Testing_Lecture 07
lecture7模型设定(1)
1 Scaling Effect and Beta Coefficients
• 两个问题： – Statistically significant, but very small coefficient has any meaning?
population
2 Functional Form: log
• Log-dependent
– semi-elasticity (percentage change) • Sales increase over time, affected by • but approximate error is large when the coefficient is large
0 Introduction
• 因为没有true model，模型的设定就变得非常重要 –它甚至比模型的估计与检验来得更重要 –但很不幸，我们这门功课主要讲估计和检验.而模型 的设定是经济学、金融学等的任务。
• 那能否通过数据来设定模型？ – Data can never speak for themselves. Fact can never speak for themselves –模型是窗口，窗口放在哪里是人定的。当然我们还是 希望能“窗口”能客观全面一些
– Variables being large integer values, the log is often taken: population, total number of employees, and school enrollment
The_Fundamentals_of_Digital_Semiconductor_Testing_(chinese)
目录第一章.认识半导体和测试设备 (3)一、晶圆、晶片和封装 (3)二、自动测试设备 (6)三、半导体技术 (7)四、数字和模拟电路 (7)五、测试系统的种类 (8)六、测试负载板(LoadBoard) (11)七、探针卡（ProbeCard） (12)第二章.半导体测试基础 (13)一、基础术语 (13)二、正确的测试方法 (14)三、测试系统 (16)四、PMU (18)五、管脚电路 (21)第三章.基于PMU的开短路测试 (25)一、测试目的 (25)二、测试方法 (25)第四章.DC参数测试 (29)一、基本术语 (29)二、Binning (29)三、Program Flow (30)四、Test Summary (31)五、DC测试与隐藏电阻 (32)六、VOH/IOH (33)七、VOL/IOL (36)八、IDD Gross Current (39)九、IDD Static Current (42)十、IDDQ (44)十一、IDD Dynamic Current (45)十二、入电流（IIL/IIH）测试 (48)十三、输入结构－高阻/上拉/下拉 (54)十四、输出扇出 (55)十五、高阻电流（High Impedance Currents, IOZH/IOZL） (57)十六、输出短路电流（output short circuit current） (60)第五章．功能测试 (63)一、基础术语 (64)二、功能测试 (64)三、测试周期 (65)四、输入数据 (65)五、输出数据 (68)六、功能测试参数定义 (72)七、总功能测试（Gross Function Test） (73)八、功能测试实例 (77)九、标准功能测试 (80)第六章.AC参数测试 (91)第一章.认识半导体和测试设备本章节包括以下内容，●晶圆（Wafers）、晶片（Dice）和封装（Packages）●自动测试设备（ATE）的总体认识●模拟、数字和存储器测试等系统的介绍●负载板（Loadboards）、探测机（Probers）、机械手（Handlers）和温度控制单元（Temperature units）一、晶圆、晶片和封装1947年，第一只晶体管的诞生标志着半导体工业的开始，从那时起，半导体生产和制造技术变得越来越重要。
新视野大学英语第三版听说教程4答案
新视野大学英语第三版听说教程4答案Unit 1 Making the right choice1-1 Warm-upWhat did you hear ?A B B A B1-2 ListeningUnderstanding a passage 1B A B BUnderstanding a lecture 1D C B B1-4 Speaking-Listening and speakingPassage 11) science test2) relaxed3) All4) responsible5) proper carePassage 2i) remove stress2) health and happiness benefits /happiness and health benefits3) most enjoyable ways4) keep you company5) without judging you6) feel so goodLecture 11) music2) connection3) happy4) sad5) areas /partsLecture 21) musical instruments2) language and speech/speech and language3) Every culture4) humans5) speed up6) brings down7) pain and sadness /sadness and pain8) memory tests9) mental pictures1-5 HomeworkUnderstanding conversations 1A B A C BUnderstanding passages 1C D C AUnderstanding lectures or speeches 1C B A DUnit 2 Defining beauty 2-1 Warm-upWhat did you hear?1) imitate2) copy3) ages4) cultures5) individuals6) societies2-2 ListeningUnderstanding a passage 1D B B DUnderstanding a lecture 1C D A D2-4 Speaking-Listening and speakingPassage 1amazementageculturenationalityIndividual opinionssocietiestimeouter beautyinner beautyPassage 2secondgetting a raiseouter beautybehaveLecture 11) charming2) secure3) children4) healthy children5) protect6) shelterLecture 21) little choice2) traditional societies3) the entire family4) very common5) 20th/twenticth6) 21st/twenty-first7) grow over time8) 529) 6.310) 8811) 1.22-5 HomeworkUnderstanding conversations 1C BD AUnderstanding passages 1B C D AUnderstanding lectures or speeches 1B A B DUnit 3 Learning the secrets of entrepreneurs 3-1 Warm-upWhat did you hear ?1) have a vision2) turning their vision into reality3) emotionally connected4) products are delivered3-2 ListeningUnderstanding a passage 1A D C BUnderstanding a lecture 1C A C3-4 Speaking-Listening and speakingPassage 11) clothing2) eggs3) low cost4) little fat5) source6) nutritionPassage 21) raised animal2) feather color /feather colour3) number of toes4) social birds5) produce eggs6) baby chickens7) as a community8) roasted chicken9) butter chickenLecture 1B F A GC E DLecture 21) self-employed2) starting a business3) curiosity4) imagination5) make other people6) individual7) vision8) skills9) qualities3-5 HomeworkUnderstanding conversations 1D C C AUnderstanding passages 1A D A BUnderstanding lectures or speeches 1A D D AUnit 4 An important partnership 4-1 Warm-upWhat did you hear?1) interest2) inspire3) identify4) contribute to5) appreciate6) cause harm4-2 ListeningUnderstanding a passage 1D A C AUnderstanding a lecture 1A DB C4-4 Speaking-Listening and speakingPassage 11. help a person2. a stranger /strangers/a bystander/bystanders3. held responsiblePassage 21) respond2) act quickly3) immediate danger4) slower5) someone else6) makes an effort7) stand around8) each other9) similar to10) social11) economic12) male bystanderLecture 11. factory farms2. grow faster3. poorly4. helpless humansLecture 21) factory farming approach2) move around3) living, breathing animals /living breathing animals4) get diseases5) diseased meat6) consume chemicals7) control insects8) stay on4-5 HomeworkUnderstanding conversations 1B B D CUnderstanding passages 1B B A CUnderstanding lectures or speeches 1B A B CUnit 5 Culture clash, culture consensus 5-1 Warm-upWhat did you hear ?motivatedstereotypesfair5-2 ListeningUnderstanding a passage 1D C D CUnderstanding a lecture 1A B C B5-4 Speaking-Listening and speaking Passage 1give thanksspending time with familyprofitsgood salesPassage 2persuademidnightearliercomplainingtake advantage ofprotestingsacrificeAs a resultclosedemployeesLecture 11) correct values2) spoilt adults3) highs and lows4) balanced5) welfareLecture 21) terribly2) comfort3) sympathetic approach4) disappointments5) setbacks6) overcome7) possessions8) national park9) festival10) parachutes11) physical12) excitement13) proudest14) volunteering5-5 HomeworkUnderstanding conversations 1B DC BUnderstanding passages 1B A D BUnderstanding lectures or speeches 1C C A BUnit 6 Breaking the glass ceiling 6-1 Warm-upWhat did you hear ?1. director2. accepted3. minimizes/minimises6-2 ListeningUnderstanding a passage 1A D C CUnderstanding a lecture 1B A B C6-4 Speaking-Listening and speakingPassage 11) property2) authority3) lose everything4) vote5) better6) politicsPassage 21) equal status2) special homes3) stop violence4) child-care/childcare5) relying on6) pushed into7) equal access to8) scientists9) militaryLecture 11) better health2) die sooner3) like/like to be around4) negative outcomes5) improveLecture 21) remove2) unrealistic3) unprepared4) negotiating5) give up6) figuring out7) the success rate8) significantly9) determination10) reverse11) initially12) gain weight13) focus on14) take chances6-5 HomeworkUnderstanding conversations 1C B A BUnderstanding passages 1A D D AUnderstanding lectures or speeches 1A C D BUnit 7 A land of riches,a world of hunger 7-1 Warm-upWhat did you hear ?1) dead2) empty3) dirt4) garbage5) sheds6) relief7) victims7-2 ListeningUnderstanding a passage 1A C C DUnderstanding a lecture 1B D A D7-4 Speaking-Listening and speakingPassage 11) Chinese authorities2) burial site3) fierce conqueror4) government system5) measuring6) infrastructurePassage 21) level of detailing2) military position3) on their knees4) stand nearby5) leisure life6) surrounding environment7) excavatedLecture 11) cheaper price2) 250/two hundred and fifty3) pay no taxes4) tax revenue5) available jobs6) authentic products7) good quality8) testingLecture 21) fake medicines2) suffer tremendously3) are contaminated with4) purity and cleanness /cleanness and purity5) poisonous chemicals6) manufacturing process7) the nutritional value8) terrible consequences7-5 HomeworkUnderstanding conversations 1D C D CUnderstanding passages 1B DC AUnderstanding lectures or speeches 1D D C BUnit 8 A life worth living 8-1 Warm-upWhat did you hear?1) dies2) wants to do3) cultures4) goals5) achieve8-2 ListeningUnderstanding passages 1D C A DUnderstanding a lecture 1C B A C8-4 Speaking-Listening and speaking Passage 11. 50/fifty2. true love3. legalPassage 21) ancestors2) fell in love3) got pregnant4) prohibited5) rushed into6) marriage certificate7) committed a crime8) go to jail9) contacted10) regardiess of raceLecture 11) promises2) positive3) improving physical health4) exercise5) bad habitsLecture 21) practice self-control /practise self-control2) make too many resolutions3) overwhelm yourself with big general goals4) feel your determination slipping8-5 HomeworkUnderstanding conversations 1B C C CUnderstanding passages 1B B A DUnderstanding lectures or speeches 1C C A B。
trial_lecture
Trial Lecture
Demissie B. Aredo
March 3, 2005
Introduction to Formal Methods
State-of-the-Art FMs are not in the mainstream SW engineering Limitations of FMs in industrial settings Introducing FMs into SW Engineering Practice Success Criteria for Formal Methods
Taken from: [2] Richard Sharpe, Formal methods start to add up once again, Computing, January 8, 2004.
Demissie B. Aredo March 3, 2005, Oslo 6
Main Concepts of FMs
Demissie B. Aredo March 3, 2005, Oslo 4
Historical Timeline
1947-48: Von Neumann and Goldstine propose six-step programming process, starting with conceptualization of the problem mathematically 1959: Backus-Naur Form (BNF) for languages 1960: Hoare's Algol 60 compiler 1962: PetriNets 1969: Hoare's 'axiomatic basis’ 1973: IBM's VDM (Vienna Development Method), Cliff Jones 1978: Hoare's CSP (communicating Sequential Processes)
托福听力tpo51 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo51lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (5)译文 (6)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Lecture4 (20)原文 (20)题目 (22)答案 (24)译文 (24)Lecture1原文NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a botany class.FEMALE PROFESSOR:So,continuing with crop domestication,and corn—or,um, maize,as it's often called.Obviously it's one of the world's most important cropstoday.It's such a big part of the diet in so many countries,and it's got so many different uses,that it's hard to imagine a world without it.But because it doesn't grow naturally,without human cultivation,and because there's no obvious wild relative of maize…uh,well,for the longest time,researchers weren’t able to find any clear link between maize and other living plants.And that's made it hard for them to trace the history of maize.Now,scientific theories about the origins of maize first started coming out in the 1930s.One involved a plant called teosinte.Teosinte is a tall grass that grows wild in certain parts of Mexico and Guatemala.When researchers first started looking at wild teosinte plants,they thought there was a chance that the two plants—um, maize and teosinte—were related.The young wild teosinte plant looks a lot like the corn plant,and the plants continue to resemble each other—at least superficially—even when they're developed.But when the scientists examined the fruits of the two plants,it was a different story. When you look at ripe corn,you see row upon row of juicy kernels…um,all those tiny little yellow squares that people eat.Fully grown teosinte,on the other hand, has a skinny stalk that holds only a dozen or so kernels behind a hard,um,almost stonelike casing.In fact,based on the appearance of its fruit,teosinte was initially considered to be a closer relative to rice than to maize.But there was one geneticist,named George Beadle,who didn't give up so easily on the idea that teosinte might be…well…the“parent”of corn.While still a student in the1930s,Beadle actually found that the two plants had very similar chromosomes—very similar genetic information.In fact,he was even able to make fertile hybrids between the two plants.In hybridization,you remember,the genes of two species of plants are mixed to produce a new,third plant—a hybrid.And if this offspring—this hybrid—is fertile,then that suggests that the two species are closely related genetically.This new,hybrid plant looked like an intermediate,right between maize and teosinte.So,Beadle concluded that maize must've been developed over many years,uh,that it is a domesticated form of teosinte.Many experts in thescientific community,however,remained unconvinced by his conclusions.They believed that,with so many apparent differences between the two plants,it would have been unlikely that ancient—that prehistoric peoples could’ve domesticated maize from teosinte.I mean,when you think about it,these people lived in small groups,and they had to be on the move constantly as the seasons changed.So for them to selectively breed,to have the patience to be able to pick out just the right plants…and gradually—over generations—separate out the durable,nutritious maize plant from the brittle teosinte that easily broke apart…it's a pretty impressive feat,and you can easily see why so many experts would have been skeptical.But,as it turns out,Beadle found even more evidence for his theory when he continued his experiments,producing new hybrids,to investigate the genetic relationship between teosinte and maize.Through these successive experiments,he calculated that only about five specific genes were responsible for the main differences between teosinte and maize—the plants were otherwise surprisingly similar genetically.And more recently,botanists have used modern DNA testing to scan plant samples collected from throughout the Western Hemisphere.This has allowed them to pinpoint where the domestication of maize most likely took place—and their research took them to a particular river valley in southern Mexico.They've also been able to estimate that the domestication of maize most likely occurred about9,000 years ago.And subsequent archaeological digs have confirmed this estimate.In one site,archaeologists uncovered a set of tools that were nearly9,000years old.And these tools were covered with a dusty residue…a residue of maize,as it turns out…thus making them the oldest physical evidence of maize that we've found so far.题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A.A research study that compares wild and domesticated plantsB.Problems with a commonly held hypothesis about the origin of teosinteC.Reasons why wild plants are usually unsuitable for agricultureD.The process used to identify the ancestor of a modern crop2.What evidence seemed to indicate that maize and teosinte are not related?A.Young teosinte plants do not physically resemble young maize plants.B.Preliminary DNA evidence indicated that teosinte was related to rice.C.Maize and teosinte usually grow in significantly different climates.D.Maize and teosinte have very different types of kernels.3.Why does the professor discuss hybrids?A.To explain how a geneticist confirmed that maize was widely grown9,000years agoB.To indicate the earliest method used by geneticists to identify plant originsC.To explain a method used to demonstrate a link between two plant speciesD.To describe how geneticists distinguish between wild plants and domesticated plants4.What was most researchers'initial view of George Beadle's theory about teosinte?A.They accepted it but questioned the evidence cited.B.They rejected it because of conflicting archaeological evidence.C.They questioned it because it implies that ancient farmers were sophisticatedplant breeders.D.They questioned it because genetic research was viewed with skepticism at that time.5.What did Beadle conclude about maize and teosinte?A.Both plants lack particular genes that are common in most domesticated plants.B.Both plants have particular genes that enable them to adapt to varying climates.C.Only a small number of genes are responsible for the differences between the two plants.D.The genetic composition of both plants is very similar to that of rice.6.According to the professor,why was the discovery of stone tools important?A.It proved that teosinte was simultaneously domesticated in multiple locations.B.It helped to confirm the period in which maize was first domesticated.C.It suggested that maize required farming techniques that were more complex than experts had previously assumed.D.It provided evidence that maize plants were used for more purposes than experts had previously assumed.答案D D C C C B译文旁白：请听一段植物学讲座的节选。
Testing in the Fourth Dimension - ECE测试在第四维度的ECE-精品文档
• QT = total trapped charge at semiconductor-insulator
difference between
metal & semiconductor
• c = semiconductor
electron affinity
• •
ms = m – (c +
Eg 2q
+ B ) = 0
Flat-band condition – usually have to apply VFB (flat-band
measurements
7/11/2019
Deep Submicron VLSI Des. Lec. 3
13
Conventional VT Derivation
• From Gauss’s Law, total
•
cNhoatreg:eins
semiconductor is:
= surface potential
14
Depletion Region Depth
• Depletion assumption – regard depletion layer as
totally devoid of mobile charges
• One-sided abrupt-junction assumption – carrier
7/11/2019
Deep Submicron VLSI Des. Lec. 3
托福听力tpo44 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo44lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (6)译文 (6)Lecture2 (7)原文 (8)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (19)译文 (19)Lecture4 (20)原文 (21)题目 (23)答案 (25)译文 (25)Lecture1原文NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a materials science class.MALE PROFESSOR st time we finished going over some of the fundamental concepts of nanotechnology—the multidisciplinary science of manipulating—or controlling—extremely small units of matter,on the scale of molecules or even atoms.So,I want to talk about how nanotechnology is being used today,and,just to give you an idea,we'll look at one particular application.A team of materials scientists in Massachusetts has been working on a new,ultrathin coating,a nanocoating that might be applied to objects like bathroom mirrors,car windows,and eyeglasses to prevent fogging.And the coating has the potential to be a permanent solution,unlike the kinds of anti-fogging,spray-on liquids that are on the market today...Now,fogging often occurs when a cold surface comes into contact with warm,moist air,such as when a glass shower door or mirror fogs up during a warm shower.…Now,what's actually happening is,uh,what the fog is,is thousands of tiny spherical water droplets condensing on the surface of the glass.Light hits the water droplets and is scattered in random directions,causing the fogging effect.Now,the kind of spray-on treatments I mentioned,well,they wear off.What happens is they cause the tiny water droplets to flatten when they condense on the surface of the shower door,or bathroom mirror,or whatever object it is that it's been applied to.Because the droplets are flattened,when light hits them,the light doesn't scatter. But as I said,those kinds of treatments don't last very long.The new coating has two important components.One:negatively charged silicananoparticles—these are basically tiny particles of glass.And two:a positively charged polymer—which,you already know,a polymer is a chemical compound. These're layered over each other…the polymer,then the silica nanoparticles,the polymer,then the silica nanoparticles,you see.They're layered in such a way that the silica nanoparticles don't pack together tightly.In other words,the structure has pores,or holes,little tiny pockets,throughout it.The coating prevents fog from developing because it loves water.It attracts the water droplets—sucking them into the tiny pores.And that alters the shape of the droplets; the droplets are forced to flatten and to join together into a single sheet of water, rather than remaining as single droplets—each of which is a sphere that scatters light in different directions.OK,so instead of being scattered,the light passes through the thin sheet of water.So there's no fogging effect.The ultrathin coating can be made more durable by heating it—and of course the object it's applied to—to an extremely hot temperature—500degrees Celsius.What that does is burn the polymer away and fuse the silica nanoparticles together—while maintaining the structure of pores.But that's possible only on materials that can withstand high heat.Glass,yes.Plastics, no.But they're working on solving that problem;trying to come up with a way to coat plastics and other materials durably and effectively.Interestingly,it was a plant—the lotus plant—that inspired this work,I guess you could say inspired it in an indirect sort of way.The leaves of this plant are what we call“superhydrophobic.”Lotus leaves,being superhydrophobic,don’t attract water—they repel it—in a big way.When raindrops fall on lotus leaves,they remain spherical.They roll right off.So for a long time the Massachusetts scientists tried to create a coating that acted like these lotus leaves—a coating that was superhydrophobic.But then they began to think about the opposite extreme.Uh,could they accomplish their goal by making acoating that,instead of repelling water,actually attracted water?Well,they seem to have gotten quite far with this approach.It’s really strong work with a range of interesting consumer applications.It's not costly to manufacture the coating.Some car makers are interested in applying it to their windshields.Looks like we'll probably see it on the markets in everyday products in the next few years.题目1.What is the main purpose of the lecture?A.To provide an example of a practical use of nanotechnology.B.To show the origins of the field of nanotechnology.C.To give a brief outline of the main concepts of nanotechnology.D.To explain the growing interest in nanotechnology research.2.How does the professor organize the information he presents to the class?A.He describes the inspiration behind the nanocoating,then how the coating works.B.He describes how the nanocoating is currently marketed,then the inspiration behind it.C.He explains how fogging occurs,then the basic concepts of nanotechnology.D.He explains how fogging occurs,then how the nanocoating prevents it.3.According to the professor,how does the new nanocoating work?A.By forcing light to bounce off a glass-coated polymer.B.By forcing water droplets to roll off an ultrathin surface.C.By causing water droplets to merge into a single sheet of water.D.By causing light to scatter randomly in many directions.4.According to the information in the lecture,why does the new nanocoating not last as long on plastic as it does on glass?A.Plastic cannot withstand extremely high temperatures.B.The internal structure of plastic repels a positively charged polymer.C.The coating solution scatters when it comes into contact with plastic.D.Plastic surfaces scratch more easily than glass surfaces do.5.What inspired the team of scientists in developing the new coating?A.A problem the team frequently encountered in everyday life.B.The ineffectiveness of spray solutions in flattening water droplets.C.The leaves of a plant that the team had been investigating.D.Interactions observed between silica nanoparticles and polymers.6.What is the professor's opinion about the approach inventors took to the development of the new nanocoating?A.He thinks other inventors should use a similar approach.B.He is impressed by the flexibility of their approach.C.He is surprised the research process took so long.D.He thinks they should have spent more time testing a superhydrophobic coating.答案A D C A C B译文旁白：请听一段材料科学的讲座。
hypotheses-testing
–feature analysis; proximity; organization; similarity; simplicity; continuity.
• Critical periods for visual development
• Perceptual-motor (p-m) coordination intimately linked to stimulation and active interaction with environment. • New p-m learning rapid even in adulthood if self-generated activity allowed, but not if inactive.
Sensation vs. perception
• Sensation
–Sense organs are energy detectors and signalling devices, which give rise to –afferent neural activity. –afferent activity presents centrally primarily as sensation.
Functional features
• Recognition
–Attentional processes –Limited capacity channels –Bottom-up processing (input driven e.g. detection of specific elements and assembly into complex forms e.g. geons*).
语言测试与理论
2) A test used to determine whether a student‟s English is good enough to follow a course of study at a British university.
contrast, do not have any occupation or course of study in mind. For them the concept of proficiency is more general. e.g. Cambridge examinations (First Certification Examination and Proficiency Examination); The Oxford EFL examinations (Preliminary and Higher)
The purpose of language testing is to measure the language competence of a candidate.
3. Kinds of test and testing Kinds of test: Proficiency tests 水平测试 Achievement tests 成绩测试 Diagnostic tests 诊断测试 Placement tests 编班测试
Progress achievement tests, as their name suggests, are intended to measure the progress that students are making.
Hale Waihona Puke Since ‘progress’ is towards the achievement of course objectives, these tests too should relate to objectives.
托福TPO1-30听力中Lecture部分的每个Lecture文章主旨大意和中心思想
childhood amnesia,rate of forgetting
中 parenting behaviors of birds
中
different types of residential architectures in the United States
中
the state of Florida,farmers moved south,great citric industry in Florida,the impact of landscapes on temperature
How you can successfully call attention to the service or
product you want to sell
DNA,chromosomes
MBWA--managing by wandering around
难 Opera,the golden age in French literature
Animal communication systems,human language
How whales became ocean dwellers
中 Where american food ingredients originally come from
nutrient cycle,the carbon cycle,the Phosphorus cycle
Lec 4 Art history
Lec 1 Art history
Lec 2 Environmental Science Lec 3 History Lec 4 Biology Lec 1 Astronomy Lec 2 Art history Lec 3 European history Lec 4 Biology
讲义_1 & lecture_1
Yang Feng
Yang Feng (Columbia University)
roduction to Simple Linear Regression
1 / 70
Course Description
Theory and practice of regression analysis, Simple and multiple regression, including testing, estimation, and confidence procedures, modeling, regression diagnostics and plots, polynomial regression, colinearity and confounding, model selection, geometry of least squares. Extensive use of the computer to analyze data. Course website: /~yangfeng/W4315 Required Text: Applied Linear Regression Models (4th Ed.) Authors: Kutner, Nachtsheim, Neter
Yang Feng (Columbia University)
Introduction to Simple Linear Regression
7 / 70
Grading
Weekly homework (20%)
DUE 5pm every Wednesday in W4315-Inbox at 904@SSW You can collect graded homework in W4315-Outbox at 904@SSW NO late homework accepted Lowest score will be dropped
英语测试学课件
3
N = 26 X = 702 Mean = 702 26 = 27 d² = 432 d² /N = 432 26 = 16.62 s.d. = d² /N = 16.62 = 4.77 = 4.8
Table 3: Calculaபைடு நூலகம்ion of Correlation Coefficient
Lecture I: Definition and Function of Language Tests 5. For finding out learning difficulties 6. For helping the students understand the purpose of teaching 7. For helping the students consolidate what they have learned 8. For reporting the progress of the students 9. For predicting the success or failure in language learning 10.For evaluating the efficiency of teaching 11.For evaluating the teaching methods 12.For evaluating the teaching materials
4
[2280 – 1664]²
= [1640 – 1024][3320 – 2704] =
616²
616 616 = 1.00
Figure 1: Norm Distribution and Standard Score
5
2% 14% 34% 34% 14% 2%
Multiple testing lecture
Multiple testing / Multiple comparisonGlantz, Primer of Biostatistics, Chapter 4, page 98 ff The multiple comparison problemSuppose that we perform 5 t-tests, each with alpha = 0.05.What is the probability that we will get at least one false positive result?P(at least one false positive result)= 1 - P(zero false positive results)The probability of getting a false positive result for a single test is alpha = 0.05.So the probability of not getting a false positive result for a single test is1 – alpha = 1 - 0.05 = 0.95.If we do k = 5 t-tests, the probability of getting no false positives on any test is 0.95^k = 0.95^5P(at least one false positive result)= 1 - P(zero false positive results)= 1 – (1 - .05) ^ k= 1 – (1 - .05) ^ 5= 1 – (.95) ^ 5= 0.226If we do 10 t-tests with alpha = 0.05, thenP(at least one false positive result)= 1 – (.95) ^ 10= 0.40If we do 20 t-tests with alpha = 0.05, thenP(at least one false positive result) == 1 – (.95) ^ 20= 0.64What if we do 100 t-tests with alpha = 0.05, for 100 genes?Then P(at least one false positive result)= 1 – (.95) ^ 100= 0.994See Excel file “multtest examples.xls”.Recall that many gene expression studies use microarrays with 10,000 genes.In genotyping studies, we may examine the association of 500,000 SNP’s with a disease outcome.In such studies, the probability of at least one false positive result is near certain.We will often be interested not just in the probability of one error, but in the expected total number of errors.The expected number of false positives is simply alpha multiplied by the number of tests:For k=100 independent t-tests with alpha = 0.1, the expected number of false positives is100 * 0.10 = 10 false positives.Family-wise error rateThe probability that we will get at least one false positive result, P(at least one false positive result), is called the Family-wise error rate (FWER). Protecting against false positive resultsMany statistical methods have been developed to protect against making a false positive conclusion. We’ll examine the Bonferroni correction and Holm’s test. These and others are described in Glantz.Bonferroni correctionDivide the target alpha (typically alpha(T)=0.05 or0.01) by the number of tests being performed.If the unadjusted p-value is less than the Bonferroni-corrected target alpha, then reject the null hypothesis.If the unadjusted p-value is greater than the Bonferroni-corrected target alpha, then do not reject the null hypothesis.Example of Bonferroni correction.Suppose we have k = 3 t-tests.Assume target alpha(T)= 0.05.Bonferroni corrected p-value is alpha(T)/k = 0.05/3 = 0.0167Unadjusted p-values arep1 = 0.001p2 = 0.013p3 = 0.074p1 = 0.001 < 0.0167, so reject nullp2 = 0.013 < 0.0167, so reject nullp3 = 0.074 > 0.0167, so do not reject null Bonferroni adjusted p-values.An alternative, equivalent way to implement the Bonferroni correction is to multiply the unadjusted p-value by the number of hypotheses tested, k, up to a maximum Bonferroni adjusted p-value of 1. If the Bonferroni adjusted p-value is still less than the original alpha (say, 0.05), then reject the null.Unadjusted p-values arep1 = 0.001p2 = 0.013p3 = 0.074Bonferroni adjusted p-values arep1 = 0.001 * 3 = 0.003p2 = 0.013 * 3 = 0.039p3 = 0.074 * 3 = 0.222See Excel file “multtest examples.xls”.The multiple comparison correction methods can provide adjusted p-values, though in general calculation of the adjusted p-value is more complicated than is the case for Bonferroni.Holm’s testFor the Bonferroni correction, we apply the same critical value (alpha/k) to all the hypotheses simultaneously. It is called a “single-step” method. Holm’s test is a stepwise method, also called a sequential rejection method, because it examines each hypothesis in an ordered sequence, and the decision to accept or reject the null depends on the results of the previous hypothesis tests.The Holm’s test is less conservative than the Bonferroni correction, and is therefore more powerful. The Holm’s test uses a stepwise procedure to examine the ordered set of null hypotheses, beginning with the smallest P value, and continuing until it fails to reject a null hypothesis.Example of Holm’s test.Suppose we have k = 3 t-tests.Assume target alpha(T)= 0.05.Unadjusted p-values arep1 = 0.001p2 = 0.013p3 = 0.074For the jth test, calculate alpha(j) = alpha(T)/(k – j +1) For test j = 1,alpha(j) = alpha(T)/(k – j +1)= 0.05/(3 – 1 + 1)= 0.05 / 3= 0.0167For test j=1, the observed p1 = 0.001 is less than alpha(j) = 0.0167, so we reject the null hypothesis. For test j = 2,alpha(j) = alpha(T)/(k – j +1)= 0.05/(3 – 2 + 1)= 0.05 / 2= 0.025For test j=2, the observed p2 = 0.013 is less than alpha(j) = 0.025, so we reject the null hypothesis.For test j = 3,alpha(j) = alpha(T)/(k – j +1)= 0.05/(3 – 3 + 1)= 0.05 / 1= 0.05For test j=3, the observed p2 = 0.074 is greater than alpha(j) = 0.05, so we do not reject the null hypothesis.Recall that the Family-wise error rate (FWER) is the probability that we will get at least one false positive result, P(at least one false positive result).The Bonferroni test and Holm’s test protect us against the FWER.See multtest examples Excel file.False discovery rateFWER controls the probability of at least one false positive result when we do multiple comparisons.When we do microarray gene expression experiments, or SNP genotyping studies, we usually examine thousands of gene in a screening experiment to identify candidate genes that appear to be associated with the outcome.We subsequently perform additional confirmation and validation experiments to filter out the candidates that are false positives from those that are genuinely associated with the outcome.In this type of experiment, we are less concerned about protecting against a single false positive.Instead, we are interested in estimating the proportion of false positives (error) among the candidate genes that we identify (those genes for which we do not reject the null hypothesis).The False Discovery Rate (FDR) is the expected proportion of false positives (erroneously rejected null hypotheses) among the rejected null hypotheses. Define the FDR as follows.m = the number of simultaneously tested null hypotheses.m0 = the number of null hypotheses that are true nullFor each hypothesis Hi, calculate the corresponding p-value Pi from the test statistic (e.g., t-test).R = the number of hypotheses rejectedV = the number of true null hypotheses rejectedS = the number of false null hypotheses rejectedR = V + SQ = V/R when R > 0Q = 0 otherwiseFDR = E(Q)Estimating the FDR for a real data set can be quite challenging. Many methods have been developed, it is an active area of research, and there is as yet no agreement on which methods are best.We’ll look at the Benjamini and Hochberg method, which was one of the first developed and is widely used. Benjamini-Hochberg controls the FDR provided that the true null hypotheses’ p-values are independent uniform(0,1) random variables, which requires in particular that the hypothesis tests are not correlated. Gene expression is often correlated. Simulation studies indicate that Benjamini-Hochberg may be overly conservative (have low power) if many tests are true positive.Benjamini and Hochberg FDROrder the p-values P1, … Pm from smallest to largest.Order the corresponding hypthotheses H1, … Hm.For a desired FDR q, compare the ordered p-value Pi to the critical value q*i/m.k = max (i : Pi < q*i/m)If k exists, then reject H1, … HkSee Excel file “multtest examples.xls”.The multtest R package for multiple testingSandrine Dudoit and colleagues implemented the R multtest package, which is part of the Bioconductor package, to perform multiple testing analyses.See the multtest documentation on the course website.The document titled “Bioconductor’s multtest package” by Sandrine Dudoit and Yongchao Ge includes a cases study of the ALL/AML leukemia data set of Golub et al, which we’ll ex amine here.Golub and colleagueslibrary(multtest)data(golub)The golub data set has three parts:1. golub 3,051 x 38 matrix of expression level2. golub.cl a vector of tumor class labels(0=ALL,1=AML)3. golub.gnames 3,051 x 3 matrix of geneidentifierslength(golub)/38length(golub.cl)length(golub.gnames)/3# First 10 rows and 10 columnsgolub[1:10,1:10]golub.clgolub.gnames[1:10,]golub.gnames[1000:1010,]The mt.teststat functionThe mt.teststat function calculates a test statistic (for example, the t-statistic or the Wilcoxon) for each row in a data frame.# Get documentation on mt.teststat?mt.teststat# Compute the t-statistic comparing, for each of the first 100 genes, the expression in the ALL cases to the expression in the AML cases.teststat.t.equalvar= mt.teststat(golub[1:100,], golub.cl, test=“t.equalvar”)teststat.t.equalvar# Plot the t-statistics against the normal quantiles. qqnorm(teststat.t.equalvar)qqline(teststat.t.equalvar)# Do the Wilcoxon testteststat.wilcoxon = mt.teststat(golub[1:100,], golub.cl, test=“wilcoxon”)teststat.wilcoxon# Plot the wilcoxon against the normal quantiles. qqnorm(teststat.wilcoxon)qqline(teststat.wilcoxon)Are the Wilcoxon results similar to those for the t-test? The mt.raw2adjp functionThe mt.raw2ajdp function computes adjusted p-values for each raw-pvalue. We’ll only look at the Bonferroni, Holm, and Benjamini-Hochberg adjusted p-values.# Calculate the unadjusted p-value corresponding to each t-statistic in the list teststat.t.equalvar.rawp0 = 2*(1 - pnorm(abs(teststat.t.equalvar)))rawp0plot(sort(rawp0))# Calculate the adjusted p-values using the Bonferroni, Holm, and Benjamini-Hochberg methods procs = c("Bonferroni", "Holm", "BH")res = mt.rawp2adjp(rawp0, procs)adjp = res$adjp[order(res$index),]round(adjp,3)The mt.reject functionThe mt.reject function returns the number of rejected hypotheses corresponding to each adjusted p-valuefor the multiple testing correction procedures you specify.Let’s look at the numbe r of rejected null hypotheses at successive p-values from alpha = 0.05 to alpha=1, using the Bonferroni, Holm, and Benjamini-Hochberg procedures.The number of rejected hypotheses for each adjusted p-value for the Bonferroni, Holm, and Benjamini-Hochberg procedures is given by this code.mt.reject(adjp, seq(0,1, 0.05))$rFor alpha = 0.05raw p-value rejects 31 null hypotheses.Bonferroni and Holm reject 12 null hypotheses. Benjamin-Hochberg rejects 18 null hypotheses.For alpha = 0.2raw p-value rejects 48 null hypotheses.Bonferroni and Holm reject 12 null hypotheses. Benjamin-Hochberg rejects 32 null hypotheses.So the raw p-value is least conservative, Bonferroni and Holm give the same (most conservative) result in this case, and Benjamin-Hochberg is in between.How do we know which estimate is correct?The best way to be confident in the results is to replicate the experiment in one or more additional samples.Keep in mind that the p-values are a function of power and sample size, and that even a true effect may not be reproduced in additional samples if the power and sample size are small.。
Lecture 7
7
Class BankAccount
public class BankAccount { private double balance; public BankAccount() { balance = 0.0; } public double getBalance() { return balance; } public boolean deposit(double amount) { if (amount > 0) { balance += amount; return true; } else { return false; } } public boolean withdraw(double amount) { if (amount > 0 && balance >= amount) { balance -= amount; return true; } else { return false; } }}
Object-Oriented Design and Programming (Java)
Topics Covered Today
• 2.1 Implementing Classes – 2.1.4 Unit Testing
2
Unit Testing
• Scope: individual component • Focus: component correctness • Responsibility of the developer
4
HelloWorld.java code
public class HelloWorld { public String sayHello() { System.out.println("Hello World"); return “Hello World”;
测试类型Types
23 May 2008 VLSI Test: Bushnell-Agrawal/Lecture 2 12
测试类型 测试类型
参数测试– 测量引腿的电参数– 延迟, 电压, 电流等. – 快速而便宜. 功能测试– 用于覆盖非常高模型故障的百分比% – 测 试数字电路中每个晶体管和连线– 时间长而昂贵的.
10
入库检查 入库检查 Incoming Inspection Incoming Inspection
存在: 类似于生产测试 比产品测试更全面 调整到特定系统应用 通常随机抽取器件 抽取规模取决于器件质量和系统可靠性要求 避免将有缺陷器件放入系统中, 其中诊断价格超过 入库检查价格.
23 May 2008
23 May 2008
VLSI Test: Bushnell-Agrawal/Lecture 2
7
Shmoo Plot Shmoo Plot
23 May 2008
VLSI Test: Bushnell-Agrawal/Lecture 2
8
制造测试 制造测试 Manufacturing Test Manufacturing Test
Lecture 1.2 Lecture 1.2 VLSI Testing Process VLSI Testing Process and Equipment and Equipment
测试原理 英文
测试原理英文The Theory of TestingThe theory of testing is a fundamental concept in various fields, including computer science, electronics, and psychology. It aims to assess the functionality or accuracy of a system, device, or theory through a systematic process. The testing process involves generating test cases, executing them, and analyzing the results to determine the system's behavior or reliability.There are several principles underlying the theory of testing:1. Coverage: Testing should aim to cover all possible scenarios and inputs that a system may encounter. This includes both positive and negative test cases to ensure that all aspects of the system are thoroughly examined.2. Exhaustiveness: Testing should strive to uncover as many faults or bugs as possible. An exhaustive testing approach aims to test all possible combinations of inputs or system states to identify any potential issues.3. Independence: Test cases should not be dependent on each other, as this can lead to biased or incomplete results. Each test case should be designed to provide meaningful and valuable information about the system's behavior.4. Reproducibility: Tests should be reproducible, meaning that they can be rerun under the same conditions to verify the system's response. This allows for efficient debugging and ensures thereliability of the testing process.5. Documentation: It is crucial to document the testing process, including test cases, results, and any identified issues. This documentation serves as a reference for future testing activities and aids in communication among team members.6. Prioritization: Due to time and resource constraints, it is necessary to prioritize test cases based on their importance and potential impact. High-priority test cases should be executed first to address critical issues promptly.7. Automation: Test automation can significantly improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the testing process. Automation tools and frameworks can execute tests quickly, repeatedly, and accurately, reducing manual effort and increasing test coverage. Overall, the theory of testing provides a structured approach to evaluate the quality and reliability of systems, devices, or theories. By following these principles, testing can help identify and address issues, ensuring that the tested entity functions correctly and meets the desired specifications.。
2022年江苏高考英语试卷解析
2022年江苏高考英语试卷解析篇1Title: Analysis of the 2022 Jiangsu College Entrance Examination English PaperIntroductionThe 2022 Jiangsu College Entrance Examination English paper was recently conducted, and as always, it attracted attention from students, teachers, and parents alike. In this document, we will provide an in-depth analysis of the exam, discussing the difficulty level, question types, and overall performance of students.Section I: ListeningThe listening section of the exam consisted of three parts, each with multiple-choice questions. The first part included short conversations, with questions focusing on details, such as the location and purpose of the conversation. The second part featured longer conversations and discussions, requiring a deeper understanding of context and speaker intentions. The third part involved listening to a talk or lecture, with questionstesting students' ability to comprehend main ideas and key details.Overall, students found the listening section to be challenging, with some expressing difficulty in catching all the information due to the fast pace of the recordings. However, with adequate practice and preparation, most students were able to complete this section successfully.Section II: ReadingThe reading section of the exam was divided into four parts, including multiple-choice, matching, and fill-in-the-blank questions. The passages covered a range of topics, from technology and environmental issues to personal experiences and social trends.Students found the reading section to be relatively easier compared to the listening section, as the questions were straightforward and required a good understanding of vocabulary and grammar rules. However, some students struggled with time management, particularly in the longer passages, and had to rush through the questions towards the end.Section III: WritingThe writing section of the exam consisted of two parts, an essay and a letter-writing task. The essay prompt asked students to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of social media, while the letter-writing task required students to write a letter to a friend inviting them to visit your city.Students generally found the writing section to be manageable, with the essay prompt allowing for a variety of perspectives and arguments. However, some students struggled with organizing their ideas coherently and effectively, leading to less developed arguments and weaker supporting details.ConclusionOverall, the 2022 Jiangsu College Entrance Examination English paper was considered to be a fair and balanced assessment of students' English language skills. While some sections were more challenging than others, with adequate preparation, most students were able to demonstrate their proficiency in listening, reading, and writing.As educators, we encourage students to continue practicing and improving their English skills, as proficiency in this important language will undoubtedly open up opportunities and pave the way for future success. We wish all students the best of luck in their academic endeavors and hope that this analysis hasprovided valuable insights into the 2022 Jiangsu College Entrance Examination English paper.篇2Title: Analysis of the 2022 Jiangsu College Entrance Examination English PaperIntroduction:The 2022 Jiangsu College Entrance Examination English paper was recently released and is being widely discussed by students, teachers, and parents. In this article, we will analyze the different sections of the paper, the difficulty level of the questions, and provide some tips for future test-takers.Reading Comprehension:The reading comprehension section of the paper consisted of four passages, each followed by a series of multiple-choice questions. The passages covered a range of topics, from environmental issues to technology and society. The questions were designed to test students' ability to understand main ideas, infer meanings, and identify specific details. Overall, the reading comprehension section was considered moderate in difficulty, with some questions requiring careful reading and analysis.Writing:The writing section of the paper required students to write an essay on a given topic. The topics ranged from personal experiences to social issues, challenging students to express their thoughts clearly and logically. Many students found the writing task to be manageable, with some opting to write a narrative essay while others chose to write a persuasive piece. The key to success in the writing section was to organize ideas effectively, use appropriate language and vocabulary, and maintain a coherent structure.Listening:The listening section of the paper consisted of a series of audio recordings, each followed by a set of questions. The recordings covered a variety of topics, including conversations, lectures, and interviews. Students were required to listen carefully and answer the questions based on the information presented in the recordings. The listening section was considered challenging by some students, as they had to focus on auditory comprehension and recall details from the recordings.Tips for Future Test-Takers:For future test-takers of the Jiangsu College Entrance Examination English paper, it is important to practice regularly in all four areas of language skills: reading, writing, listening, and speaking. Reading English materials such as books, articles, and newspapers can help improve vocabulary and comprehension. Writing practice essays on different topics can enhance writing skills and critical thinking. Listening to English podcasts, songs, and videos can help improve listening skills and pronunciation. Lastly, speaking English with classmates, teachers, or language partners can help build confidence and fluency in spoken English.Conclusion:In conclusion, the 2022 Jiangsu College Entrance Examination English paper was a comprehensive test of s tudents’ English language proficiency. The paper covered a range of topics and required students to demonstrate their abilities in reading, writing, listening, and speaking. By analyzing the different sections of the paper and providing tips for futuretest-takers, students can prepare effectively and achieve success in the college entrance examination.篇3Analysis of 2022 Jiangsu College Entrance Examination English PaperThe 2022 Jiangsu College Entrance Examination English paper was widely regarded as challenging yet fair by both students and teachers. The test consisted of four parts: listening, reading, writing, and translation, each designed to assess different language skills and abilities.In the listening section, students were required to listen to a series of dialogues and monologues and answer questions based on the information provided. The topics covered a wide range of situations, such as shopping, traveling, and daily life. The questions were designed to test students' ability to comprehend spoken English and make inferences based on context. Overall, the listening section was considered to be manageable for most students, although some found certain questions to be particularly tricky.The reading section of the exam included a variety of texts, such as articles, essays, and short stories. Students were asked to answer questions that tested their reading comprehension, vocabulary, and analytical skills. The texts covered a diverse range of topics, including current events, literature, and culture.Some students found the reading section to be challenging due to the complexity of the texts and the nuanced questions asked.The writing section of the exam required students to write an essay on a given topic. Students were given a choice between two prompts, allowing them to select the one that best suited their strengths and interests. The essay topics werethought-provoking and required students to demonstrate their ability to analyze and articulate their ideas effectively. Many students found the writing section to be challenging but rewarding, as it allowed them to showcase their writing skills and creativity.The translation section of the exam tested students' ability to translate between Chinese and English accurately and efficiently. Students were required to translate both written passages and spoken dialogue, demonstrating their proficiency in both languages. The translation section was considered to be particularly challenging for some students, as it required a deep understanding of both languages and the ability to convey meaning accurately.Overall, the 2022 Jiangsu College Entrance Examination English paper was considered to be a comprehensive and rigorous assessment of students' English language skills. The testcovered a wide range of topics and required students to demonstrate their ability to listen, read, write, and translate effectively. While some students found certain sections to be more challenging than others, the exam was generally seen as a fair and accurate reflection of students' proficiency in English.。
大学英语中西方文化第三讲
04
Social Etiquette in Eastern and Western
Cultures
Table Etiquette
Table etiquette in the East
Respect for Elders, priority seating, and public behavior during meals
Discipline
The practice of self-control and self-regulation through the establishment of regular habits and routines Discipline is associated with personal development, success, and achievement
Cultures • Social Etiquette in Eastern
and Western Cultures
目录
• Art and Literature in Eastern and Western Cultures
• The Education System in Eastern and Western Cultures
• Religious Beliefs in Eastern and Western Cultures
目录
01
Introduction
Theme Introduction
Theme
The comparison and contrast of Chinese and Western culture
Festival customs
要点一
Festival customs in the East
鄞州高级中学强基计划试卷
鄞州高级中学强基计划试卷一、语文（共30分）（一）古诗词默写（10分）1. 补写出下列句子中的空缺部分。
（每空1分）（二）文言文阅读（20分）阅读下面的文言文，完成2 - 5题。
吾尝终日而思矣，不如须臾之所学也；吾尝跂而望矣，不如登高之博见也。
登高而招，臂非加长也，而见者远；顺风而呼，声非加疾也，而闻者彰。
假舆马者，非利足也，而致千里；假舟楫者，非能水也，而绝江河。
君子生非异也，善假于物也。
积土成山，风雨兴焉；积水成渊，蛟龙生焉；积善成德，而神明自得，圣心备焉。
故不积跬步，无以至千里；不积小流，无以成江海。
骐骥一跃，不能十步；驽马十驾，功在不舍。
锲而舍之，朽木不折；锲而不舍，金石可镂。
蚓无爪牙之利，筋骨之强，上食埃土，下饮黄泉，用心一也。
蟹六跪而二螯，非蛇鳝之穴无可寄托者，用心躁也。
2. 解释下列加点字在文中的意思。
（4分）假舆马者（）风雨兴焉（）驽马十驾（）用心一也（）3. 把文中画横线的句子翻译成现代汉语。
（8分）君子生非异也，善假于物也。
故不积跬步，无以至千里；不积小流，无以成江海。
4. 文中运用了大量的比喻论证，请找出一处并分析其作用。
（4分）5. 这篇文章告诉我们哪些学习的道理？（4分）二、数学（共35分）（一）选择题（每题3分，共15分）1. 设集合A = {xx^2-3x + 2 = 0}，B={xax - 2 = 0}，若B⊆ A，则实数a组成的集合为（）A. {1, 2}B. {1}C. {0, 1, 2}D. {- 2, 0, 1}2. 函数y = sin(2x+(π)/(3))的图象向右平移(π)/(6)个单位长度后得到的图象对应的函数解析式是（）A. y=sin2xB. y = sin(2x-(π)/(6))C. y=sin(2x+(π)/(6))D. y=cos2x3. 已知a=(1,2)，b=(m, - 1)，若a∥ b，则m的值为（）A. (1)/(2)B. -\frac{1}{2}\)C. 2.D. - 2.4. 在等差数列{a_n}中，a_3+a_9=27 - a_6，S_n表示数列{a_n}的前n项和，则S_11等于（）A. 18.B. 99.C. 198.D. 297.5. 双曲线frac{x^2}{a^2}-frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1(a>0,b>0)的一条渐近线方程为y=(3)/(4)x，则双曲线的离心率为（）A. (5)/(4)B. (5)/(3)C. (4)/(3)D. (√(7))/(3)（二）解答题（20分）1. （10分）已知函数f(x)=x^2+2ax + 1，x∈[-2,2]，求函数f(x)的最小值g(a)。
paper-for-testing
LISTENING AND SPEAKING TESTPart One Listening:Section One:Directions: In this section,you will hear four statements about a picture in your paper. When you hear the statements, you muse select the one statement that best describes what you see in the picture and mark the answer on the answer sheet. The statement will not be printed in your paper and will be spoken only one time.1.2.3.4.5.d6.7.8.9.10.Section Two:Directions: In this section,you will hear a question or statement and three responses spoken in English. They will be spoken only one time and will not be printed in your paper. Select the best response to the question or statement and mark the letter on your answer sheet.11.Mark your answer on your answer sheet.12. Mark your answer on your answer sheet.13. Mark your answer on your answer sheet.14. Mark your answer on your answer sheet.15. Mark your answer on your answer sheet.16. Mark your answer on your answer sheet.17. Mark your answer on your answer sheet.18. Mark your answer on your answer sheet.19. Mark your answer on your answer sheet.20. Mark your answer on your answer sheet.Section Three:Direction: In this section,you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.21. A. Coke. B. Coffee. C. Tea. D. Water.22. A. At a restaurant. B. At a studio. C. At a concert. D. At a theatre.23. A. Relieved. B. Worried. C. Confused. D. Depressed.24. A. The Browns. B. The Browns’ son. C. The postman. D. The neighbour.25. A. At 7:00. B. 7:10. C. 9:00. D. 9:10.26. A. The ring is not hers. B. She doesn’t have gold rings.C. She prefers gold to silver.D. She lost her silver ring.27. A. The screen doesn’t have to be cleaned. B. The keyboard also needs cleaning.C. The man shouldn’t do the cleaning.D. There’s not enough time to clean both.28. A. The driver will sop the bus immediately. B. The guy by the door will help the woman.C. The woman should check the map.D. He will tell the woman when to get off.29. A. She dislikes fireworks. B. She has plans for the evening.C. She doesn’t feel lik e going out.D. She has to get theatre tickets.30. A. They can’t see the stars clearly. B. They’re not in the city tonight.C. They’re looking at the stars from the city.D. They’re talking about movie stars. Section Four:Directions: In this section, you will hear one short passages, and you will be asked three questions. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.31. A. Worried. B. Surprised. C. Satisfied. D. Uninterested.32. A. Worse than she expected B. Just as she expectedC. Better than she expectedD. Not mentioned in the passage33. A. It spoiled Juana's reputation. B. It copied her ideas without permission.C. It bought Juana's dishwashers.D. It wanted to share the dishwasher market.34. A.30% B. 40% C. 50% D. 60%35. A. A successful business case. B. Juana's waterless laundry.C. A case against a global company.D. The worldwide dishwasher market. Section Five:36: The survey says that fifty percent of rural residents have Internet access in America now. F 37: Rural residents have less Internet access than the urban residents in America now. T38: One big obstacle for rural residents is the shortage of choice among Internet providers. T 39: The survey also shows girls are more likely than boys to have their own websites.F40: Less than half of the kids say that they get enough time on line at school. TSection Six:Directions: In this section, you will hear a short lecture given by a socialologist in college and read the same passage with blanks in it. Fill in each of the blanks the word you have heard on the tape. Write your answer in the corresponding space in your answer sheet.The lecture will be given twice.Private CarWith the increase in the general__41__of living, some ordinary Chinese families begin to __42__a car. Yet __43__of the development of a private car __44__ from person to person.It gives a much greater degree of comfort and __45__. The owner of a car is no longer forced to __46__ on public transport, and hence no irritation caused by waiting for buses or taxis. However, others strongly __47__ to developing private cars. They maintain that as more and more cars are produced and run in the street, a large volume of __48__ gas will be given off, polluting the atmosphere and causing actual harm to the health of people.Whether private cars should be developed in Chicago is a difficult question to answer, yet the __49__ for the comfort and independence a private car can bring will not be __50__.Part Two:Section One:Directions: In this part ,you will hear a longer conversation between a man and a woman. You will be asked to talk about the information in the conversation and to give your opinion about the ideas presented. The conversation will be read only once. You will have 60 seconds to prepare and 90 seconds to answer.1.Describe the woman’s problem with her roommate and the suggestions the man makes about how she could deal with it. What do you think the woman should do, and why?Section Two:Directions: Please discribe the pictures on the screen in at least TEN sentences. Please begin with the sentence given. You will have 60 seconds to prepare and 100 seconds to answer.2.Peter’s father just bought a new computer in the shop and brought it home..Section Three:Independent TalkDirections: In this section you should answer the question on the screen with supportive details. You will have 40 seconds to read the question,3 minutes to prepare and 2 minutes to talk.3.What is the most interesting class you have ever taken? Explain the aspects of the class that made it interesting. Include details and examples in your explanation.试卷答案Part One:1~5 6~10 cadcb 11~15 babca 16~20 abcac 21~25 daacd 26~30 abcbb31~35 dcbba 36~40 FTTFT41.standard 42. afford 43. opinions 44. vary 45. mobility46. rely 47. object 48. poisonous 49. desire 50. eloiminated.Part Two:1.Answer: the answer will vary ,but may include the following: her roommate uses her thingswithout permisssion; her roommate never cleans the bathroom; she could discuss the problem with her roommate, ask the apartment manager to help, or find another apartment. Then the student should provide his opinion, he can support one of these solutions or provide a solution by himself, only if he can demonstrate clearly. The student’s answer shoul; include because, but, also,so ect..2. Answer: the answer will vary, but it should inculde the basic information of the four pictures. It should piont out that Peter’s father think that he is an computer exper and be very proud because he use computers frequently. However, he can’t turn on the computer and it turn out to be that the computer is not plug into the power, which is found out by peter.3. open听力原文Part One:Section one:5. A. They’re close to the museum. B. They’re leaving the museum.C. They’re looking for the museum.D. They’re in the museum.6. A. The white rose is beautiful. B. The nose is too far to the right.C. Snow covers the ground.D. It has yet to snow.7. A. The woman is walking her dog. B. The woman is crossing the bridge.C. The woman is fishing in the stream.D. The woman is holding a string.8. A. She’s holding up a flower. B. She’s on the first floor.C. She’s covered with flour.D. She’s looking at the flower plants.9. A. The track crosses a stream. B. The training takes place in a stream.C. The train track runs along a stream.D. The track team will travel by rain.10. A. She’s going outside to read. B. She’s sitting outside reading.C.She said she was an outsider.D. She’s gone out to get a book. Section Two:11. Have you been to Eygpt? A.Not yet, but I want to go. B. No, I haven’t . Have you ?C.It was a long time ago.12. When are you supposed to go to England? A. Next Tuesday. B. Sure, if I go there.C. Yes, it’s a big country.13. You haven’t finished that yet, have you? A. No, sorry, I don’t have any left.B.Yes, it was easier than I thought .C. I have, but it’s not done yet.14. Have I shown you my pictures from the birthday party? A. It’ll be on TV tonight.B. No, in the albumC. No, but I’d like to see them.15.How many copies do you need? A. Just two,thanks. B. I think the machine is working now.C. Just leave them on the table there.16.George has been working here for a long time, hasn’t he? A. Yes, for more than ten years.B. At three o’clock.C. Sorry, I’m not wearing a watch.17.I thought you were out of twon. A. I was, but I ordered some more.B. No, my trip was canceled.C. Yes, he just got back.18. Do you like romantic comedies? A. No, I’ve never been to Rome.B. I haven’t seen any movies lately.C. Not really, but I like war movies.19.How has Mr. Patel been doing? A. Great, he was just promoted.B. I think he hate practical jokesC. He’s writing a paper recently.20. Where were you last week? A. Yes, I’ll see you next week.B. I’m going on vacation for a month.C. I went to Germany to see a friend.Section Three:21. W: Let me get you some coffee or tea, or something cold, like coke.M: Just a glass of water, please.Q: What does the man want to drink?22. W: The flowers are lovely, aren’t they? And I like the music, too.M: Yeah, the dinner here is also excellent.Q: Where probably are the two speakers?23. M: I just read your blood test report, and everything seems OK.W: I see. Then there is nothing to worry about.Q: How does the woman probably feel now?24. M: I thought I heard someone at the door.W: Just the postman, with the package for our neighbour, the Browns. They are away visiting their son.Q: Who was at the door?25. W: Could you tell me the starting times for both performances?M: The first begins at 7:00 o’clock, and it lasts two hours. The second follows immediately after a ten-minute break.Q: At what time does the second show start?26. M: My wife found a gold ring in our garden after the party. Do you think it might be yours?W: It couldn’t be. Thanks. I wore a silver one last night.Q: What does the woman mean?27. M: I’d better clean the scr een of the computer right now.W: Shouldn’t you clean your keyboard, too?Q: What does the woman imply?28. W: Do you know if this bus stops at Red Square?M: Well, there is a map over there by the door.Q: What does the man mean?29. M: Let’s go watch the fireworks tonight.W: I have tickets to the theatre.Q: What does the woman mean?30. W: Just look at these stars.M: They certainly don’t look so clear and bright from the city.Q: What can be inferred about the two speakers?Secton Four:Joanna Lopes has invented a number of things over the years. One day she had an idea for a dish machine that worked without using water. She went to see several dish washer manufacturers about producing the machine. But none of them were interested. Joanna found investors to support her idea and founded her own production company. She spent millions of dollars on developing her dish washer. And it was put to the market three years later. From then on, sales were very good, better even than Joanna had hopped. But Glob Domestic, one of the companies that she has been to see made its own waterless dish washer. Joanna obtained one and found they use the technical ideas she had developed. She had obtained legal protection for these ideas. So that other companies could not use them. After a long legal process, Glob Domestic was forced to stop ma king its competing dish washer and to pay Joanna several million dollars. Now Joanna’s waterless dish washer has 40℅of the worldwide dish washer market, and this is increasing every year.Question 31: How did the manufacturers fill Joanna’s idea for a dish washer?Question 32: How does the sales of the new dish washer goes?Question 33: Why was Glob Domestic forced to pay Joanna much money?Question 34: What is the market share of Joanna’s dish washer?Question 35: What is the story mainly about?Section Five:Now it’s eight o’clock, time for the morning news.Internet use continues to increase in the United States. According to a new study by American Life Project, fifty two percent of rural residents now have Internet access. That’s an increase of eleven percent since 2000. Rural residents are still behind the urban residents, however. Sixty seven percent of urban residents use the Internet. Of those rural residents who are online, forty five percent say that they surf the Web daily. Only forty percent of urban residents use the Web that often. One big barrier for rural residents is the lack of choice among Internet providers. According to another survey, more than two million American children aged six to seventeen have their ownpersonal websites. This figure, which represents ten percent of the twenty three million young people, who have Internet access from home, is rising rapidly. It is expected to jump to one in four kids by 2008. The survey also shows that boys are more likely than girls to have their own websites. Seventy six percent of kids with broad band Internet access at home say that their home connection is faster than the connection at school. Forty nine percent of kids say that they get too little time on line at school.Section Six:Private CarWith the increase in the general standard of living, some ordinary Chinese families begin to afford a car. Yet opinions of the development of a private car vary from person to person.It gives a much greater degree of comfort and mobility. The owner of a car is no longer forced to rely on public transport, and hence no irritation caused by waiting for buses or taxis. However, others strongly object to developing private cars. They maintain that as more and more cars are produced and run in the street, a large volume of poisonous gas will be given off, polluting the atmosphere and causing actual harm to the health of people.Whether private cars should be developed in Chicago is a difficult question to answer, yet the desire for the comfort and independence a private car can bring will not be eliminated.Part Two:Secton One:M:How do you like living in the campus apartments?W: Well…it’s OK. I mean, I like the apartment, but my roommate is kind of a problem. Sometimes she uses my things without asking—mostly little things,like paper and toothpaste, but once it was my favorite sweater. And she never cleans the bathroom when it’s her turn.M: Have you sat down with her and had a good talk about these things?W: Maybe if I saw her more oftem. The problem is ,she’s hardly ever home.M: Try leaving her a note.W: I did,but it didn’t help.M: Isn’t there an apartment manager, someone who will help you sort out problems like this? He maybe can set up a meeting with your roommate.W: I didn’t know the manager does that kind of thing. I guess I could find out.M: And if that doesn’t work…if talking it orver doesn’t help, then you should probably just move out, find another place. There’s always someone looking for a roommate.。
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Item 1 I hope that you wouldn’t mind on such a long period between my last letter and this one. Step 1: Reduce the length of the sentence and correct the errors. I hope you won’t mind waiting for stence, substituting a blank for the area being tested. Write the correct option and the distractor which the student has provided for us. I hope you _______ mind waiting for so long. I promise to reply
Tony’s father/ would not let him/ to stay out/ late at night. A B C D
Didn’t/ Susan tell you/ she wouldn’t mind to come/ with us on the picnic? A B C D
The item might appear as follows: Old Mr. Jones enjoys looking ________ the children playing A. / B. at C. on D. to
Item 3 I suppose that you were not angry to me An item is therefore constructed in this way: I do hope that you weren’t angry ______ me. A. to B. with C. on D. about How about ‘at’?
Common types of items used to test awareness of the grammatical features of the language. multiple-choice items error-recognition items rearrangement items completion items transformation items items involving the changing of words pairing and matching items combination items addition items
Sun is shining An item is therefore constructed in this way: ________ is shining brightly today. A. Sun B. The sun C. A sun D. Some sun
Type 1 Sun/ is shining/ brightly today/, isn’t it? A B C D Similar examples: Old Mr. Jones/ enjoys/ looking the children/ playing in the park. A B C D
Although it is not always possible to use samples of students’ own written work to provide the basis for the test items, it should not be too difficult for constructors of classroom tests and school achievement test to take advantage of the types of errors made by students in their free compositions and open-ended answers to questions.
Step 4: Replace shan’t with can’t. However, if can’t should be used as a distractor, possibly it is better to replace shouldn’t with couldn’t. I hope you _______ mind waiting for so long. I promise to reply sooner in future. A. won’t B. wouldn’t C. couldn’t D. can’t
Type 5: A. Tom ought not to tell me your secret, but he did. B. Tom ought not to having told me your secret, but he did. C. Tom ought not to be telling me your secret, but he did. D. Tom ought not to have told me your secret, but he did. Type 6: ‘Tom ought not to have told anyone the secret.’ A. ‘So ought you.’ B. ‘Neither ought you.’ C. ‘Neither you oughtn’t’ D. ‘So oughtn’t you’ Type 7: ‘Tom ought not to have told me’ A. Tom did not tell me but he should. B. Perhaps Tom may not tell me. C. Tom told me but it was wrong of him. D. It was necessary for Tom not to tell me.
Type 1: Tom ought not to _______ (A. tell B. have told C. be telling D. having told) me your secret, but he did. Type 2: Tom ought not to _______ me your secret, but he did. A. tell B. have told C. be telling D. having told A. tell B. have told Type 3: Tom ought not to C. be telling me your secret, but he did. D. having told Type 4: Tom ought not to have told me your secret, but he did. A. No change B. tell C. be telling D. having told
Here is an extract of a student’s letter: There is very much time I didn’t write you, and now I have a little free time. Winter is behind us and therefore I hope that you wouldn’t mind on such a long period between my last letter and this one. You know how is it. Sun is shining, trees become green and it’s difficult to stay closed among walls. Sometimes the weather is sunny I go to walk through the park near my lodging and enjoy looking the children playing. You know, the day before yesterday while looking through my window I saw the wet street and people with umbrellas rushing for money and prestige. I suddenly remembered last summer that belonged to us. I suppose that you were not angry to me what happened. I think that it is not good to discuss about passed feelings.
sooner in future.
A. B.
won’t wouldn’t
.
Step 3: Add another two distractors. These distractors can either be found in students written work or come directly from the experience of the constructor. I hope you _______ mind waiting for so long. I promise to reply sooner in future. A. won’t B. wouldn’t C. shouldn’t D. shan’t
Type 2 I do hope you wouldn’t mind waiting for such a long time. A B C D I’m worried that you’ll be angry to me. A B C D I didn’t see Bill since he went into hospital last month. A B C D My car had broken down, so I went there by foot. A B C D