My Oedipus Complex
My Oedipus Complex
Irish writer Frank O’Connor explains far better than Freud might have done ...My Oedipus Complexby Frank O’Connor1.Father was in the army all through the war – the first war, I mean – so, up tothe age of five, I never saw much of him, and what I saw did not worry me.Sometimes I woke and there was a big figure in khaki peering down at me in the candlelight. Sometimes in the early morning I heard the slamming of the front door and the clatter of nailed boots down the cobbles of the lane. These were Father’s entrances and exits. Like Santa Claus he came and went mysteriously.2.In fact, I rather liked his visits, though it was an uncomfortable squeezebetween Mother and him when I got into the big bed in the early morning. He smoked, which gave him a pleasant musty smell, and shaved, an operation of astounding interest. Each time he left a trail of souvenirs – model tanks and Gurkha knives with handles made of bullet cases, and German helmets and cap badges and button sticks, and all sorts of military equipment – carefully stowed away in a long box on top of the wardrobe, in case they ever came in handy. There was a bit of the magpie about Father; he expected everything to come in handy. When his back was turned, Mother let me get a chair andrummag e through his treasures. She didn’t seem to think so highly of them as he did.3.The war was the most peaceful period of my life. The window of my atticfaced southeast. My mother had curtained it, but that had small effect. I always woke with the first light and, with all the responsibilities of the previous day melted, feeling myself rather like the sun, ready to illumine and rejoice. Life never seemed so simple and clear and full of possibilities as then.I put my feet out from under the clothes – I called them Mrs. Left and Mrs.Right – and invented dramatic situations for them in which they discussed the problems of the day. At least Mrs. Right did; she was very demonstrative, butI hadn’t the same control of Mrs. Left, so she mostly contented herself withnodding agreement.4.They discussed what Mother and I should do during the day, what Santa Clausshould give a fellow for Christmas, and what steps should be taken to brighten the home. There was that little matter of the baby, for instance.Mother and I could never agree about that. Ours was the only house in the terrace without a new baby, and Mother said we couldn’t afford one till Father came back from the war because they cost seventeen and six.5.That showed how simple she was. The Geneys up the road had a baby, andeveryone knew they couldn’t afford seventeen and six. It was probably acheap baby, and Mother wanted something really good, but I felt she was too exclusive. The Geneys’ baby would have done us fine.6.Having settled my plans for the day, I got up, put a chair under the atticwindow, and lifted the frame high enough to stick out my head. The window overlooked the front gardens of the terrace behind ours, and beyond these it looked over a deep valley to the tall, red brick houses terraced up the opposite hillside, which were all still in shadow, while those at our side of the valley were all lit up, though with long strange shadows that made them seem unfamiliar; rigid and painted.7.After that I went into Mother’s room and climbed into t he big bed. She wokeand I began to tell her of my schemes. By this time, though I never seemed to have noticed it, I was petrified in my nightshirt, and I thawed as I talked until, the last frost melted, I fell asleep beside her and woke again only when I heard her below in the kitchen, making the breakfast.8.After breakfast we went into town; heard Mass at St. Augustine’s and said aprayer for Father, and did the shopping. If the afternoon was fine we either went for a walk in the country or a visit to Mother’s great friend in the convent, Mother Saint Dominic. Mother had them all praying for Father, and every night, going to bed, I asked God to send him back safe from the war to us. Little, indeed, did I know what I was praying for!9.One morning, I got into the big bed, and there, sure enough, was Father in hisusual Santa Claus manner, but later, instead of uniform, he put on his best blue suit, and Mother was as pleased as anything. I saw nothing to be pleased about, because, out of uniform, Father was altogether less interesting, but she only beamed, and explained that our prayers had been answered, and off we went to Mass to thank God for having brought Father safely home.10.T he irony of it! That very day when he came in to dinner he took off his bootsand put on his slippers, donned the dirty old cap he wore about the house to save him from colds, crossed his legs, and began to talk gravely to Mother, who looked anxious. Naturally, I disliked her looking anxious, because it destroyed her good looks, so I interrupted him.11."Just a moment, Larry!" she said gently. This was only what she said when wehad boring visitors, so I attached no importance to it and went on talking.12."Do be quiet, Larry!" she said impatiently. "Don’t you hear me talking toDaddy?"13.T his was the first time I had heard those ominous words, "talking to Daddy,"and I couldn’t help feeling that if this was how God answered prayers, he couldn’t listen to them very attentively.14."Why are you talking to Daddy?" I asked with as great a show of indifferenceas I could muster.15."Because Daddy and I have business to discuss. Now, don’t interrupt again!"16.I n the afternoon, at Mother’s request, Father took me for a walk. This time wewent into town instead of out in the country, and I thought at first, in my usual optimistic way, that it might be an improvement. It was nothing of the sort. Father and I had quite different notions of a walk in town. He had no proper interest in trams, ships, and horses, and the only thing that seemed to divert him was talking to fellows as old as himself. When I wanted to stop he simply went on, dragging me behind him by the hand; when he wanted to stop I had no alternative but to do the same. I noticed that it seemed to be a sign that he wanted to stop for a long time whenever he leaned against a wall.The second time I saw him do it I got wild. He seemed to be settling himself forever. I pulled him by the coat and trousers, but, unlike Mother who, if you were too persistent, got into a wax and said: "Larry, if you don’t behave yourself, I’ll give you a good slap," Father had an extraordinary capacity for amiable inattention. I sized him up and wondered would I cry, but he seemed to be too remote to be annoyed even by that. Really, it was like going for a walk with a mountain! He either ignored the wrenching and pummeling entirely, or else glanced down with a grin of amusement from his peak. I had never met anyone so absorbed in himself as he seemed.17.A t teatime, "talking to Daddy" began again, complicated this time by the factthat he had an evening paper, and every few minutes he put it down and told Mother something new out of it. I felt this was foul play. Man for man, I was prepared to compete with him any time for Mother’s attention, but when he had it all made up for him by other people it left me no chance. Several timesI tried to change the subject without success.18."You must be quiet while Daddy is reading, Larry," Mother said impatiently.19.I t was clear that she either genuinely liked talking to Father better than talkingto me, or else that he had some terrible hold on her which made her afraid to admit the truth.20."Mummy," I said that night when she was tucking me up, "do you think if Iprayed hard God would send Daddy back to the war?"21.S he seemed to think about that for a moment.22."No, dear," she sai d with a smile. "I don’t think he would."23."Why wouldn’t He, Mummy?"24."Because there isn’t a war any longer, dear."25."But, Mummy, cou ldn’t God make another war, if he liked?"26."He wouldn’t like to, dear. It’s not God who makes wars, but bad people."27."Oh!" I said. I was disappointed about that. I began to th ink that God wasn’tquite what he was cracked up to be.28.N ext morning I woke at my usual hour, feeling like a bottle of champagne. Iput out my feet and invented a long conversation in which Mrs. Right talked of the trouble she had with her own Father till she put him in the Home. I didn’t quite know what the Home was but it sounded the right place for Father. Then I got my chair and stuck my head out of the attic window. Dawn was just breaking, with a guilty air that made me feel I had caught it in the act.My head bursting with stories and schemes, I stumbled in next door, and in the half-darkness scrambled into the big bed. There was no room at Mother’s side so I had to get between her and Father. For the time being I had forgotten about him, and for several minutes I sat bolt upright, racking my brains to know what I could do with him. He was taking up more than his fair share of the bed, and I couldn’t get comfortable, so I gave him several kicks that made him grunt and stretch. He made room all right, though. Mother waked and felt for me. I settled back comfortably in the warmth of the bed with my thumb in my mouth.29."Mummy!" I hummed, loudly and contentedly.30."Sssh! dear," she whispered. "Don’t wake Daddy!"31.T his was a new development, which threatened to be even more serious than"talking to Daddy." Life without my early-morning conferences was unthinkable.32."Why?" I asked severely.33."Because poor Daddy is tired." This seemed to me a quite inadequate reason,and I was sickened by the sentimentality of her "poor Daddy." I never liked that sort of gush; it always struck me as insincere.34."Oh!" I said lightly. Then in my most winning tone: "Do you know where Iwant to go with you today, Mummy?"35."No, dear," she sighed.36."I want to go down the Glen and fish for thornbacks with my new net, andthen I want to go out to the Fox and Hounds, and –"37."Don’t-wake-Daddy!" she hissed angrily, clapping her hand across my mouth.38.B ut it was too late. He was awake, or nearly so. He grunted and reached forthe matches. Then he stared incredulously at his watch.39."Like a cup of tea, dear?" asked Mother in a meek, hushed voice I had neverheard her use before. It sounded almost as though she were afraid.40."Tea?" he exclaimed indignantly. "Do you know what the time is?"41."And after that I want to go up the Rathcooney Road," I said loudly, afraid I’dforget something in all those interruptions.42."Go to sleep at once, Larry!" she said sharply.43.I began to snivel. I couldn’t concentrate, the way that pair went on, andsmothering my early-morning schemes was like burying a family from the cradle. Father said nothing, but lit his pipe and sucked it, looking out into the shadows without minding mother or me. I knew he was mad. Every time I made a remark mother hushed me irritably. I was mortified. I felt it wasn’t fair; there was even something sinister in it. Every time I had pointed out to her the waste of making two beds when we could both sleep in one, she had told me it was healthier like that, and now here was this man, this stranger, sleeping with her without the least regard for her health! He got up early and made tea, but though he brought mother a cup he brought none for me.44."Mummy," I shouted, "I want a cup of tea, too."45."Yes, dear," she said patiently. "You can drink from m ummy’s saucer."46.T hat settled it. Either Father or I would have to leave the house. I didn’t wantto drink from Mother’s saucer; I wante d to be treated as an equal in my own home, so, just to spite her, I drank it all and left none for her. She took that quietly, too. But that night when she was putting me to bed she said gently:47."Larry, I want you to promise me something."48."What is it?" I asked.49."Not to come in and disturb poor Daddy in the morning. Promise?"50."Poor Daddy" again! I was becoming suspicious of everything involving thatquite impossible man.51."Why?" I asked.52."Because poor Daddy is worried and tired and he doesn’t sleep wel l."53."Why doesn’t he, Mummy?"54."Well, you know, don’t you, that while he was at the war Mummy got thepennies from the post office?"55."From Miss MacCarthy?"56."That’s right. But now, you see, Miss MacCarthy hasn’t any more pennies, soDaddy must go out and find us some. You know what would happen if he couldn’t?"57."No," I said, "tell us."58."Well, I think we might have to go out and beg for them like the poor oldwoman on Fridays. We wouldn’t like that, would we?"59."No," I agreed. "We wouldn’t."60."So you’ll p romise not to come in and wake him?"61."Promise."62.M ind you, I meant that. I knew pennies were a serious matter, and I was allagainst having to go out and beg like the old woman on Fridays. Mother laid out all my toys in a complete ring round the bed so that, whatever way I gotout, I was bound to fall over one of them. When I woke I remembered my promise all right. I got up and sat on the floor and played –for hours, it seemed to me. Then I got my chair and looked out the attic window for more hours. I wished it was time for Father to wake; I wished someone would make me a cup of tea. I didn’t feel in the least like the sun; instead, I was bored and so very, very cold! I simply longed for the warmth and depth of the big feather bed. At last I could stand it no longer. I went into the next room.As there was still no room at Mother’s side I climbed over her and she woke with a start. "Larry," she whispered, gripping my arm very tightly, "what did you promise?"63."But I did, Mummy," I wailed, caught in the very act. "I was quiet for ever solong."64."Oh, dear, and you’re perished!" she said sadly, feeling me all over. "Now, if Ilet you stay will you promise not to talk?"65."But I want to talk, Mummy," I wailed.66."That has nothing to do with it," she said with a firmness that was new to me."Daddy wants to sleep. Now, do you understand that?"67.I understood it only too well. I wanted to talk, he wanted to sleep – whosehouse was it, anyway?68."Mummy," I said with equal firmness, "I think it would be healthier for Daddyto sleep in his own bed."69.T hat seemed to stagger her, because she said nothing for a while.70."Now, once for all," she went on, "you’re to be perfectly quiet or go back toyour own bed. Which is it to be?"71.T he injustice of it got me down. I had convicted her out of her own mouth ofinconsistency and unreasonableness, and she hadn’t even attempted t o reply.Full of spite, I gave Father a kick, which she didn’t notice but which made him grunt and open his eyes in alarm.72."What time is it?" he asked in a panic-stricken voice, not looking at motherbut at the door, as if he saw someone there.73."It’s early yet," she replied soothingly. "It’s only the child. Go to sleep again....Now, Larry," she added, getting out of bed, "you’ve wakened Daddy and you must go back."74.T his time, for all her quiet air, I knew she meant it, and knew that myprincipal rights and privileges were as good as lost unless I asserted them at once. As she lifted me, I gave a screech, enough to wake the dead, not to mind Father.75.H e groaned. "That damn child! Doesn’t he ever sleep?"76."It’s only a habit, dear," she said quietly, though I could see she was vexed.77."Well, it’s t ime he got out of it," shouted Father, beginning to heave in the bed.He suddenly gathered all the bedclothes about him, turned to the wall, and then looked back over his shoulder with nothing showing only two small, spiteful, dark eyes. The man looked very wicked. To open the bedroom door, mother had to let me down, and I broke free and dashed for the farthest corner, screeching.78.F ather sat bolt upright in bed. "Shut up, you little puppy," he said in a chokingvoice.79.I was so astonished that I stopped screeching. Never, never had anyonespoken to me in that tone before. I looked at him incredulously and saw his face convulsed with rage. It was only then that I fully realized how God had codded me, listening to my prayers for the safe return of this monster.80."Shut up, you!" I bawled, beside myself.81."What’s that you said?" shouted Father, making a wild leap out of the bed.82."Mick, Mick!" cried Mother. "Don’t you see the child isn’t used to you?"83."I see he’s better fed than taught," snarled Father, waving his arms wildly. "Hewants his bottom smacked."84.A ll his previous shouting was as nothing to these obscene words referring tomy person. They really made my blood boil.85."Smack your own!" I screamed hysterically. "Smack your own! Shut up! Shutup!"86.A t this he lost his patience and let fly at me. He did it with the lack ofconvicti on you’d expect o f a man under m other’s horrified eyes, and it ended up as a mere tap, but the sheer indignity of being struck at all by a stranger, a total stranger who had cajoled his way back from the war into our big bed asa result of my innocent intercession, made me completely dotty. I shriekedand shrieked, and danced in my bare feet, and Father, looking awkward and hairy in nothing but a short gray army shirt, glared down at me like a mountain out for murder. I think it must have been then that I realized he wasjealous too. And there stood mother in her nightdress, looking as if her heart was broken between us. I hoped she felt as she looked. It seemed to me that she deserved it all.87.F rom that morning out my life was a hell. Father and I were enemies, openand avowed. We conducted a series of skirmishes against one another, he trying to steal my time with mother and I his. When she was sitting on my bed, telling me a story, he took to looking for some pair of old boots which he alleged he had left behind him at the beginning of the war. While he talked to Mother I played loudly with my toys to show my total lack of concern.88.H e created a terrible scene one evening when he came in from work andfound me at his box, playing with his regimental badges, Gurkha knives and button sticks. Mother got up and took the box from me.89."You mustn’t play with Daddy’s toys unless he lets you, Larry," she saidseverely. "Daddy doesn’t play with yours."90.F or some reason Father looked at her as if she had struck him and then turnedaway with a scowl. "Those are not toys," he growled, taking down the box again to see had I lifted anything. "Some of those curios are very rare and valuable."91.B ut as time went on I saw more and more how he managed to alienate Motherand me. Wha t made it worse was that I couldn’t grasp his method or see what attraction he had for Mother. In every possible way he was less winning thanI. He had a common accent and made noises at his tea. I thought for a whilethat it might be the newspapers she was interested in, so I made up bits of news of my own to read to her. Then I thought it might be the smoking, which I personally thought attractive, and took his pipes and went round the house dribbling into them till he caught me. I even made noises at my tea, but Mother only told me I was disgusting. It all seemed to hinge round that unhealthy habit of sleeping together, so I made a point of dropping into their bedroom and nosing round, talking to myself, so that they wouldn’t know I was watching them, but they were never up to anything that I could see. In the end it beat me. It seemed to depend on being grown-up and giving people rings, and I realized I’d have to wait. But at the same time I wanted him to see that I was only waiting, not giving up the fight.92.O ne evening when he was being particularly obnoxious, chattering away wellabove my head, I let him have it.93."Mummy," I said, "do you know what I’m going to do when I grow up?"94."No, dear," she replied. "What?"95."I’m going to marry you," I said qu ietly.96.F ather gave a great guffaw out of him, but he didn’t take me in. I knew it mustonly be pretence.97.A nd Mother, in spite of everything, was pleased. I felt she was probablyrelieved to know that one day Father’s hold on her would be broken.98."Won’t that be nice?" she said with a smile.99."It’ll be very nice," I said confidently. "Because we’re going to have lots andlots of babies."100."That’s right, dear," she said placidly. "I think we’ll have one soon, and then you’ll have plenty of company."101.I was no end pleased about that because it showed that in spite of the way she gave in to Father she still considered my wishes. Besides, it would put the Geneys in their place. It didn’t turn out like that, though. To begin with, she was very preoccupied – I supposed about where she would get the seventeen and six – and though Father took to staying out late in the evenings it did me no particular good. She stopped taking me for walks, became as touchy as blazes, and smacked me for nothing at all. Sometimes I wished I’d nevermentioned the confounded baby –I seemed to have a genius for bringing calamity on myself.102.And calamity it was! Sonny arrived in the most appalling hulla-baloo –even that much he couldn’t do without a fuss – and from the first moment I disliked him. He was a difficult child –so far as I was concerned he was always difficult – and demanded far too much attention. Mother was simply silly about him, and couldn’t see when he was only showing off. As company he was worse than useless. He slept all day, and I had to go round the house on tiptoe to avoid waking him. It wasn’t any longer a question of not waking Father. The slogan now was "Don’t-wake-Sonny!" I couldn’t understand why the child wouldn’t sleep at the proper time, so whenever Mother’s back was turned I woke him. Sometimes to keep him awake I pinched him as well.Mother caught me at it one day and gave me a most unmerciful flaking.103.One evening, when Father was coming in from work, I was playing trains in the front garden. I let on not to notice him; instead, I pretended to be talking to myself, and said in a loud voice: "If another bloody baby comes in to this house, I’m going out."104.Father stopped dead and looked at me over his shoulder. "What’s that you said?" he asked sternly.105.""I was only talking to myself," I replied, trying to conceal my panic. "It’s private."106.He turned and went in without a word.107.Mind you, I intended it as a solemn warning, but its effect was quite different. Father started being quite nice to me. I could understand that, of course. Mother was quite sickening about Sonny. Even at mealtimes she’d get up and gawk at him in the cradle with an idiotic smile, and tell Father to do the same. He was always polite about it, but he looked so puzzled you could se e he didn’t know what she was talking about. He complained of the way Sonny cried at night, but she only got cross and said that Sonny never cried except when there was something up with him –which was a flaming lie, because Sonny never had anything up with him, and only cried for attention.It was really painful to see how simpleminded she was.108.Father wasn’t attractive, but he had a fine intelligence. He saw through Sonny, and now he knew that I saw through him as well. One night I woke with a start. There was someone beside me in the bed. For one wild moment I felt sure it must be Mother, having come to her senses and left Father for good, but then I heard Sonny in convulsions in the next room, and Mother saying: "There! There! There!" and I knew it wasn’t she. It was Father. He was lying beside me, wide-awake, breathing hard and apparently as mad ashell. After a while it came to me what he was mad about. It was his turn now.After turning me out of the big bed, he had been turned out himself. Mother had no consideration now for anyone but that poisonous pup, Sonny.109.I couldn’t help feeling sorry for Father. I had been through it all myself, and even at that age I was magnanimous. I began to stroke him down and say: "There! There!"110.He wasn’t exactly responsive. "Aren’t you asleep either?" he snarled.111."Ah, come on and put your arm around us, can’t you?" I said, and he did, in a sort of way. Gingerly, I suppose, is how you’d describe it. He was very bony but better than nothing.112.At Christmas he went out of his way to buy me a really nice model railway.-----------------------The End-----------------------21 / 21。
恋子情结Oedipus complex
The term Oedipus complex (or, less commonly, Oedipal complex) denotes the emotions and ideas that the mind keeps in theunconscious, via dynamic repression, that concentrates upon a child's desire to have sexual relations with the parent of the opposite sex (i.e. males attracted to their mothers, and females attracted to their fathers).[1][2] Sigmund Freud, who coined the term "Oedipus complex" believed that the Oedipus complex is a desire for the parent in both males and females; Freud deprecated the term "Electra complex", which was introduced by Carl Gustav Jung in regard to the Oedipus complex manifested in young girls. The Oedipus complex occurs in the third — phallic stage (ages 3–6) — of the five psychosexual developmentstages: (i) the oral, (ii) the anal, (iii) the phallic, (iv) the latent, and (v) the genital — in which the source of libidinal pleasure is in a different erogenous zone of the infant's body.In classical Freudian psychoanalytic theory, a child's identification with the same-sex parent is the successful resolution of the Oedipus complex and of the Electra complex. This is a key psychological experience that is necessary for the development of a mature sexual role and identity. Sigmund Freud further proposed that boys and girls experience the complexes differently: boys in a form of castration anxiety, girls in a form of penis envy; and that unsuccessful resolution of the complexes might leadto neurosis, pedophilia, and homosexuality. Men and women who are fixated in the Oedipal and Electra stages of their psychosexual development might be considered "mother-fixated" and "father-fixated". In adult life this can lead to a choice of a sexual partner who resembles one's parent.In particular Lawrence is concerned with the nature of relationships. Though often classed as a realist, Lawrence in fact uses his characters to give form to his personal philosophy. His depiction of sexual activity, though seen as shocking when he first published in the early 20th century, has its roots in this highly personal way of thinking and being. It is worth noting that Lawrence was very interested in the sense of touch and that his focus on physical intimacy has its roots in a desire to restore an emphasis on the body, and re-balance it with what he perceived to be Western civilization's over-emphasis on the mind.Shanghai Zhu Rong psychological experts Professor Shen points out, wo men who are in the single parent families easily become mother with Jocasta complex, and they show a more strong attachment to the son.In general, m other with Jocasta complex will not want her son to get married subconscio usly. Even if the son gets married, she will produce strange jealousy to her d aughter-in-law. People will have a better understanding to the existence of Jo casta complex in China and the problems caused by it. The selfless love to c hildren for humans is the nature of humanity, but the excessive love evolves into Jocasta complex, which will affect the healthy growth of children.。
Oedipus complex,
Oedipus complexFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaFor the species of salamander, see Oedipina complex.The term Oedipus complex (or, less commonly, Oedipal complex) denotes theemotions and ideas that the mind keeps in the unconscious, via dynamic repression, that concentrates upon a child's desire to have sexual relations with the parent of the opposite sex (i.e. males attracted to their mothers, and females attracted to theirfathers).[1][2]Sigmund Freud, who coined the term "Oedipus complex" believed that the Oedipus complex is a desire for the parent in both males and females; Freud deprecated the term "Electra complex", which was introduced by Carl Gustav Jung in regard to the Oedipus complex manifested in young girls. The Oedipus complex occurs in the third —phallic stage (ages 3–6) — of the five psychosexual development stages: (i) the oral, (ii) the anal, (iii) the phallic, (iv) the latent, and (v) the genital— in which the source oflibidinal pleasure is in a different erogenous zone of the infant's body.In classical Freudian psychoanalytic theory, a child's identification with the same-sex parent is the successful resolution of the Oedipus complex and of the Electra complex.This is a key psychological experience that is necessary for the development of amature sexual role and identity. Sigmund Freud further proposed that boys and girlsexperience the complexes differently: boys in a form of castration anxiety, girls in a form of penis envy; and that unsuccessful resolution of the complexes might leadto neurosis, pedophilia, and homosexuality. Men and women who are fixated in theOedipal and Electra stages of their psychosexual development might be considered"mother-fixated" and "father-fixated". In adult life this can lead to a choice of a sexual partner who resembles one's parent.Contents[hide]∙ 1 Backgroundo 1.1 The Oedipus complexo 1.2 Oedipal case studyo 1.3 Feminine Oedipus attitude∙ 2 Freudian theoretic revisiono 2.1 Carl Gustav Jungo 2.2 Otto Ranko 2.3 Melanie Kleino 2.4 Wilfred Biono 2.5 Jacques Lacan∙ 3 Criticism∙ 4 See also∙ 5 ReferencesBackground[edit]Oedipus refers to a 5th-century BC Greek mythological character Oedipus, whounwittingly kills his father, Laius, and marries his mother, Jocasta. A play based on the myth, Oedipus Rex, was written by Sophocles, ca. 429 BC.Modern productions of Sophocles' play were staged in Paris and Vienna in the 19thcentury and were phenomenally successful in the 1880s and 1890s. TheAustrian psychiatrist, Sigmund Freud (1856–1939), attended. In his book TheInterpretation of Dreams first published in 1899, he proposed that an Oedipal desire is a universal, psychological phenomenon innate (phylogenetic) to human beings, and the cause of much unconscious guilt. He based this on his analysis of his feelings attending the play, his anecdotal observations of neurotic or normal children, and on the fact that the Oedipal Rex play was effective on both ancient and modern audiences (he alsoclaimed the play Hamlet was effective for the same reason).[4]Freud described the man Oedipus:His destiny moves us only because it might have been ours — because the Oracle laid the same curse upon us before our birth as upon him. It is the fate of all of us, perhaps, to direct our first sexual impulse towards our mother and our first hatred and our first murderous wish against our father. Our dreams convince us that this is so.[5]A six-stage chronology of Sigmund Freud's theoretic evolution of the Oedipus complex is:∙Stage 1. 1897–1909. After his father's death in 1896, and having seen the play Oedipus Rex, by Sophocles, Freud begins using the term "Oedipus".∙Stage 2. 1909–1914. Proposes that Oedipal desire is the "nuclear complex" of all neuroses; first usage of "Oedipus complex" in 1910.∙Stage 3. 1914–1918. Considers paternal and maternal incest.∙Stage 4. 1919–1926. Complete Oedipus complex; identification and bisexuality are conceptually evident in later works.∙Stage 5. 1926–1931. Applies the Oedipal theory to religion and custom.Stage 6. 1931–1938. Investigates the "feminine Oedipus attitude" and "negative Oedipus complex"; later the "Electra complex".[6]The Oedipus complex[edit]In classical psychoanalytic theory, the Oedipus complex occurs during the phallicstage of psychosexual development (age 3–6 years), when also occurs the formation of the libido and the ego; yet it might manifest itself at an earlier age.[2][7]In the phallic stage, a boy's decisive psychosexual experience is the Oedipus complex —his son–father competition for possession of mother. It is in this third stageof psychosexual development that the child's genitalia are his or her primary erogenous zone; thus, when children become aware of their bodies, the bodies of other children, and the bodies of their parents, they gratify physical curiosity by undressing and exploring themselves, each other, and their genitals, so learning the anatomic differences between "male" and "female" and the gender differences between "boy" and "girl". Psychosexual infantilism — Despite mother being the parent who primarily gratifies the child's desires, the child begins forming a discrete sexual identity — "boy", "girl" — that alters the dynamics of the parent and child relationship; the parents become objects of infantile libidinal energy. The boy directs his libido (sexual desire) upon his mother, and directs jealousy and emotional rivalry against his father — because it is he who sleeps with his mother. Moreover, to facilitate union with mother, the boy's id wants to kill father (as did Oedipus), but the pragmatic ego, based upon the reality principle, knows that the father is the stronger of the two males competing to possess the one female. Nonetheless, the boy remains ambivalent about his father's place in the family, which is manifested as fear of castration by the physically greater father; the fear is an irrational, subconscious manifestation of the infantile id.[8]Psycho-logic defense — In both sexes, defense mechanisms provide transitory resolutions of the conflict between the drives of the id and the drives of the ego. The first defense mechanism is repression, the blocking of memories, emotional impulses, and ideas from the conscious mind; yet its action does not resolve the id–ego conflict. The second defense mechanism is identification, in which the boy or girl child adapts by incorporating, to his or her (super)ego, the personality characteristics of the same-sex parent. As a result of this, the boy diminishes his castration anxiety, because his likeness to father protects him from father's wrath in their maternal rivalry. In the case of the girl,this facilitates identifying with mother, who understands that, in being females, neither of them possesses a penis, and thus are not antagonists.[9]Dénouement — Unresolved son–father competition for the psycho-sexual possession of the mother might result in a phallic stage fixation that leads to the boy becoming an aggressive, over-ambitious, and vain man. Therefore, the satisfactory parental handling and resolution of the Oedipus complex are most important in developing the male infantile super-ego. This is because, by identifying with a parent, theboy internalizes Morality; thereby, he chooses to comply with societal rules, rather than reflexively complying in fear of punishment.Oedipal case study[edit]In Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-year-old Boy (1909), the case study ofthe equinophobic boy "Little Hans", Freud showed that the relation between Hans's fears — of horses and of his father — derived from external factors, the birth of a sister, and internal factors, the desire of the infantile id to replace father as companion to mother, and guilt for enjoying the masturbation normal to a boy of his age. Moreover, his admitting to wanting to procreate with mother was considered proof of the boy's sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent; he was a heterosexual male. Yet, the boy Hans was unable to relate fearing horses to fearing his father. As the treating psychoanalyst, Freud noted that "Hans had to be told many things that he could not say himself" and that "he had to be presented with thoughts, which he had, so far, shown no signs of possessing".[10]Feminine Oedipus attitude[edit]Initially, Freud equally applied the Oedipus complex to the psychosexual development of boys and girls, but later modified the female aspects of the theory as "feminine Oedipus attitude" and "negative Oedipus complex";[11] yet, it was his student–collaborator Carl Jung, who, in 1913, proposed the Electra complex to describe a girl's daughter–mother competition for psychosexual possession of the father.[12]In the phallic stage, a girl's Electra complex is her decisive psychodynamic experience in forming a discrete sexual identity (ego). Whereas a boy develops castration anxiety, a girl develops penis envy rooted in anatomic fact: without a penis, she cannot sexually possess mother, as the infantile id demands. Resultantly, the girl redirects her desire forsexual union upon father, thus progressing to heterosexual femininity, which culminates in bearing a child, who replaces the absent penis.[13] Furthermore, after the phallic stage, the girl's psychosexual development includes transferring her primary erogenous zone from the infantile clitoris to the adult vagina.Freud thus considered a girl's negative Oedipus complex to be more emotionally intense than that of a boy, resulting, potentially, in a woman of submissive,insecure personality;[14] thus might an unresolved Electra complex, daughter–mother competition for psychosexual possession of father, lead to a phallic-stage fixation conducive to a girl becoming a woman who continually strives to dominate men (viz. penis envy), either as an unusually seductive woman (high self-esteem) or as an unusually submissive woman (low self-esteem). Therefore, the satisfactory parental handling and resolution of the Electra complex are most important in developing the female infantile super-ego, because, by identifying with a parent, the girlinternalizes morality; thereby, she chooses to comply with societal rules, rather than reflexively complying in fear of punishment.Freudian theoretic revision[edit]When Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) proposed that the Oedipus complex was psychologically universal, he provoked the evolution of Freudian psychology andthe psychoanalytic treatment method, by collaborator and competitor alike.Carl Gustav Jung[edit]In countering Freud's proposal that the psychosexual development of boys and girls is equal, that each initially experiences sexual desire (libido) for mother, and aggression towards father, student–collaborator Carl Jung counter-proposed that girls experienced desire for father and aggression towards mother via the Electra complex— derived from the 5th-century BC Greek mythologic character Electra, who plotted matricidal revenge with Orestes, her brother, against Clytemnestra, their mother, and Aegisthus, their stepfather, for their murder of Agamemnon, her father, (cf. Electra, bySophocles).[15][16][17] Moreover, because it is native to Freudian psychology, orthodox Jungian psychology uses the term "Oedipus complex" only to denote a boy's psychosexual development.Otto Rank[edit]In classical Freudian psychology the super-ego, "the heir to the Oedipus complex", is formed as the infant boy internalizes the familial rules of his father. In contrast, in the early 1920s, using the term "pre-Oedipal", Otto Rank proposed that a boy's powerful mother was the source of the super-ego, in the course of normal psychosexual development. Rank's theoretic conflict with Freud excluded him from the Freudian inner circle; nonetheless, he later developed the psychodynamic Object relations theory in 1925. Melanie Klein[edit]Whereas Freud proposed that father (the paternal phallus) was central to infantile and adult psychosexual development, Melanie Klein concentrated upon the early maternal relationship, proposing that Oedipal manifestations are perceptible in the first year of life, the oral stage. Her proposal was part of the Controversial discussions (1942–44) at the British Psychoanalytical Association. The Kleinian psychologists proposed that "underlying the Oedipus complex, as Freud described it . . . there is an earlier layer of more primitive relationships with the Oedipal couple".[18] Moreover, Klein's work lessened the central role of the Oedipus complex, with the concept of the depressive position.[19][20] Wilfred Bion[edit]"For the post–Kleinian Bion, the myth of Oedipus concerns investigatory curiosity — the quest for knowledge — rather than sexual difference; the other main character in the Oedipal drama becomes Tiresias (the false hypothesis erected against anxiety about a new theory)".[21] Resultantly, "Bion regarded the central crime of Oedipus as his insistence on knowing the truth at all costs".[22]Jacques Lacan[edit]From the postmodern perspective, Jacques Lacan argued against removing the Oedipus complex from the center of psychosexual developmental experience. He considered "the Oedipus complex — in so far as we continue to recognize it as covering the whole field of our experience with its signification . . . [that] superimposes the kingdom of culture" upon the person, marking his or her introduction to symbolic order.[23]Thus "a child learns what power independent of itself is as it goes through the Oedipus complex . . . encountering the existence of a symbolic system independent ofitself".[24] Moreover, Lacan's proposal that "the ternary relation of the Oedipus complex" liberates the "prisoner of the dual relationship" of the son–mother relationship proved useful to later psychoanalysts;[25] thus, for Bollas, the "achievement" of the Oedipus complex is that the "child comes to understand something about the oddity of possessing one's own mind . . . discovers the multiplicity of points of view".[26] Likewise, for Ronald Britton, "if the link between the parents perceived in love and hate can be tolerated in the child's mind . . . this provides us with a capacity for seeing us in interaction with others, and . . . for reflecting on ourselves, whilst being ourselves".[27] As such, in The Dove thatReturns, the Dove that Vanishes (2000), Michael Parsons proposed that such a perspective permits viewing "the Oedipus complex as a life-long developmental challenge . . . [with] new kinds of Oedipal configurations that belong to later life".[28]In 1920, Sigmund Freud wrote that "with the progress of psychoanalytic studies the importance of the Oedipus complex has become, more and more, clearly evident; its recognition has become the shibboleth that distinguishes the adherents of psychoanalysis from its opponents";[29] thereby it remained a theoretic cornerstone of psychoanalysis until about 1930, when psychoanalysts began investigating the pre-Oedipal son–mother relationship within the theory of psychosexualdevelopment.[30][31] Janet Malcolm reports that by the late 20th century, to the object relations psychology "avant-garde, the events of the Oedipal period are pallid and inconsequential, in comparison with the cliff-hanging psychodramas of infancy. . . .For Kohut, as for Winnicott and Balint, the Oedipus complex is an irrelevance in the treatment of severe pathology".[32] Nonetheless, ego psychology continued to maintain that "the Oedipal period — roughly three-and-a-half to six years — is like Lorenz standing in front of the chick, it is the most formative, significant, moulding experience of human life . . . If you take a person's adult life — his love, his work, his hobbies, his ambitions —they all point back to the Oedipus complex".[33]Criticism[edit]Certain contemporary psychoanalysts agree with the idea of the Oedipus complex to different degrees; Hans Keller proposed it is so "at least in Western societies";[34] and others consider that ethnologists already have established its temporal and geographic universality.[35] Nonetheless, few psychoanalysts disagree that the "child then entered an Oedipal phase . . . [which] involved an acute awareness of acomplicated triangle involving mother, father, and child" and that "both positive and negative Oedipal themes are typically observable in development".[36] Despite evidenceof parent–child conflict, the evolutionary psychologists Martin Daly and MargoWilson note that it is not for sexual possession of the opposite sex-parent; thus,in Homicide (1988), they proposed that the Oedipus complex yields few testable predictions, because they found no evidence of the Oedipus complex in people.[37]In No More Silly Love Songs: A Realist's Guide to Romance (2010), AnouchkaGrose says that "a large number of people, these days believe that Freud's Oedipus complex is defunct . . . 'disproven', or simply found unnecessary, sometime in the last century".[38] Moreover, from the post-modern perspective, Grose contends that "the Oedipus complex isn't really like that. It's more a way of explaining how human beings are socialised . . . learning to deal with disappointment".[38] The elementary understanding being that "You have to stop trying to be everything for your primary career, and get on with being something for the rest of the world".[39] Nonetheless, the open question remains whether or not such a post–Lacanian interpretation "stretches the Oedipus complex to a point where it almost doesn't look like Freud's any more".[38]Parent-child and sibling-sibling incestuous unions are almost universally forbidden.[40] An explanation for this incest taboo is that rather than instinctual sexual desire, there is instinctual sexual aversion against these unions (See Westermarck effect). Steven Pinker wrote that "The idea that boys want to sleep with their mothers strikes most men as the silliest thing they have ever heard. Obviously, it did not seem so to Freud, who wrote that as a boy he once had an erotic reaction to watching his mother dressing. But Freud had a wet-nurse, and may not have experienced the early intimacy that would have tipped off his perceptual system that Mrs. Freud was his mother."。
My Oedipus Complex读后感
My Oedipus ComplexMy Oedipus Complex, written by the famous Irish short storywriter Frank O’Connor, in my opinion, is more a sacred narration of the youth and growing-up problem than just a simple story told by a little child.Before starting the story, let’s see the background of the text.The Oedipus Complex originated from a myth about a Greek hero named Oedipus, written by Sophocles. As it develops, it now refers to the positive libidinal feelings of a child to the parent of the opposite sex and hostile or jealous feelings toward the parent of the same sex that may be a source of adult personality disorder when unresolved. It is a pattern of profound emotional ambivalence, a troublesome mixture of love and hate. The Oedipus Complex occurs during the phallic stage, from roughly ages 3-6 years. Freud believed that during this stage boys seek genital stimulation and develop both unconscious desires for their mother and jealousy and hatred for their father, whom they consider a rival. It was said that boys felt guilt and lurking fear that their father would punish them, such as by castration. Freud also believed that conscience and gender identity form as the child resolved the Oedipus Complex at age 5 or 6, but this actually happens earlier. A child tends to become strongly masculine or feminine without even having the same sex parent present①. The protagonist in this text, My Oedipus Complex, is just in this stage. Then let’s see more details about the whole text.There are four characters in the story: Larry- the protagonist, also the narrator，his mother, his father, and his new born brother, Sonny. The story is told by the little child, Larry, who is five years old and who grows up in his peaceful and safe world with just himself and his “beloved”mother. He is not ready to share his mother’s attention with his father, who is returned from the WWI and with the new-born brother. It is because he has strongly connected with his mother during the past five years and wants her to belong only to him and love him only.To understand the external conflicts of the story, I’d like to analyse the four characters first:The protagonist, Larry, is a happy, creative, imaginative and kind-hearted young boy who thinks and cares a lot about his mother. For example, when he thought what his father said made his mother anxious, he bravely interrupted his father. Also，one ①/essays/Definition-Oedipus-Complex/3690day he said to his mother “I’m going to marry you when I grow up”②. His creation is reflected when he names his feet Mrs Right and Mrs Left and makes them talk to each other about things he will do with his mother. Larry is only five years old, but sometimes he behaves like an adult person. “…Having settled my plans for the day, I got up, put the chair under the attic window…③” he is planing the day, the things he wants to do. He is full of joy that “…feeling myself rather like the Sun, ready to illuminate and rejoice…”④. However, he is just a five-year-old child, whose thought is too strict and sometimes too mirthful. For instance, he said “Man for man, I was prepared to compete with him any time for mother’attention.”⑤Mother can be said to be a mediator between son and husband. She will immediately mediate when the two persons seem to quarrel. Also, she tried to connect them, which was well proved first when she adviced father to take the son for a walk when father just came back, hoping to better the relationship between them. What’s more, she said “You mustn’t play with Dad’s toys until he lets you,Lerry. Daddy doesn’t play with yours”⑥. She didn't say directly, but she implied that father should make a step into the son’s world , communicating with the son and showing his love. In addition, mother is humorous. When the boy asked his mother why they did not have a new baby, mother said that they couldn’t afford because a baby would cost them “seventeen and six”. Here “seventeen and six”showed mother’s a kind of humor.Father in the text has little words and does not know how to get along with others nor show love to his family especially at the beginning when he just returned from the war. But at last he makes a change and forms the united front with his son. .Sonny is a new baby of the family , because of whom the relationship between the narration and his father finally gets changed.In the story, the author depicted with galore humour the boy’s“Oedipus Complex”referring to Freudian psychoanalysis. For example, at the beginning the young boy dislikes his father that he says to his mother “Mommy, do you think if I prayed hard God would send Daddy back to the war?⑦” Besides, he wants to send his father to Home where he thinks is good for his father though he does not know what Home is. More, he wonders why Sonny wouldn't sleep at the proper time and thinks the new baby demand too much attention of his mother, so, whenever his mother turnes back he will wake the baby and sometimes even pinch the baby to keep him awake. It sounds ridiculous and mirthful. However, it, to some extent, proves what Freud says, “... that all sons unconsciously desire to kill, even if they love, their fathers⑧.”②Frank O’Conor: My Oedipus Complex, para.para.101-103 tr③Frank O’Conor: My Oedipus Complex, Para.5, Line 1-2④Frank O’Conor: My Oedipus Complex, para.3, Line 3-4⑤Frank O’Conor: My Oedipus Complex, para. 17, Line 3⑥Frank O’Conor: My Oedipus Complex, para. 96⑦Frank O’Conor: My Oedipus Complex, para. 20⑧/essays/Definition-Oedipus-Complex/3690The plot of this text is about the psychological change of the protagonist, Larry. It is truly abnormal for a boy to live just with the only woman, which I think is also the reason why he names his feet Mrs Right and Mrs Left but not Mr Right nor Mr Left. And then his father, whom to the boy is a stranger, comes back. What comes next is the conflicts between the boy and his father. But as far as I ‘m concerned, it is just the conflicts that supply the boy a chance to change or a transition to the much normal environment. His sleeping with his father in one bed in the end of the story symbolizes the protagonist’s successful psychological change. Moreover, it coincides the theory of Freud that the confusion of Oedipus Complex will be changed later when son begins to agree with his father and restrain the desire against his father.The text does not have too much conversations but more psychological description of the young boy. The protagonist’s Oedipus Complex is permeated in his thught, words and especially the conflicts with his father. For example , while Larry’s father was fighting in the WWI and rarely visited home, Larry was enjoying himself and all his mother attention was turned to him. Every morning he got up very early, giving Mrs Right and Mrs Left a conversation, after which he would go to his mother’s big bed and talk about his “schemes”. Next, he would go shopping with his mother and take a walk to coutry. All those things have been regular in his daily life, which is disordered by his father’s coming back. At the very beginning, he said” The war was the most peaceful period of my life⑨”. It is a paradox but also foreshadows the conflicts between Larry and his father. When his mother just listened to his father, he interrupted his mother, though just got the words“Do be quiet, Larry. Don’t you hear me talking to your father?⑩”, which also annoied the little boy. Then, the conflict sharpened: when he found his parents slept in one bed and father took up more share of the bed, he kicked his father to wake him. Then one day came the climax of the story: Father was provoked to anger by the boy and shouted to him. Then the boy shouted back angerily and fearly, “Smach your own! Shut up! Shut up!⑪”The language of the text, the part I most appreciate，is vivid, humorous, childish and imaginative. The author is skilled to know well a five-year-old boy’s psychology，thought and words and has so successfully shaped a vivid protagonist。
泛读 我的俄狄浦斯情节
Oedipus ("swollen foot")
• Tragic king of Thebes, son of Laius and Jocasta, who was left to die by his father with a spear through his foot, since an oracle had said Oedipus would kill him. The baby was found by a shepherd, who named him and gave him to be adopted by the king Polybus of Corinth.
• The day his father came home from the war everything changed for Larry. He finds his father altogether less interesting when he arrives home. His father is not wearing his uniform and does not have any souvenirs from the war. At this point in the story the reader can actually understand why the story is called "My Oedipus Complex."
My Oedipus Complex
Frank O’ Connor p.342
OEDIPUS COMPLEX
（潜伏期）： 潜伏期）： ）：7
five psychosexual development stages： (i) the (ii) the (iii) the
Oral Anal Phallic
右。此期儿童性生理的分化导致心理的分化， 儿童表现出对生殖器的极大兴趣，性需求集 中于性器官本身。
phallia stage（性器期）：3－6 岁左
The Oedipus complex occurs in the third
five psychosexual development stages： (i) the
Oral
oral stage（口唇期）： 口唇期）：
岁半左右。 从出生到 1 岁半左右。此期婴 幼儿以吸吮、 幼儿以吸吮、咬和吞咽等口腔 活动为主满足本能和性的需要。 活动为主满足本能和性的需要。
Oralபைடு நூலகம்sexual practices:
Smoking Eating Kissing
(i) in developing a body image, he or she is
discrete from the external world (ii) experiencing delayed gratification leads to understanding that specific behaviors satisfy some needs
理解Oedipus Complex
案例：一位20岁的男孩在外出旅游时跟母亲住 案例：一位20岁的男孩在外出旅游时跟母亲住 在一个房间里。夜间母亲睡着后， 在一个房间里。夜间母亲睡着后，他突然对母 亲有性的幻想和冲动。并因此感到无比恐惧。 亲有性的幻想和冲动。并因此感到无比恐惧。 ----这不是俄底浦斯冲突 因为： ----这不是俄底浦斯冲突。因为： 这不是俄底浦斯冲突。 1、 在潜意识层面，4—6岁时的那个母亲并不 在潜意识层面， 是此时睡在同一个房间里的母亲； 是此时睡在同一个房间里的母亲； 2、 此时此刻的恐惧感是可以察觉的，是意识 此时此刻的恐惧感是可以察觉的， 层面的，这种冲突跟看到银行里有钱， 层面的，这种冲突跟看到银行里有钱，想抢又 不敢抢的冲突没有什么两样； 不敢抢的冲突没有什么两样； 3 、 俄底浦斯 “ 情结 ” 指的是我们现在已经 俄底浦斯“ 情结” 遗忘” 针对我们一生中“第一个女人” “遗忘”的、针对我们一生中“第一个女人” 的全部心理活动， 的全部心理活动，这些心理活动会以我们不知 道的方式影响我们的行为。 道的方式影响我们的行为。
俄底浦斯冲突的引申的涵义是指一个人在 渴望成功和惧怕成功后的惩罚之间的冲突。 渴望成功和惧怕成功后的惩罚之间的冲突 。 前者可以是意识层面的， 前者可以是意识层面的 ， 但与后者相冲突 的部分却是潜意识层面的。 的部分却是潜意识层面的 。 这是每一个正 常人都会不同程度具有的内心深处的冲突。 常人都会不同程度具有的内心深处的冲突 。
理解Oedipus 理解Oedipus Complex
----武汉中德心理医院 ----武汉中德心理医院 曾奇峰
这个术语在中文里被译成俄底浦斯情结或 者恋母情结。 dipus是人名 ， 者恋母情结 。 Ödipus 是人名， 音译译成俄 底浦斯大约没有什么问题， 但是译成 “ 底浦斯大约没有什么问题 ， 但是译成“ 恋 母 ” 就有问题了 ， 这没有完全忠实原文 ， 就有问题了， 这没有完全忠实原文， 而且会导致对这一阶段心理发展过程的狭 隘的理解。 隘的理解。
Analysis on the My Oedipus Complex 我的俄狄浦斯情结 英语小说选读 分析 原创
Name 郭琦Class: ENo.12009011100Course: 英语小说选读Date: 2012.2 Analysis on the My Oedipus ComplexMy Oedipus complex is a short story written by an Irish author called Frank O’Connor who was best known for his short stories and plays all over the world. In his entire life, Frank O’Connor wrote 150 short stories, novels, plays and some other things. In this My Oedipus complex, he tells people a story of a five years old boy Larry who has to come to the difficulties caused by his instinctive jealousy and envy. The writer tells us this story in the view of a five years old boy who is trying to fight with his father coming back home from the war to gain the attention and time and love from his mother. Such short story arises huge resonances among different kinds of people for the situation is just part of our childhood more or less, and it shows us the contradiction between people’s instinct motions.The whole story sets on the point of view of little Larry, the five years old boy who enjoys the cares and love of his mother before his father, a soldier who join the army, comes back from the war. Larry enjoys the company of his mother, playing, talking, and always being together. All of this joyful things turn into jealous mood when his unfamiliar father comes back home unexpectedly who takes away the whole attention of the previous love from his mother. Such feelings occurred to me when I look back to my childhood where I have the same thoughts with Larry and I can fully understand how helpless the jealousy is.Actually, when his father appears in the house, little Larry just does not get used to his father without the army uniform. But the turning point is that he feels being ignored and boring for the first day his father comes home while his mother keeps laying her attentions on this hardly knows man. In the beginning, the young boy acts in excitement and contentment ways when his father arrives unexpectedly on the visit from the army. The day his father came home from the war, everything changed forLarry. Without the uniform on the man’s body, or even no souvenirs from the mysterious war, Larry comes to show out the unpleasant mood, this is, as to Larry, the first time in his life without having all of the attention of his mother and for the first time in his life he feels being neglected. At this time, the conflict begins to become clear and easygoing. Larry does not clear that the love and attention were going to be sharing between his little-known father and him. And he does not know that the whole family is going to be supported by getting a job of his father. The little boy keeps his hate for his father and does everything he can to against his father in his own ways.The funny point in that he thinks he can stay with his mother by marrying his mother, and Larry even thinks to that he can send his father back to the war through the pray the God. However, he gets a little boy after his father comes back from the army. After this, Larry turns his attention from the disgusting father to the cute little son whose name is Sonny. At this time, Larry has to trying his effort to grasp the attention of his mother.In this short story by Frank O’Connor’s there are two main views, firstly, the puzzle of the little boy a bout his mother’s attention. Secondly, it leaves people a deep thinking about the nature emotion when we were small child. The whole simple description about the relation between his parents and the little Sonny: the world only contains him and his mother, father and the little baby come into his life. These descriptions are extremely smooth and beautiful, which also implies us the common phenomenon when regarding people as animals. As human beings, both boys and girls have the love emotion which beyond description about mothers and fathers.My Oedipus Complex is a simple and humorous short story which can leave the readers an enjoyable feeling. Just as the introduction of this book says: Not only is the story memorable for its ironical use of Sigmund Freud’s interpretation of the Oedipal myth, but is also captivating for the amused evocation of the little boy’s. I really enjoy reading this book because it allows me to look back on a series of events that happened several years ago and to see them in a totally different light now. Likewise, I agree with that reading about Larry pushes me to understand more about the love between parents and children, and come to realize why the little child relies on theirparents so much in today: children do some things not because they are afraid of losing their mothers, but the adoration to them.。
Frank O'Connor简介
imprisonment being in Gormanston, County Meath between 1922 and 1923.
Literary career
• Following his release, took various positions---- Irish teacher, theatre director, and librarian. • In 1935, became a member of the Board of Directors of the Abbey [‘æbi] Theatre(阿贝剧院) in Dublin, founded by William Butler Yeats(威廉 巴特勒 叶芝) and other members of the Irish National Theatr to the 1960s he was a prolific writer of short stories, poems, plays, and novellas. His work as an Irish teacher complemented his plethora ['pleθərə] (extreme excess) of translations into English of Irish poetry, including his initially banned translation of "The Midnight Court". Many of O'Connor's writings were based on his own life experiences
My Oedipus Complex
• “My Oedipus Complex” is a unique title for the story. Oedipus is a character in the Greek mythology. He was the son of Laius, King of Thebes, and Jocasta his wife. To avoid the fulfillment of the prophecy that he would murder his father and marry his mother, Oedipus was abandoned on the mountains soon after birth and later adopted by the shepherd.
My Oedipus Complex
奥康诺) (17September
About the Bibliography
My Oedipus Complex
The First Confession An Only Child My Father’s Son The Wild Bird’s Nest The Midnight Court Christmas Morning The Man of the World The Lonely Voice Guess of the Nation
Conclusion
• Parents and children see the world differently because of the different experience they have about the world. It is quite natural that sometimes they misunderstand each other. As children are not mature enough, so parents should show more understanding and be patient.
About the article
the narrator (Larry) cute ,childish, imaginative His father fatherly, not good at communication His mother considerate, careful, harmonious Sonny little baby, noisy, cried for attention
What do you think of their conflict?
My_Oedipus_Complex
Questions
How does the narrator illustrate the conflicts between id, ego and superego? Does the boy seem to be undergoing a major psychological crisis? Is it seriously intended or facetious? Is the narrator reconciled to his father in the end? How? Are there significant changes in the character of the narrator from childhood to the time at which he recollects these childhood event? What attitude do you think the narrator takes to Freud’s theory of the Oedipus Complex? Why?
Irony
In general, irony involves a contradiction between appearance and reality. In literature, irony is a deliberate gap between the language used and what is being discussed. Irony results when there is a dtween a character and the narrator or reader. There are four major types of irony: verbal, dramatic, situational, and cosmic.
Sample-Thesis-Proposal
Thesis ProposalHe Wonders as He Wanders: A Psychological Study ofOedipus Complex in Sons and LoversLiang Min222004307051242Class 9, Grade 2004Instructor: Liu ChengyuSchool of Foreign LanguagesSouthwest UniversityNovember 7, 2007I. Thesis statementThe Oedipus complex depicted in the British writer D. H. Lawrence’s masterpiece Sons and Lovers as a prominent psychological phenomenon, has a significant impact upon the development of the hero Paul.II. Table of contentsI. A brief introduction of the novel Sons and LoversII. The definition of “Oedipus complex”A. The Greek tragedy “Oedipus the King”B. Sigmund Freud’s theory of the Oedipus complexIII. Oedipus complex in Sons and LoversA. Causes of the Oedipus complex1. Mrs. Morel’s influence2. Paul’s personalityB. Representations of the Oedipus complex1. Paul and Mrs. Morel’s subtle relationship2. Paul and other girls’ tangled love affairs3. Mrs. Morel’s intervention of Paul’s love affairs4. Paul’s hatred towards his fatherC. Consequences of the Oedipus complex1. Mrs. Morel’s death2. Paul’s pursuit of new lifeD. Significance of the Oedipus complex in the novelIV. Influence of Oedipus complex upon young boysIII. Significance of the researchIt is of overriding importance for an English learner to have a study about the novel Sons and Lovers by D. H. Lawrence, which is considered by many critics to be one of the revolutionary novels of the 20th century and a landmark in the history of English novels. Nobody could fully appreciate the novel without any psychological analysis of the subtle relationship between the protagonist Paul and his mother, which is characterized here as the Oedipus complex. Therefore, it is indispensable to analyze the influence of the Oedipus complex in the novel.IV. Feasibility of the researchWith reasonable theoretical foundation and research methods, it is feasible and practical for me to do the research of the Oedipus complex in Sons and Lovers. I will do the research on the basis of Sigmund Freud’s theory of the Oedipus complex by employing psychoanalysis. Apart from this, I have three more reasons: Firstly, there are many critical works and analyses by literature experts in books and journals as well as on the internet so that I could consult relevant information. Secondly, I have learned a great deal of theories to evaluate a literature work. Thirdly, I could turn to professors for advice in the process of writing. Therefore, I am confident in the feasibility of the research. With regard to the project, it is significant to have a profound understanding about the novel as well as the term Oedipus complex and Freud’s theory. Therefore, I will strive to resort to the library, internet and other channels to search for a great amount of information and data. Moreover, I have always been fascinated by materials concerning psychology, so this novel is self-evident to my great interest. Hardly did I read the novel when I was greatly obsessed by the consummate description of the subtle relationship between the sons and mother. It reminds me of the moving and touching Greek tragedy Oedipus the King by Sophocles. All these factors convince me of the feasibility of the research.V. Approach/methodsIn terms of the method, I am inclined to use psychoanalysis to approach to the study in that Oedipus complex is a kind of psychological activity which was systemically illuminated by Sigmund Freud. So Freud’s theory and the background knowledge of the origin of the term Oedipus complex as well as the original novel Sons and Lovers and its relevant books are available in the course of doing the research.VI. Work plan28 Sep.—12 Oct. Chose the topic13 Oct.—20 Oct. Search for information21 Oct.—2 Nov. Make an outline3 Nov.— 6 Nov. Work out a thesis proposal9 Nov.—20 Dec. Write the first draft21 Dec.—31 Dec. Revise the first draft1 Jan.—8 Jan. 2008 Write the final draft10 Jan., 2008 Submit the final research paperVII. List of referencesChampion, Neil. Life and Works: D. H. Lawrence. London: Wayland Ltd., 1989Chen Jia. A History of English Literature (Volume 4). Beijing: The Commercial Press, 2006 Fernihough, Ann. D. H. Lawrence. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Press, 2003. Heywood, Christopher. D. H. Lawrence New Studies.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. Jeffrey, Meyers. The Legacy of D. H. Lawrence. London: Macmillan Press, 1987.Kalnins, Mara. The Cambridge Edition of the Works of D. H. Lawrence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980.Liu Bingshan. A Short History of English Literature. 郑州：河南人民出版社，2006.Zhang Boxiang. A Course Book of English Literature(Revised Edition). 武汉：武汉大学出版社，2005.Zhang Dingshuang and Wu Gang. A New Concise History of English Literature. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2002.Zhang Xinyou. A Guild to History and Anthology of English Literature. 武汉：湖北科学技术出版社，2003.。
My Oedipus Complex
My Oedipus Complex—A Scientific Experiment of Freudianism作者：金雪飞来源：《校园英语·月末》2019年第01期【Abstract】the paper is intended to interpret My Oedipus Complex from a psychoanalytical point of view. The main theory adopted is Freud’s Oedipus Complex. The st ory depicts the relationship between the little boy and his mother in quite direct language， leaving no room for readers to imagine. It seems that the author of the story is quite familiar with Freud’s theories and conversations between the boy and his mother contain lots of Freudian words. Thus， it is concluded that My Oedipus Complex is a scientific experiment of Freudianism.【Key words】My Oedipus Complex; scientific experiment; freudianism【作者簡介】金雪飞（1984.10.13-），女，满族，西安翻译学院，讲师，研究方向：英语语言文学。
My Oedipus Complex is more a scientific experiment than a work of artistic creativity. As Zhang Zhong zai says， the value of a piece of literary work lies in that it should leave much room for imagination. That is， it contains lots of vague knowledge that requires people dig them out from various aspects. But My Oedipus Complex possesses no such quality. Instead， it presents every detail in front of the readers， leaving no room for them to imagine.According to Freud， every boy may encount er Oedipus Complex during his “sexual development.” The essence of Oedipus Complex Freud asserts is that “during the late infantile stage （somewhere between ages 3 and 6）， all infant males possess an erotic attachment to their mother. Unconsciously， the infant desires to engage in sexual union with his mother. He recognizes，however，a rival for his mother’ s affection：the father.” In this theory， the mother-son relationship and the father-son relationship are redefined by Freud. As Freud indicates， the mother-son relationship is established on the son’s sexual desire toward his mother，while the father-son relationship is the relationship of two men’s rival for the same woman.In My Oedipus Complex， it is no doubt that the five-year-old boy nurtures an “erotic attachment” to his mother. It is important to pay attention to the age of the protagonist which belongs to the “late infantile stage.” The protagonist’s behaviors and words demonstrate both directly and indirectly that he has a sexual attachment to his mother. Firstly， he is used to climbing to his mother’s bed every morning with an abnormal feeling. The author describes his feeling like this “By this time， though I never seem to have noticed it，I was petrified in my nightshirt.” The sentence “though I never seem to have noticed it” indicates that the boy behaves so unconsciously. And the word “petrified” reveals that he is a little nervous when lies so near to an opposite sex， though she ishis mother. Secondly，he views his mother from a lover’s point of view unconsciously. For instance， he dislikes his mother looking anxious，“because it destroyed[s] her good looks.” To comment a woman’s look is often the act of a male adult or her lover but not her son. Thirdly， the boy’s sexual attachment to his mother is revealed directly by her conversation with his mother：“I’m going to marry you，” “Because we’re going to have lots and lots of babies.” “To have lots and lots of babies”indicates that the boy wants to have sex with his mother， though at that time he is unconscious of it.As for the father-son relationship in this story， the author also portrays it clearly as a relationship of rival. The author even adopts some Freudian language to depict the relationship of the father and the son. He w rites that the boy always “compete with his father for the attention of his mother，” which sounds very Freudian. And the scene he openly quarrels with his father demonstrates the rival relationship of the father and the son overtly.In conclusion， My Oedipus Complex is a piece of scientific experiment of Freudianism. The two relationships quite fit in the ones defined in Oedipus Complex， and every act of the protagonist can be explained by Freudian theory with no creative plot present which may caus e the readers’ imagination.References：[1]Abrams，M.H.A Glossary of Literary Terms[M].Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press，2006.[2]Bressler，Charles E.Literary Criticism—an Introduction to Theory and Practice[J].Prentice Hall，1999.[3]O’Connor，Frank.My Oedipus Complex and Other Stories[M]. Penguin Books，2005.。
4 My Oedipus Complex---------------Frank O’Connor
My Oedipus Complex Frank O’Connor1.What is Oedipus complex? And how is Oedipus complex successfullyemployed in the story by the author?The Oedipus complex occurs in the ages 3–6. It describes a boy's feelings of desire for his mother and jealousy and anger towards his father. Essentially, a boy feels like he is in competition with his father for possession of his mother. He views his father as a rival for her attentions and affections.Larry in this story is an introverted boy. He grows up in his own safe world with just himself and his mother. He is attached to his mother and wants her to belong only to him and considers his father a rival.2.Why dose Larry associate his father to Santa Claus(圣诞老人)?Because Larry heard his father entrances and exists. He thought his father came and went mysteriously just like Santa Claus. In addition his father left a trail of souvenirs/presents each time he came back.3.According to the story, what a kind of boy do you think Larry is?i.He is introverted. He has no friend but his mother and his two feet—Mrs. Leftand Mrs. Right, imagined by him, which shows he also has a lovely mind.ii.He spends most of his time with his mother. He is lack of paternal care and love.4.How would you understand Larry’ words“really, it was like going fora walk with a mountain”rry thought his father as a rival monsterii.His words indicates lack of mutual communication and understanding between son and father. His father ignores or pays no attention to Larry.5.Please make a guess at the possible reasons why Larry woke up earlyevery morning?i.It is his habit and he will come for his mother who is the only person he cancommunicate with.ii.Under the impact of the war, Larry actually fearsiii.Mrs. Left and Mrs. Right, also females, are his only friends. He is lonely. He wakes up early but fells asleep again6.―For some reason father look at her as if she had struck him and thenturned away with a scow!‖Why did Larry’s father react so strongly?i.Mother neglects father’s feeling and treats him as a child, which irritatesfather.ii.His souvenirs are called toys but they are not toys and they are very rare and valuable.7.How do you understand the conflicts between Larry and his father?i.Under the circumstance of war, Larry and his father are lack ofcommunication.rry is attached to his mother but after his father’s back, he took Larry’s mother away. So Larry hatred his father and regards his father as rival.8.How would you define the function the mother has played in thestory?The mother is not only a mother but also a wife. She is a mediator and play an important role in balancing the relationship between father and son.9.What is his father’s image in Larry’s eyes?Father’s image changes as time goes by. There are three periods. First, his father isa stranger in Larry’s eye when his father comes back from the war. Then his fatheris a rival mother when Larry finds that his father takes his mother’s attention away from him. Finally he consider his father as a friend. He reconcile with his father because of the same experience.10.W hat changes has the arrival of the baby brought to the family?Mother pays her all attention to the baby and father is deserted. Father begins to understand Larry and shows his love.11.W hy dose Larry finally accept his father?i.He feels love for his father and they start to understand each other.rry feels his father as a loser.12.W hat are the main themes O’Connor had explored in the story?i.The story indicates the issues of parents. Father doesn’t communicate withson and doesn’t understand son’s feeling, which causes a lot of trouble.ii.The story also shows fear and troublesome of little children. Little children may be immersed into Oedipus complex.。
欧洲文化入门复习重点
Introduction1、There are many elements constituting European Culture.2、There are two major elements: Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.The richness of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.Division One：Greek Culture and Roman Culture1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labour.3、Ancient Greece’s epics was created by Homer.4、The Home r’s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.5、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.6、Three masters in tragedy三大悲剧大师①AeschylusPrometheus Bound —→Shelly Prometheus Unbound②SophoclesOedipus the King —→ Freud’s “the Oedipus complex” (恋母情结)—→ David Herbert Lawrence’s Sons and lovers③EuripidesA．Trojan W omenB．He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧)C．Realis m can be traced back to the Ancient Greece，to be specific, Euripides.7、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes.Aristophanes writes about nature.8、History (Historical writing)“Father of History” —→ Herodotus —→ war (between Greeks and Persians)“t he greatest historian that ever lived.” —→ Thucydides —→ war (between Sparta and Athens) 9、①Euclid’s Elements解析几何It was in use in English schools until the early years of the 20th century.②ArchimedesHis work laid basis for not only geometry几何学,but also arithmetic算术, mechanics机械, and hydrostatics.流体静力学“Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”.（Archimedes）10、The melting between Roman Culture and Greek Culture. (罗马征服希腊的标志)From 146 B.C., Latin was the language of the western half of the Roman Empire, and Greek that of the eastern half.Both Latin and Greek belong to Indo-European language.11、The dividing range in the Roman history refers to 27 B.C.12、The year 27 B.C. Divided the Roman history into two periods: republic and empire.13、The idea of Republic can be traced back to Plato’s republic.14、In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteedby the Roman legions(罗马军团)15、In the Roman history, there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was known asPax Romana.(神圣罗马帝国)16、In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteedby the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana17、The Roman Law protected the rights of plebeians (平民).18、The important contribution made by the Romans to the European culture was the Roman Law.19、After 395,the empire was divided into East (the Byzantine Empire) and West.20、Cicero西赛罗his legal and political speeches are models of Latin diction拉丁语用词described as Ciceronian.西赛罗式的an enormous influence on the development of European prose.21、Virgil: Aeneid 阿尼德22、The pantheon was built in 27 B.C.The world’s first vast interior space.世界上第一所最大的室内场所23、The representation form of Greek Democracy is citizen-assembly.古希腊民主的表现形式24、The embodiment of Greek de mocracy is citizen-assembly. 古希腊民主的具体形式25. Many of Plato’s ideas were later absorbed into Christian thought.How did the Ancient Greek philosophy develop?(1)、Three founders1、Pythagoras①All things were numbers.②Scientific mathematics.③Theory of proportion.比例的理论2、Heracleitue①Fire is the primary elements of the universe.火是万物之源②The theory of the mingling of opposites produced harmony.矛盾的对立统一3、Democritus①the atomic theory.第一个原子理论开拓者②materialis m.唯物主义(2)、Three thinkers1、Socrates①He hadn’t works. We can know him from Plato’s dialogues.②The dialectical method was established by Socrates.2、Plato①The Academy is the first school in the world, it was established by Plato.②He has four works. Dialogues, Apology, Symposium and Republic.3、Aristotle①The L yceum is the second school in the world, it was established by Aristotle.②Aristotle is a humanist.(2)、Five contending schools1、The Sophists诡辩派①Under the leadership of Protagoras.②The representative of work is On the God.诸神论③His doctrine is “man is the measure of all things”.2、The Cynics犬儒派①Under the leadership of Diogenes.②The word “cynic” means “dog” in English.③He proclaimed his brotherhood. And he had no patience with the rich and powerful.3、The Sceptics置疑学派①Under the leadership of Pyrrhon.②His thought is not all knowledge was attainable, and doubting the truth of what others accepted as true.4、The Epicureans享乐派①Under the leadership of Epicurus.②Pleasure to be the highest good in life but not sensual enjoyment.Pleasure could be attained by the practice of virtue.Epicurus was a materialist. He believed that the world consisted of atoms.5、The Stoics斯多哥派①Under the leadership of Zeno.②His thought is duty is the most important thing in life.One should endure hardship and misfortune with courage.He developed into Stoics’ duty.He was also a materialist.What’s the difference between Plato and Aristotle in terms of their philosophical ideas(system)？1、For one thing, Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato’s reliance on subjective thinking.2、For another, he thought that “form” and matter together made up concrete individual realities. Here, too, he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world3、Aristotle thought happiness was men’s aim in life，but not happiness in the vulgar sense, but something that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason, goodness and contemplation.What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development?There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere. Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.1、Spirit of innovation创新精神The Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters of any inherited orthodoxy.2、Supreme Achievement至高无上的成就The Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.3、Lasting effect持续的影响①Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer’s epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’s comedies, Plato’s Dialogues,ect. ②In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics经典之作: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn. ③In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.Division Two：The Bible and Christianity1、Christianity is by far the most influential in the West.2、Judeo-Christian tradition constitutes one of the two major components of European culture: Judais m and Christianity.3、The Jewish tradition, which gave birth to Christianity. (犹太教是基督教的前身)Both originated in Palestine, which was known as Canaan.4、The ancestors of the Jews — the Hebrews.5、The Hebrews history was recorded in the Old Testament of the Bible.6、The Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament.7、The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God.8、The New Testament is about the doctrine of Jesus Christ.9、The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.10、The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch.摩西五经11、The Fall of Man was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, The Bible.12、Noah’s Ark was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, The Bible.13、The content of historical Books: 1200B.C. 586 B.C.Dealing with history of the Hebrew people from their entry into Palestine around 1200 B.C., till the fall of Palestine into hands of Assyrians and Chaldeans in 586 B.C.14、The History Books① The development of system of landed nobles.② The development of monarchy. 君主专制③ Establishment of the two Kingdoms. 两大王国的初步形成④ The settlement in the highlands⑤ Age of great prosperity under Saul, David and Solomon.15、Towards the end of the fourth century four accounts were accepted as part of the New Testament, which tells the beginning of Christianity.16、The Birth of Jesus was recorded in Matthew (马修福音书)17、The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin V ulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.What difference between Christianity and the other religions?Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it from all other religions.1、One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind.2、The other is that God gave his only begotten son, so that whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life. (加尔文主义也有这样的观点)What is the great significance of the translations of the bible?1、It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.2、Miltion’s Paradise Lost , Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, up to the contemporary Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck’s East of Eden.Division Three：The Middle Ages1、the Middle agesIn European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.The middle ages is so called because it was the transitional period(过渡时期) between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century.2、In 476 A.D. a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 西罗马476灭，东罗马1653年灭3、Feudalis m in Europe was mainly a system of land holding (土地所有) — a system of holding land in exchange for military service (军事力量). The word “feudalis m” was derived from the Latin “feudum”,a grant of land.4、5、The Catholic Church made Latin the official language and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage (传统) of the Roman Empire.6、The word “catholic” meant “universal”.(广泛的，无处不在的)7、St. Jerome, who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. Vulgate (拉丁语圣经)8、Augustine —→ “Confession” and “The City of God”9、The most important of all courses was Jerusalem. (耶路撒冷)10、Crusades went on about 200 years. There were altogether eight chief Crusades.11、The crusades ended up with the victory of Moslems.(穆斯林)By 1291 the Moslems (穆斯林) had taken over the last Christian stronghold. They won the crusades and ruled all the territory in Palestine that the Crusaders had fought to control.12、Carolingian RenaissanceCarolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet (一面) of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle (有见解) of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate (吸收) the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.13、National Epics(民族史诗运动)The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states (民族国家) that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics.14、Chaucer (乔叟) 的诗歌特点：① power of observation (观察)② piercing irony (敏锐的讽刺) ③ sense of humour ④ warm humanity (温暖的人性)15、Gothic① The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.② It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history.③ The Gothic was an outgrowth (丰富与发展) of the Romanesque.（罗马式）16、The Canterbury Tales:① The Canterbury Tales was written by Chaucer.② Chaucer introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.③ Both Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales are the best representative of the middle English.17 In the middle ages, what cultures began to merge？Classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritages merged (文化融合). It paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture.Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith (信仰的年代)？1、During the Medieval t imes there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.2、The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence.3、In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in wes tern Europe was a Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds of years.4、It shaped people’s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.How did Feudalism develop in Europe in middle ages?1、feudalis m in Europe was mainly a system of land holding — a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalis m” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.2、In order to seek the protection of large land-owners, the people of s mall farms or land gave their farms and land to large land-owners, but they still had freedom, they were called freemen.3、While the people from towns and cities did not possess farms or land. They had nothing but their freedom to be given to large land-owners, and then they lost their freedom for protection. They were called serfs.4、In Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors or soldiers as a reward for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs. The owners of the fiefs was call vassals.5、There came a form of local and decentralized (分散) government.6、As a knight, he were pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed.What positive influence does the Crusades exert on the European Culture?(What is the great significance of the Crusades?)1、The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe. (拉近了东西方的交流)2、During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine, kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other things, Crusades helped to break down feudalis m, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies. (取而代之的是君主专制)3、Besides, through their contact with the more cultured Byzantines and Moslems, th e western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals.4、The Crusades also resulted in renewing people’s interest in learning and invention. By the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals (阿拉伯数字), algebra (代数), and Arab medicine (医学) were introduced to the West.5、As trade increased, village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade inwestern Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments.How did literature develop in the middle ages?1、The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states (民族国家) that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2、Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy: (但丁与神曲)① His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.② The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed (预示) the spirit of Renaissance.③ Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin. (只用意大利语创作)3、Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales: (乔叟与坎特布雷集)① The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.② Most of the tales are written in verse (诗) which reflects(反映) Chaucer’s innovation (改革) by introducing into the native alliterative verse (压头韵) the French and Italian styles.③ Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English literature.短篇写作第一人④ Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages.Division Four：Renaissance and Reformation1、RenaissanceGenerally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. The wo rd “Renaissance” means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism (保守主义思想) in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie (资产阶级), to lift the restrictions (禁忌) in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.Renaissance started in Florence and V enice with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture.2、In Renaissance literature of Italy, Petrarch (彼得拉克) was the representative poet.3、Intellectuals became closely tied up with the rising bourgeoisie. (人文主义兴起的重要原因Humanistic ideas to develop)4、At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of the greatness of man.(以人为本—人文主义的核心)5、Last Supper adapted from the New Testament of the Bible.6、Michelangelo ——David —— Sistine Chapel (from the First book of the Bible, the Genesis ) —— Dying Slave (垂死的奴隶) —— Moses (摩西)7、Raphael was best known for his Madonna. (圣母玛利亚)He painted his Madonnas in different postures agains t different backgrounds.8、One of the famous paintings besides the Madonnas is School of Athens (雅典学派). Plato and Aristotle engaged in argument.9、Titian —— The V enus of Urbino (维纳斯)10、John Wyclif —— translation of the Bible into English for the first time.11、Martin Luther —— translation of the whole Bible with the vernacular language.12、The reformation get its victory first in England.13、ReformationThe Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political (社会政治) movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replac ing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues.宗教改革的实质是：反对罗马天主教，直接形式是用母语翻译圣经14、Calvinis mCalvinis m was established by Calvin in the period of Renaissance. Presbyterian government (长老会). Only those specially elected by God can be saved (上帝的选民) . This belief serves so well to help the rising bourgeoisie on its path (有助于资本主义的兴起)。
My Oedipus Complex
③.Falling Action (para.109-para.120) : We had a new member, Sonny, of our family. It was a real disaster I thought. My mother’s attention was fully fixed on that little guy. Father and I made friends with each other again.
பைடு நூலகம்
Character
Persons: I ,my mother, my father
Characteristics:
I : childish, naï lovely, always wants ve, mother’s accompany. Mother: patient, hardworking, a typical housewife and a good mother.
During the time when my father was not at home, we lived a very peaceful and happy life, I even hoped that my father could never come back.
②. Climax (para.8-para.108) : My father came back from the war, mother paid more attention to him, so I felt I was ignored. And I was prepared to compete with my father any time for mother’s attention. (eg. I always stumbled in their room, and scrambled into the big bed. I talked to my mother loudly, but she ordered me to be quiet, not to wake up my daddy, I felt it wasn’t fair. Finally, my father got raged, we conducted a series of skirmishes agnist each other.)
My Oedipus Complex
当时的忒拜被狮身人面兽斯芬克斯（Sphinx）所困，因为他会抓住每个路 过的人，如果对方无法解答他出的谜题，便将对方撕裂吞食。忒拜人 为了脱困，便宣布谁能解开谜题，从斯芬克斯口中拯救城邦的话，便 可获得王位并娶国王的遗孀为妻。后来正是由俄狄浦斯解开了斯芬克 斯的谜题，解救了忒拜。他也继承了王位，并在不知情的情况下娶了 自己的亲生母亲为妻，生子女四人。 后来，受俄狄浦斯统治的国家不 断有灾祸与瘟疫，国王因此向神只请示，想要知道为何会降下灾祸。 最后在先知提瑞西阿斯（Tiresias）的揭示下，神示说要追查杀死先王 的凶手，瘟疫才能平息．俄狄普斯爱人民，竭力追查凶手，在追查的 过程中他发现自己是拉伊奥斯的儿子，终究应验了他之前杀父娶母的 不幸命运。震惊不已的伊俄卡斯达羞愧地上吊自杀，而同样悲愤不已 的俄狄浦斯，则刺瞎了自己的双眼，自我流浪而死。后来弗洛伊德在 他的研究中引用这个例子，代表人类的恋母情结。Oedipus complex， according to Freud, is a child's unconscious desire for the exclusive love of the parent of the opposite sex. This desire includes jealousy toward the parent of the same sex and the unconscious wish for that parent's death.
3
Frank O’Connor (1903-1966)
• .
Frank O’Connor (born Michael Francis O'Connor O'Donovan) (September 17, 1903 – March 10, 1966) was an Irish author of over 150 works, who was best known for his short stories and books of memoirs. His early life was marked by his father's alcoholism ,indebtness and ill-treatment of his mother 4
Oedipus complex 俄狄浦斯情结
“His destiny moves us only because it might have been ours – because the oracle laid the same curse upon us before our birth as upon him. It is thefate of all of us, perhaps, to direct our first sexual impulse towards our”mother and our first hatred and our first murderous wish against ourfather. Our dreams convince us that this is so.[5]Classical theory considers the successful resolution of the Oedipus complex to bedevelopmentally desirable, the key to the development of gender roles and identity.Freud posited that boys and girls resolved the conflicts differently as a result of themale's castration anxiety (caused by oedipal rivalry with the father) and the female'spenis envy. He also held that the unsuccessful resolution of the Oedipus complexcould result in neurosis, paedophilia, and homosexuality.Classical theory holds that "resolution" of the Oedipus complex takes place throughidentification with the parent of the same sex and (partial) temporary renunciationof the parent of the opposite sex; the opposite-sex parent is then "re-discovered" asthe growing individual's adult sexual object.In classical theory, individuals who are fixated at the oedipal level are"mother-fixated" or "father-fixated", and reveal this by choosing sexual partnerswho are discernible surrogates for their parent(s).TheoryThe classical paradigm in a (male) child's psychological coming-of-age is to first select the mother as the object of libidinal investment. This however is expected to arouse the father's anger, and the infant surmises that the most probable outcome of this would be castration. Although Freud devoted most of his early literature to the Oedipus complex in males, by 1931 he was arguing that females do experience an Oedipus complex, and that in the case of females, incestuous desires are initially homosexual desires towards the mothers. It is clear that in Freud's view, at least as we can tell from his later writings, the Oedipus complex was a far more complicated process in female than in male development.The infant internalizes the rules pronounced by his father. This is how the super-ego comes into being. The father now becomes the figure of identification, as the child wants to keep his penis, but resigns from his attempts to take the mother, shifting his libidinal attention to new objects of desire.Little Hans: a case study by Freud"Little Hans" was a young boy who was the subject of an early but extensive study of castration anxiety and the Oedipus complex by Freud. Hans's neurosis took the shape of a phobia of horses (Equinophobia). Freud wrote a summary of his treatment of Little Hans, in 1909, in a paper entitled "Analysis of a Phobia in aFive-year-old Boy."Evolution of Freud's viewsMost Freud scholars today agree that Freud's views on the Oedipus complex went through a number of stages of development. This is exemplified by the Simon and Blass (1991) publication, which documents six stages of development for Freud's thinking on this subject:∙Stage 1. 1897–1909. Following the death of his father in 1896, and his later seeing Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, Freud begins to use the term "Oedipus"but does not, at this stage, use the term "Oedipus complex".∙Stage 2. 1909–1914. Freud refers to Oedipal wishes as being the "nuclear complex" of every neurosis, and later uses term "Oedipus complex" for thefirst time in 1910.∙Stage 3. 1914–1918. Incestuous wishes in relation to the father as well as to the mother are now considered.∙Stage 4. 1919–1926. Stage of complete Oedipus complex, in which considerations of identification and bisexuality become more evident inFreud's work. Freud now begins to use the term "complete Oedipuscomplex".∙Stage 5. 1926–1931. Applies the Oedipal theory to religious and cultural themes.∙Stage 6. 1931–1938. Gives more attention to the Oedipus complex in females.Female Oedipus complexFreud's writings on the Oedipus complex in females date primarily from his later writings, of the 1920s and 1930s. He believed that Oedipal wishes in females are initially expressions of homosexual desire for the mother. In 1925, he raised the question of how females later abandon this desire for their mother, and shift their sexual desires to their father (Appignanesisi & Forrester, 1992). Freud believed that this stems from their disappointment in discovery that they themselves lack a penis. It is noteworthy that, as Slipp (1993) points out, "Nowhere in the Standard Edition of Freud's Collected Works does Freud discuss matricide" (Slipp, 1993, p95). Freud's final comments on female sexuality occurred in his "New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis" in 1933 (Slipp, 1993) and deal with the different effects of penis envy and castration anxiety. The female version of the Oedipus complex is often referred to as the Electra complex.Disagreements and revisionsIn classical theory, the super-ego (considered "the heir to the Oedipus complex") comes into being as the infant internalizes the rules pronounced by his father. In contrast to this view, Otto Rank theorized in the early 1920s that the powerful mother was the source of the super-ego in normal development. This theory catapulted Rank out of the inner circle in 1925 and led to the development of modern object-relations therapy. (Rank coined the term "pre-Oedipal".)While Freud regarded boys' and girls' and adults' relationships to the father (and the father's phallus) as central to their psychosexual development, Melanie Klein focused more on the early relationship with the mother. Her insistence that oedipal manifestations can even be seen during the first year of life was a feature of theso-called "Controversial Discussions" which took place in the British Psychoanalytical Association between 1942 and 1944. In Klein's work the Oedipus complex is also "de-throned" to some extent, its central role in development being usurped by her concept of the depressive position.[6][7]While Freud held that both sexes initially experience desire for their mothers and aggression towards their fathers, Carl Jung argued that females experienced desire for their fathers and aggression towards their mothers. He referred to this idea as the Electra complex, after Electra, the daughter of Agamemnon. Electra wanted to kill her mother, who had helped plan the murder of her father. Thus, in orthodoxJungian thought, the term "Oedipus complex" properly refers only to the experience of male children. The "Electra complex" is not part of classical theory, and not usually accepted by those in the Freudian fold. In practice, the concept is rarely used, even by Jungians.Modern analysts also differ in the extent to which they accept the classical view of the "universality" of the Oedipus complex. Some speak cautiously of the complex's significance "at least in Western societies",[8] while others consider its temporal and geographic universality to have been established by ethnologists[9].。
week 15
The Story
Do you know Oedipus Complex? How many parts can you divide the story into? What is the main idea of each part? What do you think of the end of the story?
Unit 4 Family
Part II: Oedipus Complex
The Writer: Frank O’Connor
Frank O'Connor was born in Cork, Ireland in 1903 named as Michael O'Donovan. O'Connor was born into a poor family and remained an only child. At least 70 of O'Connor's short stories related to Irish family life and a majority of them related to his own life and experiences. "My Oedipus Complex" was one of those stories.
Workshop :
1. Whose point of view is the story narrated from? What if the story is narrated from the point of view of a mature man? 2. Do you think the story is funny? Where is the humor? Name some of the funny things? 3. What specific details in the story contribute to the appropriateness of its title? 4. With whom do you sympathize? Why? 5. What’s your interpretation of the title “My Oedipus Complex”? Do you agree with Freud’s explanation?
我的俄狄浦斯情结
• 1) Because of the lock of father's love, he was relying too much on his mother.
• Do you think whether the author's purpose is to prove oedipus complex in this story? Why?
Yes.
• In the story, the author depicted with galore humour the boy’s “Oedipus Complex” referring to Freudian psychoanalysis.
• Father got hurt because her wife didin't understand him, even worse, she didn't treat her husband as a man, but another Larry.
The second version:
• She wanted to be a mediator between son and husband and tried to connect them. For example, by leting Larry play with Father's treasures, Larry can know more about his father. Although She didn't say directly, but she implied that father should make a step into the son’s world , communicating with the son and showing his love.
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Hale Waihona Puke ronyIn general, irony involves a contradiction between appearance and reality. In literature, irony is a deliberate gap between the language used and what is being discussed. Irony results when there is a difference in point of view between a character and the narrator or reader. There are four major types of irony: verbal, dramatic, situational, and cosmic.
The Story of Oedipus
Which animal goes upon four legs at dawn, two legs at noon, and three legs in the evening?
The Oedipus Complex
The idea of an 'Oedipus complex' was first developed by Sigmund Freud. The idea became the cornerstone of his theories of psychoanalysis and he considered it to be an important part of all human relationships.
Questions
How does the narrator illustrate the conflicts between id, ego and superego? Does the boy seem to be undergoing a major psychological crisis? Is it seriously intended or facetious? Is the narrator reconciled to his father in the end? How? Are there significant changes in the character of the narrator from childhood to the time at which he recollects these childhood event? What attitude do you think the narrator takes to Freud’s theory of the Oedipus Complex? Why?
The Story of Oedipus
原因难道不明白？ 你们的父亲杀死了他自己的父亲， 并在他自己出来的地方拨下种子 从怀有他的胎中生下你们。 我宁愿不来这世间 犯下杀父娶母的罪滔天。 如真有比不幸更甚的不幸， 那就是俄狄浦斯的多舛之命。
The Story of Oedipus
Greek dramatist Sophocles and his Oedipus Rex (Laius, the king of Thebes and his wife Jocasta. Polybus, the King of Corinth a shepherd Oracle, Sphinx, Plague)
Frank O’Connor (1903-1966)
Frank O’Connor (born Michael Francis O'Connor ’ O'Donovan) (September 17, 1903 – March 10, 1966) was an Irish author of over 150 works, who was best known for his short stories and books of memoirs. Born an only child in Cork, Ireland, to Minnie O'Connor and Michael O'Donovan, his early life was marked by his father's alcoholism, indebtness and ill-treatment of his mother.
The Id, Ego, and Superego
The Id (unconscious，instinctive， primitive) and the Pleasure Principle The Ego (responsible for dealing with reality )and the Reality Principle The Superego (The ego ideal and The conscience )
The Oedipus Complex
Oedipus complex，according to Freud, is a child's unconscious desire for the exclusive love of the parent of the opposite sex. This desire includes jealousy toward the parent of the same sex and the unconscious wish for that parent's death. the female equivalent is the 'Electra complex' - in Greek myth, Electra plotted to kill her mother, Clytemnestra, who murdered Electra's father, Agamemnon.
My Oedipus Complex
by Frank O’Connor
Outline
The Oedipus Complex and the Story of Oedipus Related theories of Freud’s psychoanalysis ---The Structural Model of Personality (The Interaction of the Id, Ego and Superego) The Analysis of My Oedipus Complex 1. Basic elements (setting, characters, plot and theme ) 2. Illustration of conflicts between “Id”, “Ego” and “Superego” 3. Irony (Dramatic Irony and Situational Irony) Conclusion
Thank You!
Irony
In dramatic irony, the audience is more aware than the characters in a work (often, but not necessarily, a drama), and what the characters say takes on a new significance to the audience. A discrepancy occurs between what the character believes and the reader knows to be true.
The Structural Model of Personality
According to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality, personality is composed of three elements. These three elements of personality— known as the id, the ego, and the superego—work together to create complex human behaviors.
Irony
Situational irony defies logical cause/effect relationships and justifiable expectations. A discrepancy between the expectation and fulfillment.