国际市场营销第3章
《国际市场营销(第二版)》章后习题参考答案与提示
附录1章后习题参考答案与提示第1章□知识题1.1 阅读理解1）国际市场营销（International Marketing，简称国际营销，也有的称国际行销）指的是企业在跨越国境的基础上计划和实施交易，以实现满足个人和组织需要的交换的过程。
这里其主要特点是跨越国境的交易。
与国内营销的主要区别是：①国际营销比国内营销面临更多不可控因素；②国际营销比国内营销面临着更复杂的需求；③国际营销比国内营销更需要统一的协调和控制；④国际营销的目标市场在国外，它的产品（或服务）应该满足国外客户的需要。
2）开展国际市场营销，主要是为了让企业的决策者在综合考虑分析国内外市场营销环境的基础上，捕捉营销机会，避免风险，制定进入国际市场的营销战略、策略，以实现企业的基本目标。
因此，企业开展国际营销的目的是：①拓展企业的市场基础，扩大企业的经营业务；②获得国际市场的经验和资源，参与全球竞争；③获得全球基础上的竞争优势，加强企业的核心竞争能力；④分散化经营，规避经营风险。
3）这些环境因素包括三个方面。
①营销可控因素。
产品、渠道、价格和促销就是营销的可控因素，企业要达到自己的经营目标，必须以目标市场消费者的需求为中心，制定一个适应企业外部环境的营销方案。
企业对外部环境认识得愈深刻，适应得愈好，效益就愈佳。
②国内不可控因素，包括政治力量、经济形势和竞争环境等。
这些因素往往对企业在国际市场上的营销活动产生直接或间接的影响。
有时政府一项政治决定会给企业带来巨大的营销机会；而另一项决定也可能使原来谈妥的生意告吹。
国内经济形势的好坏，也会影响企业海外投资办厂的能力，以及在国际市场购买的多寡。
竞争环境往往构成企业实现营销目标的直接威胁。
③国外不可控因素，包括政治力量、经济形势、社会文化环境、科技条件、竞争因素、地理环境、分销结构等，这些都是无法控制而且更为复杂的环境，但它们又是企业进入国际市场制订营销规划的基础和依据。
4）国际市场营销的主要任务包括：适应环境差距，包括文化差距、行政差距、地理差距和经济差距；进行跨国的组织协调；确定和管理组织的全球化决策，包括战略的全球化决策、企业组织的全球化决策、产品全球化决策及全球品牌决策等。
市场营销知识第三章市场分析练习题
高一十班《市场营销知识》第三章练习题班级_________ 姓名_________ 得分_______一、单项选择题（在备选答案中选出一个正确答案）1．著名的需要层次理论是（）提出来的。
A.科特勒B.赫杰特齐C.马斯洛D.恩格尔2．小东长期购买SONY牌电器，不大受流行因素的影响。
那么小东属于（）顾客。
A.习惯型B.经济型C.冲动型D.疑虑型3．“我们被骗了，以后叫大家都不要来这里吃了。
”属于消费者购买决策过程阶段的（）A.购后感受B.收集信息C.选择评价D.认识需要4．需要层次理论认为，发挥个人才干、实现理想的需要属于人的（）A.生理需要B.安全需要C.社交需要D.尊重需要E.自我实现的需要5．爷爷奶奶买东西注重物美价廉、价格合适就会买。
请问他们属于（）顾客。
A.冲动型B.经济型C.习惯型D.反感型二、多项选择题（在备选答案中，至少有两个答案正确）1．消费品市场的特征主要有（）A.人数多，需求量大，购买频率高B.需求复杂，多样化和多变性C.非专家购买D.配套性和替代性E.派生的需要F.需求弹性较小2．根据商品本身的特点和消费者购买的频率，消费品分为（）A.便利品B.常年性商品C.流行性商品D.选购品E.耐用消费品3．文化可根据一定的标准划分为若干亚文化群，主要有（）A.民族亚文化群B.宗教亚文化群C.种族亚文化群D.地理亚文化群三、判断题（正确的打“√”，错误的打“×”）1．消费者的购后感受是不重要的，营销者不必理会。
（）2．小东买东西总是很冲动，过后却常常后悔。
那么小东属于理智型的顾客。
（）3．消费需求在时间上没有什么要求。
（）4．消费需求在某些商品之间可以相互代替。
（）5．个性较强的人，为了表现自我与众不同，喜欢特别奇异的服装和服饰。
个性随和的人更愿意跟随大众潮流，购买产品时偏于因循守旧。
因此，企业要根据目标市场顾客的个性状况，分析所提供的商品的特点，作出不同的经营决策。
（）6．有的人对经营中低档商品的商店很感兴趣，也有人会对此不屑一顾；有的人喜欢服务员热情介绍商品，也有人会对此很反感。
市场营销第3章试题
第三章市场营销环境一、单选题1.市场营销学认为，企业市场营销环境包括_______。
A 人口环境和经济环境B 自然环境和文化环境C 直接环境和间接环境D 政治环境和法律环境2.企业的直接环境包括供应商、营销中介、目标顾客、竞争者、公众和_______。
A 企业内部环境B 国外消费者C 制造商D 社会文化3.财务公司是营销中介企业中的_______机构。
A 中间商B 物流C 营销服务D 金融4.咖啡生产厂商与茶叶生产厂商之间的竞争关系是_______。
A 欲望竞争B 类别竞争C 产品形式竞争D 品牌竞争5.根据恩格尔定律，随着家庭收入增加，用于购买食品的支出占家庭收入的比重会______。
A 上升B 下降C 大体不变D 时升时降6.影响汽车、住房以及奢侈品等商品销售的主要因素是_______。
A 个人可支配收入B 个人可任意支配收入C 消费者储蓄和信贷D 消费者支出模式7.麦当劳规定所有餐厅都采用再生纸制成的纸巾，这一措施体现的观念是_______。
A 市场营销观念B 关系市场营销观念C 绿色市场营销观念D 大市场营销观念8.消费者支出模式主要受_______影响。
A 消费者收入B 消费者家庭C 消费者性格D 消费者职业9.认识与分析营销环境的目的是_______。
A 防患于未然B 寻求企业发展空间C 增强企业适应能力D 发现机会和识别威胁10.录像机与组合音响之间的竞争关系属于______。
A 欲望竞争B 类别竞争C 产品形式竞争D 品牌竞争11.通过市场调查发现，保健品市场的兴起是由于人们的观念变化而引起的，这一因素属于间接环境中的______因素。
A 经济B 政治C 社会D 技术12.中国消费者协会成立于_______。
A 1968年5月B 1985年1月C 1985年3月D 1998年3月13.开往北京的列车有普快、新空快车、特快、直达快车，这些列车之间的竞争关系是______。
A 欲望竞争B 类别竞争C 产品形式竞争D 品牌竞争14.威胁水平高和机会水平都高的业务属于A 理想业务B 冒险业务C 成熟业务D 困难业务15.威胁水平高而机会水平低的业务属于______。
市场营销学 《第三章 市场营销调研与预测》练习题
《第三章市场营销调研与预测》练习题一、单项选择题1.在市场营销研究中，最经济、实用的调查方法是( )。
A．电话访问B．邮寄问卷C．人员访问D．抽样调查2.市场营销信息系统由四个子系统构成。
其中，向管理人员提供有关销售、成本、存货、现金流程、应收账款等各种反映企业经营现状的信息的子系统是( )。
A．市场营销情报系统B．内部报告系统C．市场营销研究系统D．市场营销分析系统3.在定量研究的各种尺度中，可以进行加减乘除运算的尺度是( )。
A．间距尺度B．名义尺度C．顺序尺度D．比例尺度4.首先选择若干经销商并检查其每周销售情况；然后举办展销会并测量其可能的销售额；最后将该销售额与以前的销售额相比较，做出最后决策。
这种实验设计属于( )。
A．简单时间序列实验B．重复时间序列实验C．前后控制组分析D．阶乘设计5.“搜集、评估、传递管理人员制定决策所必须的各种信息”这种任务属于( )。
A．内部报告系统B．市场营销调研系统C．市场营销情报系统D．市场营销分析系统6.给社会阶层中的上上层、中上层、中层、中下层、+下下层等分别标为“5、4、3、2、1”，这属于( )。
A．名义尺度B．问题尺度C．比例尺度D．顺序尺度7.将某一群体中男性编号为“1”，女性编号为“0”，这属于( )。
A．名义尺度B．间距尺度C．比例尺度D．顺序尺度8.数值不能进行加减的尺度是( )。
A．名义尺度和比例尺度B．顺序尺度和比例尺度C．名义尺度和顺序尺度D．间距尺度和比例尺度9.有些商店在店内某些罐头产品货架上安装电视照相机，记录顾客目光的运动过程，以弄清顾客如何浏览各种品牌。
这种搜集资料的方法属于( )。
A．实验法B．观察法C．调查法D．专家估计法10.一定的顾客，在一定的地理区域、一定的时间、一定的市场营销环境和一定的市场营销方案下购买的总量，叫做( )。
A．市场预测B．市场潜量C．企业潜量D．市场需求11.总市场潜量就是指在一定期间内，一定水平的行业市场营销力量下，在一定的环境条件下，一个行业中所有企业可能达到的最大( )。
第3讲 国际营销的宏微观环境分析
3.2 国际政治与法律环境
政治环境：母国+东道国+国际的：
政治局势 突发性政治事件 政治稳定性和政治风险 政治制度和政党体制 政府方针、政策、措施 政府办事规则 等等
政治体制和政党体制
代议制（君主立宪制、共和制）；集权制（绝对 君主制、独裁制）。 君主制：君主专制制；君主立宪制 共和制：议会制共和国；总统制共和国 政党制度：一党制；二党制；多党制 不同政府类型代表不同的国家管理形式； 不同政党制度有不同的对华贸易政策。
的指示将加拿大商店中的睡衣撤回，按照加拿大法律，会被处以1 2 0万美元
的罚款。
政治稳定性
政府政策的稳定
政权更迭 、文化宗教冲突、政治冲突； 叛乱、内战、示威
政权更迭和主要执政党
政治风险
没收(confiscation)和征用（expropriation) 外汇管制 进口限制 税收 价格管制
2.经济结构
3. 根据人均GNP对国家的分类
沃伦· 基根
1. 低收入国家—工业化前期，人均GNP低于776美元； 2．中低收入国家（LDCs)---处于工业化初期阶段，劳动密集型生产，
集中在服装、橡胶、建材、包装食品等，人均GNP在776－3036美元之间； 3．中高收入国家---工业化国家，人均GNP在3035－9386美元之间； 4．高收入国家---高度工业化国家，人均GNP高于9386美元；
国际主权
国际关系中一国所行使的权力。 它可以同意或禁止在其政治疆域 内从事经营活动，也可以控制其国民经营的地域范围。
国际市场营销 全球营销学每章课后习题答案
全球营销学第四版每章课后习题答案第一章Introduction to Global Marketing1.What are the basic goals of marketing? Are these goals relevant to globalmarketing?P31、Surpass the competition at the task of creating perceived value for customers2、The Guide line is the value equation –Value = Benefits/Price (Money, Time, Effort, Etc.)P42.What is mean by “global localization”?（全球本土化策略）Is Coca-Cola a globalproduct? Explain.The phrase “global localization” represents an attempt to capture the spirit of the rallying cry for o rganizations in the 21st century, namely, “think globally, act locally.”Most people will agree that Coca-Cola is a global product by virtue of the fact that it is available in more than 195 countries in red cans bearing the distinctive signature style. It must be noted, however, that customer service efforts are adapted to the needs of particular markets, e.g., vending machines in Japan. Thus, Coca-Cola is both global and local.3.Describe some of the global marketing strategies available to companies. Giveexamples of companies that use the different strategies.Global marketing strategies: 1. global market participation is the extent to which a company has operations in major world markets; 2. standardization versus adaptation is the extent to which each marketing mix element can be standardized or adapted in various country markets; 3. concentration of marketing activities is the extent to which activities related to marketing mix are performed in one or a few country locations; 4. coordination of marketing activities is the extent to which activities related to marketing mix are performed interdependently around the globe; 5. integration of competitive moves is the extent to which a firm’s competitive marketing tactics in different parts of world are interdependent.Examples: 1. Coke is the best-known, strongest brand, as the Coca-Cola Company, supporting its Coke, Fanta, and Powerade brands with marketing mix elements both that are globe and local, is adept at adapting sales promotion, distribution, and customer service efforts to local needs;2. Mcdonald’s business model is a restaurant system that can be set up virtually anywhere in the world and offers core menu items-hamburgers, French fries, and soft drinks-in most countries, and the company also customizes menu offerings according to local eating customs.4.How do the global marketing strategies of Harley-Davidson and Toyota differ?Harley-Davidson motorcycles are known the world over as “the” all-American motorcycle. Harley’s mystique and heritag e are associated with the USA. The company backs up this positioning with exports from two U.S. manufacturing locations. By contrast, Toyota builds some models (e.g., Camry and Avalon) for the U.S. market in the U.S., a fact that Toyota stresses in its American ad. Thus, Harley-Davidson serves global markets while sourcing locally, while Toyota’s strategy calls for serving world markets and using the world as a source of supply.5.Describe the difference between ethnocentric, polycontric, regiocentric, andgeocentric management orientations.The premise of an ethnocentric orientation is that home country products and management processes are superior. An ethnocentric company that neither sources inputs from, nor seeks market opportunities in the world outside the home country may be classified as an domestic company. A company that does business abroad while still presuming the superiority of the home country may be classified as an international company. Such a company would rely on an extension strategy whereby it would export, without adaptation, products designed for the domestic market.The polycentric orientation that predominates at a multinational company leads to aview of the world in which each country markets is different from the others. Local country managers operating with a high degree of autonomy adapt the marketing mix in a polycentric, multinational company. Managers who are regiocentric or geocentric in their orientations recognize both similarities and differences in world markets. Market opportunities are pursued using both extension and adaptation strategies. The regiocentric and geocentric orientations are characteristic of global transnational companies.OrEthnocentric orientation: home country is superior to the rest of the world, sees similarities in foreign countries，leads to a standardized or extension approach; Polycentric orientation: the opposite of ethnocentrism, each country in which a company does business is unique, sees differences in foreign countries, leads to localized or adaption approach; Regiocentric orientation: a region becomes the relevant geographic unit; management`s goal is to develop an integrated regional strategy; Geocentric orientation：views the entire world as a potential market and strives to develop integrated world market strategies.6.Identify and briefly describe some of the forces that have resulted in increased globalintegration and the growing importance of global marketing.P21+Driving Forces：Regional economic agreements、Market needs and wants、TechnologyTransportation and communication improvements、Product development costs、Quality、World economic trends、LeverageRestraining Forces：Management myopia、Organizational culture、National controls 7.Define leverage and explain the different types of leverage utilized by companieswith global operations.Define leverage：P25第二章The Global Economic Environment1.Explain the difference between market capitalism, centrally planned capitalism,centrally planned socialism, and market socialism. Give an example of a country that illustrates each types of system.Market capitalism is an economic system in which individuals and firms allocate resources and production resources are privately owned. (England).Centrally planned capitalism is an economic system in which command resource allocation is utilized extensively in an environment of private resource ownership. (Sweden)Centrally planned socialism, in this type of economic system, the state has broad powers to serve the public interest as it sees fit. (Former Soviet Union)Market socialism, in such a system, market allocation policies are permitted within an overall environment of state ownership. (China)2.What is a BEM? Identify the BEMs according to their respective stages of economicdevelopment.P53P56-583. A manufacture of satellite dishes is assessing the world market potential for hisproducts. He asks you if he should consider developing countries as potential markets.How would you advise him?Despite the difficult economic conditions in parts of developing countries, many nations will involve into attractive markets.One of marketing’s roles in developing countries is to focus resources on the task of creating and delivering products that are best suited to local needs and incomes. The role of marketing to indentify people’s needs and wants is the same in all countries, irrespective of level of economic development. It is also an opportunity to help developing countries join the information age.And P654.Turn to the Index of Economic Freedom (Table 2-1) and identify where the BEMs areranked. What does the result tell you in terms of the relevance of the index to global marketers?P52第三章Social and Cultural Environments1.What are some of the elements that make up culture? How do these find expression inyour native culture?Culture is a collection of Values, beliefs, behaviors, customs, and attitudes that distinguish one society from another.Culture is acted out in social institutions, such as, family, education, religion, government, business.2.What is the difference between a low-context culture and a high-context culture?Give an example of a country that is an example of each type and provide evidence for your answer.PPT 第四章4-63.How can Hofstede’s cultural typologies help Western marketers better understandAsian culture?P874.Explain the self-reference criterion(自我参照准则). Go to the library and findexamples of product failures that might have been avoided through the application of the SRC.Unconscious reference to one’s own cultural values; creates cultural myopia5.Briefly explain the social research of Everrtt Rogers regarding diffusion ofinnovations,……P94pare and contrast USA and Japan in terms of traditions and organizationalbehavior and norms.第四章The Legal and Regulatory Environments of Global Marketing1.What is sovereignty? What is it an important consideration in the politicalenvironment of global marketing?sovereignty2.Describe some of the sources of political risk. Specially, what forms can political risktake?Tension between aspirations and realityPrimarily occurs in lower and lower-middle income countries–Indonesia and economic crisisWhen political risk occurs in high income countries, it is generally due to a long-standing conflict–Northern IrelandP1423.Briefly describe some of the differences between the legal environment of a countrythat embraces common law and one that observes civil law.4.Global marketers can avoid legal conflicts by understanding the reasons conflictsarise in the first place. Identify and describe several legal issues that relate to global commerce.Intellectual PropertyAntitrustContractualLicensing and Trade Secrets5.“See you in court” is one way to respond when legal issues arise. What otherapproaches are possible?LitigationFormal arbitration–Settles disputes outside of court–Groups agree to abide by panel’s decision1958 United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards–Most important treaty regarding international arbitration第五章Global Information Systems and Market Research1.Explain two information technology puts powerful tools in the hands of globalmarketers.Modern IT tools provide the means for a company's marketing information system and research functions to provide relevant information in a timely, cost –efficient, and actionable manner.Electronic data interchange (EDI) allows business units to submit orders, to issue invoices, to conduct business electronically, Wal-Mart legendary for its EDI, save time and money, enables retailers to improve inventory management. Transaction formats are universalEfficient Consumer Response (ECR) This is in addition to EDI, an effort for retailers and vendors to work closely on stock replenishment(补充). ECR can be defined as a joint initiative by members of a supply chain to work toward improving and optimizing(最优化) aspects of the supply chain to benefit customersIntranet, Electronic Point of Sale (EPOS), Data Warehouses are also helping businesses improve their ability to target consumers and increase loyalty.2.What are the different modes of information acquisition? Which is the most importantfor gathering strategic information?3.4、Outline the basic steps of the market research process.5、What is the difference between existing, latent, and incipient demand? How mightthese differences affect the design of a marketing research project?Demand and profit potential, in turn, depend in part on whether the market being studied can be classifieds existing or potential. Existing markets are those in which customer needs are already being served by one or more companies. In some instances, there is no existing market to research and. information may be readily available. A latent market is in essence, an und iscovered segment .It’s a market in which demand would materialize if an appropriate product were made available. An incipient market is a market that will emerge if particular economic demographic, political, or sociocultural trend continues. A company is not likely to achieve satisfactory results if it offers a product in an incipient market before the trends have taken root.Market growth, brand loyalty, market segment, product, sales promotion, pricing, distribution, will be different in marketing research project.6.Describe some of the analytical techniques used by global marketers. When is it appropriate to use each technique?A number of techniques are available for analyzing survey data.Factor analysis can be used to transform large amount of data into manageable units. It is useful in psychographic segmentation studies or creating perceptual maps; cluster analysis allows the researchers to group variables into clusters that maximize within-group similarities and between-group differences. It can be used to do global marketing research, to perform benefit segmentation, and to identify new product opportunities. Multi dimensional scaling is another technique for creating perceptual maps which is particular useful when there are many product to choose and consumers have difficulty in verbalizing their conceptions. Conjoint analysis is used to gain insights into the combination of features that will be the most attractive to consumers. It is useful when determines the values and utilities of the various levels of product features and plots them graphically.第六章Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning1.differentiate the five basic segmentation strategies. Give an example of a companythat has used each one.P170-P1831、IncomePopulationsAge distributionGenderEducationOccupation2、Grouping people according to attitudes, value, and lifestyles3、4、Benefit segmentation focuses on the value equation–Value = Benefits / Price5、The population of many countries includes ethnic groups of significant size2.Explain the difference between segmenting and targeting.P200pare and contrast standardized, concentrated, and differentiated global marketing.Illustrate each strategy with an example from a global company.Standardized global marketing is mass marketing on a global scale with undifferentiated target marketing (Revlon International)Concentrated global marketing, involves devising a marketing mix to reach a niche. A niche is simply a single segment of the global market. (Germany`s Winter halter) Differentiated global marketing, represents a more ambitious approach than concentrated target marketing with multi-segment targeting and two or more distinct markets (Rover)4.5.What is positioning? Identify the different positioning strategies presented in thechapter and give examples of companies or products that illustrate each.Locating a brand in consumers’minds over and against competitors in terms of attributes and benefits that the brand does and does not offer.P192-1956.What is global consumer culture positioning? What other strategic positioningchoices do global marketers have?Identifies the brand as a symbol of a particular global culture or segment.P1967.What is high-touch product? Explain the difference between high-tech productpositioning and high-touch product positioning. Can some products be positioned using both strategies? Explain.High-tech products are sophisticated technologically complex, and/or difficult to explain or understand, and frequently evaluated in terms of their performance against established objective standards. High-tech global consumer positioning also works well for special interest products associated with leisure of recreation.High-touch products, consumers are generally energized by emotional motives rather than rational ones, and frequently evaluated in terms of their performance against established subjective, aesthetic terms.Some products can be positioned using both strategies, with both satisfying buyers’ rational criteria and evoking an emotional response. Nokia, for example, combines technical performance with a fashion orientation.第七章Global Market Entry Strategies:1.What are the advantages and disadvantages of using licensing as a market entry tool?Give examples of companies from different countries that use licensing as a global marketing strategy.Advantages to LicensingProvides additional profitability with little initial investmentProvides method of circumventing tariffs, quotas, and other export barriersAttractive ROILow costs to implementDisadvantages to LicensingLimited participationReturns may be lostLack of controlLicensee may become competitorLicensee may exploit company resourcesP2062.What is foreign direct investment? What forms can FDI take?P209Partial or full ownership of operations outside of home countryForms:Joint ventures–Minority or majority equity stakes–Outright acquisition3.Do you agree with Ford’s decision to acquire Jaguar? What was more valuable toFord---the physical assets or the name?P2154.What is meant by the phrase global strategic partnership? In what ways does this formof market entry strategy differ from more traditional forms such as joint ventures? Participants remain independent following formation of the allianceParticipants share benefits of alliance as well as control over performance of assigned tasksParticipants make ongoing contributions in technology, products, and other key strategic areasPPT3055.What are Keiretsu? How does this form of industrial structure affect companies thatcompete with Japan or that are trying to enter the Japanese market?PPT307书P2276.Which Strategic options for market entry or expansion would a small company belikely to pursue? A large company?StrategiesCompanies must decide to expand by:–Seeking new markets in existing countries–Seeking new country markets for already identified and served market segments第八章Product and Brand Decisions1.What is the difference between a product and a brand?A product is a good, service, or ideaBrandsBundle of images and experiences in the customer’s mindA promise made by a particular company about a particular productA quality certificationDifferentiation between competing productsThe sum of impressions about a brand is the Brand ImageThe added value that accrues to a product as a result of investments in the marketing of the brandAn asset that represents the value created by the relationship between the brand and customer over time2.How do local, international, and global products differ? Cite examplesLocal Product is one that has achieved success in a single national market and represents the lifeblood of domestic companies. （Coca-cola, ginseng beverage only in Japan）International product is offered in several markets in a particular region (Euro-product, only in euro zone)Global product meets the wants and needs of a global market and is offered in all world regions (personal stereos)3.What are some of the elements that make up a brand? Are these elements tangible orintangible?IntangibleP2414.What criteria should global marketers consider when making product designdecisions?In many instances, packaging is an integral element of product-related design decisions. Packaging is designed to protect or contain the product during shipping；Labeling provides consumers with various types of information; Aesthetics differ around the world. Global marketers must understand the importance of visual aesthetics; Product Warranties is a written guarantee that assures the buyer is getting what they paid for or provides a remedy in case of a product failure. Warranties can be used as a competitive tool5.How can buyer at titudes about a product’s country of origin affect marketing strategy?买家对于原产国的态度对营销策略有什么影响？Perceptions about and attitudes toward particular countries often extend to products and brands known to originate in those countries–Japan–Germany–France–ItalyP252-2546.Identify several global brands. What are some of the reasons for the global success ofthe brands you chose?Both products and brand are good……7.Briefly describe various combinations of product-communication strategies availableto global marketers. When is it appropriate to use each?Product-communication extension (dual extension) is a strategy selling the same product with the same promotional appeals used in domestically when pursuing opportunities outside the home market. It used frequently with industrial (business to business) products.Product extension-communication adaptation strategy is a relatively low cost of implementation because the physical product is unchanged, and the main costs are associated with market research and revising promotional appeals. It used frequently when consumer conceptions outside the home market are very different from domestic marketProduct adaptation-communication extension is an approach to global product planning is to extend, without change, the basic home-market communications strategy while adapting the product to local use or preference conditions. It used frequently when natural conditions outside the home market are very different from domestic market Product-communication adaptation (dual adaptation) strateg y is an approach used both the different product serves and advertising appeals to consumer receptivity when comparing a new geographic market to the home market, environmental conditions or consumer preferences differ;第九章Pricing Decisions1.What are the basic factors that affect price in any market? What considerations enterinto the pricing decision?In global marketing, the task of setting prices is complicated by fluctuating exchange rates. Currency fluctuations can create significant problems and opportunities for the classic international company that exports from the home country.Inflation, or a persistent upward change in price levels, is a problem in many country markets. It can be caused by an increase in the money supply and currency devaluation. Governmental policies and regulations that affect pricing decisions include dumping legislation, resale price maintenance legislation, price ceilings, and general reviews of price levels.Pricing decisions are bounded not only by cost and nature of demand but also by competitive action.Competitive Behavior: If competitors do not adjust their prices in response to rising costs it is difficult to adjust your price to maintain operating margins; If competitors are manufacturing or sourcing I a lower-cost country, it may be necessary to cut prices to stay competitiveThe global marketer has several options for addressing the problem of price escalation orthe environmental factors described in the last section.2.Define the various types of pricing strategies and objectives available to globalmarketers.Market Skimming and Financial Objectives: Market Skimming charges a premium price which may occur at the introduction stage of product life cyclePenetration Pricing and Non-Financial Objectives: Penetration Pricing charges a low price in order to penetrate market quickly which appropriates to saturate market prior to imitation by competitors3.Identify some of the environmental constraints on global pricing decisions. Currency FluctuationsInflationary EnvironmentGovernment Controls, Subsidies, RegulationsCompetitive BehaviorSourcing4.Why do price differences in world markets often lead to gray marketing?Because price differences in world markets lead to trademarked products are exported from one country to another where they are sold by unauthorized persons or organizationsGray marketing occurs when product is in short supply, when producers use skimming strategies in some markets, and when goods are subject to substantial mark-ups 5.What is dumping? Why was dumping such an important issue during the UruguayRound of GATT negotiations?Sale of an imported product at a price lower than that normally charged in a domestic market or country of origin.P2966.What is transfer price? Why is it an important issue for companies with foreignaffiliates(外国子公司)? Why did transfer pricing in Europe take on increased importance in 1999?The transfer price is that Pricing of goods, services, and intangible property bought and sold by operating units or divisions of a company doing business with an affiliate in another jurisdiction.P2997.What is the difference between ethnocentric, polycontric, and geocentric pricingstrategies? Which one would you recommend to a company that has global market aspirations?P291-292 PPT240-242pare and contrast the different forms of countertrade.Countertrade occurs when payment is made in some form other than moneyOptions–BarterThe least complex and oldest form of bilateral, non-monetary counter-tradeA direct exchange of goods or services between two parties–Counter-purchase P303-304–Offset–Compensation trading–Cooperation agreements–Switch trading第十章Global Marketing Channels and Physical Distribution1.In what ways can channel intermediaries create utility for buyers?ObjectivesMarketing channels exist to create utility for customers–Place utility -availability of a product or service in a location that is convenient to a potential customer–Time utility -availability of a product or service when desired by a customer–Form utility -availability of the product processed, prepared, in proper condition and/or ready to use–information utility -availability of answers to questions and general communicationabout useful product features and benefits2.What factors influence the channel structures and strategies available to globalmarketers?B2CThe characters of both buyers and products have an important influence on channel design.The number of individual buyers and their geographic distribution, income, shopping habits and different channel approaches.Products characters such as degree of standardization, perishability, bulk, service requirements, and unit price have an impact as well.Channels tends to be longer as the number of consumers to be served increases and the price per unit decreases. Bulky products usually require channel arrangements that minimize the shipping distances and the number of times products change hands before they reach the ultimate customer.B2BAs is true with consumer channels, product and consumer characteristics have an impact on channel structure. Three basic elements are involved: the manufacture's sales force, distributors or agents and wholesalers.Channel strategy in a global marketing program must fit the company's competitive position and overall marketing objectives in each national market.market factors: consumer profiles, market size and location of country.3.What is cherry picking? What approaches can be used to deal with this problem?P323pare and contrast the typical channel structures for consumer products andindustrial products.P340 PPT252-2555.Identify the different forms of retailing and cite an example of each form. Identifyretailers from as many different countries as you can.PPT258-259 P3256.Identify the four retail market expansion strategies discussed in the text. What factorsdetermine the appropriable mode?Organic–Company uses its own resources to open a store on a green field site or acquire one or more existing retail facilitiesFranchise–Appropriate strategy when barriers to entry are low yet the market is culturally distant in terms of consumer behavior or retailing structuresChain Acquisition–A market entry strategy that entails purchasing a company with multiple existing outlets in a foreign countryJoint Venture–This strategy is advisable when culturally distant, difficult-to-enter markets are targeted 7.What special distribution challenges exist in Japan? What is the best way for anon-Japanese company to deal with these challenges?第十一章Global Marketing Communications Decisions:Advertising and Public Relations1.In what ways can global brands and global advertising campaigns benefit a company? P3482.How does the “standardized versus localized” debate apply to advertising?Four difficulties that compromise an organization’s communicat ion efforts–The message may not get through to the intended recipient.–The message may reach the target audience but may not be understood or may even be misunderstood.–The message may reach the target audience and may be understood but still may not induce the recipient to take the action desired by the sender.–The effectiveness of the message can be impaired by noise.。
国开市场营销第三章主题三
题目1ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
企业内部环境是指企业的营销部门的实力和状况。
正确的答案是“错”。
题目2
企业内部环境不属于企业微观环境的内容。
正确的答案是“错”。
题目3
对供应商的规模大小和行业及地理分布的分析是十分重要的。
正确的答案是“对”。
题目4
竞争者是企业微观环境中的一个重要因素，必须密切关注竞争者的状况与动态。
以下哪一个不是分析经销商的主要内容：（）
正确答案是：环境污染程度
题目10
分析购买者，不包括：（）
正确答案是：竞争者
正确的答案是“对”。
题目5
企业微观环境不包括购买者。
正确的答案是“对”。
单选题（每题10分，共50分）
题目6
下面不属于微观环境的是（）。
正确答案是：语言
题目7
与企业紧密关联，直接影响企业营销能力的各种参与者，被称为（）。
正确答案是：微观营销环境
题目8
企业内部环境不包括：（ ）
正确答案是：竞争者
题目9
第三章国际营销的政治法律环境(国际市场营销)讲述
国际市场营销学
第一节 国际营销的政治环境研究
一、政治体制及政策方针 二、政府的角色和行为目标 三、政治干预 四、政治稳定性
国际市场营销学
一、政治体制及政策方针
（一）政治体制及政策出台
政治体制是指一个国家的政权形式及其相关 的政治制度。
代议制（共和制/君主立宪制） 政策、法规透明度较高，决策较民主。 集权制（君主制/独裁制） 透明度差，政策稳定性较差
民族主义
民族主义是一种民族自豪感和团结心
只买本国货 限制进口，限制性关税和其他贸易壁垒
国际市场营销学
（二）影响政治稳定性的国外因素
东道国的国际关系 与邻国的领土纠纷 遭遇外来侵略或袭击
国际市场营销学
第二节 国际营销政治风险的评估及对策
一、政治风险的表现 二、政治风险的评估
国际市场营销学
一、政治体制及政策方针
（二）政党体系及其纲领文献
多党制—政局不稳定、政策不连续
日本（自民党 、民主党 、公明党、日本共产党、社民党、保守新党 等）
二党制—两党轮流执政
美国（共和党/民主党）、英国（保守党/工党） 前者：倾向于政府禁令少干预经济，主张企业自主地开展经济活动； 而后者倾向于搞所谓的福利社会，主张政府对经济要有足够的参与。 英国工党曾上台后进口关税提高了15%,
三、政治风险的防范对策
国际市场营销学
一、政治风险的表现
（一）政治风险在国际贸易中的表现
东道国关闭本国市场，限制非本国产品进入； 实行外汇管制，税率变化无常； 东道国单方面破坏契约，并拒绝赔偿。
《市场营销学》第三章--市场营销环境分析--练习题
第三章市场营销环境分析练习题一、名词解释品牌竞争者:能满足购买者的某种愿望的同一种产品的的各种品牌提供者。
产品形式竞争者：能满足购买者的某种愿望的各种产品的型号的的各种提供者。
愿望竞争者：能满足购买者目前各种愿望的提供者.宏观环境：是指给那些给企业造成市场机会和环境威胁，进而能够影响公司运作和绩效的自然和社会力量的总和。
微观环境：指对企业服务其顾客的的能力构成直接影响的各种力量，包括企业本身及其市场营销渠道企业、市场、竞争和各种公众，这些都会影响企业为其目标市场服务的能力。
亚文化：亚文化（subculture）:又称集体文化或副文化，指与主文化相对应的那些非主流的、局部的文化现象，指在主文化或综合文化的背景下，属于某一区域或某个集体所特有的观念和生活方式，一种亚文化不仅包含着与主文化相通的价值与观念，也有属于自己的独特的价值与观念，并构成亚文化等都是这种亚文化。
亚文化是一个相对的概念。
是总体文化的次属文化。
恩格尔定律：19世纪德国统计学家恩格尔根据统计资料，对消费结构的变化得出一个规律：一个家庭的收入越少，家庭收入中（或总支出中）用来购买食物的支出所占的比例就越大，随着家庭收入的增加，家庭收入中（或总支出中）用来购买食物的支出则会下降。
推而广之，一个国家越穷，每个国民的平均收入中（或平均支出中）用于购买食物的支出所占比例就越大，随着国家的富裕，这个比例呈下降趋势。
二、单选题1、企业经过努力可以程度不同地加以影响和控制的是（ A ）A．宏观环境因素 B．微观环境因素C．宏观环境中的一些因素D．微观环境中的一些因素2、影响消费需求变化的最活跃的因素是（ C ）A．个人可支配收入 B．可任意支配收入 C．个人收入 D．人均国内生产总值3、市场营销活动的最终归属是（ D ）A．消费者B．生产者C．市场 D．人4、不属于宏观环境的因素是（ C ）A．人口环境B．经济环境C．竞争 D．技术环境5、（ A ）主要指一个国家或地区的民族特征、价值观念、生活方式、风俗习惯、宗教信仰、伦理道德、教育水平和语言文字等的总和。
国际市场营销复习要点
国际市场营销考点总结名词解释（基本概念要熟记）人员推销：国际市场人员推销是指企业派出推销人员，或委托、聘用当地人员，向国外顾客介绍商品，洽谈贸易，以达到传递产品信息、促进产品销售目的的活动。
（第七章）营业推广：国际营业推广是指除人员推销、广告、公共关系以外，企业在国际目标市场上，采取的旨在刺激需求、鼓励购买、扩大销售的一系列促销措施。
（第七章）平行输入：所谓平行输入，是指同一生产企业的同一产品通过两条通道输入某一国家市场，一条是正规的分销渠道系统，一条是非正规的分销渠道系统。
（第五章）价格扬升：所谓价格扬升，是指在国际营销中，同一产品的价格在出口国与进口国的不适当的差异。
（第五章）产品整体概念：产品的整体观念可以分解成五层含义，包括核心产品、一般产品、期望产品、附加产品和潜在产品。
（第四章）市场细分：基本含义是指企业根据某种标准将大而分散的市场划分为若干具有显著不同特征的子市场。
市场细分的基础是消费者需求的差异性和相似性。
（第三章）目标市场：目标市场是企业为了满足现实或潜在的消费需求而开拓的特定市场，它是在市场细分、确定市场机会的基础上形成的。
（第三章）转移价格：是跨国公司运用的一种特殊的定价策略。
它是指跨国公司内部各公司之间，包括母公司与子公司之间以及各个子公司之间相互交换商品或劳务的结算价格。
（第五章）多元定价：指跨国公司允许其国外子公司对同一产品制定不同价格的策略。
（第五章）国际产品生命周期理论：所谓产品生命周期理论，是指产品从进入市场开始直至被市场淘汰的持续时间。
（第四章）独家分销策略：指企业在特定的市场区域内，只选择一家中间商来分销其产品。
（第六章）广泛分销策略：指在同一渠道层次使用尽可能多的中间商分销其产品。
（第六章）选择性分销策略：指企业在一定时期、在特定的市场区域内选择少数中间商来经销自己的产品。
（第六章）营销渠道模式的标准化：是指企业在国外不同市场上采取相同的渠道模式。
（第六章）简答题（答题时注意各题除基本概念外需要略加说明）品牌决策策略（第四章）（重点内容，各部分结合课件复习）国际贸易与国际市场营销的异同（导论）（一）共同之处：1、国际贸易与国际市场营销都是以获取利润为目的而进行的跨国界的经营活动；2、二者都是以商品与劳务作为交换对象；3、二者都面临着相同的国际环境，如人口环境、经济环境、政治法律环境、社会文化环境及竞争环境；4、二者的理论基础都是早期的“比较利益学说”及“国际产品生命周期理论”。
市场营销学教案 第3章 消费者购买行为分析
【职业道德与营销伦理3-1】这样激将促成妥当吗？
在某友谊商店里，一对外国夫妇对一枚标价8万元的翡翠戒指很 感兴趣，售货员作了介绍后，见两人因价格昂贵有些犹豫，于是 说道：“某国总统夫人也曾对它爱不释手，只是感到价钱贵没 买。”那位夫人一听，立即买下了。 问题：这样激将促成妥当吗？是否违背了职业道德与营销伦理要 求？运用所学理论进行回答？ 分析提示：这位售货员抓住这对外国夫妇对标价8万元的翡翠戒 指很感兴趣，又因价格昂贵而有些犹豫的心理。用“某国总统夫 人也曾对它爱不释手，只是感到价钱贵没买。”刺激了顾客的虚 荣心理和好胜心理，进而达到了促销目的。应该说这样激将促成 并没有违背职业道德与营销伦理要求，不仅妥当，而且说明这位 售货员揣摩顾客心理准确，激将促成恰到好处，其根据顾客心理 进行激将促成的营销方法值得学习、借鉴和推广。
器加以充分利用。因此，这家小公司的销售人员之所以能拿到
这份订单，应该是在投其所好，在充分利用该公司原有设备的 基础上，拾遗补缺，增加新购设备。
启示：一个善于把握用户需求心理的销售人员就能够在产品
推广行动中起到事半功倍的效果。可以说，了解客户真正的需 求＋为客户着想的销售思想＋正确的推销方法=成功的销售， 三者缺一不可。
引例：难以拒绝的推销
一天，与往常一样，街角的小商店又进来两位女顾客。一位四十 出头的老板娘，衣着整齐地迎了上去。“小姐，天暖了，看看换 季的衣服?” “我们随便看看。”两位小姐不紧不慢地应道： “您们这种年纪，正是装点街面时候．一出太阳，小姐们齐刷刷 地穿上春装，使人精神振奋，还是年轻的好。”老板娘对小姐感 叹道。“你也不老呀!”两位小姐有了兴致。“不行，我就想穿这 种款式”，她指着小姐眼光看到的那款春装，“今年最流行的样 式，但腰身过不了。前天，我邻居十多岁的姑娘硬从我这里要去 了一件，穿起来，我差点没认出。这种衣服，上身效果特别好， 小姐试试吧，不买没关系，”她急步走过去，取下衣服递到小姐 手上，指着靠里的一个花布帘子，说：“请过去试试，里面有镜 子，很方便，眼见为实嘛。”
市场营销学第三章
加强与顾客的沟通和互动，通过广告宣传、社交媒体、口碑营销等方 式，建立品牌形象和信誉，提高顾客忠诚度。
04 市场细分与定位
市场细分
市场细分定义
市场细分是根据消费者需求、购 买行为和习惯等方面的差异性， 将整体市场划分为若干个具有共 同特征的子市场的市场分类过程。
精准定位，差异竞争
详细描述
某品牌在进入市场前，通过深入分析目标消费者的需求和竞争对手的优劣势，制定了精准的市场定位 策略。该品牌强调其产品的独特卖点，与竞争对手形成差异化竞争，成功吸引了目标消费者的关注和 购买。
案例二：某企业的产品定价策略
总结词
成本导向，竞争适应
详细描述
某企业根据产品成本和市场需求，制定了一套合理的定价策略。该企业定期评估竞争对手的定价策略，根据市场 竞争情况灵活调整价格，以确保产品在市场上的竞争力。同时，该企业还通过提供增值服务和促销活动来增强消 费者购买意愿。
分析供应商的集中度、供应品 的可替代性以及供应商的谈判 能力。
行业内竞争者
分析行业内竞争对手的数量、 实力以及竞争程度。
替代品
研究替代品的性能、价格等因 素，以及其对市场的影响。
购买者议价能力
研究购买者的购买量、购买频 率以及购买者的谈判能力。
02 营销组合策略
产品策略
产品定位
明确产品的目标市场、消费者群体以及产品在市场中的独特地位。
产品创新
不断改进和优化产品，以满足消费者需求的变化和提升竞争力。
品牌建设
通过品牌形象、品牌价值和品牌忠诚度等方面的建设，提升产品在 消费者心中的认知度和信任度。
价格策略
成本导向定价
根据产品的成本和预期利润来制定价格。
市场营销学第章国际市场营销
第三节 国际目标市场选择
●一、选择国际目标市场的必要性 ●二、国际市场的细分与目标市场的选择 ●三、国际目标市场的估测
一、选择国际目标市场的必要性
●1. 可以发现潜在市场，寻求国际购买者。 ●2. 可以充分利用资源，发挥企业营销优势。 ●3. 可以把市场需求与企业优势有机结合，提高营销效率。
二、国际市场细分与目标市场选择
第十六章 国际市场营销
●第一节 国际市场营销概述 ●第二节 国际市场营销环境 ●第三节 国际目标市场选择 ●第四节 进入国际市场的方式 ●第五节 国际市场营销策略
学习目标
●了解国际营销的发展和理论基础，认识国际营销的特点 和意义。 ●知晓怎样分析国际营销环境。 ●明确国际市场细分和目标市场选择。 ●了解进入国际市场的主要方式。 ●适应国际市场营销环境，制定国际营销策略。
●出口进入是指产品在国内生产，然后通过适当渠道销 往国际市场的方式。
●（一）间接出口 间接出口是利用本国中间商向国际市场出口产品的 方式。
●（二）直接出口 直接出口是指生产企业自行承担一切出口业务。
二、合同进入方式
●合同进入是指国际营销企业通过与国外企业签订合同 来转让技术、服务等无形产品而进入国际市场的方式。
三、国际目标市场的估测场占有率； ●4. 预测成本和利润； ●5. 估计投资收益率与风险。
第四节 进入国际市场的方式
●一、出口进入方式 ●二、合同进入方式 ●三、投资进入方式 ●四、对等进入方式 ●五、加工进入方式
一、出口进入方式
○产品返销
○互购
○部分补偿
易货贸易
●易货贸易是一种以价值相等的商品直接交换的方式。 ●易货贸易不需要货币媒介，并且往往是一次性的交易， 履约时间较短。
国际营销(完整版)
4、评估效益的信息来源不同。前者是国家的国际收支平衡表；后者是公司的营销记录
5、前者属于宏观经济学；后者属于微观经济学
3、企业国际营销的演变
1、国内营销（非经常性对外营销）
2、出口营销（经常性对外营销）
19、自行调研还是外部调研服务
取决于企业的国际运营规模和调研的复杂性。市场调研的规模越大、调研需要很高的专业技术时，使用外部的调研机构越合适；选择外部调研机构看重的是信息质量而不是费用
20、原始资料的收集方法：观察、问询、实验
21、问询调查的形式
购物中心访谈、经理人访谈、焦点集体讨论、电话访谈、入户访谈、信函调查
忠告：文化没有对错、好坏之分，只有差异
4、文化各要素
一）物质文化
1、内涵：人类创造的物质产品，包括生产工具、劳动对象、生产技术。
2、物质文化决定人们的生活方式
3、国际营销者如何把握东道国的物质文化
1）了解东道国物质文化的现状特点
2）了解东道国物质文化的细节
二）语言文字
1、语言文字是最重要的文化因素
2、语言是打开文化窗户的钥匙
7、国际市场调研的内容
（1）国际市场环境调研。有关国家地区或市场的一般信息
（2）国际市场的消费者调研。有关通过把握特定市场或国家的社会、经济、消费和工业发展趋势预测未来营销要求所必需的信息
（3）国际市场营销组合因素调研。做出有关产品、促销、分销与定价决策及制订营销计划所需的信息
企业在国内经营时，营销研究的重点放在第三类，即收集具体的市场信息，因为其它关于本
2．产品、包装、建筑设施等的设计必须符合东道国的审美观
【2014自考】自考本科 0098 国际市场营销学 学习笔记
国际市场营销学笔记学习笔记第一章概论第一节市场营销与国际市场营销一，人们对市场的认识有以下变化：1.市场是商品交换的场所;2.市场是商品交换和流通的领域;3.市场是商品供求关系的总和;4.市场是指对某种产品有需要和购买能力的人们.二,对市场范畴的理解应注意以下各点:1.对市场的人士应随社会生产力和商品经济发展而变化2.市场的实质是商品供求关系的总和3.从现代市场经济出发理解市场4.产消市场的出现是现代市场经济发展的结果三,市场=消费者(顾客)+购买力+欲望(需求)1.消费者不仅指现实的购买商品的顾客,还包括有需要的潜在顾客.2.购买力是指有支付能力的收入水平.3.欲望和需要,是消费者购买商品的动因.市场营销学认为欲望是指人们对需要物品的乞求,需要则是指有支付能力和原因购买某种物品的欲望.四,市场营销不等于推销.推销是以产品为中心,而营销则以顾客为中心.五,市场营销是企业经营管理的重要职能,它有丰富的内容:1.人类的各种需要和欲望是市场营销的出发点.2.市场交换是市场营销职能的核心.3.市场营销的交换职能不断发展变化.六、商品交换一般应具备的条件.1.存在独立的买卖双方.2.有可供交换的商品.3.具备买卖双方都能接受的交易条件.七,市场营销能克服商品生产和商品交换中的一系列障碍: 1.空间障碍;2.时间障碍;3.信息障碍;4.商品使用价值和价值差异障碍;5.商品所有权(使用权)让渡的障碍.八,商品交换在社会再生产过程中的地位和作用:1.消费既是生产的终点,更是生产的起点,生产更加依赖于消费和交换了.2.市场经济活动空间空前扩大,商品从一地一国流向全世界，商品交换成功与否成为企业经营成败的关键.3.市场交换信息支配社会再生产信息.九,国际市场营销:是指企业将自己的产品或服务,送往不同国家或地区的消费者的市场经营活动过程.它是商品交换的市场营销职能,从国内市场到世界市场的延伸.十,国际市场营销的特殊性:1.国际市场容量大,竞争激烈2.经营复杂3.手段多变4.风险大5.难度大十一,市场营销学起源于20世纪初期的美国十二,国际市场营销的发展过程1.出口营销阶段(20世纪60年代前)二战前,国际市场只是作为国内市场的补充,企业经营的市场导向是以国内消费者为对象的,在国际市场上主要是销售在国内市场上同类的产品.2.跨国国际营销阶段(20世纪70年代)由出口导向的国际市场营销转向国际市场导向阶段.国际市场导向是指企业把国内市场和国外市场作为一个整体来看待,企业把世界市场作为活动的舞台,侧重于发现国际市场机会,往往采取在东道国直接投资的办法,开发消费者需要的产品.3.全球营销阶段(20世纪80年代以后)企业的国际市场营销进入全球营销的新阶段.全球营销的市场概念,是指在当今的技术经济条件下,企业的市场营销活动突破国家(地域)的界限,通过对技术、资源、人才的国际比较，按照资源配置最优化的原则，采取投资、生产、合作等方式，生产出最完整的产品去满足世界市场各国消费者的需要。
科特勒市场营销第三章习题答案
Chapter 3 Analyzing the Marketing Environment1) Which of the following is NOT a type of factor in a company's macroenvironment?A) demographicB) economicC) technologicalD) competitiveE) politicalAnswer: DDiff: 1 Page Ref: 66Skill: ConceptObjective: 3-12) All of the groups within a company are called the ________.A) cultureB) diversityC) internal environmentD) climateE) rangeAnswer: CDiff: 2 Page Ref: 67Skill: ConceptObjective: 3-13) A ________ is defined as any group that has an actual or potential interest in, or impact on, an organization's ability to achieve its objectives.A) teamB) competitorC) marketD) publicE) intermediaryAnswer: DDiff: 1 Page Ref: 69AACSB: CommunicationSkill: ConceptObjective: 3-14) Which of the following is NOT an example of the type of public that is part of a company's marketing environment?A) financialB) mediaC) governmentD) citizen-actionE) marketing departmentAnswer: EDiff: 1 Page Ref: 69AACSB: CommunicationSkill: ConceptObjective: 3-15) Which type of market buys goods and services for further processing or for use in the production process?A) businessB) resellerC) wholesaleD) consumerE) retailAnswer: ADiff: 2 Page Ref: 69Skill: ConceptObjective: 3-16) Which type of market buys goods and services to produce public services or to transfer them to others who need them?A) governmentB) resellerC) wholesaleD) consumerE) retailAnswer: ADiff: 1 Page Ref: 69Skill: ConceptObjective: 3-17) Your marketing department is currently researching the size, density, location, age, and occupations of your target market. Which environment is being researched?A) demographicB) psychographicC) economicD) geographicE) culturalAnswer: ADiff: 1 Page Ref: 70Skill: ConceptObjective: 3-28) As a group, ________ are the most affluent Americans.A) baby boomersB) Generation XersC) the MillennialsD) echo boomersE) seniorsAnswer: ADiff: 2 Page Ref: 71AACSB: Multicultural and DiversitySkill: ConceptObjective: 3-29) Which of the following descriptions most accurately characterizes the baby boomers?A) They are increasingly likely to retire early.B) They are a shrinking market for new housing and home remodeling.C) They are past their peak earning and spending years.D) They hold 75% of the country's assets.E) They are uninterested in adapting new technologies.Answer: DDiff: 2 Page Ref: 71AACSB: Multicultural and DiversitySkill: ConceptObjective: 3-210) In the 1950s, the American population began shifting from large cities to ________.A) farming communitiesB) rural areasC) foreign countriesD) suburbsE) coastal townsAnswer: DDiff: 1 Page Ref: 76Skill: ConceptObjective: 3-211) The ________ environment consists of factors that affect consumer purchasing power and spending patterns.A) culturalB) politicalC) technologicalD) economicE) naturalAnswer: DDiff: 1 Page Ref: 79Skill: ConceptObjective: 3-212) Value marketing is the strategy of offering consumers ________.A) high quality at a high priceB) luxury quality at a high priceC) lesser quality at a low priceD) reasonable quality at a fair priceE) little quality at a low priceDiff: 2 Page Ref: 80Skill: ConceptObjective: 3-213) Even the most liberal advocates of free-market economies agree that the system works best with ________ regulation.A) privateB) maximumC) intermittentD) at least someE) noAnswer: DDiff: 2 Page Ref: 84AACSB: Ethical ReasoningSkill: ConceptObjective: 3-414) Business legislation has been created for three basic reasons: to protect companies from each other, to protect consumers, and to ________.A) protect the interests of societyB) regulate pricesC) increase world tradeD) regulate monopoliesE) promote social responsibilityAnswer: ADiff: 2 Page Ref: 84AACSB: Ethical ReasoningSkill: ConceptObjective: 3-415) Cause-related marketing is a(n) ________.A) response to customer needsB) primary form of environmental awarenessC) primary form of corporate givingD) response to corporate legislative problemsE) attempt to influence consumers' core beliefsAnswer: CDiff: 2 Page Ref: 86AACSB: Ethical ReasoningSkill: ConceptObjective: 3-416) A society's basic values, perceptions, preferences, and behaviors are all part of its ________ environment.A) socialC) politicalD) cultural-economicE) naturalAnswer: BDiff: 1 Page Ref: 87Skill: ConceptObjective: 3-417) A society's ________ are expressed in how people view themselves, organizations, society, nature, and the universe.A) social codesB) cultural valuesC) demographicsD) public policiesE) economiesAnswer: BDiff: 1 Page Ref: 87AACSB: Multicultural and DiversitySkill: ConceptObjective: 3-418) Trends in people's views of organizations indicate that which of the following has increased in the past twenty years?A) employees' loyalty to their employersB) confidence in American political organizationsC) distrust in big American businessesD) distrust in small, local businessesE) employees' view of work as a source of satisfactionAnswer: CDiff: 2 Page Ref: 89Skill: ConceptObjective: 3-419) Today's marketers must successfully build relationships to connect effectively with customers, others in the company, and external partners.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 66-67AACSB: CommunicationSkill: ConceptObjective: 3-120) The microenvironment consists of larger societal forces that affect a company, such as demographic, economic, political, and cultural forces.Answer: FALSEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 66Skill: ConceptObjective: 3-121) The demographic environment is of major interest to marketers because it involves people, and people make up markets.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 70Skill: ConceptObjective: 3-222) As baby boomers reach their peak earning and spending years, they become lucrative markets for financial services, travel, and entertainment.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 71AACSB: Multicultural and DiversitySkill: ConceptObjective: 3-223) Millennials represent a larger demographic segment than the baby boomers or Gen Xers. Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 74AACSB: Multicultural and DiversitySkill: ConceptObjective: 3-224) The American workforce today is better educated but less white-collar than it was a generation ago.Answer: FALSEDiff: 3 Page Ref: 77Skill: ConceptObjective: 3-225) Companies in several industries have recognized the buying power of the gay and lesbian segment of the U.S. population and have begun explicitly targeting these consumers withgay-specific marketing efforts.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 78AACSB: Multicultural and DiversitySkill: ConceptObjective: 3-226) According to Engel's laws, consumers tend to spend a larger percentage of income on savings as income rises.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 81Skill: ConceptObjective: 3-227) The introduction of new technologies is beneficial to all industries, as new markets and opportunities are created.Answer: FALSEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 83AACSB: Use of ITSkill: ConceptObjective: 3-328) In the cultural environment, core values and beliefs and secondary values and beliefs differ in that the former are more open to change.Answer: FALSEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 87Skill: ConceptObjective: 3-429) When a company hires lobbyists to influence legislation affecting its industry, it is taking a reactive approach to the marketing environment.Answer: FALSEDiff: 3 Page Ref: 91AACSB: Reflective ThinkingSkill: ApplicationObjective: 3-530) Who are the major players in a company's microenvironment? Explain the role each major actor plays.Answer: Within the company, marketing management takes other groups into account, such as top management, finance, research and development, purchasing, operations, and accounting. Decisions made and implemented by any of these groups have the power to affect marketing. Suppliers form an important link in the company's overall customer value-delivery system. Problems with supply, such as labor or material shortages, will negatively affect the company. Marketing intermediaries help the firm to promote, sell, and distribute its goods to final buyers. They include resellers, physical distribution firms, marketing services agencies, and financial intermediaries. Competitors are also part of the microenvironment, as they can affect the company's ability to serve its customers. The company's microenvironment is also made of various publics, including financial, media, government, citizen-action, and local groups. One or several of the five types of markets–consumer, business, reseller, government, and international–may be part of the company's microenvironment, depending on the company's products.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 67-69Skill: ApplicationObjective: 3-131) In marketing, what is a public? Briefly describe the seven main types of publics faced by marketers and explain how marketing might communicate with these publics.Answer: A public is any group that has an actual or potential interest in or impact on an organization's ability to achieve its objectives. We can identify seven types of publics. Financial publics influence the company's ability to obtain funds. Media publics carry news, features, and editorial opinions. Government publics develop public policy to guide commerce with sets of laws and regulations. Citizen-action publics include consumer, minority, and environmental groups. Local publics include neighborhood residents and community organizations. The general public has concerns about the company's products and actions. Internal publics include workers, managers, volunteers, and the board of directors. Marketing can treat these influential publics like consumer markets, creating marketing plans to build relationships and elicit a desired response. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 69AACSB: CommunicationSkill: ApplicationObjective: 3-132) What are the major trends in today's natural environment? How do these trends affect companies?Answer: The natural environment shows three major trends: shortages of certain raw materials, higher pollution levels, and more government intervention in natural resource management. Environmental concerns create marketing opportunities for alert companies. As concern about global warming and other environmental issues continues to grow, more and more consumers are demanding environmentally responsible products. Companies who heed these demands will benefit, as environmentally responsible actions are today linked with good business.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 81AACSB: Analytic SkillsSkill: ApplicationObjective: 3-3。
市场营销学3 第三章 教案
重点
市场调研方法
难点
市场需求预测的方法
教学过程
教学讲义
教学批注
1、知识回顾
课程内容的回顾：
包括顾客让渡价值的实现、顾客满意与顾客忠诚的测量、顾客关系营销。
2、章节引言
本章内容的介绍：
本章的主要内容包含市场营销调研概述、市场调研方法、市场需求预测。
在现代市场营销管理过程中，市场营销调研是开展市场营销管理过程的依据和基础，也是探索市场价值的基本工具。企业正确的决策来自全面、可靠的市场营销信息，企业只有重视对市场营销信息的收集、处理和分析，才能为最终决策提供可靠依据。
知识点2.市场调研方法
2.1 市场调研方法概述
2.1.1 二手资料的收集
二手资料是指为其他某种目的而收集的资料。
和一手资料相比，获得二手资料的速度更快、成本更低。但二手资料也同样存在一些问题，例如:需要的信息有时可能根本不存在一市场调研者不可能从二手资料那里得到自己需要的所有信息;即使找到了相关的信息，这些信息也不一定具有可用性。调研人员必须对二手资料进行仔细评估，从而确认它们具有相关性、准确性、及时性和客观性。
（三）定性测量： 定性测量的常见方法有：
1.词汇联想
2.投射技术
3.想象具体化
4.品牌拟人化
5.梯形上升
2.3 市场接触方式
（一）邮寄调查表
（二）电话访谈
（三）面对面访问
（四）在线访问
知识点3.市场需求预测
3.1 市场需求预测的相关概念
(一)市场需求和市场潜量
市场需求是指一个产品在一定的地理区域和一定的时期内，在一定的营销环境和一定的营销方案下，特定的顾客群体所愿意购买的总数量。
(完整版)营销环境案例
第三章市场营销环境案例一、入境还得先问俗通用食品公司曾挥霍数百万美元,竭力向日本消费者兜售有包装的蛋糕糊。
等到该公司发现只有30％的日本家庭有烤箱的事实时，公司的营销计划已实施大半，陷于骑虎难下的境地.克蕾丝牙膏在墨西哥使用美国式的广告进行推销，一开始就败下阵来。
因为墨西哥人不相信或者根本不考虑预防龋齿的好处，哪怕是符合科学道理的广告宣传对他们也毫无吸引力。
豪马公司的贺卡设计精美，并配之以柔情蜜意的贺辞，历年来风行世界各国.但豪马公司的贺卡在最为浪漫的国度—-法国却难以打开局面，原因很简单，浪漫的法国人不喜欢贺卡上印有现成的贺辞，他们喜欢自己动手在卡片上写自己的心里话。
通用食品公司的唐牌（TANG）饮料一开始便在法国遭到失败。
唐牌饮料是早餐桔子汁的替代产品,在美国市场，通用食品公司经过大肆促销后,唐牌饮料占领了相当部分的原来有桔子汁占领的市场，取得了巨大的成功。
但是通用食品公司未考虑到：法国人很少喝桔子汁.作为桔子汁的替代产品，唐牌饮料在法国自然也就没有了市场.凯洛格公司的泡波果馅饼（POP-TARTS）曾在英国失利。
因为在英国拥有烤面包电炉的家庭比美国要少得多,而且英国人觉得这种馅饼过于甜腻,不合他们的口味，也有的企业通过在国外时效失败后，针对当地的营销环境重新设计产品或通过改变广告策略来达到促销目的，从而取得了巨大的成功。
荷兰飞利浦公司发现日本人的厨房比较狭小，便缩小了咖啡壶的尺寸来打开市场,同时该公司发现日本人的手比西方人的手要小，于是缩小了剃须刀的尺寸，经过这些改进，该公司才开始在日本赢利。
可口可乐公司曾试图将两公升的大瓶可口可乐打入西班牙市场,但是销量甚小，美国可口可乐公司总部派员调查后认为，大瓶可口可乐滞销是因为在西班牙很少有人用大容量的冰箱。
于是停止了销售大瓶可口可乐的计划，该为在西班牙境内售小瓶可口可乐，结果大获成功。
麦当劳公司打入日本市场时进行促销，设计了“小白脸麦当劳"（RONNIE MC DONALD）的滑稽形象进行广告，结果失败。