion耗尽infrared红外线156organism有机体uptake摄入领会157grease给…加润滑油bolt螺栓161component成分phosphate磷酸盐162plant工厂chamber室scrub洗气vessel容器via通过经由compromise折中的163galena方铅矿vulcanize使硫化pulp纸浆straw天然纤维sulfite亚硫酸盐164oleum发烟硫酸165mortar粘合物砂浆研钵tripod三脚架kiln窑gypsum石膏slurry浆flue烟道desulfurization脱硫171homologous同系的char把…烧成炭carboxylic acid羧酸propanol丙醇meth yl甲基eth yl乙基prop yl丙基but yl丁基pent yl(am yl)戊基hex yl己基hept yl庚基oct yl辛基non yl壬基dec yl癸基hendec yl十一基dodec yl十二基tridec yl十三基myrist yl十四基pentadec yl十五基hexadec yl十六基-ane烷-ene烯-yne炔-ol(anol)醇酚-al醛-er醚-one酮-oic acid羧酸172sap汁液isomerism同分异构现象isomer同分异构体BHC六六六hexachlorocyclohexane六氯苯cyclohexane环己烷insecticide杀虫剂alkyl烷基173crude未加工的refinery提炼厂kerosene煤油火油modify改造sugar beet甜菜fermentation发酵174undergo经历naphtha石脑油lubricating oil润滑油paraffin石蜡(英=煤油kerosene) 181saturated饱和的substitution取代反应182granule小颗粒valve阀活门regenerator回热器183addition reaction加成反应margarine人造奶油184miscible可混溶的ester脂reflux回流acetobacter醋杆菌185carboxylic羧酸-oate羧酸盐aroma香气linkage键191polymer聚合物macromolecule高分子monomer单体polymerization聚合作用biodegradable能进行生物降解的antifreeze防冻剂polythene polyethylene聚乙烯crate装货箱polyvinyl聚乙烯基的gutter檐槽排水沟terylene涤纶cyanide氰化物dioxin二噁英192deduce推断empirical来自经验的Teflon特氟隆tetra-四tetrafluoroethene四氟乙烯193polyamide聚酰胺polyester聚酯condensation聚合作用eliminated消去amine胺diol二醇diamine二胺amide酰胺201constituent组成hydrolysis水解glycine甘氨酸cysteine半胱氨酸unwind解开peptide肽202glycerol甘油丙三醇203monosaccharide单糖saccharide糖类糖化物glycosidic糖苷的cellulose纤维素phenylenediamine苯二胺aspartic天冬氨酸glutamic谷氨酸leucine亮/白氨酸204denatured使变性yeast酵母effervescence冒泡泡腾suspend悬浮anaerobic厌氧的aerobic需氧的batch一组gasohol汽油醇C1goggle护目镜dense稠密C2grid坐标方格anomalous反常的C3C4Spirit精酒精。
Vocabulary
各种水果almond杏仁apple苹果apple core苹果核apple juice苹果汁apple skin苹果皮apricot杏子apricot flesh杏肉apricot pit杏核areca nut槟榔子banana香蕉banana skin香蕉皮beechnut山毛榉坚果Beijing flowering crab海棠果bitter orange酸橙blackberry黑莓canned fruit罐头水果carambola杨桃cherry樱桃cherry pit樱桃核cherry pulp樱桃肉chestnut栗子Chinese chestnut板栗Chinese date枣Chinese gooseberry猕猴桃Chinese walnut山核桃coconut椰子coconut milk椰奶coconut water椰子汁cumquat金桔damson plum西洋李子Dangshan pear砀山梨date枣date pit枣核decayed fruit烂果downy pitch毛桃dry fruit干果duke公爵樱桃fig无花果filbert榛子flat peach蟠桃flesh果肉flesh fruit肉质果fresh litchi鲜荔枝gingko白果，银杏grape葡萄grape juice葡萄汁grape skin葡萄皮grapestone葡萄核greengage青梅Hami melon哈密瓜haw山楂果hawthorn山楂hazel榛子honey peach水蜜桃juicy peach水蜜桃jujube枣kernel仁kumquat金桔lemon柠檬litchi荔枝litchi rind荔枝皮longan桂圆，龙眼longan pulp桂圆肉，龙眼肉loguat枇杷mandarine柑桔mango芒果morello黑樱桃muskmelon香瓜，甜瓜navel orange脐橙nut坚果nut meat坚果仁nut shell坚果壳oleaster沙枣olive橄榄orange柑桔orange peel柑桔皮papaya木瓜peach桃子pear梨pineapple菠萝plum李子plumcot李杏pomegranate石榴pomelo柚子，文旦red bayberry杨梅rotten fruit烂果strawberry草莓sultana无核小葡萄tangerine柑桔walnut胡桃，核桃walnut kernel核桃仁water chestnut荸荠watermelon西瓜味道superfine特级的tinned fruit罐头水果early-maturing早熟的cold storage冷藏cold store冷藏库crisp脆的bargain price廉价seasonable应时的seedless orange无核桔special-grade特级的mature成熟的first class一等地，甲等的flavour味道fresh新鲜的fruiterer水果商fruit in bags袋装水果fruit knife水果刀fruits of the season应时水果give full weigh分量准足give short weight短斤缺两perishable易腐烂的reduced price处理价ripe成熟的unripe未成熟的late-maturing晚熟的in season应时的juicy多汁的tart酸的tender嫩的时间（年、月、季节等）century世纪；百年period时期；时代；期间year年season季节spirng春天；春季summer夏天；夏季autumn秋天；秋季winter冬天；冬季week周；星期day天；日date日期future将来；未来daytime白天；白昼morning早晨；上午A．M．/a．m．上午noon中午；正午afternoon下午P．M．/p．m．下午evening傍晚；晚上night夜晚tonight今晚time时间；次数o'clock……点钟hour小时quarter一刻钟minute分钟instant瞬间；即时moment片刻；瞬间；时刻while一段时间second秒age年龄birthday生日holiday假日；假期自然界nature大自然；自然界universe宇宙space空间；太空planet行星sky天空heaven天空；天国；天堂sun太阳moon月亮earth地球；土；泥star星satellite卫星weather天气cloud云snow雪rain雨wind风fog雾thunder雷声storm风暴；狂暴天气daylight日光；白天；黎明darkness黑暗ground地面soil土壤；土地mud泥；泥浆dust灰尘；尘土dirt污物；灰尘desert沙漠；荒地sand沙；沙地cave洞；穴；岩洞hole洞；坑；孔mountain山；（复）山脉hill小山forest森林tree树wood木头；木材；（复）树林；森林trunk树干；象鼻branch枝条；支流；部门leaf（pl．leaves）叶子pine松树root根；根茎flower花rose玫瑰花valley（山）谷；流域stone石头rock岩石；大石头plain平原；旷野grass草；草地grassland草地；牧场；草原road路；公路route路；路线roadside路边border边缘；边界edge边缘；边世界各洲、国家、城市、海洋world世界continent大陆；洲country国家nation国家；民族empire帝国kingdom王国state州；国家；政府；状态province省city城市town市镇；城镇capital首都；省会Asia亚洲Asian亚洲人China中国the People's Republic ofChina中华人民共和国Chinese中国人；汉语Japan日本Japanese日本人；日语India印度Indian印度人；印第安人；印第安语the Indian Ocean印度洋Europe欧洲European欧洲人France法国French法语Frenchman（pl．Frenchmen）法国人Paris巴黎Italy意大利Italian意大利人；意大利语Germany德国German德国人；德语Berlin柏林Britain英国；不列颠（英格兰、威尔士和苏格兰的总称）the British英国人England英格兰；（泛指）英国English英语Englishman（pl．Englishmen）英国人；英国男人London伦敦Russia俄罗斯Russian俄罗斯人；俄语America美国；美洲the United States（of America）（USA）美利坚合众国；美国American美国人Washington华盛顿Canada加拿大Canadian加拿大人Africa非洲African非洲人Arab阿拉伯Arabian阿拉伯人Oceania大洋洲Australia澳大利亚Australian澳大利亚人Antarctica南极洲（the）Atlantic大西洋the Atlantic Ocean大西洋Arctic北极the Arctic Ocean北冰洋（the）Pacific太平洋the Pacific Ocean太平洋方位direction方向；方面；指导left左；左边right右；右边centre/center中心corner角；（街道）拐角；角落crossing交叉（点）；十字路口place地方；地点；位置spot点；场所；地点side边；面top顶部；物的上面bottom底；末端end末梢；终点front前面back后面；背部；脊背east东；东方west西；西方north北；北方south南；南方农工商业agriculture农业farm农场field地；田地；领域plough/plow犁crop庄稼；收成harvest收成seed种子wheat小麦grain谷物；谷类；谷粒corn谷物；玉米cotton棉花village村庄；乡村industry工业factory工厂works工厂；工事；著作workshop车间machine机器electricity电coal煤power station发电站material原料；材料metal金属silver银gold金steel钢iron铁powder粉；粉末poison毒药；毒物；毒害ex hibition展览discovery发现invention发现speed速度trade商业；贸易；行业market市场marketplace市场bank银行hotel旅馆restaurant饭馆shop商店service服务information通知；情报；信息supply供给；补充；供给物sale销售；卖goods货物；商品income收入；所得debt债wealth财富；财产value价值；重要性；益处price价格；代价money钱；货币dollar元（美国、加拿大等国货币单位）bill账单；清单；（美）钞票；纸币tax税poster海报；招贴package包裹；包装quality质量quantity数量；量建筑住所building建筑物；房屋house房子office办公室hall会堂；大厅；礼堂room房间；空间余地dining-room餐室；食堂fence篱笆；栅栏garden花园yard院子；庭院entrance入口；入场gate大门door门roof屋顶；顶ceiling天花板；顶篷floor（室内）地；地板wall墙window窗stair（常用复数）楼梯storey（房屋的一）层pole杆；柱tower塔temple庙宇；寺院museum博物馆square广场monument纪念碑prison监狱hospital医院population人口pollution污染address住址；通讯处学习生活subject科目；主题politics政治Chinese汉语；语文English英语history历史geography地理mathematics/maths数学arithmetic算术science科学；自然科学chemistry化学physics物理biology生物art美术；文艺labour劳动school学校grade年级class班；课team队；组group组；群classroom教室seat座位line行；线row（一）排；（一）行desk书桌；课桌chair椅子blackboard黑板chalk粉笔book书cover封面dictionary词典copybook习字本；习字帖map地图paper纸pen钢笔ink墨水pencil铅笔rubber橡皮ruler尺子note笔记；注释；便条laboratory实验室ex periment实验；试验globe球状物；地球仪telescope忚远镜model模型mix ture混合物computer计算机memory记忆力；存贮器library图书馆lesson课；功课；教训tex t课文；课本topic题目；主题page页；页码sentence句子idiom成语；习惯用语phrase短语；习惯用语word词；单词；话；言词grammar语法verb动词tale传说；故事story故事；小说design图案；花样figure图形；外形；形象article文章；论文；冠词poem诗；韵文news新闻；消息message消息；信息newspaper报纸newsreel新闻影片magazine杂志lecture演讲；讲课drill操练；训练dialogue对话pronunciation发音handwriting书法composition作文diary日记homework家庭作业ex ercise练习；做操；运动problem问题；习题question问题；疑问drawing制图（指素描或工程图样）；图画ex amination考试test考查；测试race赛跑prize奖品；奖金medal奖章；纪念章education教育；培养university大学institute学院；研究所；学会college（综合大学中的）学院；高等专科学校department（大学的）系；（行政机构的）部；局；处；科term学期graduation毕业plan计划rule规则；规定name名字list名单；目录；一览表meeting会；集会notice布告；通知；注意board木板；板league联盟Youth League青年团knowledge知识language语言speech说话；发言；演说progress进步skill技能；技巧technique技术；技能technology工艺学；技术theory理论；原理practice实践；练习research研究；调查文体活动music音乐song歌曲concert音乐会violin小提琴piano钢琴television（TV）电视TV play电视剧TV program（me）电视节目TV set电视机screen幕；荧光屏radio收音机broadcast广播cinema电影院film影片；电影program（me）节目；程序club俱乐部；社团slide幻灯片tape狭带；卷尺；录音带recorder录音机record录音theater剧场；戏院scene（戏剧、电影的）一场；布景act（戏剧的）一幕ball舞会palace宫church教堂god上帝Christmas圣诞节Christmas card圣诞卡Christmas Eve圣诞节前夕（十二月二（十四日）Mery Christmas圣诞快乐joy欢乐；高兴sport运动ball球basket-ball篮球volleyball排球tennis网球table tennis乒乓球bat（网球、乒乓球的）球拍football足球match比赛；竞赛winner获胜者whistle口哨声；哨子playground操场；（儿童）游戏场balloon气球kite风筝gun枪；炮spear矛；梭镖sword剑arrow箭bow/b+u/弓park公园zoo动物园party聚会evening（联欢性的）晚会English evening英语晚会game游戏；运动；比赛joke笑话；玩笑fun有趣的事；玩笑；娱乐present礼物gift礼物toy玩具人物、职业、姓名chairman（pl．chairmen）主席leader领袖；领导人president总统emperor皇帝king国王queen女王；王后minister大臣；部长the Prime Minister首相；总理official官员noble贵族mayor市长；镇长citizen市民；公民people人；人们the people人民crowd人群mass（聚成一体的）团；块the masses群众black people黑人slave奴隶person人mankind人类human人human being人communist共产主义者secretary秘书；书记member成员League member团员Party member党员pioneer先锋Young Pioneer少年先锋队boss老板master主人；男教师servant仆人；佣人judge法官lawyer律师；法学家murderer杀人犯；凶手general将军captain陆军上尉；船长；（足球队等）队长officer军官fighter战士soldier士兵；战士hero英雄guard哨兵；警卫员enemy敌人；敌军headmaster（英）中小学校长professor教授teacher教师schoolmaster（男）教师；（小学）校长student学生schoolboy中小学男学生schoolgirl中小学女学生pupil小学生；学生classmate同班同学monitor班长comrade同志fellow（口语）人；家伙；小伙子stranger陌生人；外行visitor访问者；参观者scientist科学家ex pert专家；能手；内行physicist物理学家writer作者；作家；书写者thinker思想家speaker说话者；讲演者poet诗人manager经理；管理人engineer工程师；技师worker工人robot机器人doctor医生；博士（略作D．或Dr．）nurse护士patient病人chemist化学家；药剂师assistant助手；图书管理员shop assistant售货员salesgirl女售货员salesman（pl．salesmen）男售货员；店员artist美术家；艺术家singer歌唱家；歌手musician音乐家；作曲家pianist钢琴家driver司机；驾驶员conductor（汽车、电车上的）售票员；（火车上的）列车员passenger乘客；旅客；过路人waiter侍者；服务员astronaut宇宙航行员peasant农民farmer农夫；农场主villager村子里的居民fisherman渔夫hunter猎人weaver织布工；编织者tailor裁缝sailor海员；水手；水兵owner物主；所有人police警察部队；警察当局policeman（pl．policemen）警察thief（pl．thieves）贼spy间谍savage野人；残酷的人spirit妖怪；精神woman（pl．women）妇女；女人madam/madame女士；夫人lady女士；夫人；小姐Miss女士；小姐（对未婚妇女的称呼）man（pl．men）男人；人gentleman（pl．gentlemen）绅士；男人sir先生；阁下Mr先生（用于姓名前）Mrs夫人；太太（用于姓名前）亲属关系family家；家庭；子女home家folk人们；（口语）家属；亲属grandfather祖父；外祖父grandmother祖母；外祖母parent父（母）亲father父亲mother母亲child（pl．children）小孩；儿童baby婴儿boy男孩girl女孩son儿子daughter女儿grandson孙子；外孙子granddaughter孙女；外孙女sister姐妹brother兄；弟uncle叔；伯；舅；姨父；姑父aunt婶母；伯母；舅母；姨；姑cousin堂/表兄弟；堂/表姐妹husband丈夫wife妻子friend朋友neighbour邻居；邻人guest客人favourite特别喜欢的人或物人体部分body身体；尸体head头hair头发brain脑（子）；（常用复数）通知face脸forehead前额headache头疼eye眼睛eyesight视力sight视力；视觉；看见tear（常用复数）眼泪；泪珠nose鼻子mouth嘴lip嘴唇tooth（pl．teeth）牙齿tongue舌头；语言；口语throat喉咙voice说话声；嗓音ear耳朵hearing听；听力neck颈；脖子shoulder肩膀arm手臂；胳膊hand手finger手指nail指甲wing翅膀chest胸部heart心（脏）lung肺stomach胃；腹部waist腰；腰部tail尾巴；尾部knee膝盖leg腿foot（pl．feet）脚bone骨；骨头flesh肉；肉体skin皮肤fur（兽类的）软毛；皮毛sweat汗blood血pulse脉搏breath呼吸；气息health健康；卫生illness疾病temperature温度fever发烧medicine（内服）药operation手术；操作feeling感情hunger饿；饥饿ex pression表达；词句；表情sob呜咽；啜泣ache疼；疼痛pain疼；疼痛sorrow悲痛；遗憾suffering痛苦；苦难energy精力活力；能；能量sense感官；感觉；意义动物animal动物；牲畜beast四足动物；兽lion狮子elephant象deer（pl．deer）鹿wolf（pl．wolves）狼monkey猴子fox狐狸hare野兔bear熊snake蛇camel骆驼cattle（复数）牲畜；牛的总称cow母牛horse马pig猪sheep（pl．sheep）羊；绵羊goat山羊dog狗cat猫rat鼠mouse（pl．mice）鼠；耗子bat蝙蝠bird鸟；禽类hawk鹰sparrow麻雀cock公鸡hen母鸡chicken鸡肉；小鸡chick小鸡duck鸭子ant蚂蚁fish鱼frog蛙worm虫；蠕虫pest害虫；有害的东西bee蜜蜂交通工具way路；道路path道路；路程；小道street街道road路；公路crossing交叉（点）；十字路口track足迹；（火车等的）轨道（体）跑道rail铁轨；轨道；铁路railway铁路trip旅行；旅程journey旅行；旅程visit访问；参观station站；所；车站stop停车站airport航空站；飞机场plane飞机jet喷射；喷气发动机spaceship宇宙飞船flight航班；飞翔；飞行train火车bus公共汽车tax i出租汽车truck卡车jeep吉普车car汽车；小汽车motor发动机；马达carriage四轮马车bicycle/bike脚踏车；自行车wheel轮；车轮；机轮；轮状物boat小船；艇；小轮船ship轮船lifeboat救生艇sail帆；篷政治、军事idea思想；主意；念头Marx ism马克思主义socialism社会主义commmunism共产主义construction建设society社会；会；社团revolution革命liberation解放freedom自由republic共和国government政府law法律；法令development发展；开发poverty贫穷；缺乏friendship友谊；友好defence防御；保护army军队the PLA=the People's LiberantionArmy人民解放军troop（常用复数）军队；部队；一群rank军衔camp宿营；露营duty责任；义务；本分base基础；基地；根据地war战争battle战役；会战；战斗struggle斗争；奋斗position位置；阵地danger危险victory胜利imperialist帝国主义者imperialism帝国主义incident（政治性）事变；事件accident意外的事；事故生活用品thing东西；事情lamp灯candle蜡烛light光；灯（光）lock锁key钥匙desk课桌；书桌table桌子chair椅子bench长凳fan扇子bed床sheet被单；褥单blanket羊毛毯；毯子clock时钟watch手表glasses眼镜umbrella伞camera照相机wallet钱夹；皮夹soap肥皂brush刷子；画笔bath洗澡；澡盆shower淋浴plug插头；塞子wire（金属）线；电线curtain（窗、门）帘；幕hook钩bell铃；钟thread线string细绳；带子rope绳子net网picture图画；照片photo相片portrait肖像；画像；描写；人物描写basin水盆；面盆comb梳子mirror镜子pipe管子；导管；输送管bottle瓶vase（装饰用的）瓶；花瓶pot罐；锅；壶jar坛子；罐子；缸lid（坛子、壶等的）盖子bowl碗fork叉；餐叉knife小刀dish盘子；碟；一道菜plate盘子；碟子cup小茶杯glass玻璃；玻璃杯box盒子iron铁；铁制品；熨斗stove火炉gas气体；煤气match火柴basket篮子bag提包；口袋；书包housework家务劳动rubbish垃圾；废物ash灰；（常用复数）灰烬；灰堆dustbin垃圾箱tool工具；器具hammer铁锤；木槌nail钉子card卡片；名片letter信envelope信封stamp邮票telephone/phone电话；电话机telegram电报telegraph电报（指通讯方式）；电报机plastics塑料；塑料制品衣着A- line skirt 斜裙all-weather coat 风雨衣apparel and accessories服饰artificial fur and leather garment人造毛皮、服装bell-bottom trousers 喇叭裤blouse 女衬衫business suit 职业服Chinese style coat 中式上衣Chinese style slack中式裤cape 披风chemical fiber garment 化纤服装children’s wear 童装cotton wadded jacket/trousers 棉袄/棉裤culotte裙裤custom made 定制服装cowboy wear牛仔服down garment 羽绒服down wadded trousers羽绒裤连衣裙dress中西式大衣Eastern and Western style coat 夜礼服evening dress时装fashion喇叭裙flare skirt裘革服装fur or leather garment 猎装hunting婴儿服装infant’s wear夹克衫jacket牛仔裤jeans背心裙jumper skirt连衣裙jumpersuit灯笼裤knicherbockers斗篷mantle超短裙mini-skirt睡袍night-grown背带裙overalls吊带裙：Camisole大衣coat褶裙pleated skirt睡衣袍pijamas旗袍Qipao成衣ready- to-wear马裤ride breeches丝绸衣服silk garment筒裙straight skirt燕尾服swallow-tailed coat节裙tiered skirt西服裙skirt西裤trousers风衣trench coat背心vest新娘礼服wedding gown女式服装women’s wear毛呢服装woolen garment劳动保护服working wear青年装young men ‘s jacket中山装zhong Shan jacket滑雪衫Anorakcloth布；布料silk丝织品；绸；丝clothes衣服clothing（总称）衣服；衣着suit一套（衣服）hat帽子（一般指有边的帽子）cap帽子dress女服；（统指）衣服（尤指外衣）coat外套；上衣jacket上衣overcoat大衣pocket（衣）口袋sleeve衣袖；袖套tie领带shirt（男式）衬衫trousers（pl．）长裤skirt女裙train拖裙（长袍拖曳在地上的部分）stocking长统袜rag抹布；破布shoe鞋boot长统靴handkerchief手帕；手绢necklace项链；项目jewel宝石ring环；圈；戒指size尺寸；大小design图案；花样colour颜色量词quantity量；数量plenty充足；大量plenty of充足的；相当多的deal量；数额a great/good deal（of）大量（的）number数；数字；数量a number of许多；若干dozen一打（十二个）dozens of几十；许多score二十（单复同）scores of许多sort种类；类别sort of一种all sorts of各种各样的kind种类a kind of一种；某种all kinds of各种各样的part部分a part of一部分type类型；样式type of一种式样piece张（片、块……）；（文艺作品）首；篇a piece of（bread/cake/music）一片（面包）/一块（蛋糕）/一首（曲子）sheet纸张；薄片a sheet of（paper）一张（纸）pair一对儿；一双a pair of（shoes）一双（鞋）block大块（石头、木头等）a block of（wood）一大块木头group组；群；团体a group of一组/群drop滴；点滴a drop of（water）一滴（水）pile堆a pile of（rubbish）一堆（垃圾）percent百分之……length长；长度inch英寸foot（pl．feet）英尺mile英里metre/meter米kilometre/kilometer千米weight重量pound磅ton（重量单位）吨moner钱；货币pound镑指示代词this这；这个that那；那个these这些those那些基数词zero零one一two二three三four四five五six六seven七eight八nine九ten十eleven十一twelve十二thirteen十三fourteen十四fifteen十五six teen十六seventeen十七eighteen十八nineteen十九twenty二十twenty-one二十一thirty三十forty四十fifty五十six ty六十seventy七十eighty八十ninety九十hundred一百thousand千million百万dozen十二个；一打score二十序数词first第一second第二third第三fourth第四fifth第五six th第六seventh第七eighth第八ninth第九tenth第十eleventh第十一twelfth第十二thirteenth第十三fourteenth第十四fifteenth第十五six teenth第十六seventeenth第十七eighteenth第十八nineteenth第十九twentieth第二十twenty-first第二十一thirtieth第三十fortieth第四十fiftieth第五十six tieth第六十seventieth第七十eightieth第八十ninetieth第九十hundredth第一百Adjectives（形容词）able有能力的；能干的absent缺席的；缺少的active积极的actual实际的；现实的advanced先进的；高级的afraid（用作表语）怕；害怕alone（用作表语）单独的angry发怒的；生气的another再一（个，……）；又（个，……）anx ious渴忚的；忧虑的；焦急的any什么；一些；任何的asleep（用作表语）睡着的；熟睡的awake（用作表语）醒着的back后面的bad坏的；（食物等）腐败的beautiful美丽的；优美的best最好的better更好的big大的black黑色的blind瞎的blue蓝色的born天生的brave勇敢的bright明亮的；耀眼的；聪明的；伶俐的broad宽的；广阔的blown褐色的；棕色的busy忙的；繁忙的calm平静的；沉着的careful小心的；仔细的careless粗心；漫不经心的centigrade百分度的；摄氏温度计的certain某种；一定的cheap廉价的；便宜的chemical化学的clear清楚的；清晰的clever机灵的；聪明的cloudy多云的；阴天的cold冷的；寒冷的colourful颜色丰富的；艳丽的comfortable舒适的；安逸的common普通的；一般的complete完全的；彻底的connected连结的；有联系的constant继续不断的；忠实的cool凉快的correct正确的；恰当的cruel残忍的；残酷的daily每日的；日常的dangerous危险的dark黑暗的dead死的deaf聋的dear亲爱的；昂贵的；高价的deep深的；深切的；深厚的different不同的；差异的difficult难的；困难的direct笔直的；直接的；正面的dirty脏的disappointed失忚的discouraged泄气的；失去信心的distant远的；稀疏的double两倍的；双的dry干的；干燥的dying垂死的；临终的eager渴忚的；热切的easy容易的elder年长的electric电的；用电的empty空的enough足够的；充分的entire整个的；完全的；全部的every每一；每个的everyday每日的；日常的ex act精确的；正确的；严格的ex cellent极好的；优秀的ex cited兴奋的；激昂的ex citing令人兴奋的；使人激动的ex pensive昂贵的ex tra额外的；特别的fair（头发）浅色的；金黄色的famous著名的fat远的far肥胖的fearless不怕的；无畏的few少数的；最终的final最后的；美好的fine好的；美好的firm牢固的；稳固的；坚决的flat平的；扁平的；平伸的fond喜爱的；爱好的foolish愚蠢的；傻的；笨的foreign外国的fortunate幸运的free空闲的；自由的freezing极冷的；冻结的frequently时常发生的；频繁的fresh无经验的；不熟练的friendly友好的full满的funny滑稽可笑的；古怪的gentle柔和的；轻柔的glad高兴的；乐意的good好的grand庄严的；伟大的great伟大的；重大的；（口语）美妙的green绿色的grey/gray灰色的；灰白色的handsome（一般指男子）漂亮的；清秀的happy高兴的；幸福的harmful有害的harmless无害的healthy健康的；健壮的heavy重的helpful有帮助的；有益的honest诚实的；正直的hopeless没有希忚的；绝忚的hot热的huge巨大的hungry饥饿的ill病的important重要的impossible不可能的inspiring鼓舞人心的interested感兴趣的；关心的interesting有趣的；引起兴趣的international国际的；世界的invisible看不见的kind和蔼的；友爱的lame跛的；瘸的large大的；巨大的last最后的；刚刚过去的late迟的；晚的lazy懒惰的lean瘦的least最小的；最少的left左；左边的less（little的比较级）更少的；较少的light轻的；明亮的；淡色的little小的lively生动的；活泼的；有生气的living活的；活着的lonely孤独的；荒凉的long长的low低的；浅的；矮的lower低级的；在下边的lucky幸运的；侥幸的mad发疯的；疯狂的main主要的man-made人造的；人工的many许多的；多的medical医学的；医疗的merry欢乐的；愉快的middle中间的；中等的mistaken弄错的；错误的modern现代化的modest谦虚的；谨慎的moral道德（上）的；道义的；精神上的more（much或many的比较级）更多的；较多的much许多；多；大量的narrow狭窄的national国家的；民族的native本国的；本土的natural自然界的；天然的；生来的nearby附近的neat整洁的；整齐的；灵巧的necessary必需的；必要的nervous神经质的new新的nex t下一个；紧接（后面）的；其次nice好的；好看的normal正常的；正规的；标准的northern北方的；北部的old旧的；年老的；……岁的opposite对面的；相对的；相反的ordinary普通的other别的；其他的outer外部的own自己的pale苍白的；灰白的；淡的perfect极好的；完美的physical物理的pleasant令人愉快的；舒适的pleased高兴的poisonous有毒的；有害的polite有礼貌的political政治的poor可怜的；贫穷的；不好的popular大众的；流行的；受欢迎的possible可能的powerful有力的；强大的practical实际的；应用的pretty漂亮的；美丽的proper适当的；本来的；正确的proud骄傲的；自豪的public公共的；公众的pure纯的quick快的；迅速的quiet安静的；平静的rapid快的；迅速的ready准备好的；有准备的real真的reasonable有道理的；合情合理的recent新近的；近来的red红色的revolutionary革命的rich有钱的；富裕的；丰富的right对的；正确的；右边的round圆的；圆形的rude无礼的；粗鲁的sad难过的；悲哀的safe安全的；平安的salty有盐味的；有海洋味的same同一的scientific科学的；合乎科学的serious严重的；严肃的several几；若干shabby破旧的；蹩脚的shallow浅的；肤浅的sharp锋利的；尖的short短的；矮的shy害羞的sick患病的；恶心的silent沉默的silly傻的；糊涂的simple单纯的；简易的；朴素的single单一的；单个的slight轻微的；微小的；少量的slow慢的small小的smooth光滑的；平静的socialist社会主义的soft软的；柔和的some一些sorry难过的；对不起的southern南方的；南部的spare空闲的；多余的special特别的；特殊的；专门的splendid灿烂的；辉煌的；（口语）极好的strange奇怪的；陌生的strict严格的strong强壮的；坚强的；坚固的；强有力的stupid愚蠢的；笨的sudden突然的；忽然的；意想不到的sunny晴朗的；阳光充足的sure确信的；有把握的sweet甜的tall高的technical技术的；技能的；工艺的terrible可怕的；感到极不舒服的thankful感激的；感谢的thick厚的；浓的thin瘦的；薄的thirsty口渴的thorough彻底的；非常精确的；（对细节）不厌其烦的tight不松动的；牢固的tiny极小的；微小的tired疲劳的；累的tiresome使人疲劳的；讨厌的；令人厌倦的total总的；全体的tough强硬的；粗暴的；结实的；困难的troublesome令人烦恼的；讨厌的；管不住的true真实的；真的ugly丑陋的；难看的unfair不公平的unfit不合适的；不胜任的united统一的；联合的unknown不为人所知的；不出名的upper上面的；较高的；上级的useful有用的；有益的usual通常的；平常的valuable值钱的；有价值的；有用的various各种各样的；多方面的warm暖和的warm-hearted热情的；亲切的weak弱的；差的well-known出名的；众所周知的western西的；西方的wet湿的white白色的whole整个的wide宽阔的；广泛的wild野生的；野的willing愿意的；乐意的windy有风的；风大的wise聪明的；英明的；有见识的wonderful极好的；精彩的wooden木（制）的worried焦虑的；烦恼的；担忧的worse（bad的比较级）更坏的；更差的worst（bad的最高级）最坏的；最恶劣的worth值得……的；有……的价值的worthy有价值的；配得上的；相称的wounded受伤的wrong错误的；有毛病的yellow黄颜色的young年轻的Verbs（动词）accept vt．￡vi．承认；接受ache vi．痛；疼痛achieve vt．完成；获得（胜利等）vi．取得预期效果act vi．行动；做；做事vt．扮演（角色）add vt．加；增加vt．又说；补充说admire vt．钦佩；羡慕；赞美agree vt．￡vi．同意；赞成allow vt．准许（做某事）；允许；听任am（was，been）vi．是announce vt．宣告；宣布；发表answer vt．回答appear vi．出现；显得；好像are（were，been）vi．是arrive vi．到达；抵达某地ask vt．￡vi．问；请astonish vt．使惊讶attend vt．出席；参加awake（awoke，awoken）vt．唤醒；使醒vi．醒be vi．是；成为beat（beat，beaten）vi．（心脏等）跳动vt．￡vi．敲打become（became，become）vi．变得；成为beg（begging）vt．￡vi．请求；乞求begin（began，begun）（beginning）vi．￡vt．开始believe vt．￡vi．相信；认为belong vi．属；附属bend（bent，bent）vt．使弯曲vi．弯曲；屈身blow（blew，blown）vt．￡vi．吹vi．￡vt．爆炸；爆裂boil vi．￡vt．；（使水或其他液体）沸腾；（水）开borrow vt．借bow/bau/ vi．￡vt．鞠躬；屈服break （broke，broken）vt．打破breathe vi．￡vt．呼吸bring（brought，brought）vt．带来broadcast（broadcast，broadcast）vt．￡vi．（用无线电或电视）广播；播送brush vt．刷；擦；掸；拂vi．擦过build（built，built）vt．￡vi．建设；建立；建造burn（burnt，burnt或bruned，burned）vi．￡vt．燃烧burst（burst，burst）vi．破裂；爆炸；突然发作vt．（使）破裂；冲破；突破bury vt．埋葬buy（bought，bought）vt．买call vt．喊叫；称呼；打电话给can（could）v．aux．能care vi．￡vt．关心；留心；照顾carry vt．运送；手提；肩挑cast（cast，cast）vt．￡ vi．投掷catch（caught，caught）vt．捉；抓住vi．接住；抓住celebrate vt．庆祝；歌颂change vt．￡ vi．改换；改变vt．兑换cheat vt．骗；骗取check vt．检查；核对cheer vt．￡vi．欢呼；高呼choke vi．￡vt．哽；噎；阻塞choose（chose，chosen） vi．￡vt．选择circle vi．环绕；盘旋clean vt．擦干净；把……弄干净climb vt．￡vi．爬；攀登close vt．关collect vt．收集；搜集 vi．聚集come（came，come）vi．来comfort vt．安慰；使舒适command vt．￡vi．指挥；命令conclude vt．￡vi．推断出；断定connect vt．￡vi．连接；相通；衔接consider vt．考虑；把……看作；认为continue vi．￡vt．继续；连续control vt．控制；支配cook vi．烹调；煮；烧copy vt．抄写；誊写cost（cost，cost） vi．值（多少钱）cough vi．咳嗽count vt．￡vi．点；数；计数cover vt．盖；铺cross vt．越过；穿过cry vi．哭；叫喊dance vi．跳舞dare v．aux敢；敢于deal（dealt，dealt）vt．分配；分派vi．处理；应付decide vi．￡vt．下决心；决定defeat vt．击败；（使）挫折defend vt．保卫delay vt．￡vi．延迟；耽搁；延误demand vt．要求；需要；查问depend vi．依靠；依赖；信赖；依……而定；取决于destroy vt．破坏；毁坏develop vt．￡ vi．发展；开发devote vt．专心；献身die vi．死dig（dug，dug）vt．￡vi．挖；掘disappear vi．消失；消散discover vt．发现；看出；暴露；显示vi．有所发现discuss vt．讨论dive vi．跳水；潜水；俯冲divide vt．￡vi．分；分开；分裂do（did，done）vt．做 v．aux．（构成疑问句及否定句用的助动词，无词义）drag（dragging）vt．￡vi．拉；拖draw（drew，drawn）vt．￡vi．画；绘制；拉；牵；引出drink（drank，drunk）vt．￡vi．喝drive（drove，driven）vt．￡vi．驱赶；驾驶（马车、汽车等）drop（dropping）vt．使滴下；使落下vi．滴下；落下dry vt．使干 vi．变干eat（ate，eaten）vt．吃elect vt．选举；推选encourage vt．鼓励enjoy vt．喜欢；享受……的乐趣enter vt．进入；参加；使加入envy vt．羡慕；忌妒equip （equipping）vi．装备；配备ex amine vt．检查；诊察ex cite vt．使兴奋；使激动；引起ex cuse /iks'kju:z/ vt．原谅ex ist vi．存在；生存ex pect vt．期忚；预期；（口语）以为；料想ex plain vt．￡vi．解释；说明ex press vt．表示；表达fail vi失败；不及格fall（fell，fallen）vi．落下；跌倒fear vi．￡vt．害怕；恐惧feed（fed，fed）vt．喂（养）；饲（养）feel（felt，felt）vi．感觉vt．摸；感知fight（fought，fought）vi．￡vt．打仗/架；与……打仗/架fill vt．装满；填充find（found，found）vt．￡vi．找到；发现finish vt．完成；结束fire vt．开火；射击；（口语）解雇fit（fitting）vt．￡vi．适合；合身；使（适合）；（使）符合；（使）配合；安装fix vt．修理；安装flee（fled，fled）vi．逃走；消散vt．避开；逃避float vi．￡vt．（使）漂浮；飘动flow vi．流；流动fly（flew，flown）vi．飞；飞行vt．放（风筝、飞机模型等）follow vt．跟随；（表示时间、次序等）接着vt．遵循；听从fool vi．￡ vt．愚弄；欺骗forbid（forbade或forbad，forbidden）vt．禁止；不许force vt．强迫；迫使forget（forgot，forgotten）vi．￡ vt．忘记form vt．组成；建立；形成found vt．成立；建立freeze（froze，frozen）vi．结冰；凝固frighten vt．吓唬gain vt．￡vi．获得；赢得；赚gather vt．聚集；采集；收（庄稼等）get（got，got）vt．得到；获得give（gave，given）vt．给glare vi．闪耀；瞪眼go（went，gone）vi．去grasp vt．抓住；领会；（对知识等的）掌握；了解grow（grew，grown）vi．生长；渐渐变得vt．种植vi．guess vi．猜hand vt．传递；交给hang（hung，hung）vi．￡vt．吊着；悬挂（hanged，hanged）vt．绞死；吊死happen vi．（偶然）发生；碰巧harm vt．伤害；损害；危害hatch vt．￡vi．孵出；孵（卵）hate vt．憎恨；不愿；不喜欢have（had，had）vt．有hear（heard，heard）vt．￡vi．听见；听help vt．帮助；帮忙hide（hid，hidden）vi．￡vt．藏hire vt．雇用；租用hit（hit，hit）（hitting）vt．打；击中；撞hold（held，held）vt．抓住；抑制；怀有；持有（见解等）hope vt．希忚hunt vt．追猎；猎取；追赶；搜索 vi．打猎；搜寻；搜索hurry vi．赶紧；匆忙hurt（hurt，hurt）vt．伤害imagine vt．想象；设想vi．想象起来impress vt．印；留下极深的印象；使……感动improve vt．改善；提高vi．改善；增加include vt．包括increase vi．￡vt．增加；增长insist vt．￡vi．坚持；坚决主张inspect vt．￡vi．检查；视察；检阅inspire vt．鼓舞；激励interest vt．使发生兴趣interrupt vt．打断（讲话或讲话的人）；打扰introduce vt．介绍invent vt．发明；创造invite vt．邀请；招待is（was，been）vi．是join vt．加入 vt．￡vi．连接；联合jump vi．跳keep（kept，kept）vt．保存；保持；留住kick vt．￡vi．踢kill vt．￡ vi．杀死；弄死kiss vt．吻vi．接吻knock vi．敲；击；打；相撞；碰撞know（knew，known）vt．知道；懂得；认识land vt．￡vi．（使）登陆；（使）上岸；（使）降落laugh vi．笑；发笑lay（laid，laid）vt．￡vi．放；搁；下（蛋）；产（卵）lead（led，led）vt．领导learn（learnt，learnt或learned，learned）vt．学；学会leave（left，left）vt．离开；剩下；留下vi．离去；出发lend（lent，lent）vt．把……借给let（let，let）vt．让liberate vt．解放lie（lay，lain）（lying）vi．平躺，（物件）在某处存在；位于lift vt．￡vi．举起；抬起light（lit，lit或lighted，lighted）vt．点燃；照亮vi．点着like vt．喜欢limit vt．限制；限定listen vi．听live vi．居住lock vt．锁；锁上vi．锁得上。
chapter1-TheFoundationsofChemistry基础化学课件
chapter1-TheFoundationsofChemistry基础化学
16
p. 8
1-3 Sates of Matter
Iodine 碘 Bromine 溴
(s)
(l)
Chlorine 氯 (g)
Fig 1-7
p. 9
chapter1-TheFoundationsofChemistry基础化学
Dalton’s Atomic Theory 道耳吞原子學說 (in 1808)
•所有的物質都是由極小的微粒所組成, 稱之為原子 (atom) •不同元素 (element)的原子不同, 但同一元素所含的原子均
相同 • 原子是組成物質的最小粒子,不能再分割 • 化學反應是物質中原子的重新排列或組合
•不同元素的原子形成化合物 (compound) 時,原子間的比例
simpler substance by chemical means
Compound 化合物
composed two or more different elements in
fixed proportions can be decomposed into their
constituent elements
Fig. 1-4, p. 7
chapter1-TheFoundationsofChemistry基础化学
12
Compound 化合物
甲烷
乙醇
Fig 1-5 Formulas and ball-and-stick models for molecules of some compounds. Ball-and-stick (球棍模型) models represent the atoms as a smaller spheres than in space-filling models, in order to show the chemical bonds between the atoms as “stick”
化学方程式大全汇总
化学方程式大全汇总一. 物质与氧气的反应：<1）单质与氧气的反应：1. 镁在空气中燃烧：2Mg + O2 点燃 2MgO2. 铁在氧气中燃烧：3Fe + 2O2 点燃 Fe3O43. 铜在空气中受热：2Cu + O2 加热2CuO4. 铝在空气中燃烧：4Al + 3O2 点燃 2Al2O35. 氢气中空气中燃烧：2H2 + O2 点燃 2H2O6. 红磷在空气中燃烧：4P + 5O2 点燃 2P2O57. 硫粉在空气中燃烧： S + O2 点燃 SO28. 碳在氧气中充分燃烧：C + O2 点燃 CO29. 碳在氧气中不充分燃烧：2C + O2 点燃 2CO<2）化合物与氧气的反应：10.一氧化碳在氧气中燃烧：2CO + O2 点燃 2CO211.甲烷在空气中燃烧：CH4 + 2O2 点燃 CO2 + 2H2O12.酒精在空气中燃烧：C2H5OH + 3O2 点燃 2CO2 + 3H2O二.几个分解反应：13.水在直流电的作用下分解：2H2O 通电 2H2↑+ O2 ↑14.加热碱式碳酸铜：Cu2<OH）2CO3 加热 2CuO + H2O + CO2↑15.加热氯酸钾<有少量的二氧化锰）：2KClO3 ==== 2KCl +3O2 ↑16.加热高锰酸钾：2KMnO4 加热 K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2↑17.碳酸不稳定而分解：H2CO3 === H2O + CO2↑18.高温煅烧石灰石：CaCO3 高温 CaO + CO2↑三.几个氧化还原反应：19.氢气还原氧化铜：H2 + CuO 加热 Cu + H2O20.木炭还原氧化铜：C+ 2CuO高温 2Cu + CO2↑21.焦炭还原氧化铁：3C+ 2Fe2O3 高温 4Fe + 3CO2↑22.焦炭还原四氧化三铁：2C+ Fe3O4 高温 3Fe + 2CO2↑23.一氧化碳还原氧化铜：CO+ CuO 加热Cu + CO224.一氧化碳还原氧化铁：3CO+ Fe2O3 高温 2Fe + 3CO225.一氧化碳还原四氧化三铁：4CO+ Fe3O4 高温 3Fe + 4CO2四.单质、氧化物、酸、碱、盐的相互关系<1）金属单质 +酸 -------- 盐+氢气<置换反应）26.锌和稀硫酸Zn + H2SO4 = ZnSO4 + H2↑27.铁和稀硫酸Fe + H2SO4 = FeSO4 + H2↑28.镁和稀硫酸Mg + H2SO4 = MgSO4 + H2↑29.铝和稀硫酸2Al +3H2SO4 = Al2<SO4）3 +3H2↑30.锌和稀盐酸Zn + 2HCl === ZnCl2 + H2↑31.铁和稀盐酸Fe + 2HCl === FeCl2 + H2↑32.镁和稀盐酸Mg+ 2HCl === MgCl2 + H2↑33.铝和稀盐酸2Al + 6HCl== 2AlCl3 + 3H2↑<2）金属单质 + 盐<溶液） ------- 另一种金属 + 另一种盐34.铁和硫酸铜溶液反应：Fe + CuSO4 === FeSO4 + Cu35.锌和硫酸铜溶液反应：Zn + CuSO4 === ZnSO4 + Cu36.铜和硝酸汞溶液反应：Cu + Hg<NO3）2 === Cu<NO3）2 + Hg<3）碱性氧化物 +酸 -------- 盐 +水37.氧化铁和稀盐酸反应：Fe2O3 + 6HCl === 2FeCl3 + 3H2O38.氧化铁和稀硫酸反应：Fe2O3 + 3H2SO4 === Fe2<SO4）3 + 3H2O39.氧化铜和稀盐酸反应：CuO + 2HCl ==== CuCl2 + H2O40.氧化铜和稀硫酸反应：CuO + H2SO4 ==== CuSO4 + H2O41.氧化镁和稀硫酸反应：MgO + H2SO4 ==== MgSO4 + H2O42.氧化钙和稀盐酸反应：CaO + 2HCl ==== CaCl2 + H2O<4）酸性氧化物 +碱 -------- 盐 + 水43.苛性钠暴露在空气中变质：2NaOH + CO2 ==== Na2CO3 +H2O44.苛性钠吸收二氧化硫气体：2NaOH + SO2 ==== Na2SO3 + H2O45.苛性钠吸收三氧化硫气体：2NaOH + SO3 ==== Na2SO4 +H2O46.消石灰放在空气中变质：Ca<OH）2 + CO2 ==== CaCO3 ↓+ H2O47. 消石灰吸收二氧化硫：Ca<OH）2 + SO2 ==== CaSO3 ↓+ H2O<5）酸 + 碱 -------- 盐 + 水48.盐酸和烧碱起反应：HCl + NaOH ==== NaCl +H2O49. 盐酸和氢氧化钾反应：HCl + KOH ==== KCl +H2O50.盐酸和氢氧化铜反应：2HCl + Cu<OH）2 ==== CuCl2 +2H2O51. 盐酸和氢氧化钙反应：2HCl + Ca<OH）2 ==== CaCl2 +2H2O52. 盐酸和氢氧化铁反应：3HCl + Fe<OH）3 ==== FeCl3 +3H2O53.氢氧化铝药物治疗胃酸过多：3HCl + Al<OH）3 ==== AlCl3 + 3H2O54.硫酸和烧碱反应：H2SO4 + 2NaOH ==== Na2SO4 + 2H2O55.硫酸和氢氧化钾反应：H2SO4 + 2KOH ==== K2SO4 + 2H2O56.硫酸和氢氧化铜反应：H2SO4 + Cu<OH）2 ==== CuSO4 +2H2O57. 硫酸和氢氧化铁反应：3H2SO4 + 2Fe<OH）3====Fe2<SO4）3 + 6H2OPw4n1h9WSob5E2RGbCAP58. 硝酸和烧碱反应：HNO3+ NaOH ==== NaNO3 +H2O<6）酸 + 盐 -------- 另一种酸 +另一种盐59.大理石与稀盐酸反应：CaCO3 + 2HCl === CaCl2 + H2O + CO2↑60.碳酸钠与稀盐酸反应： Na2CO3 + 2HCl === 2NaCl + H2O + CO2↑61.碳酸镁与稀盐酸反应： MgCO3 + 2HCl === MgCl2 + H2O + CO2↑62.盐酸和硝酸银溶液反应：HCl + AgNO3 === AgCl↓ + HNO363.硫酸和碳酸钠反应：Na2CO3 + H2SO4 === Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2↑64.硫酸和氯化钡溶液反应：H2SO4 + BaCl2 ==== BaSO4 ↓+ 2HCl<7）碱 + 盐 -------- 另一种碱 + 另一种盐65.氢氧化钠与硫酸铜：2NaOH + CuSO4 ==== Cu<OH）2↓ + Na2SO466.氢氧化钠与氯化铁：3NaOH + FeCl3 ==== Fe<OH）3↓ +3NaCl67.氢氧化钠与氯化镁：2NaOH + MgCl2 ==== Mg<OH）2↓ +2NaCl68. 氢氧化钠与氯化铜：2NaOH + CuCl2 ==== Cu<OH）2↓ + 2NaCl69. 氢氧化钙与碳酸钠：Ca<OH）2 + Na2CO3 === CaCO3↓+2NaOH<8）盐 + 盐 ----- 两种新盐70.氯化钠溶液和硝酸银溶液：NaCl + AgNO3 ==== AgCl↓ + NaNO371.硫酸钠和氯化钡：Na2SO4 + BaCl2 ==== BaSO4↓ + 2NaCl五.其它反应：72.二氧化碳溶解于水：CO2 + H2O === H2CO373.生石灰溶于水：CaO + H2O === Ca<OH）274.氧化钠溶于水：Na2O + H2O ==== 2NaOH75.三氧化硫溶于水：SO3 + H2O ==== H2SO476.硫酸铜晶体受热分解：Cu SO4·5H2O加热CuSO4 + 5H2O77.无水硫酸铜作干燥剂：CuSO4 + 5H2O ==== CuSO4·5H2SAT2化学词汇大全2018-08-26 09:33:03 紫铭教育Part 1 foundation chemistry 基础化学Chapter 1acid 酸apparatus 仪器，装置aqueous solution 水溶液arrangement of electrons 电子排列assumption 假设atom 原子<化学变化中的最小粒子）atomic mass 原子量atomic number 原子序数atomic radius 原子半径atomic structure 原子结构be composed of 由……组成bombardment 撞击boundary 界限cathode rays 阴极射线cathode-ray oscilloscope (C.R.O> 阴极电子示波器ceramic 陶器制品charge-clouds 电子云charge-to-mass ratio(e/m> 质荷比<质谱分析时样品质量的测量以质量与其离子电荷之比表示）chemical behaviour 化学行为chemical property 化学性质<物质在化学变化中表现出来的性质）clockwise 顺时针方向的compound 化合物<由不同元素组成的纯净物）configuration 构型copper 铜correspond to 相似corrosive 腐蚀d-block elements d 区元素deflect 使偏向，使转向derive from 源于deuterium 氘diffuse mixture 扩散混合物distance effect 距离效应distil 蒸馏distinguish 区别distribution 分布doubly charged(2+> ion 正二价离子dye 染料effect of electric current in solutions 电流在溶液里的影响electrical charge 电荷electrical field 电场electrically neutral atom 电中性原子electricity 电electrolysis 电解electron 电子<负电荷粒子，电量等于4.77×10-10绝对静电单位）electron shielding 电子屏蔽element 元素<具有相同核电荷数即荷内质子数的一类原子的总称）emission spectrum 发射光谱<根据发射光源和激发能量方式所产生的特征电磁波谱）energy level 能态，能级<稳态能量，有相同主量数的电子壳层）fertiliser 肥料first ionisation energy 一级电离能fluorescent screen 荧光屏fluoride 氟化物fuel 燃料fundamental substance 基础物质fuzzy 模糊的galaxy 星系，银河gas 气体gaseous state 气态gravity 重力GroupⅠ第一族Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle 海森堡测不准原理hydrofluoric acid 氢氟酸identical 同一的，相等的in terms of 根据，在……方面innermost 最内的，最深的interaction 相互作用internal structure 内部结构interpret 解释investigate 研究,调查ionisation energy 电离能<从原子或分子中移走一个电子至无穷远处所需的能量，以电子伏特eV表示）ionise 电离isotope 同位素<原子里具有相同的质子数和不同的中子数的同一元素的原子互称同位素）J.J. Thomson’s e/m experiment 汤姆森质何比实验Latin 拉丁lepton 轻粒子liquid 液体magnet 磁铁magnetic field 磁场Maltese Cross 马耳他十字marble 大理石mass number 质量数matter 物质metal foil 金箔meteorite 陨星microbe 微生物，细菌Millikan’s ‘oil-drop’ ecperiment 密立根油滴实验model-building 模型建筑mole 摩尔<表示一个系统的物质的量的单位，该系统中所包含的基本单元数与12g碳12即12C的原子数目相等,每摩尔物质含有阿佛加德罗常数个微粒）molecule 分子<保持物质的化学性质的最小粒子）narrow beam 狭窄的光线negative electrode<cathode）阴极negligible 可以忽略的neutron 中子nitrate 硝酸盐noble gas 稀有气体normal pressures 常压nuclear charge <原子）核电荷nuclear model for atoms 原子核模型nuclear reaction 核反应nucleus <pl.nuclei）核Orbital 轨道paraffin wax 石蜡particle 微粒，粒子Pauli exclusion principle 保里不相容原理<每个原子轨道至多只能容纳两个电子；而且，这两个电子自旋方向必须相反）Periodic Table 周期表physical property 物理性质<物质不需要发生化学变化就表现出来的性质，如颜色、状态、气味、熔沸点、密度等）plastics 塑料plum-pudding 李子布丁positive charge 正电荷<带有质子的物质，用丝绸摩擦玻璃棒，在棒上会产生正电荷）positive electrode (anode> 阳极positively charged particle (ion> 离子potential difference 电位prediction 预言principal quantum number 主量子数<标示轨道电子的波函数，包括轨道角动量和自旋量子数，电子的能级和距原子核的平均距离主要取决于主量子数）probe 探测，探究protium 氕proton 质子quantum <pl. quanta）量子<一个电子转移到原子的下一层轨道时发出的有限辐射能单位）quantum mechanics 量子力学Quantum Theory 量子理论quark 夸克<组成基本粒子的更小的粒子）radioactive source 放射源repel 排斥repulsion 斥力respectively 分别地rung 梯级scattering effect 散射作用Schr?dinger equation 薛定谔<波动）方程<一偏微分方程，描述基本粒子波动性）scintillation 火花shell 电子壳层shielding effect 屏蔽效应simpler substance 单质<指由同种元素组成的纯净物）solid 固体sphere 球spin 自旋stable state 稳态sub-atomic particle 原子内的粒子subset 子集，小团体successive ionisation energy 逐级电离能symbol 符号symmetry 对称the lowest-energy orbitals 最低能量轨道transition elements 过渡元素tritium 氚X-ray X 射线α-particles α粒子，即alpha-particle<带有两个质子和中子的粒子，即氦原子核，对物质的穿透力较强，流速约为光速的1/10）α-ray α射线β-particles β粒子β-ray β射线γ-patticles γ粒子γ-rayγ射线Chapter 2abbreviation 缩写absorption 吸收abundance 丰度accelerate 加速alloy 合金alter 改变atmospheric pressure 大气压Avogadro’s constant 阿佛加德罗常数<12g12C含有的原子数，约为6.02×1023）azide 叠氮化物balance chemical equation 配平化学方程式balance ionic equation 配平离子方程式benzene 苯blast furnace 高炉bromide 溴化物bulk 体积burette 滴定管butane 丁烷carbon dioxide 二氧化碳carbon monoxide 一氧化碳carbonate 碳酸盐collide with 冲突combustion analysis 燃烧分析concentration 浓度conical flask 锥形瓶convert 转化covalent bonds 共价键<原子间通过共用电子对形成的化学键）decimal place 小数位deposit 沉淀物detonator 炸药dioxide 二氧化物dissolve 溶解dropwise 逐滴地electric current 电流empirical formulae 实验式，经验式<只表示化合物中原子间最简单比例关系，非分子式，而为成分式）end-point 终点enthalpy 焓<热力学状态函数，单位质量的热含量，恒压下系统改变状态时增加的热含量等于内能与体系体积与压力乘积之和）equation 方程式ethanoic acid 乙酸filament 灯丝formula <pl. formulae）化学式<用元素符号来表示物质组成的式子）granule 颗粒Group Ⅰ- the alkali metal 第一族,碱金属Group Ⅱ-the alkaline earth metal 第二族,碱土金属Group Ⅲ- 第三族Group Ⅳ-Carbonic Group 碳族Group Ⅴ-Nitric Group 氮族Group Ⅵ-Oxygenic Group 氧族Group Ⅶ, the halogens 第七主族，卤族hexane 己烷horizontal axis 横坐标hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物，烃hydrochloric acid 盐酸hydrogen peroxide 过氧化氢hydroxide 氢氧化物hypothesis 假设indicator 指示剂inspect 检查，查看iodide 碘化物ionic compound 离子型化合物<电负性相差大的两种元素相互作用，发生电子转移，变为正、负离子，正、负离子结合形成离子型化合物）iron oxide 氧化铁low pressure 低压mass spectrometer 质谱仪methane 甲烷mixture 混合物<由两种或多种物质混合而成的，这些物质相互间没有发生反应，混合物里各物质都保持原来的性质）molar mass 摩尔质量<1摩尔物质的质量）molarity 摩尔浓度，也叫物质的量浓度<以1升即1立方分M 溶液里含有多少摩溶质来表示溶液组成的物理量）molecular formulae 分子式<根据元素分析和分子量表示的化学式）monoxide 一氧化物negative ion (＝anion> 阴离子neutralise 中和nitric acid 硝酸non-metal 非金属octane 辛烷organic compound 有机化合物oxidation state 氧化态oxide 氧化物peroxide 过氧化物phosphate 磷酸盐pipette 移液管positive ion (＝cation> 阳离子precipitation reaction 沉淀反应reactant 反应物reaction 反应reagent 试剂，反应物redox reaction 氧化还原反应relative atomic mass 相对原子质量<以碳12原子的质量的1/12约1.66×10－27kg作为标准，其他原子的质量跟它比较所得的值）relative formula mass 相对式量relative isotopic mass 相对同位素质量relative molecular mass 相对分子质量<化学式中各原子的相对原子质量的总和）room temperature 室温singly charged 单核stoichiometric ratio 化学计量比stoichiometry 化学计量法sulphate 硫酸盐sulphide 硫化物sulphite 亚硫酸盐sulphuric acid 硫酸temperature 温度thermite 铝热剂，灼热剂titration 滴定法<将已知浓度的标准溶液加到被测溶液中，直到反应完成，借以测定其浓度）vaporize 汽化vertical axis 纵坐标vice versa 反之亦然volume 体积weld 焊接Chapter 3adjacent molecule 相邻的分子amide 酰胺(含-CONH2基>ammonia 氨atmosphere 大气层atomic orbital 原子轨道attractive force 吸引力biochemical compound 生化化合物boiling point 沸点bond angle 键角(与同一原子连接的两个键之间的角度> bond enthalpybond length 键长(分子中两个原子核间的平衡距离> bonding pair 成键电子对brine 盐水brittle 脆的building-block(=monomer unit> 单体(聚合物中最简单的重复结构单元>catalyst 催化剂<能改变反应速度而它本身的组成和质量在反应前后保持不变的物质）chemical bonding 化学键<分子或晶体中，原子或离子之间直接的、主要的和强烈的相互作用称为化学键）chemical bonding and structure 化学键及结构chloride 氯化物cleavage 裂开condense 浓缩conduct electricity 导电covalent compound 共价化合物crystal 晶体crystal lattice 晶格crystal plane 晶体平面crystalline solid 晶状固体cyclohexane 环己胺dative covalent bond=coordinate bond 配位键decomposition 离解density 密度dipole-dipole force 取向力dot-and-cross diagram 电子式,点叉式double bond 双键double helix 双螺旋ductile 可塑性,易变形的,可延展的electric dipole 电偶极子<一对相距极近，符号相反、数值相等的电荷所形成的体系）electrical insulator 电绝缘体electrical transformer 变压器electronegativity 电负性<原子或基团吸引并持留价电子的能力）electron-pair 电子对electron-pair repulsion theory 电子对互斥理论<是利用中心原子周圍電子的排斥理論來預測的分子及離子(去除金屬部分>的形狀）electrostatic attraction 静电吸引<引力）emerald 翡翠enthalpy change of vaporization 蒸发焓ethane 乙烷ethanol 乙醇，又叫酒精evaporation 蒸发fabric 布,fibre 纤维fibrous 纤维状的formation of ions 离子的形成gaseous state 气态gemstone 宝石graphite 石墨haemoglobin 血红蛋白hard 硬的high-density poly(ethene> 高密度聚乙烯hydrated ion 水合离子<与水结合而成，如H3O＋）hydrogen bond 氢键(氢键是由于与电负性极强的元素如氟、氧等相结合的氢原子和另一分子中电负性极强的原子间所产生的引力而形成>insoluble 不溶instantaneous dipole-induced dipole forces 诱导力intermediate character 两性intermolecular force 分子间作用力(又称van der Waals’force 范德华力>interval 间隙ionic bonding 离子键<由原子得失电子后，生成的正负离子之间，靠静电作用而形成的化学键）ionic crystal 离子晶体<离子间通过离子键结合而成的晶体）ionic lattice 离子晶格jewellery 珠宝kinetic theory of matter 物质运动论(所有物质的分子处于恒动状态>liquid state 液态lone-pairs 孤对电子low-density poly(ethene> 低密度聚乙烯LP-LP repulsion> LP-BP repulsion> BP-BP repulsion 孤电子对—故电子对斥力>孤电子对—成键电子对斥力>成键电子对—成键电子对斥力lubricant 润滑剂magnetise 磁化malleable 有延展性的melting point 熔点metal complex 金属络合物<由金属离子与电子给予体结合而成）metallic bonding 金属键(通过自由运动的价电子将金属原子连结起来的键>metallic element 金属元素mineral 矿物质mobile electron 流动电子molecular orbital 分子轨道molten 熔化non-contuctor 非导体non-linear molecule 非直线分子non-metallic element 非金属元素non-polar molecule 非极性分子non-stick properties 不黏性nylon 尼龙,聚酰胺纤维octahedron 八面体oppositely charged electron 电性相反的电极oppositely charged ion 电性相反的离子outer-shell electron 外层电子oxonium ion(=hydronium ion> 水合氢离子polar molecule 极性分子polarisation of ions 离子极化<在阴阳离子自身电场作用下，产生诱导偶极，而导致离子的极化，即离子的正负电荷重心不再重合，电子云发生变形，致使物质在结构和性质上发生相应的变化）polarized 极化poly 聚乙烯poly(ester> chain 聚酯链polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs> 多氯联<二）苯polymer 聚合物,高分子polymer chain 聚合物链protein 蛋白质quartz 石英relative bond strength 相对键能repulsion 斥力ruby 红宝石sapphire 蓝宝石semi-precious stone 亚宝石single bond 单键slippery 光滑sodium chloride 氯化钠solid state 固态solubility 溶解度<物质在溶剂中达到饱和时的溶解程度）soluble 可溶sparingly soluble 难溶sublimation 升华(固体不经液态直接转变为气态>sublime 升华(固体不经液态直接转变为气态>sucrose 蔗糖surface tension 表面张力(由于表面层下面的分子与表面层下面的分子间的分子吸引,液体表面收缩成最小表面的趋向> symmetrical distribution 对称分布tensile strength 抗拉强度tetrahedral molecule 四面体分子tetrahedron 四面体the δ+ and δ-charges δ+ 和δ-电荷three-dimensional arrangement 三维排列triangular pyramidal molecule 三角锥形分子trichloromethane 三氯甲烷trigonal planar molecule 三角锥形分子triple bond 三键unit cell 晶胞vapour pressure (蒸汽压>viscosity 黏度(流体流动阻力的表示,为液体中黏合力和内聚力的综合效果>volatility 挥发性washing-up liquidwater is peculiar 水是特殊的weapon 武器δbond δ键δorbital δ轨道π bond π键π orbital π轨道Chapter 4 and 5antacid tablet 解酸的药片atomic radii(＝atomic radius> 原子半径barium meal 钡餐Blocks of elements in the Periodic Table 周期表中元素的分区brick red 砖红色bricklaying 砌砖，泥水业brilliant whitish flame 明亮的白色火焰bubble 泡camera lenses 照相机镜头cement 水泥chalk 白垩chemical species 化学物种clay 黏土，泥土cliff 悬崖cloudy white precipitate 浑浊的白色沉淀covalent radius 共价半径covered with a layer of its oxide 覆盖一层氧化物薄膜crucible 坩埚crumble 粉碎d-block d区diatomic molecule 双原子分子dilute 稀释disulphur dichloride 二氯化二硫dolomite 白云石electronegative 带负电的，负电性的electropositive 带正电的，正电性的evolution <气体）散出exothermic reaction 放热反应f-block f区filtration 过滤firework 焰火flare 照明弹good conductivity of heat and electricity 良好的导电导热性gypsum 石膏hydrogencarbonate 碳酸氢盐incendiary bomb 燃烧弹indigestion remedy 消化不良的治疗lanthanide and actinide elements 镧系和锕系元素<周期表中，ⅧB族有32种元素，包括钪、钇、镧和锕，其中镧这一格代表15种镧系元素[Z=51~71]，锕这一格代表15种锕系元素 [Z=89~103]）Law of Octaves 八行周期律<当元素按原子量增加的顺序排列成以八个为一组时，则上下每组对应元素有相似的性质）Law of Triadslime 石灰lime water 石灰<水溶液）limelight 灰光灯limestone 石灰石liquid phase 液相magnesium ribbon 镁条marine invertebrate 海里的无脊椎动物Mendeleev’s periodic table 门捷列夫周期表<按原子序数递增顺序排列成行，并将元素性质相同者置于各行之下，由此形成18列，各列元素的化合价按正规顺序变化）metal hydride 金属氢化物metallic radius 金属半径molten slag 熔渣monatomic ion 一价离子mortar 灰浆negative oxidation state 负化合价opaque 不透，不传导oxidation 氧化oxidation number (abbreviated ox. no.> 氧化数<某元素一个原子的荷电数，这种荷电数由假设把每个键中的电子指定给电负性更大的原子而求得）oxidation state 氧化态oxidising agent 氧化剂<得到电子的物质）p-block p区periodic patterns 周期律periodicity 周期性photographic flash bulb 感光photosynthesis 光合作用pitchblende 沥青铀矿plaster 石膏plaster of Pairs 熟石膏positive oxidation state 正化合价quicklime 生石灰reactivity 活动性reciprocal 倒数redox system 氧化还原体系reducing agent 还原剂<逝去电子的物质）reduction 还原refractory material 难熔物质rotary kiln 回转窑<炉）saturated solution 饱和溶液s-block s区scum 浮垢sedimentary rock 沉积岩siemens per metre (S m-1> 西门子/M<西门子是电导实用单位，亦称姆欧，欧姆的倒数）single atom 单原子slaked lime 石灰<固）solid phase 固相suspension 悬浮液the outmost electrons 最外层电子the rising parts of the curve 曲线的上升部分the trend is uneven 趋势是不规则的thermal decomposition 热<分）解toxic 有毒的tracer bullet 示踪子弹trough 曲线上的最小值valency 化合价vapour phase 气相vigorous 剧烈的Chapter 6a cream precipitate M黄色沉淀aerosol propellant 气溶胶喷射剂ammonia solution 氨水anomalous properties 异常的性质antiseptic抗菌剂，防腐剂apparent 透明的bacteria 细菌bleach 漂白bromine is a dark red liquid giving off a dense red vapour 溴是深红色液体，会挥发浓的红色溴蒸气capture an electron 捕获一个电子CFCS(chlorofluorocarbons> 含氯氟烃chlorine is greenish yellow gas 氯是黄绿色气体contamination 污染covalent diatomic molecule 共价双原子分子cyclohexane 环己烷dichloromethane 二氯甲烷displacement reaction 置换反应<由一种单质跟一种化合物起反应,生成另一种单质和另一种化合物的反应：1.非金属取代—电负性强者取代弱者；2.金属取代—金属性强者取代弱者）disproportionation reaction 歧化反应<又叫自身氧化还原反应，在歧化反应中同一种元素的一部分原子[或离子]被氧化,另一部分原子[或离子]被还原）electron affinity 电子亲合势<原子保持其离子电荷的亲合势）fire extinguisher 灭火器flammable 易燃的fluoride controversyfluorine is pale yellow gas 氟是淡黄绿色气体foaming agent 起泡剂germicide 杀菌剂halate 次卤酸根离子halide 卤化物halogen 卤族元素，简称卤素hydrated halide ion 水合卤素离子inert 惰性的iodine in alcohol 碘酒iodine is a shiny, grey-black crystalline solid which sublimes to a purple vapour 碘是有光泽的灰黑色晶体，会升华变成紫色碘蒸气liver damage 肝脏损伤Lubricant 滑润剂non-flammable 不易燃的organic solvent 有机溶剂organo-chlorine 有机氯ozone layer 臭氧层poisonous 有毒的PTFE (polytetrafluoroethene> 聚四氟乙烯PVC 聚氯乙烯refrigerant 制冷剂solvent 溶剂thyroid problem 甲状腺问题volatility 挥发性water purification 水质净化waterproof clothing 防水布Part 2 Chains and Rings 链和环Chapter 71,2-dichloroethene 1,2－二氯乙烯2,2,3-trimethylbutane 2,2,3-三甲基丁烷2,2,4-trimethypentane (iso-octane> 2,2,4-三甲基戊烷2-bromobutane 2－溴丁烷2-hydroxybenzoic acid 2－对羟基苯甲酸2-methylpentan-3-one 2－甲基3－戊酮3-ethylpent-2-ene 3－乙基烯acid-base reaction 酸碱反应activation energy 活化能<分子开始反应所需最低能量，为活化分子能量与所有分子平均能量差）addition 加成alanine 丙氨酸alcohol 醇aldehyde 醛aliphatic alcohol 脂肪醇aliphatic aldehyde 脂肪醛aliphatic compounds 脂肪族化合物alkene 烯烃alkyl 烷基allotrope 同素异形体amine 胺amino acid 氨基酸ammonium cyanate 氰化铵anhydrous salt 无水盐anti-bumping stone 沸石aqueous layer 水层arene 芳烃aromatic compounds 芳香族化合物<分子里含有一个或多个苯环的化合物）aspirin 阿司匹林atoms can rotate freely about a carbon-carbon single bond 原子可绕碳－碳单键自由旋转ball-and-stick model 球棍模型benzene ring 苯环branched-chain 支链buchner flask 布氏烧瓶，抽滤瓶buchner funnel 布氏漏斗<常用于真空抽滤疏松沉淀）buckminsterfullerenebut-2-ene 2－丙稀butan1-ol (=CH3CH2CH2CH2OH> 1－丁醇butanoic acid 丁酸cage 壳体，支架calculation of percentage yields 回收率的计算capillary electrophoresis apparatus 毛细管电泳仪carbanion 负<阴）碳离子carbocation 正<阳）碳离子carboxylic acid 羧酸Compact 致密的condenser 冷凝器convection currents 对流气流<由温差推动）criteria for checking purity 检测纯度的标准cyclic hydrocarbon 环烃<碳原子间相互连接成环状）cyclobutane 环丁烷decane 癸烷displayed formula (=full structural formula> distillation 蒸馏法eicosane 二十烷electric heating mantle 电热炉electrophile 亲电子试剂electrophilic addition 亲电子加成electrophilic substitution 亲电子取代elimination 消去equilibrium 平衡ester 酯ethanoic anhydride 酐ethanol (=CH3CH2OH> 乙醇ethyl- 乙基ethylamine 乙胺Ethylbenzene 乙基苯free redical 自由基free-radical substitution 自由基取代functional group 官能团gas-liquid chromatography 气液色谱法general formulageodesic domes 地圆学说geometric (or cis-trans> isomer 几何异构体<顺式－反式）grooved cork 具孔塞ground glass cone-and-socket joint 磨口玻璃锥管接合处ground glass socket 磨口玻璃管halogenoalkane 卤代烃heptane 庚烷heterolytic fission 异裂<共价键断裂产生两个相反电荷的离子）high-performance liquid chromatography 高效液相色谱法homologous series 同系物homolytic fission 均裂<共价键断裂产生两个自由基）hydrolysis 水解hydroxy-<＝－OH）羟基hyphen 连字符immiscible liquid 不溶混液体impurity 杂质intermolecular hydrogen bond 分子间氢键Isomerism 同分异构现象ketone 酮kinetic energy 动能Kjeldahl 克耶达liquid circulates 液体循环melting point tube containing sample 装有样品的熔点测定管methanol (=CH3OH> 甲醇methoxymethane 甲氧基甲烷methyl<－CH3）甲基Methylpropane 甲基丙烷molecular formulanomenclature 系统命名法nonane 壬烷nucleophile 亲核试剂nucleophilic addition 亲核加成nucleophilic substitution 亲核取代organic chemistry 有机化学paper chromatography 纸层析法paraffin oil 石蜡油pentan-3-one 3-戊酮pentane 戊烷phenyl ring(-C6H5> 苯基phenylalanine 苯基丙氨酸phosphoric acid 磷酸preliminary calculation 预算propan-1-ol (=CH3CH2CH2OH> 1－丙醇propan-2-ol 2-丙醇propanal 丙醛propane 丙烷propylamine 丙胺pumice 浮石reaction mechanism 反应机制reaction pathway 反应途径recrystallisation 重结晶redistilling 重蒸馏Reflux 回流rubber ring 橡胶圈rubber seal 橡胶塞separating funnel 分液漏斗side-chain 侧链skeletal formula 骨架skeletonspectroscopic technique 光谱技术stereoisomerism 立体异构体stoppered flask 已塞紧的烧瓶stright-chain 直链structural formulastructural isomer 同分异构体<化合物具有相同的分子式，但具有不同结构）substitution 取代synthesis 合成the maximum mass of product 最大产量the neck of the reaction flask 烧瓶瓶颈thermometer 温度计thermostatically controlled heating mantle 恒温控制加热炉Thiele tube 蒂埃尔均热管thin-layer chromatography 薄层层析法three-dimensional formulaultraviolet (UV> 紫外线vacuum filtration 真空抽滤，真空过滤vinegar 醋visible spectroscopy 可见光voltage 电压water bath 水浴wavelength 波长Chapter 82,2,4-trimethyolpentane 2,2,4-三甲基戊烷2-methylpentane 戊烷adhesive 粘合剂alkane 烃alternatives to fossil fuels 化石燃料的代替品anaerobic decay 厌氧分解bimetallic catalyst 双金属催化剂biofuels 生物燃料bitumen 沥青burn off 燃尽carbon coke 焦炭carcinogenic aldehyde methanal 致癌的醛甲烷化catalytic cracking 催化裂化<由重质组分催化裂解为轻质组分）cellulose 纤维素chemical cell 化学电池CO2 emissions CO2 的排放coal 煤condensation 冷凝corrode 腐蚀cracking 裂化crude oil 原油cycloalkane 环烃cylinder 汽缸，圆筒diesel 柴油drastic action 剧烈反应efficient combustion 有效燃烧feedstock 给料ferment 发酵fission 裂变flow rate 流速Fluid 流体fluidised bed 流化床fossil 化石fraction 分馏物fractional distillation 分馏fractional distillation column 分馏塔fusion <核）聚变gasoline 汽油generate electricity 发电geothermal: hot rocks 地热：热岩greenhouse effect 温室效应hydrocarbons: fuels 碳氢化合物：燃料hydroelectricity 水电，水力发电inhalation 吸入isomerisation 异构化kerosene 煤油lead-acid battery 铅酸蓄电池lubricating oil 润滑油megawatt 兆瓦，即106瓦naphtha 粗汽油natural gas 天然气non-renewable resource 不可再生资源nuclear fuels 核燃料oil refinery 炼油厂oscillating motion 振动overflow pipe 溢流管oxidation product 氧化产物oxidiser 氧化剂petrol 汽油photovoltaic cell 阻挡层光电池plant 植物rapeseed 油菜籽raw material 原料recycle 重复利用reforming 重整regeneration chamber 燃烧室residue 废料，残渣seething mixture 沸腾的混合物separate into layers 分层sieve 滤网solar panels 太阳能<电池）板spherical tank 球形罐spillage 溢出steady state 稳态sunflower oil 葵花油sunlight: solar heating and photovoltaics 阳光：太阳热和太阳电池tarmac 停机坪thermal energy 热能transfer of energy to the surroundings 把能量转移到四周tray <分馏塔的）板turbine 涡轮waste products 废品weir 坝，堰zeolite 沸石Chapter 92,2-dimethylpropane 2,2－二甲基丙烷CH3· (methyl> free radical甲基自由基chain reaction 链锁反应combustion in air 在空气中燃烧complete combustion in an excess of air 在过量空气中完全燃烧concentrated sulphuric acid 浓硫酸dodecane 十二烷hydrocarbons: alknes 碳氢化合物：烃in poorly ventilated rooms 在通风不足的房间initiation step 初级过程mechanism 机理overlap 重叠photochemical reaction 光化学反应<原子、分子、自由基或离子由吸收一个具有一定频率的光子而成为激发态所引起的反应）photodissociation 光解作用<分子通过吸收一个光子的电磁能分裂出一个或多个原子）propagation step 增殖过程saturated hydrocarbon 饱和烃termination step 终止过程tetrachloromethane 四氯甲烷undecane 十一烷unsaturated hydrocarbon 不饱和烃waxy solid 蜡状固体Chapter 102-methylbuta-1,3-diene 2－甲基－1,3－二丙稀addition polymerisation 加聚反应<由大量小分子<单体）相继加成为大分子量化合物或聚合物）antifreeze 防冻剂bark 树皮cis-trans isomerism 顺－反式同分异构现象decolourise 褪色dibromo- 二溴diene 二烯electron-richelectrophilic addition 亲电加成ethane-1,2-diol 乙烷－乙二醇gas scrubber 气体洗涤器gutta-percha 杜仲胶，古塔胶hard margarine 硬植物油horny 角状的，粗硬的hydrocarbons: alkenes 碳氢化合物：烯烃industrial methylated spirits 工业甲基化酒精inelastic 无弹力的isoprene 异戊<间）二烯latex 橡浆，树乳monomer 单体<见chapter 3 building-block）multiple bond 重键<不饱和化合物中双键和三键的总称）natural rubber 天然橡胶nickel catalyst 镍催化剂non-biodegradable 不可生物降解optic nerve 视觉神经percha treepollutant 污染物poly(chloroethene> 聚氯乙烯poly(phenylethene> 聚苯乙烯polymerisation 聚合反应polyunsaturated 多个不饱和的propene is bubbled through a solution of bromine 把丙稀通入溴水中repeat unit 重复单元retinal 视网膜steam 蒸汽styrene 苯乙烯systematic name 系统命名traditionally vinyl chloride 氯乙烯triethyl- 三乙基Ziegler-Natta catalyst 齐格勒－纳塔催化剂<由两种金属化合物反应而成，用于烯烃、双烯烃等聚合，生成聚乙烯、聚丙烯）planar molecule 平面分子Chapter 11acidified aqueous potassium dichromate 酸化二氯溶液acyl chloride (acylation> 酰基氯，氯化某酰<酰化作用）adulteration 搀杂alkoxide ion<＝RO-）烷氧离子anaerobic process 厌氧过程ceramic wool soaked in ethanol 陶瓷羊毛colvescorresponding alcohol 相应的醇dehydration 脱水deterrent 灭菌剂enzyme 酶ethanoate 醋酸盐ethoxide ion 乙氧基离子fermentation 发酵foul taste 恶臭fruity odour 水果香味gentle heating 微热glucose 葡萄糖infrared spectrum 红外光谱<分子只能吸收与其振动、转动频率相一致的红外线而形成特征光谱）litmus paper 石蕊试纸<检查酸碱性用）metabolism 新陈代谢miscibility with water 与水的互溶性phenolphthanlein incicator 酚酞指示剂pore 孔porous ceramic surface 多孔的陶瓷表面primary alcohol 伯醇reverse reaction 逆发应secondary alcohol 仲醇simplified equation 简化方程式tertiary alcohol 叔醇wavenumber 波数yeast 酵母菌Chapter 12aerosol propellant 气溶胶火箭燃料anti-inflammatory medicine 消炎药aqueous ethanolic silver nitrate 乙醇硝酸银溶液blowing agent 发泡剂bromochlorodifluoromethane (BCF> 溴氯二氟甲烷<灭火剂）circuit board 电路板combustible materiall 可燃物degreasing agent 除油剂electrical insulation 电绝缘材料halogenoalkanes 卤代烃ibuprofen 布洛芬，异丁苯丙酸<解热镇痛药）ozone ‘hole’臭氧层空洞primary halogenoalkane 伯卤代烃rheumatoid arthritis 类风湿关节炎second halogenoalkane 仲卤代烃silver halide precipitate 卤化银沉淀stratosphere 平流层tertiary halogenoalkane 叔卤代烃the classification of halogenoalkanes 卤代烃的分类Part 3Chapter 13beaker 烧杯bond breaking 断键bond making 成键Chapter 13 enthalpy change 焓变。
药物化学专业英语
Pharmaceutical names are important in clinical practice as they allow quick identification of drugs that can be used to treat specific conditions or symptoms They also help in understanding how different bugs interact with each other or with other physiological systems in the body
The chemical name of a drug molecule
The chemical name of a drug molecule is based on its chemical structure and composition It follows the IUPAC rules and guidelines for naming organic molecules The chemical name provides a unique identifier for the drug molecule and includes information about its molecular formula, functional groups, and stereochemistry
Understanding technical terms: It is essential to have a good understanding of technical terms specific to pharmaceutical chemistry to fully understand the literature
edexcel as chemistry vocabulary
1 Formulae, equations and amounts of substance1.1 The foundations of chemistry1.FormulaeA chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the proportions ofatoms that constitute a particular chemical compound, using a single line of chemical element symbols, numbers, and sometimes also other symbols, such as parentheses, dashes, brackets, and plus (+) and minus (−) signs.2.EquationA chemical equation is the symbolic representation of a chemical reactionwherein the reactant entities are given on the left-hand side and the product entities on the right-hand side3.Amount4.SubstanceA chemical substance is a form of matter that has constant chemical compositionand characteristic properties. It cannot be separated into components by physical separation methods, i.e. without breaking chemical bonds. It can be solid, liquid, gas, or plasma.5.AtomThe atom is a basic unit of matter that consists of a dense central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons.6.ObservationObservation is the active acquisition of information from a primary source.7.ExperimentAn experiment is an orderly procedure carried out with the goal of verifying, refuting, or establishing the validity of a hypothesis.8.Periodic TableThe periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, organized on the basis of their atomic numbers (numbers of protons in the nucleus), electron configurations, and recurring chemical properties.9.NucleusThe nucleus is the very dense region consisting of protons and neutrons at the center of an atom.10.ProtonThe proton is a subatomic particle with the symbol p or p+ and a positive electric charge of 1 elementary charge.11.NeutronThe neutron is a subatomic particle that has the symbol n or n0. Neutrons have no net electric charge and a mass slightly larger than that of a proton12.ElectronThe electron (symbol: e−) is a subatomic particle with a negative elementaryelectric charge.13.ElementA chemical element is a pure chemical substance consisting of a single type ofatom distinguished by its atomic number, which is the number of protons in its atomic nucleus. Elements are divided into metals, metalloids, and nonmetals. 14.Atomic numberThe atomic number of a chemical element (also known as its proton number) is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom of that element, and therefore identical to the charge number of the nucleus.15.Mass numberThe mass number (A), also called atomic mass number or nucleon number, is the total number of protons and neutrons (together known as nucleons) in an atomic nucleus.16.SymbolA chemical symbol is a 1-, 2-, or 3-letter internationally agreed code for achemical element, usually derived from the name of the element, often in Latin.Only the first letter is capitalized.17.IsotopeIsotopes are variants of a particular chemical element such that, while all isotopes of a given element have the same number of protons in each atom, they differ in neutron number.18.PropertyProperty is that which belongs to or with something, whether as an attribute or as a component of said thing.19.StableStable means when a system is in its lowest energy state, or chemical equilibrium with its environment.1.2 Formulae and equations 09.03.2014 20.Ionic bonding (bond)Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bond that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.In the simplest case, the cation is a metal atom and the anion is a nonmetal atom, but these ions can be of a more complex nature, e.g. molecular ions like NH4+ or SO42-21.Covalent bonding (bond)A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs betweenatoms. The stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms when they share electrons is known as covalent bonding.22.IonAn ion is an atom or molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving the atom a net positive or negative electrical charge.23.Balanced equationOne balances a chemical equation by changing the scalar number for each chemical formula.24.Spectator ions旁观离子25.Overall ionic equation Or Net ionic equation净离子方程式26.Elements:Zn: ZincH: HydrogenAl: AluminumLi: LithiumSi: SiliconCu: CooperAg: SilverU: UraniumNa: SodiumCl: ChlorineO: OxygenMg: MagnesiumN: Nitrogen1.3 How big and heavy are atoms? 09.10.201427.MoleculeA molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds28.Relative atomic massThe relative atomic mass of an element is defined as the average mass of its isotopes compared with the mass of an atom of the carbon-12 isotopes29.Relative atomic mass scaleThe scale by which chemists compare the mass of all atoms to the mass of a carbon-12 isotopes.30.Weighted mean 加权平均值The weighted mean is similar to an arithmetic mean (算术平均值) (the most common type of average), where instead of each of the data points contributing equally to the final average, some data points contribute more than others.31.Elements:Br: bromineC: carbonFe: iron1.4 The mole 09.12.201432.MoleA mole of any substance is defined as the amount of substance that contains as many particles (atoms, ions or molecules) as there are atoms in exactly 12g of carbon-12.33.Avogadro constantThe Avogadro constant has the unit particles per mole (mol-1). L or NA34.Molar massMolar mass is just the numerical value of the relative atomic mass, g/mol35.SI unitThe International System of Units (abbreviated SI from French: Le Système international d'unités) is the modern form of the metric system and is the world's most widely used system of measurement, used in both everyday commerce and science.36.SI base unitThe base SI units are the metre (m), the kilogeam (kg), the second (s), the ampere (A), the Kelvin (K), the candela (cd), and the mole (mol).37.SI derived unitDerived units are formed by powers, products or quotients of the base units and are unlimited in number.1.5 using moles36.Relative formula massThe sum of the relative atomic masses of all the atoms in the chemical formula.37.Relative molecular mass (M r)Relative formula mass in covalent compounds.38.Molar massMolar mass is the relative molecular formula mass in grams per mole39.Avogadro’s lawEqual volumes of all gases contain equal numbers of molecules, provided that they are at the same temperature and pressure. And when the gas is in the standard temperature and pressure (STP), I mol of any gas is 24 dm3 or 24L.40.Molar volumeOne mole of any gas must occupy the same volume under the same conditions, Vm. For example, in STP conditions.1.6 Calculating formulae using moles 09.17.2014 41.Empirical formulaSimplest formula of a compound showing the whole number ratios of the atoms42.Molecular formulaFormula of a compound showing how many of each atom there are1.7 Measuring concentration43.SolutionA solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of only one phase. In such a mixture, asolute is a substance dissolved in another substance, known as a solvent.44.ConcentrationMeasure of the amount of a solute dissolved in a solvent to form a solution.45.Molar solutionA solution of concentration 1 molar (1 mol/dm3)46.Volumetric flask (量瓶)47.Methodology(方法论)48.Creatinine肌酐(creatinine，Cre)是肌肉在人体内代谢的产物，每20g肌肉代谢可产生1mg肌酐。
book4 Unit5 Vocabulary Part1
• 11. intense adj.强烈的；激烈的；热切的--intensity n.强烈；紧张；剧烈 • intense heat/cold/pain/anger/competition • The President is under intense pressure to resign. • 总统承受着沉重的辞职压力。 • an intense look热切的神情 • She disliked him intensely. • 她非常讨厌他。
她相信自己不需要减肥）.
• 8. attain vt. （通常经过努力）获得，得到 • Most of our students attained five “A” grades in their exams. • 我们多数学生的考试成绩是五个优。 • Students with high hope set themselves higher goals and know
根据所给提示，将下列句子译成英语。 1. 要不是老师们的支持，我无法克服这个困难。（2017 江苏） Were it not for the support of the teachers, _I_c_o_u_l_d_n_o_t__o_v_e_rc_o_m__e_t_h_e__d_if_f_ic_u_l_ty________________. 2. 她终于克服了上课时的羞怯。(manage) _E_v_e_n_tu__a_ll_y_s_h_e_m__a_n_a_g_e_d__to__o_v_e_r_c_o_m_e__h_e_r_s_h_y_n_e_s_s_in__c_l_a_ss_._____ 3. 她激动得难以自持，有好几分钟说不出话来。(emotion) _O_v_e_r_c_o_m_e__w_i_th__/_b_y__e_m_o_t_io_n______, she found herself unable to speak for a few minutes.
化学学科英语学习计划
化学学科英语学习计划IntroductionChemistry is one of the most important and foundational subjects in science. It deals with the study of matter, its properties, composition, and interactions with other substances. To truly understand and excel in chemistry, it is important to acquire a strong foundation in the subject, including having a good grasp of the English language, as many of the key textbooks, research papers, and scientific resources in chemistry are written in English. Therefore, having a good understanding of chemistry in the English language is essential for students who wish to pursue a career in the field of chemistry. This learning plan is designed to help students improve their English language skills specifically in the context of chemistry.Learning GoalsThe primary goal of this learning plan is to improve students' English language proficiency in the context of chemistry. This includes:- Developing a strong grasp of chemistry-specific vocabulary and terminology.- Improving reading comprehension of chemistry-related texts, including textbooks, research papers, and scientific articles.- Enhancing writing skills to effectively communicate scientific ideas and concepts.- Building confidence in speaking and presenting scientific information in English. Learning ObjectivesTo achieve the above-mentioned goals, the following learning objectives have been identified:- Expand chemistry-specific vocabulary by learning and memorizing relevant terms, definitions, and concepts.- Practice reading and comprehending chemistry-related texts, and extracting key information from them.- Practice writing scientific reports, essays, and analysis of chemical experiments and theories.- Engage in speaking activities such as discussions, presentations, and debates on various chemistry topics.Learning StrategiesTo accomplish the learning objectives, the following strategies will be implemented:1. Vocabulary Building: To expand chemistry-specific vocabulary, students will:- Use flashcards to memorize important terms and definitions.- Utilize online resources and apps for learning chemistry vocabulary.- Practice using new vocabulary in context through writing and speaking exercises.2. Reading Practice: Enhance reading comprehension skills by:- Reading scientific articles, research papers, and textbooks in chemistry.- Identifying key information and main ideas in the text.- Summarizing, outlining, and discussing the content read with peers.3. Writing Skills: To improve writing skills in the context of chemistry, students will:- Practice writing lab reports, analysis of experiments, and chemical reactions.- Write essays and reports on various chemistry topics.- Receive feedback and make revisions to improve writing.4. Speaking and Presentation: To build confidence in speaking about chemistry in English, students will:- Engage in group discussions and debates on chemistry topics.- Prepare and deliver presentations on specific chemistry topics.- Participate in role-playing activities where they need to use chemistry-related vocabulary and phrases.Assessment PlanTo evaluate students' progress, the following assessment methods will be employed:- Vocabulary quizzes to test understanding and retention of chemistry-specific terms.- Reading comprehension tests to assess the ability to understand and extract information from chemistry texts.- Writing assignments such as lab reports, essays, and analysis of chemical theories.- Speaking assessments through group discussions, presentations, and debates. ImplementationThe learning plan will be implemented through a combination of in-class activities, homework assignments, and self-study. The use of technology, such as online resources,educational apps, and interactive learning platforms will also be incorporated to enhance the learning experience. Regular feedback and guidance will be provided to students to support their progress and development.ConclusionBy focusing on improving English language skills in the context of chemistry, students will not only enhance their overall language proficiency but also gain a deeper understanding of the subject itself. This learning plan aims to equip students with the necessary language skills to succeed in their studies and future careers in chemistry. Through consistent practice and dedication, students will be able to confidently communicate and engage with chemistry in English.。
化学1单元知识疏理
化学1单元知识疏理英文回答：1. The Fundamental Principles of Chemistry I.1.1. Matter and its Properties.Matter: Anything that occupies space and has mass.Properties of matter: Physical (e.g., density, boiling point) and chemical (e.g., reactivity, flammability).1.2. States of Matter.Solid: Definite shape and volume.Liquid: Definite volume, but no definite shape.Gas: No definite shape or volume.1.3. Atomic Structure.Atom: The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.Nucleus: Contains protons (positively charged) and neutrons (neutral).Electrons: Orbit the nucleus (negatively charged).1.4. The Periodic Table.Organizes elements based on their atomic numbers and properties.Groups (vertical columns): Elements with similar chemical properties.Periods (horizontal rows): Elements with increasing atomic numbers.1.5. Chemical Bonding.Covalent bonds: Atoms sharing electrons.Ionic bonds: Transfer of electrons between atoms.Metallic bonds: Valence electrons delocalized throughout the material.1.6. Chemical Reactions.Changes in the chemical composition of substances.Reactants: Substances that undergo change in a reaction.Products: Substances formed from the reactants.Chemical equations: Symbolic representations of reactions.1.7. Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions.Exothermic reactions: Release energy.Endothermic reactions: Require energy to occur.1.8. Stoichiometry.Calculations involving the quantitative relationships between reactants and products in chemical reactions.Mole: The amount of substance that contains Avogadro's number (6.022 x 10^23) of entities.中文回答：1、化学1单元知识疏理。
Foundation Chemistry
Ionization 电离
• High-energy electrons stream off a hot metal wire in an electron gun. These electrons hit atoms in the sample and knock out electrons from them.
• The 16O+ ion has a smaller m/z ratio than the 32S+ ion. It will be deflected more. Notice that the 16O+ and 32 S2+ ions have the same m/z ratio. They will be deflected by the same amount, so the mass spectrometer will be unable to tell them apart.
Investing atoms
• The Geiger-Marsden experiment • A narrow beam of alpha particles was produced by radioactive radium. The particles were aimed at very thin gold foil. They are known to contain two protons and two neutorns. They are positively charged and will be repelled by any positive charges in the gold atoms.
Two observations that could not be explained by the plum pudding model
化学文献基础英语单词大全
化学文献基础英语单词大全Alright, here's a collection of basic chemicalliterature vocabulary in an informal and conversational English style, with each paragraph maintaining its own unique linguistic character:When studying chemistry, it's crucial to know the difference between a solute and solvent. A solute is the substance that's dissolved, like sugar in tea, while the solvent is the one doing the dissolving, like the hot water itself.In the lab, we often deal with various reactions. A chemical reaction is when two or more substances interact and create new ones. It's like a magic show, but with molecules instead of rabbits!The periodic table is a chemist's best friend. It organizes all the known elements based on their properties. Just like a phonebook, but for atoms instead of people.Measuring things precisely is key in chemistry. We use instruments like pipettes and balances to ensure accuracy. It's like baking a cake; if you mess up the measurements, the results can be disastrous!Safety first, always! In the lab, we wear protective gear like goggles and gloves to prevent accidents. It's not as exciting as a superhero suit, but it sure is important.Solvents can be polar or non-polar, depending on their ability to dissolve certain substances. Think of it like a dance part.。
如何学习化学英语作文
如何学习化学英语作文Learning to write chemistry essays in English can be a rewarding endeavor, enhancing both your language proficiency and your understanding of chemical concepts. Here's a guide to help you master this skill:1. Develop a Strong Foundation in Chemistry: Before delving into writing essays, ensure you have a solid grasp of fundamental chemical principles. Understanding concepts such as atomic structure, chemical bonding, stoichiometry, and chemical reactions will provide you with the necessary knowledge to articulate your ideas effectively.2. Expand Your Vocabulary: Chemistry has a specialized vocabulary that you'll need to familiarize yourself with. Make a habit of learning new chemistry terms regularly, including those related to different branches of chemistry (organic, inorganic, physical, analytical, etc.). Online resources, textbooks, and scientific journals are valuable sources for building your chemistry vocabulary.3. Study Model Essays: Reading well-written chemistry essays can provide insights into structure, argumentation, and use of language. Analyze how authors introduce their topics, present evidence, and draw conclusions. Pay attention to the organization of paragraphs, coherence, and transitions between ideas.4. Practice Writing: Like any skill, writing essays in chemistry requires practice. Start with simple topics and gradually tackle more complex ones as your proficiency improves. Begin by outlining your ideas before writing to ensure clarity and coherence in your essays. Practice writing regularly to refine your skills.5. Seek Feedback: Don't hesitate to seek feedback on your writing from teachers, classmates, or online communities. Constructive criticism can help you identify areas for improvement and refine your writing style. Pay attention to comments on clarity, organization, grammar, and scientific accuracy.6. Use Reliable Sources: When writing about scientific topics, it's crucial to rely on credible sources for information. Peer-reviewed journals, textbooks, and reputable websites are reliable sources for scientific data and research findings. Avoid using unreliable sources, such as Wikipedia or non-peer-reviewed blogs, for critical information.7. Master Scientific Writing Conventions: Scientific writing has its own set of conventions, including clarity, precision, and objectivity. Avoid ambiguity and use precise language to convey your ideas accurately. Follow the conventions of scientific citation and referencing to acknowledge the sources of your information properly.8. Stay Updated: Science is dynamic, with new discoveries and advancements constantly emerging. Stay updated with the latest developments in chemistry by reading scientific journals, attending seminars or conferences, and following reputable science news outlets. Incorporating recent research findings into your essays can demonstrate your understanding of current trends in thefield.9. Edit and Revise: Revision is an essential part of the writing process. After completing a draft, take time to review and revise your essay for clarity, coherence, grammar, and style. Pay attention to the logical flow of your arguments and ensure that your writing is concise and precise.10. Be Patient and Persistent: Learning to write effectively in chemistry, especially in a second language, takes time and effort. Be patient with yourself and persist in your efforts to improve. Celebrate your progress along the way, and don't be discouraged by setbacks.By following these steps and dedicating yourself to consistent practice, you can enhance your proficiency in writing chemistry essays in English. Remember that mastery comes with time and effort, so stay committed to your goal and keep refining your skills.。
Chemistry Vocabulary Cards
Groups
• Definition: The vertical columns of the periodic table, there are 7 groups
Electron
• A negatively charged subatomic particle, of extremely low mass found in the space outside the nucleus of an atom.
Valence electrons
• An electron in the highest occupied energy level (orbital) of an atom
Element
• Definition: A basic building block of matter that cannot be broken down into simpler substance
• Example: Gold is an element. Gold atoms are the simplest form of gold.
• Example: A chemical change is when you burn wood and the wood becomes ash
Physical change
• Definition: Physical changes are changes that do not change the chemical composition of a substance. No new products are formed.
SAT2 化学800分必背词汇(一)
SAT2 化学800分必背词汇分享给大家，需要考的同学收藏了吧。
一、foundation chemistry基础化学Chapter 1acid 酸apparatus 仪器，装置aqueous solution 水溶液arrangement of electrons 电子排列assumption 假设atom 原子（化学变化中的最小粒子）atomic mass 原子量atomic number 原子序数atomic radius 原子半径atomic structure 原子结构be posed of 由……组成bombardment 撞击boundary 界限cathode rays 阴极射线cathode-ray oscilloscope (C.R.O) 阴极电子示波器ceramic 器制品charge-clouds 电子云charge-to-mass ratio(e/m) 质荷比（质谱分析时样品质量的测量以质量与其离子电荷之比表示）chemical behaviour 化学行为chemical property 化学性质（物质在化学变化中表现出来的性质）clockwise 顺时针方向的pound 化合物（由不同元素组成的纯净物）configuration 构型copper 铜correspond to 相似corrosive 腐蚀d-block elements d 区元素deflect 使偏向，使转向derive from 源于deuterium 氘diffuse mixture 扩散混合物distance effect 距离效应distil 蒸馏distinguish 区别distribution 分布doubly charged(2+) ion 正二价离子dye 染料effect of electric current in solutions 电流在溶液里的影响electrical charge 电荷electrical field 电场electrically neutral atom 电中性原子electricity 电electrolysis 电解electron 电子（负电荷粒子，电量等于4.77×10-10绝对静电单位）electron shielding 电子屏蔽element 元素（具有相同核电荷数即荷质子数的一类原子的总称）emission spectrum 发射光谱（根据发射光源和激发能量方式所产生的特征电磁波谱）energy level 能态，能级（稳态能量，有相同主量数的电子壳层）fertiliser 肥料first ionisation energy 一级电离能fluorescent screen 荧光屏fluoride 氟化物fuel 燃料fundamental substance 基础物质fuzzy 模糊的galaxy 星系，银河gas 气体gaseous state 气态gravity 重力GroupⅠ第一族Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle 海森堡测不准原理hydrofluoric acid 氢氟酸identical 同一的，相等的in terms of 根据，在……方面innermost 最的，最深的interaction 相互作用internal structure 部结构interpret 解释investigate 研究,调查ionisation energy 电离能（从原子或分子中移走一个电子至无穷远处所需的能量，以电子伏特eV表示）ionise 电离isotope 同位素（原子里具有相同的质子数和不同的中子数的同一元素的原子互称同位素）J.J. Thomson’s e/m experiment 汤姆森质何比实验Latin 拉丁lepton 轻粒子liquid 液体magnet 磁铁magnetic field 磁场Maltese Cross 马耳他十字marble 石mass number 质量数matter 物质metal foil 金箔meteorite 陨星microbe 微生物，细菌Millikan’s ‘oil-drop’ecperiment 密立根油滴实验model-building 模型建筑mole 摩尔（表示一个系统的物质的量的单位，该系统中所包含的基本单元数与12g碳12即12C的原子数目相等,每摩尔物质含有阿佛加德罗常数个微粒）molecule 分子（保持物质的化学性质的最小粒子）narrow beam 狭窄的光线negative electrode（cathode）阴极negligible 可以忽略的neutron 中子nitrate 硝酸盐noble gas 稀有气体normal pressures 常压nuclear charge （原子）核电荷nuclear model for atoms 原子核模型nuclear reaction 核反应nucleus （pl.nuclei）核Orbital 轨道paraffin wax 石蜡particle 微粒，粒子Pauli exclusion principle 保里不相容原理（每个原子轨道至多只能容纳两个电子；而且，这两个电子自旋方向必须相反）Periodic Table 周期表physical property 物理性质（物质不需要发生化学变化就表现出来的性质，如颜色、状态、气味、熔沸点、密度等）plastics 塑料plum-pudding 子布丁positive charge 正电荷（带有质子的物质，用丝绸摩擦玻璃棒，在棒上会产生正电荷）positive electrode (anode) 阳极positively charged particle (ion) 离子potential difference 电位prediction 预言principal quantum number 主量子数（标示轨道电子的波函数，包括轨道角动量和自旋量子数，电子的能级和距原子核的平均距离主要取决于主量子数）probe 探测，探究protium 氕proton 质子quantum （pl. quanta）量子（一个电子转移到原子的下一层轨道时发出的有限辐射能单位）quantum mechanics 量子力学Quantum Theory 量子理论quark 夸克（组成基本粒子的更小的粒子）radioactive source 放射源repel 排斥repulsion 斥力respectively 分别地rung 梯级scattering effect 散射作用Schr?dinger equation 薛定谔（波动）方程（一偏微分方程，描述基本粒子波动性）scintillation 火花shell 电子壳层shielding effect 屏蔽效应simpler substance 单质（指由同种元素组成的纯净物）solid 固体sphere 球spin 自旋stable state 稳态sub-atomic particle 原子的粒子subset 子集，小团体successive ionisation energy 逐级电离能symbol 符号symmetry 对称the lowest-energy orbitals 最低能量轨道transition elements 过渡元素tritium 氚X-ray X 射线α-particles α粒子，即alpha-particle（带有两个质子和中子的粒子，即氦原子核，对物质的穿透力较强，流速约为光速的1/10）α-ray α射线β-particles β粒子β-ray β射线γ-patticles γ粒子γ-rayγ射线Chapter 2abbreviation 缩写absorption 吸收abundance 丰度accelerate 加速alloy 合金alter 改变atmospheric pressure 大气压Avogadro’s constant 阿佛加德罗常数（12g12C含有的原子数，约为6.02×1023）azide 叠氮化物balance chemical equation 配平化学方程式balance ionic equation 配平离子方程式benzene 苯blast furnace 高炉bromide 溴化物bulk 体积burette 滴定管butane 丁烷carbon dioxide 二氧化碳carbon monoxide 一氧化碳carbonate 碳酸盐collide with 冲突bustion analysis 燃烧分析concentration 浓度conical flask 锥形瓶convert 转化covalent bonds 共价键（原子间通过共用电子对形成的化学键）decimal place 小数位deposit 沉淀物detonator 炸药dioxide 二氧化物dissolve 溶解dropwise 逐滴地electric current 电流empirical formulae 实验式，经验式（只表示化合物中原子间最简单比例关系，非分子式，而为成分式）end-point 终点enthalpy 焓（热力学状态函数，单位质量的热含量，恒压下系统改变状态时增加的热含量等于能与体系体积与压力乘积之和）equation 方程式ethanoic acid 乙酸filament 灯丝formula （pl. formulae）化学式（用元素符号来表示物质组成的式子）granule 颗粒Group Ⅰ- thealkali metal 第一族,碱金属Group Ⅱ-thealkaline earth metal 第二族,碱土金属Group Ⅲ- 第三族Group Ⅳ-CarbonicGroup 碳族Group Ⅴ-NitricGroup 氮族Group Ⅵ-Oxygenic Group 氧族Group Ⅶ, thehalogens 第七主族，卤族hexane 己烷horizontal axis 横坐标hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物，烃hydrochloric acid 盐酸hydrogen peroxide 过氧化氢hydroxide 氢氧化物hypothesis 假设indicator 指示剂inspect 检查，查看iodide 碘化物ionic pound 离子型化合物（电负性相差大的两种元素相互作用，发生电子转移，变为正、负离子，正、负离子结合形成离子型化合物）iron oxide 氧化铁low pressure 低压mass spectrometer 质谱仪methane 甲烷mixture 混合物（由两种或多种物质混合而成的，这些物质相互间没有发生反应，混合物里各物质都保持原来的性质）molar mass 摩尔质量（1摩尔物质的质量）molarity 摩尔浓度，也叫物质的量浓度（以1升即1立方分米溶液里含有多少摩溶质来表示溶液组成的物理量）molecular formulae 分子式（根据元素分析和分子量表示的化学式）monoxide 一氧化物negative ion (＝anion) 阴离子neutralise 中和nitric acid 硝酸non-metal 非金属octane 辛烷organic pound 有机化合物oxidation state 氧化态oxide 氧化物peroxide 过氧化物phosphate 磷酸盐pipette 移液管positive ion (＝cation) 阳离子precipitation reaction 沉淀反应reactant 反应物reaction 反应reagent 试剂，反应物redox reaction 氧化还原反应relative atomic mass 相对原子质量（以碳12原子的质量的1/12约1.66×10－27kg作为标准，其他原子的质量跟它比较所得的值）relative formula mass 相对式量relative isotopic mass 相对同位素质量relative molecular mass 相对分子质量（化学式中各原子的相对原子质量的总和）room temperature 室温singly charged 单核stoichiometric ratio 化学计量比stoichiometry 化学计量法sulphate 硫酸盐sulphide 硫化物sulphite 亚硫酸盐sulphuric acid 硫酸temperature 温度thermite 铝热剂，灼热剂titration 滴定法（将已知浓度的标准溶液加到被测溶液中，直到反应完成，借以测定其浓度）vaporize 汽化vertical axis 纵坐标vice versa 反之亦然volume 体积weld 焊接Chapter 3adjacent molecule 相邻的分子amide 酰胺(含-CONH2基)ammonia 氨atmosphere 大气层atomic orbital 原子轨道attractive force 吸引力biochemical pound 生化化合物boiling point 沸点bond angle 键角(与同一原子连接的两个键之间的角度)bond enthalpybond length 键长(分子中两个原子核间的平衡距离)bonding pair 成键电子对brine 盐水brittle 脆的building-block(=monomer unit) 单体(聚合物中最简单的重复结构单元)catalyst 催化剂（能改变反应速度而它本身的组成和质量在反应前后保持不变的物质）chemical bonding 化学键（分子或晶体中，原子或离子之间直接的、主要的和强烈的相互作用称为化学键）chemical bonding and structure 化学键及结构chloride 氯化物cleavage 裂开condense 浓缩conduct electricity 导电covalent pound 共价化合物crystal 晶体crystal lattice 晶格crystal plane 晶体平面crystalline solid 晶状固体cyclohexane 环己胺dative covalent bond=coordinate bond 配位键deposition 离解density 密度dipole-dipole force 取向力dot-and-cross diagram 电子式,点叉式double bond 双键double helix 双螺旋ductile 可塑性,易变形的,可延展的electric dipole 电偶极子（一对相距极近，符号相反、数值相等的电荷所形成的体系）electrical insulator 电绝缘体electrical transformer 变压器electronegativity 电负性（原子或基团吸引并持留价电子的能力）electron-pair 电子对electron-pair repulsion theory 电子对互斥理论（是利用中心原子周圍電子的排斥理論來預測的分子及離子(去除金屬部分)的形狀）electrostatic attraction 静电吸引（引力）emerald 翡翠enthalpy change of vaporization 蒸发焓ethane 乙烷ethanol 乙醇，又叫酒精evaporation 蒸发fabric 布,fibre 纤维fibrous 纤维状的formation of ions 离子的形成gaseous state 气态gemstone 宝石graphite 石墨haemoglobin 血红蛋白hard 硬的high-density poly(ethene) 高密度聚乙烯hydrated ion 水合离子（与水结合而成，如H3O＋）hydrogen bond 氢键(氢键是由于与电负性极强的元素如氟、氧等相结合的氢原子和另一分子中电负性极强的原子间所产生的引力而形成)insoluble 不溶instantaneous dipole-induced dipole forces 诱导力intermediate character 两性intermolecular force 分子间作用力(又称van der Waals’force 德华力)interval 间隙ionic bonding 离子键（由原子得失电子后，生成的正负离子之间，靠静电作用而形成的化学键）ionic crystal 离子晶体（离子间通过离子键结合而成的晶体）ionic lattice 离子晶格jewellery 珠宝kinetic theory of matter 物质运动论(所有物质的分子处于恒动状态)liquid state 液态lone-pairs 孤对电子low-density poly(ethene) 低密度聚乙烯LP-LP repulsion> LP-BP repulsion> BP-BP repulsion 孤电子对—故电子对斥力>孤电子对—成键电子对斥力>成键电子对—成键电子对斥力lubricant 润滑剂magnetise 磁化malleable 有延展性的melting point 熔点metal plex 金属络合物（由金属离子与电子给予体结合而成）metallic bonding 金属键(通过自由运动的价电子将金属原子连结起来的键)metallic element 金属元素mineral 矿物质mobile electron 流动电子molecular orbital 分子轨道molten 熔化non-contuctor 非导体non-linear molecule 非直线分子non-metallic element 非金属元素non-polar molecule 非极性分子non-stick properties 不黏性nylon 尼龙,聚酰胺纤维octahedron 八面体oppositely charged electron 电性相反的电极oppositely charged ion 电性相反的离子outer-shell electron 外层电子oxonium ion(=hydronium ion) 水合氢离子polar molecule 极性分子polarisation of ions 离子极化（在阴阳离子自身电场作用下，产生诱导偶极，而导致离子的极化，即离子的正负电荷重心不再重合，电子云发生变形，致使物质在结构和性质上发生相应的变化）polarized 极化poly 聚乙烯poly(ester) chain 聚酯链polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) 多氯联（二）苯polymer 聚合物,高分子polymer chain 聚合物链protein 蛋白质quartz 石英relative bond strength 相对键能repulsion 斥力ruby 红宝石sapphire 蓝宝石semi-precious stone 亚宝石single bond 单键slippery 光滑sodium chloride 氯化钠solid state 固态solubility 溶解度（物质在溶剂中达到饱和时的溶解程度）soluble 可溶sparingly soluble 难溶sublimation 升华(固体不经液态直接转变为气态)sublime 升华(固体不经液态直接转变为气态)sucrose 蔗糖surface tension 表面力(由于表面层下面的分子与表面层下面的分子间的分子吸引,液体表面收缩成最小表面的趋向)symmetrical distribution 对称分布tensile strength 抗拉强度tetrahedral molecule 四面体分子tetrahedron 四面体the δ+ and δ-charges δ+ 和δ-电荷three-dimensional arrangement 三维排列triangular pyramidal molecule 三角锥形分子trichloromethane 三氯甲烷trigonal planar molecule 三角锥形分子triple bond 三键unit cell 晶胞vapour pressure (蒸汽压)viscosity 黏度(流体流动阻力的表示,为液体中黏合力和聚力的综合效果)volatility 挥发性washing-up liquidwater is peculiar 水是特殊的weapon 武器δbond δ键δorbital δ轨道πbond π键πorbital π轨道Chapter 4 and 5antacid tablet 解酸的药片atomic radii(＝atomic radius) 原子半径barium meal 钡餐Blocks of elements in the Periodic Table 周期表中元素的分区brick red 砖红色bricklaying 砌砖，泥水业brilliant whitish flame 明亮的白色火焰bubble 泡camera lenses 照相机镜头cement 水泥chalk 白垩chemical species 化学物种clay 黏土，泥土cliff 悬崖cloudy white precipitate 浑浊的白色沉淀covalent radius 共价半径covered with a layer of its oxide 覆盖一层氧化物薄膜crucible 坩埚crumble 粉碎d-block d区diatomic molecule 双原子分子dilute 稀释disulphur dichloride 二氯化二硫dolomite 白云石electronegative 带负电的，负电性的electropositive 带正电的，正电性的evolution （气体）散出exothermic reaction 放热反应f-block f区filtration 过滤firework 焰火flare 照明弹good conductivity of heat and electricity 良好的导电导热性gypsum 石膏hydrogencarbonate 碳酸氢盐incendiary bomb 燃烧弹indigestion remedy 消化不良的治疗lanthanide and actinide elements 镧系和锕系元素（周期表中，ⅧB族有32种元素，包括钪、钇、镧和锕，其中镧这一格代表15种镧系元素[Z=51~71]，锕这一格代表15种锕系元素[Z=89~103]）Law of Octaves 八行周期律（当元素按原子量增加的顺序排列成以八个为一组时，则上下每组对应元素有相似的性质）Law of Triadslime 石灰lime water 石灰（水溶液）limelight 灰光灯limestone 石灰石liquid phase 液相magnesium ribbon 镁条marine invertebrate 海里的无脊椎动物Mendeleev’s periodic table 门捷列夫周期表（按原子序数递增顺序排列成行，并将元素性质相同者置于各行之下，由此形成18列，各列元素的化合价按正规顺序变化）metal hydride 金属氢化物metallic radius 金属半径molten slag 熔渣monatomic ion 一价离子mortar 灰浆negative oxidation state 负化合价opaque 不透，不传导oxidation 氧化oxidation number (abbreviated ox. no.) 氧化数（某元素一个原子的荷电数，这种荷电数由假设把每个键中的电子指定给电负性更大的原子而求得）oxidation state 氧化态oxidising agent 氧化剂（得到电子的物质）p-block p区periodic patterns 周期律periodicity 周期性photographic flash bulb 感光photosynthesis 光合作用pitchblende 沥青铀矿plaster 石膏plaster of Pairs 熟石膏positive oxidation state 正化合价quicklime 生石灰reactivity 活动性reciprocal 倒数redox system 氧化还原体系reducing agent 还原剂（逝去电子的物质）reduction 还原refractory material 难熔物质rotary kiln 回转窑（炉）saturated solution 饱和溶液s-block s区scum 浮垢sedimentary rock 沉积岩siemens per metre (S m-1) 西门子/米（西门子是电导实用单位，亦称姆欧，欧姆的倒数）single atom 单原子slaked lime 石灰（固）solid phase 固相suspension 悬浮液the outmost electrons 最外层电子the rising parts of the curve 曲线的上升部分the trend is uneven 趋势是不规则的thermal deposition 热（分）解toxic 有毒的tracer bullet 示踪子弹trough 曲线上的最小值valency 化合价vapour phase 气相vigorous 剧烈的Chapter 6a cream precipitate 米黄色沉淀aerosol propellant 气溶胶喷射剂ammonia solution 氨水anomalous properties 异常的性质antiseptic抗菌剂，防腐剂apparent 透明的bacteria 细菌bleach 漂白bromine is a dark red liquid giving off a dense red vapour 溴是深红色液体，会挥发浓的红色溴蒸气capture an electron 捕获一个电子CFCS(chlorofluorocarbons) 含氯氟烃chlorine is greenish yellow gas 氯是黄绿色气体contamination 污染covalent diatomic molecule 共价双原子分子cyclohexane 环己烷dichloromethane 二氯甲烷displacement reaction 置换反应（由一种单质跟一种化合物起反应,生成另一种单质和另一种化合物的反应：1.非金属取代—电负性强者取代弱者；2.金属取代—金属性强者取代弱者）disproportionation reaction 歧化反应（又叫自身氧化还原反应，在歧化反应中同一种元素的一部分原子[或离子]被氧化,另一部分原子[或离子]被还原）electron affinity 电子亲合势（原子保持其离子电荷的亲合势）fire extinguisher 灭火器flammable 易燃的fluoride controversyfluorine is pale yellow gas 氟是淡黄绿色气体foaming agent 起泡剂germicide 杀菌剂halate 次卤酸根离子halide 卤化物halogen 卤族元素，简称卤素hydrated halide ion 水合卤素离子inert 惰性的iodine in alcohol 碘酒iodine is a shiny, grey-black crystalline solid which sublimes to a purplevapour 碘是有光泽的灰黑色晶体，会升华变成紫色碘蒸气liver damage 肝脏损伤Lubricant 滑润剂non-flammable 不易燃的organic solvent 有机溶剂organo-chlorine 有机氯ozone layer 臭氧层poisonous 有毒的PTFE (polytetrafluoroethene) 聚四氟乙烯PVC 聚氯乙烯refrigerant 制冷剂solvent 溶剂thyroid problem 甲状腺问题volatility 挥发性water purification 水质净化waterproof clothing 防水布。
听力学科词汇分类 化学类词汇 chemistry
Chemistry1.Chemistry 化学2.Chemical property 化学性能3.Chemical composition 化学成分4.Makeup 化学成分5.Chemical agent 化学试剂6.Chemical reaction 化学反应7.Chemical change 化学变化8.Chemical bond 化学键9.Chemical apparatus 化学器械10.Substance 物质11.Element 元素12.Periodic table 周期表13.Hydrogen 氢14.Oxygen 氧15.Nitrogen 氮16.Helium 氦17.Carbon 碳18.Calcium 钙19.Silicon 硅20.Sulfur 硫21.Iodine 碘pound 化合物23.Hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物24.Derivative 衍生物25.Alchemy 炼金术26.Petroleum 石油27.Petroleum products 石油产品28.Crude oil 原油29.Refine 提炼，精炼30.Gasoline 汽油31.Methane 甲烷32.Solution 溶液33.Dissolve 溶解34.Solvent 溶剂35.Solubility 可溶性36.Cohesive 聚合力37.Adhesive 粘合力38.Atom 原子39.Nucleus 原子核40.Electron 电子41.Neutron 中子42.Proton 质子43.Molecule 分子44.Particle 粒子45.Ion 离子46.Particle accelerator 粒子加速器47.Catalysis 催化作用48.Catalyst 催化剂49.Artificial 人造的50.Synthetic 合成的51.Synthetic fiber 合成纤维52.Polymer 聚合物53.Polymerization 聚合作用54.Plastic 塑料55.Dye 染料56.Cosmetics 化妆品。
化学专业基础英语教案PDF
化学专业基础英语教案 PDF化学专业基础英语教案化学化工学院第1部分基础化学讲座Part I Chemistry Lectures 第1章化学的本质Chapter I The Nature of Chemistry 下面是一封小约翰John C. Bailar Jr. 父子同名时用于区别senior adj. n. 年长的高级的年长者给一个朋友的信他小约翰是伊利诺斯州Illinois ilin??iz大学化学系部faculty f??k??lti一名已经has been从教56年教员。
亲爱的克丽丝Chris kris 这封信仅仅是关于你所提出的化学是什么和化学家在做什么这些问题的一个回答。
我很高兴你问及的这个学科/科目subject到底all about 关于??的一切到处附近是什么的看法/观点view对于许多人来说对这个问题都有一个扭曲的或者至少是肤浅superficial看法/观点看法/观点可以认为既是asked的宾语也是distored or superficial的宾语。
正如这封信我不确定我是否能给予你一个清晰的画面/解释picture但是我试图这样做。
当然了你知道化学与物理学、地质学、天文学一道是属于物质科学/自然科学physical sciences的一门学科。
生物科学biological sciences诸如植物学botany b??t??ni、生理学physiology、生态学ecology和遗传学genetics d??inetiks 2 是亲密关联的但是也属于稍微不同的学科门类/种类倒装句亲密关联的但是也属于稍微不同的学科门类/种类是生物科学biological sciences诸如植物学botany b??t??ni、生理学physiology、生态学ecology和遗传学genetics d??inetiks。
在这两个学科组physical sciences和biological sciences之间或者在任何一个学科组内的学科之间没有特别明显的sharp因为for它们相互涵盖overlap ??uv??l??p。
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aqueous solution 水溶液arrangement of electrons 电子排列atomic mass 原子量atomic number 原子序数atomic structure 原子结构be composed of 由……组成bombardment 撞击chemical property 化学性质（物质在化学变化中表现出来的性质）clockwise 顺时针方向的configuration 构型correspond to 相似corrosive 腐蚀d-block elements d 区元素deuterium 氘diffuse mixture 扩散混合物distance effect 距离效应distil 蒸馏doubly charged(2+) ion 正二价离子electrical charge 电荷electrically neutral atom 电中性原子fuzzy 模糊的in terms of 根据，在……方面innermost 最内的，最深的interaction 相互作用internal structure 内部结构ionise 电离lepton 轻粒子mass number 质量数metal foil 金箔meteorite 陨星negative electrode（cathode）阴极noble gas 稀有气体physical property 物理性质（物质不需要发生化学变化就表现出来的性质，如颜色、状态、气味、熔沸点、密度等）positive charge 正电荷（带有质子的物质，用丝绸摩擦玻璃棒，在棒上会产生正电荷）positive electrode (anode) 阳极positively charged particle (ion) 离子protium 氕proton 质子radioactive source 放射源repel 排斥repulsion 斥力respectively 分别地rung 梯级scintillation 火花simpler substance 单质（指由同种元素组成的纯净物）subset 子集，小团体tritium 氚X-ray X 射线α-particles α粒子，即alpha-particle（带有两个质子和中子的粒子，即氦原子核，对物质的穿透力较强，流速约为光速的1/10）balance chemical equation 配平化学方程式balance ionic equation 配平离子方程式benzene 苯blast furnace 高炉carbon monoxide 一氧化碳combustion analysis 燃烧分析conical flask 锥形瓶decimal place 小数位end-point 终点equation 方程式ethanoic acid 乙酸filament 灯丝formula （pl. formulae）化学式（用元素符号来表示物质组成的式子）granule 颗粒horizontal axis 横坐标hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物hydrochloric acid 盐酸hydrogen peroxide 过氧化氢iron oxide 氧化铁molecular formulae 分子式（根据元素分析和分子量表示的化学式）monoxide 一氧化物negative ion (＝anion) 阴离子oxidation state 氧化态oxide 氧化物peroxide 过氧化物positive ion (＝cation) 阳离子precipitation reaction 沉淀反应reactant 反应物reaction 反应reagent 试剂，反应物redox reaction 氧化还原反应relative atomic mass 相对原子质量（以碳12原子的质量的1/12约1.66×10－27kg作为标准，其他原子的质量跟它比较所得的值）relative formula mass 相对式量relative isotopic mass 相对同位素质量relative molecular mass 相对分子质量（化学式中各原子的相对原子质量的总和）vertical axis 纵坐标vice versa 反之亦然weld 焊接adjacent molecule 相邻的分子ammonia 氨brine 盐水catalyst 催化剂（能改变反应速度而它本身的组成和质量在反应前后保持不变的物质）chloride 氯化物cleavage 裂开covalent compound 共价化合物crystal 晶体crystal lattice 晶格crystal plane 晶体平面decomposition 离解dipole-dipole force 取向力double bond 双键ductile 可塑性,易变形的,可延展的electrical insulator 电绝缘体electrostatic attraction 静电吸引（引力）emerald 翡翠enthalpy change of vaporization 蒸发焓ethane 乙烷fibrous 纤维状的formation of ions 离子的形成gaseous state 气态high-density poly(ethene) 高密度聚乙烯hydrated ion 水合离子（与水结合而成，如H3O＋ionic crystal 离子晶体（离子间通过离子键结合而成的晶体）malleable 有延展性的non-stick properties 不黏性nylon 尼龙,聚酰胺纤维repulsion 斥力slippery 光滑sodium chloride 氯化钠sparingly soluble 难溶sublimation 升华(固体不经液态直接转变为气态)sublime 升华(固体不经液态直接转变为气态)sucrose 蔗糖surface tension 表面张力(由于表面层下面的分子与表面层下面的分子间的分子吸引,液体表面收缩成最小表面的趋向) symmetrical distribution 对称分布vapour pressure (蒸汽压)viscosity 黏度(流体流动阻力的表示,为液体中黏合力和内聚力的综合效果)barium meal 钡餐cloudy white precipitate 浑浊的白色沉淀covered with a layer of its oxide 覆盖一层氧化物薄膜crucible 坩埚exothermic reaction 放热反应flare 照明弹hydrogencarbonate 碳酸氢盐incendiary bomb 燃烧弹lime 石灰lime water 石灰（水溶液）limelight 灰光灯limestone 石灰石liquid phase 液相magnesium ribbon 镁条mortar 灰浆negative oxidation state 负化合价oxidation state 氧化态oxidising agent 氧化剂（得到电子的物质）photographic flash bulb 感光positive oxidation state 正化合价quicklime 生石灰reactivity 活动性reciprocal 倒数redox system 氧化还原体系reducing agent 还原剂（逝去电子的物质）reduction 还原refractory material 难熔物质scum 浮垢sedimentary rock 沉积岩single atom 单原子slaked lime 石灰（固）suspension 悬浮液the outmost electrons 最外层电子valency 化合价vapour phase 气相vigorous 剧烈的ammonia solution 氨水electron affinity 电子亲合势（原子保持其离子电荷的亲合势）fire extinguisher 灭火器flammable 易燃的fluoride controversyfluorine is pale yellow gas 氟是淡黄绿色气体foaming agent 起泡剂alcohol 醇hydrolysis 水解hyphen 连字符phosphoric acid 磷酸reaction pathway 反应途径recrystallisation 重结晶redistilling 重蒸馏diesel 柴油feedstock 给料ferment 发酵generate electricity 发电geothermal: hot rocks 地热：热岩greenhouse effect 温室效应non-renewable resource 不可再生资源oxidation product 氧化产物photovoltaic cell 阻挡层光电池residue 废料，残渣spherical tank 球形罐spillage 溢出concentrated sulphuric acid 浓硫酸mechanism 机理overlap 重叠natural rubber 天然橡胶retinal 视网膜corresponding alcohol 相应的醇dehydration 脱水fermentation 发酵foul taste 恶臭litmus paper 石蕊试纸（检查酸碱性用）miscibility with water 与水的互溶性phenolphthanlein incicator 酚酞指示剂blowing agent 发泡剂circuit board 电路板combustible materiall 可燃物beaker 烧杯clamp 夹heat capacity 热容specific heat capacity of water 水的比热容。