Onset voltage of negative corona on
急性心肌梗塞静脉溶栓治疗与经皮延迟冠脉介入治疗疗效观察
中国医疗前沿China Healthcare InnovationM ay ,2008Vo l ,3No.102008年05月第3卷第10期细胞出现凋亡,我们认为其可能机制是缺氧诱生了HO/CO,内源性CO 作为逆行信使激活突触前膜神经的sGC ,增加钙内流量[4],而细胞内钙的快速内流是细胞凋亡中的重要因素,还有研究表明苍白球是内源性CO 调节的导致损伤的一个典型部位,并且此处随着氧化应激的作用,也观察到神经胶质HO —1的强表达[5]。
因此,我们认为当内源性CO 达到一定水平,对神经细胞具有毒性作用,导致神经细胞发生凋亡,甚至坏死。
但其导致不同损伤时的具体水平及神经病理毒性的分子机制尚不清楚,是我们继续探索的目标。
参考文献[]M MD M f xy x f x y[M]I M S Protein.ed.C Georgopoulos.S linquis t.RMorimoto.1996.P.231.C old S pring Ha bor.NY:C old S pring ha rbor La b.[2]Maines MD.The heme oxyge na se system:aregula tionof second messe nger genes[J ].Annu R ev Pharma col Toxicol,1997.[3]Ba na siak KJ ,Ha dda d GG.Hypoxial-induced a poptos is:eff ect of hy-poxia severity a nd role of P53in neurona l .[4]Sa ller M,Knowles R G,et a l.Widesprea d tiss ue distribution.s pec ie s distribution a nd cha nges in a ctivity of Ca2+deperdent and C a 2+inde pendent NO syntha se[J].F ASEBJ.1991,291:745-749.[5]B F,F R MR I f y f f x []N y 6,3S 作者简介:沈美娥(1965-),女,副主任医师,云南省昭通市第一人民医院。
高电压技术专业英语词汇表
高电压技术专业英语词汇表absorbtance 吸收比absorption current 吸收电流AC transmission system 交流输电系统aging 老化alternating current 交变电流alternating voltage 交变电压ammeter 电流表amorphous dielectric 非晶体电介质amplitude 幅值anode/cathode 阳极/阴极anti-fog insulator 防雾型绝缘子apparent charge 视在电荷arc discharge 电弧放电arc suppressing 灭弧arc-extinguishing chamber 灭弧室arrester 避雷器artificial pollution test 人工污秽试验asynchronous machine 异步电机atmospheric reference condition 标准参考大气条件attachment coefficient 附着系数attenuation factor 衰减系数barrier 屏障barrier effect 屏障效应bending load 弯曲负荷BIL(basic impulse level) 全波基本冲击绝缘boundary element method 边界元法breakdown 电击穿breakdown possibility 击穿概率breakdown voltage 击穿电压BSL(basic switch level) 基本操作冲击绝缘水平bubble breakdown 气泡击穿bus bar 母线bushing 套管bushing tap grounding wire 套管末屏接地线cable 电缆capacitor divider 电容分压器cascade circuit 串联电路cascade transformer 串级变压器cathode ray oscilloscope 阴极射线示波器cavity 空穴,腔CB(circuit breaker) 断路器ceramic insulator 陶瓷绝缘子charge density 电荷密度charge simulation method 模拟电荷法charging(damping) resistor 充电(阻尼)电阻collision ionization 碰撞电离collision ionization coefficient 碰撞电离系数compensating winding 补偿线圈composite insulation 组合绝缘compressed gas 压缩气体conductance 电导conductivity 电导率conductor 导线contamination flashover 污秽闪络corona 电晕corona discharge 电晕放电corona loss 电晕损耗corona onset voltage 电晕起始电压correction factor 校正因数coupling capacitor 耦合电容creapage distance 爬电距离critical breakdown voltage 临界击穿电压critical electrical strength 临界场强CT(current transformer) 电流互感器current density 电流密度current transformer 电流互感器damped capacitor voltage divider 阻尼电容分压器damping resistor 阻尼电阻DC breakdown voltage 直流击穿电压dead tank oil circuit breaker 多油断路器decay 衰减destructive test 破坏性试验detection impedance 检测阻抗dielectric 电介质,绝缘体dielectric constant 介质常数dielectric loss 介质损耗dielectric loss angle tangent 介质损失角正切diffuse 扩散digitizer 数字化仪direct current 直流电高电压技术专业英语词汇表2 direct current transmission直流输电disc spacer 盘式绝缘子discharge 放电disconnector 隔离开关displacement current 位移电流displacement polarization 位移极化distributed parameter circuit 分布参数电路divider 分压器divider ratio 分压器分压比drift velocity 漂移速度dry band 干区dry flashover voltage 干闪络电压DSO(digitizing storageoscilloscope)数字存储示波器dynamo 直流发电机earth resistance 接地电阻earth(ground) wire 接地线earthing switch 接地开关ecological efficiency 生态效应effect of nearby earthed object 接地体临近效应effect of polarity 极性效应effective ionisation coefficient 有效电离系数EHV(extra high voltage) 超高压electric breakdown 电击穿electric field 电场electrical strength 电气强度electrical tree 电树枝electroceramics 电工陶瓷electrochemical 电化学electrochemical deterioration 电化学腐蚀electro-mechanical test 机电联合试验electron avalanche 电子崩(α过程) electronegative gas 电负性气体electronegativity 电负性electro-optic effect 电光效应electrostatic field 静电场electrostatic generator 静电发生器electrostatic voltmeter 静电电压表EMC(electro-magneticcompatibility)电磁兼容EMP(electromagnetic pulse) 高速电磁脉冲end fitting 金具EPDM(ethylene propylene rubber) 乙丙橡胶epoxy resin 环氧树脂ESDD(equivalent salt depositdensity)等值盐密exciting winding 激磁绕组expulsion gap 灭弧间隙external insulation 外绝缘extinction coil 消弧线圈FACTS(Flexible AC Transmission System)柔性输电failure current 故障电流Faraday cage 法拉第笼field distortion 场畸变field emission 场致发射field gradient 场梯度field strength 场强field stress 电场力finite element method 有限元法fixed contact 静触头flash counter 雷电计数器flash density 落雷密度flashover 闪络flashover voltage 闪络电压FM-IM 调频-光强度调制free path 自由行程front resistor 波前电阻FSD(full scale deflection) 满偏刻度full wave 全波gas chromatographic analysis 气相色谱分析gas discharge 气体放电gaseous insulation 气体绝缘generating capacity 发电量generator 发电机GIS(gas insulated substation) 气体绝缘变电站glass insulator 玻璃绝缘子glow discharge 辉光放电gradient 陡度grading ring 均压环ground wire 架空地线地线grounding 接地grounding capacitance 对地电容grounding device 接地装置grounding for lightening 防雷接地half-wave rectifying circuit 半波整流电路harmonic 谐波high voltage 高压high voltage arm 高压臂high voltage engineering 高电压工程high voltage testing technology 高电压试验技术hollow insulator 套筒高电压技术专业英语词汇表3 humidity correction factor湿度校正因数hydraulic turbine 水轮机hydro power station 水力发电站hydrophobicity 憎水性icing flashover 冰闪impulse current 冲击/脉冲电流impulse flashover 冲击闪络impulse ratio 冲击系数impulse voltage 冲击电压impulse voltage generator 冲击电压发生器induced overvoltage 感应过电压inhomogenous field 不均匀场insulation 绝缘insulation coordination 绝缘配合insulation diagnosis 绝缘诊断insulation distance 绝缘距离insulation level 绝缘水平insulation material 绝缘材料insulation on-line test 绝缘在线检测insulation resistance 绝缘电阻insulation test 绝缘检测insulator 绝缘子insulator string 绝缘子串internal discharge 内部放电inverter station 换流站ionization 电离ionization coefficient 电离系数ionization layer 电离层iron core 铁芯Kerr effect 克尔效应leakage current 泄漏电流lightning arrester 避雷器lightning conductor 避雷线lightning current 雷电流lightning flashover 雷闪lightning impulse voltage 雷电冲击电压lightning impulse withstandvoltage test雷电冲击耐压试验lightning outage rate 雷击跳闸率lightning over voltage 大气/雷电过电压lightning rod 避雷针lightning stroke 雷击lightning withstand level 耐雷水平live tank oil circuit breaker 少油断路器load center 负荷中心loss 损耗loss angle 介质损耗角lossless transmission line 无损传输线low voltage arm 低压臂magnetic field 磁场main discharge 主放电Marx generator 马克思发生器matching impedance 匹配阻抗mean free path 平均自由行程mean molecular velocity 平均分子速度mechanical performance 机械性能megohm meter/earthmeter 兆欧表metal oxide arrester MOA 氧化锌避雷器mixed divider (阻容)混合分压器MOA(metal oxide arrester) 氧化锌避雷器mobility 迁移率motor 电动机moving contact 动触头multistage impulse voltagegenerator串级冲击电压发生器natural pollution test 自然污秽试验negative ions 负离子neural point 中性点neutral ground 中性点接地non-destructive insulation test 非破坏绝缘测试non-destructive measurement 非破坏性测试non-destructive testing 非破坏性试验nonpolar dielectric 非极性电介质non-self-maintained discharge 非自持放电non-uniform field 不均匀场nonuniformity coefficient 不均匀系数NSDD(non-soluble depositdensity)附灰密度nuclear power station 核电站oil-filled power cable 充油电力电缆optical radiation 光辐射oscilloscope 示波器overhead line 架空线overshoot 过冲overvoltage 过电压partial arc 局部电弧Paschen’s law 巴申定律PD(partial discharge) 局部放电peak reverse voltage 反向峰值电压peak voltage 电压波峰peak voltmeter 峰值电压表phase-to-phase voltage 线电压高电压技术专业英语词汇表4 photo ionization光电离photoelectric emission 光电发射photoemission 光电效应photoionization 光电离photon 光子leader discharge 先导放电Pockels effect 泡克尔斯效应point plane gap 针板间隙polarity effect 极性效应polarization 极化pollution flashover 污闪pollution flashover voltage 污秽闪络电压porcelain insulator 陶瓷绝缘子post insulator 支柱绝缘子power capacitor 电力电容power frequency arc test 工频大电弧试验power frequency testingtransformer工频实验变压器power frequency voltage 工频电压power network 电力网络power system 电力系统power transformer 电力变压器PPT(pulse power technology) 脉冲功率技术primary winding 原边线圈protection angle 保护角protection gap 保护间隙protective grounding 保护接地PT(potential transformer) 电压互感器quality factor 品质因素quasi-uniform field 稍不均匀场radio interference 无线干扰radio interference test 无线电干扰试验rain flashover 雨闪rating of equipment 设备额定值recombination 复合recovery voltage 恢复电压reflect 反射relative inductivity 相对介电常数relay 继电器residual capacitance 残余电容resistivity 电阻率resistor divider 电阻分压器resistor-capacitor divider 阻容分压器resonance frequency 谐振频率restrike 重燃return stroke 反击ripple factor 纹波因数rod gap 棒间隙rod-rod electrode 棒-棒电极Rogowski coil 罗可夫斯基线圈rotor 转子routing testing 常规试验ROW(right-of-way)/corridor 线路走廊safety margin 安全裕度salt fog method 盐雾法Schering bridge 西林电桥secondary electron avalanche 二次电子崩secondary winding 副边线圈self-restoring insulation 自恢复绝缘self-sustained discharge 自持放电series resonant circuit 串联谐振回路shielding 屏蔽short circuit 短路short circuit testing 短路试验silicone rubber 硅橡胶skin effect 集肤效应soil resistivity 土壤电阻率solid dielectric 固体电介质solid layer method 固体层法space charge 空间电荷spark gap 点火球隙sparkover voltage 火花放电sphare-plane electrode 球-板电极sphare-sphare electrode 球-球电极sphere gap 球隙sphere gap spacing 球隙距离split conduct 分裂导线standard lightning impulse voltage 标准雷电冲击电压standard switching impulse voltage 标准操作冲击电压statistic diagnosis 统计诊断stator 定子steam turbine 汽轮机steamer 流注steel-reinforced aluminumconductor钢芯铝绞线step up (down) transformer 升(降)压变压器stepout overvoltage 解列过电压stray capacitance 杂散电容stray inductance 杂散电感streamer breakdown 流注击穿substation 变电站sulphur hexafluoride breaker SF6断路器高电压技术专业英语词汇表5 surface breakdown表面击穿surface charge 表面电荷surface discharge 沿面放电surge impedance 波阻抗suspension insulator 悬式绝缘子sustained discharge 自持放电switching flashover 操作闪络switching impulse voltage 操作冲击电压switching overvoltage 操作过电压synchronous generator 同步发电机tank 箱体taped transformer 多级变压器Td(thunderstorm day) 雷暴日temperature exponent 温度指数tensile load 拉伸负荷test object 被试品testing transformer 试验变压器thermal breakdown 热击穿thermal cycling test 冷热循环试验thermal ionisation 热电离thermal power station 火力发电站thermal radiation 热辐射thermal rating 耐热等级threshold wavelength 光电离临界波长time delay/lag 时延time to chopping 截断时间torsional load 扭转负荷Townsend theory 汤森理论tracking and erosion resistance 耐漏电起痕性能transmission line 传输线treeing 树枝放电trigger electrode 触发电极tuned circuit 调谐电路turbogenerator 汽轮发电机UHV(ultra high voltage) 特高压uncertainty 不确定度uniform field 均匀场vacuum circuit breaker 真空断路器variable transformer 调压变压器VFTO(very fast transient overvoltage)甚快速瞬态过电压virtual front time 视在波前时间virtual origin 视在原点virtual time to half-value 视在半峰值时间voltage class 电压等级voltage divider 分压器voltage doubling rectifying circuit 倍压整流电路voltage drop 电压跌落volt-ampere characteristics 伏安特性voltmeter 电压表volt-time characteristics 伏秒特性water hydrogenerator 水轮发电机wave chopped 截波wave chopped at front 波前截波wave chopped at tail 波尾截波wave front 波前wave front/tail 波头/尾wave length 波长wet flashover 湿闪wet flashover voltage 湿闪络电压winding 绕组withstand voltage 耐受电压withstand voltage test 耐压试验XLPE cable 交链聚乙烯电缆。
NORMA 4000 5000 Power Analyzer 用户说明手册说明书
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高钾血症的疾病负担及预后
高钾血症的疾病负扌且及预后李沭*，张倩，张相林#（中曰友好医院药学部，北京100029）*药师。
研究方向：治疗药物监测。
E-mail ：****************#通信作者：主任药师。
研究方向：治疗药物监测。
E-maii zryhyyzxl@126. com中图分类号 R977.7 文献标志码 A 文章编号 1672-2124( 2020) 12-1527-05DOI 10. 14009/j. issn. 1672-2124. 2020. 12. 030摘 要 高钾血症是危及慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease ,CKD )患者生命的常见电解质紊乱类型之一。
近年来的研究结果表明，高钾血症在CKD 患者特别是CKD G4、G5期患者中易反复发作，增加了患者严重心血管不良事件的发生风险和死亡风险。
为此，本文针对高钾血症的发病、复发及其预后的相关研究进展进行综述。
关键词 高钾血症'慢性肾脏病'反复发作'临床结局Disease Burden and Prognosis of HyperkalemiaLI Shu, ZHANG Qian, ZHANG Xianglin ( Dept. of Phaonacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital #Beijing 100029, China)ABSTRACTHyperkalemia is one of the most ccmmon electrolyte disordero thatendangeo the lives of patients withchronic kidney diseese( CKD) . Recnt rtudies have shown that hyperkalemia is prone ta recurrent attacks in CKD,especially in patients with CKD ot stages G4 and G5, which ccn the incidence and mortality ot patients with seriousccrdiovesculao adverss events. This paper reviews the related reseerch pogoss on the onset, recurrencc and pognosisof hyperkalemia.KEYWORDS Hyperkalemia；Chronic kidney disese ； Recurrent attacks ; Clinicyl outcome1高钾血症概述1.1高钾血症的定义、临床表现及病因高钾血症主要是人体血浆中的钾离子浓度高，患者可以表现为乏力、肢体麻木，最严重的表现为肌无力或肌麻痹、心脏传导异常及心律失常。
欧盟开关电源的待机功耗的标准要求0
欧盟开关电源的待机功耗的标准要求0输入端差模电感的选择：1. 差模choke置于L线或N线上，同时与XCAP共同作用F=1 / (2*π* L*C)2.波器振荡频率要低于电源供给器的工作频率，一样要低于10kHz。
3. L = N2AL（nH/N2）nH4. N = [L（nH）/AL(nH/N2)]1/2匝5. AL = L（nH）/ N2nH/N26. W =（NI）2AL / 2000μJ输入端共模电感的选择：共模电感为EMI防制零件，要紧阻碍Conduction 的中、低频段，设计时必须同时考虑EMI特性及温升，以同样尺寸的Common Choke而言，线圈数愈多(相对的线径愈细)，EMI防制成效愈好，但温升可能较高。
传导干扰频率范畴为0.15～30MHz，电场辐射干扰频率范畴为30～100MHz。
开关电源所产生的干扰以共模干扰为主。
产生辐射干扰的要紧元器件除了开关管和高频整流二极管还有脉冲变压器及滤波电感等。
注意：1. 幸免电流过大而造成饱和。
2．Choke温度系数要小，对高频阻抗要大。
3．感应电感要大，分布电容要小。
4．直流电阻要小。
B = L * I / (N * A) (B shall be less than 0.3)L = Choke inductance. I = Maximum current through choke. N = Number of turns on choke.A = Effective area of choke. (for drum core, can approximate with cross section area of center pole.)假设在50KHZ有24DB的衰减则，共模截止频率Fc = Fs*10Att/4 0 = 50*10-24/40=12.6KHZ电感值L= (RL*0.707)/(∏*Fc) = (500.707)/(3.14*12.6) = 893uH使用磁芯和磁棒作滤波电感时应注意自身的阻抗，关于共模电感不能使用低阻抗的磁芯和磁棒，否则会造成炸机现象。
可燃气体探头说明书
GAS DETECTOR ZELLWEGER DOCUMENTATIONExcellent Performance• Certified for hazardous area operation up to+150°C (+302°F)• Alarm trip points as low as 5% LEL• Fast speed of response• Poison resistant detectors• Low power consumption Cost Effective• Low cost disposable sensor• Greater than 5 year typical operating lifeReliable Operation• Specially matched ‘Sieger’detectors providehighest stability• Proven technology from the world leader incombustible gas detectionFlexibility • Measuring ranges from 0-20% LEL to 0-100% LEL • Wide range of accessories Robust Construction • 316 Stainless Steel sensor body• ATEX approved designinthe Zone TM PRODUCT DATAThese applications require a sensor that provides reliable and stable detection allowing low levelalarm settings across a wide temperature range.Utilizing a specially matched pair of Sieger poisonresistant combustible gas detection elements,the Sensepoint High Temperature Sensor has a verystable baseline allowing alarm trip points to be set as low as 5% LEL across a temperature range of -40°C to +150°C (-40°F to +302°F).The gas measuring range can be configured from 0-20% LELup to 0-100% LEL depending on the type of controller used.The detector elements are housed in an explosion proof assembly,and provide an industry standard3 wire mV bridge output which can be connected to a suitable control device or converted to an analog output signal via a field transmitter.Sensepoint High T emperature SensorSensepoint High T emperature SensorA Division of the Zellweger Luwa GroupDS303 Issue 2 2106M0612Please Note:While every effort has been made to ensure accuracy in this publication, no responsibility can be accepted for errors or omissions. Data may change, as well as legislation, and you are strongly advised to obtain copies of the most recently issued regulations, standards and guidelines.8376General Specification 1Range: 0-20% LEL, 0-100% LEL (Control card dependent)Speed of Response 2: T60 Less than 6 seconds.T90 Less than 10 seconds.Minimum Alarm Level 3:5% LELOutput Signal:mV bridgeOperating Temperature:-40°C to +150°C (-40°F to +302°F)Operating Humidity:Continuous: 20 to 90% RH Intermittent: 10 to 99% RHOperating Pressure:75 to 110kPa (750 to 1100mbar)Stability (zero):With time:Less than ±5% LEL/yearWith temperature:Less than ±3% LELWith humidity:Less than ±3% LELWith pressure:Less than ±3% LELStability (span):With time:Less than ±5% LEL/yearWith temperature:Less than ±4% LELWith humidity:Less than ±3% LELWith pressure:Less than ±3% LELLinearity:Better than ±5% fsdRepeatability:Better than ±2% LELWarm-up Time:30 minutesDetector Operating Life 4:More than 5 years (typical)Storage Life:T ypically, no degredation has been observedin clean, stable conditions for up to 5 yearsPower Consumption:0.7W at 200mAEnclosure Material:316 Stainless SteelMounting Thread:M20, M25 or 3/4 NPTWeight:225g (7.9oz)Baseefa02ATEX0242X II 2G EExd IICATEX:(Assessed for Hazardous area ignition risks)T3 (T amb - 40°to +150°C)Notes: 1. T ypical performance figures for a sensor calibrated on 10%LEL methane and tested at 20°C and 50%RH.2. T60/T90 defined as the time to achieve 60%and 90%of the signal obtained after 5 minutes exposure to 50%FSD gas concentration.3. With recommended 3 month calibration period.4. In clean atmosphere.58mm (2.28in)42mm(1.65in)SENSEPOINT HT COMBUSTIBLE GAS SENSORMAN0622 Issue 01 January 032106M0523The Sensepoint High Temperature (HT) Combustible Gas Sensor is a sealed disposable sensor for the detection of flammable gases. It must be fitted into a suitably approved Exe or Exd high temperature junction box (e.g. Feel Flameproof Enclosures) fitted with an approved cable gland for external wiring (e.g. Peppers Cable Glands, Series A3LF or CR3 CROLOCK Series).The sensor features a Filter Housing that retains a stainless steel mesh filter. It employs a catalytic pellistor sensor device which is used as part of a bridge measuring circuit.Sensepoint HT is certified for hazardous areas to EN50014/EN50018 and is protected against water and dust ingress to IP66/67. The sensor is available in M20, M25 and 3/4 NPT thread versions. The sensor accepts accessories from a specified range (see Accessories & Spare Parts ).Information notices The types of information notices used throughout this handbook are as follows:Caution:Indicates hazardous or unsafe practice which could result in minor injury to personnel, or product or property damage.Note:Provides useful/helpful/additional information.If more information outside the scope of this technical handbook is required please contact Zellweger Analytics.Associated Documents Sensepoint Gas Sensors Technical Handbook Part No: 2106M05021. INTRODUCTION 12111213148. SPECIFICATIONS 9. ACCESSORIES & SPARE PARTS 7. CERTIFICATION Dimensions:See diagram in Installation section.Operating temperature range:-40°C to +150°C.Operating humidity range:20% to 90% RH continuous.10% to 99% RH intermittent - non condensing.Operating pressure range:75 to 110 k Pa.Warm up time:Less than 10 minutes.Voltage range: 2.9 V to 3.5 V bridge (at 200mA).Power consumption:700mW.Signal output:mV bridge.Calibration flow rate:Recommended between 1 and 1.5 l/min.Poisoning:The sensing elements may become inactive after extensive exposure to silicones,halogenated hydrocarbons,heavy metals or sulphur compounds.Expected operating life: 5 years.IP rating:IP65 standard; IP66/67 with Weather Protection.CE:The sensor complies with relevant CE directives.ATEX Certification:II 2G EEx d II C T3Tamb -40o C to +150o C Baseefa02ATEX0242X Description Part Number Complete replacement sensor:• M20 version 2106B2310• M25 version 2106B2311• 3/4 NPT version 2106B2312Stainless steel filter 00780-F-0018Filter Housing 00780-C-0038High Temperature Junction Box 2052D0001High Temperature Weather Protection 00780-A-0076Qu i c k S tar t G u i de MEMBERS OF THE ZELLWEGER ANALYTICS DIVISION UK AND INTERNATIONAL ENQUIRIES Zellweger Analytics Ltd Hatch Pond House 4 Stinsford Road Nuffield Estate Poole Dorset BH17 0RZ, UK Tel:+44 (0)1202 676161Fax:+44 (0)1202 678011Email:sales@ ASIA PACIFIC Zellweger Analytics Ltd Asia Pacific Regional Office 1 Scotts Road #25-04 Shaw Centre Singapore 228208Tel:+65 6862 7701Fax:+65 6862 3858Email:zalasia@.sg BELGIUM Zellweger Analytics NV Leuvensesteenweg 392a Chee de Louvain B-1932 Zaventem Belgium Tel:+32 27140311Fax:+32 27140344Email:zabl@ FRANCE Zellweger Analytics France SA Les Fermes Californiennes 62 avenue de l’Europe Emerainville 77436 MARNE LA VALLEE CEDEX 2France Tel:33 (1) 60 95 45 46Fax:33 (1) 60 95 45 50GERMANY Zellweger Analytics GmbH Sollner Strasse 65b D-81479 Munchen Germany Tel:+49 89 791 920Fax:+49 89 791 9243Email:vertriebscenter@zelana.de ITALY Zellweger Analytics srl Via F. Primaticcio 1681-20147 Milano Italy Tel:+39 0248 3391Fax:+39 0248 3023 14Email:zaitaly@ MIDDLE EAST PO Box 52196Dubai UAE Tel:Fax:+971 4 3458 778Email:zelana@.ae NETHERLANDS Zellweger Analytics BV Postbus 157NL-3740AD Baarn Tel:+31 (0)355435646Fax:+31 (0)355435929Email:zabl@ SPAIN Zellweger Analytics SA Avda Remolar 3108820 El Prat de Llobregat Barcelona Spain Tel:+34 93 379 9611Fax:+34 93 379 8551Email:zellana@jet.es USA Zellweger Analytics, Inc.5089 Bristol Industrial Way Suite B & C Buford, Georgia 30518USA Tel:+1 770 831 4800Toll Free:+1 800 535 0606Fax:+1 678 546 1954Email:sales@A company of the Zellweger Luwa Group total environmental solutions This publication is not intended to form the basis of a contract, and the company reserves the right to amend the design and specification of the instruments without notice.The following BASEEFA certification information is imprinted on adjacent faces in two separate blocks on the hexagonal part of the sensor body.CE mark -conforms to all applicable European directives Manufacturer’s trademark &address Identification number of ATEX notified body Product name Year of manufacture/serial number Certification number Explosion protection mark and equipment group&category Certified ambient temperature range Certification code Caution 6. FAULT FINDING2. SAFETY CAUTIONS 1.Atmospheres above 100% LEL may suppress the sensor reading.2.Do not modify or alter the sensor construction as essential safety requirements may be invalidated.3.Install using suitably approved and certified Exe or Exd high temperature junction box, connectors and glands.4.Dispose of in accordance with local disposal regulations.Materials used - Stainless Steel.The following table provides a list of possible faults related to the sensor together with possible causes and remedies.Fault Cause/RemedySensor reads non zero Gas could be present, ensureall the time there is no combustible gas in theatmosphere.Sensor reads non zero Adjust the control system zerowhen no gas is present setting.Sensor reads low when Adjust the control system spangas is applied setting.Sensor reads high when Adjust the control system spangas is applied setting.Sensor reads zero when 1.Check the wiring.gas is applied 2.Check that the protective dischas been removed from thefilter housing.3.Check that the filter is notdirty/obstructed.4.Replace the sensor ifpoisoning is suspected.Table 2Meter Settings * Calibration * Rating of Gas to be Detected Gas 8*7*6*5*4*3*2*1*8*50627695----7*4050617696---6*334150627898--5*263340506379100-4*21263240506380-3*-212632405064812*---25313950641*----25313950Note:These settings must only be used with a calibration gas concentration of 50% LEL. All data at standard temperature and pressure.Example 1.The target gas to be detected is Butane .The calibration gas available is Methane (50% LEL).2.Look up the star rating for each gas from Table 1:Butane = 4*Methane = 6*3.Check the meter settings for 50% LEL calibration gas from Table 2.The reading is 78%.4.The control card should therefore be set to 78%.This gives an accurate reading for Butane, using 50% LEL Methane as a calibration gas.Table 3Meter Multiplication Factors Unit calibrated Unit used to detect to detect 8*7*6*5*4*3*2*1*8* 1.001.241.521.892.372.98 3.784.837*0.811.001.231.531.922.40 3.053.906*0.660.811.001.241.561.962.493.175*0.530.660.801.001.251.58 2.002.554*0.420.520.640.801.001.26 1.602.033*0.340.420.510.640.801.00 1.271.622*0.260.330.400.500.630.79 1.001.281*0.210.260.320.390.490.620.781.0078910To calibrate the Sensepoint HT sensor carry out the following procedure:1.Obtain the star rating for both the test gas and the gas to be detected from Table 1.e the values in Table 2 to obtain the required meter setting when a 50% LEL test gas is applied to the detector.If a sensor is to be used to detect a gas other than that for which it was calibrated, the required correction factor may be obtained from Table 3. The meter reading should be multiplied by this number in order to obtain the true gas concentration.Important Notes:1.Since combustible sensors require oxygen for correct operation,a mixture of gas in air should be used for calibration purposes.2.Assuming an average sensor performance, the sensitivityinformation in Tables 1 to 3 is normally accurate to ± 20%.Table 1 Star Rating of GasesGasStar Rating Gas Star Rating Acetone4*Hexane 3*Ammonia7*Hydrogen 6*Benzene3*Methane 6*Butane4*Octane 3*Diethyl ether4*Propan-2-ol 4*Ethane6*Propane 5*Ethanol5*Styrene 2*Ethyl acetate3*Tetra hydrafuran 4*Ethylene 5*Xylene 2*Only a qualified installation engineer should service the sensor. Ensure power is off before carrying out any maintenance procedures.The only maintenance required is sensor replacement and filter changing (if fitted to an accessory). To replace the complete sensor refer to the Sensepoint Gas Sensors Technical Handbook. To replace the filter carry out the following procedure:1.Remove the High Temperature Weather Protection accessory.2.Remove the old filter and replace with a fresh filter.3.Replace the Weather Protection accessory.。
欧洲电磁兼容性指南EATON KBCG-3-1 2 V-VLPO-MC002-E1电压分压器说明说
ContentsGENERAL DESCRIPTION 3 FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL 3 TYPICAL SECTION 3 MODEL CODES 4 OPERATING DATA 5 PERFORMANCE DATA 7 INSTALLATION DIMENSIONS 8 ELECTRICAL INFORMATIONBlock diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Typical wiring connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 FURTHER INFORMATION 122EATON Proportional pressure relief valves V-VLPO-MC002-E1 September 20203EATON Proportional pressure relief valves V-VLPO-MC002-E1 September 2020An electro-hydraulic proportional relief valve designed to regulate pressure in a hydraulic system in proportion to an applied electrical input .These open-loop, single-stage valves can be used for direct control of pressure in low flow systems, or for pilot control of larger pressure controls, and for such applications as pressurecontrolled pumps .The integral amplifier allows the pressure to be controlled from a low power command signal: either a voltage or current command . The amplifier is mounted in a robust metal housing and electrical connections are via an industry standard 7-pin plug . Factory-set adjustments ensure high reproducibility valve-to-valve .Other models For proportional pressure relief valves with flow ratings up to 400 L/min (106 USgpm), see catalog V-VLPO-MC003-E (model types KBCG, sizes 6 and 8) .Features and benefits •Valve design ensures low hysteresis and good repeatability . •Self-bleeding design simplifies installation and ensures consistent performance . •When used for piloting a large pressure relief or reducing valve, a low minimum pressure is obtainable, combined with fast and stable response to step input signals .•On-board ramp adjustment .General description7-pin plugFunctional symbolT ypical section4EATON Proportional pressure relief valves V-VLPO-MC002-E1 September 2020T o conform to the EC Electromagnetic Compatibility directive (EMC) this KBCG valve must be fitted with a metal 7-pin plug. The screen of the cable must be securely connected to the shell of the metal connector. A suitable IP67 rated connector is available from Eaton, part no. 934939. Alternatively a non IP67 rated connector is available from ITT -Cannon, part no.CA 02 COM-E 14S A7 P .1K B 9*2*10*13*3G 12P*74*1411***67D 8Z 1Valve typeKB Proportional valve with integral amplifier, B series 2TypeC Pressure relief 3Mounting G Subplate mounted 4Interface 3ISO 4401, size 3 (NFPA D03)5Build orientationBlankRight hand (standard)L Left hand 6Controlled pressure rangeAt rated flow of 1 L/min (0 .26 USgpm)402-40 bar (29-580 psi)1003-100 bar (44-1450 psi)1604-160 bar (58-2300 psi)1724-172 bar (58-2500 psi)2505-250 bar (73-3625 psi)3506-350 bar (87-5000 psi)7DamperD Standard damper 8Manual overridesZ No overrides 9Electrical command optionsM1+/- 10 volts control signal M24-20 mA control signal Model codes5*11A 10Ramp options 1No ramp 2Standard ramp (typically 65 ms)3Long ramp (typically 80 ms)11Command/pressure characteristicA Standard 12Electrical connectionPC77 pin connector, without plug suppliedPE77 pin connector, with plug suppliedPH7As PE7 but with pin ‘C’ used for enable signalPR7as PC7 but with pin ‘C’ used for enable signal 13Coil ratingH124V DC amplifier supply 14Design number, 1* series 11Subject to change . Installation dimensions unaltered for design numbers 10 to 19 respectivelyOperating dataStandard test conditions are with antiwear hydraulic oil at 36 cSt (168 SUS) and 40°C (104°F)Maximum pressures:Port P:Operating See 6 in “Model Code”Static350 bar (5075 psi)Port T:Operating 2 bar (29 psi). See “Back pressure at port T” under “Installation and start-up”below.Static210 bar (3000 psi)Flow limits:Rated flow 1 L/min (0.26 USgpm)Maximum flow 5 L/min (1.3 USgpm)Coil or amplifier rating24V x 40W max. (22 to 36V including 10% pk.-to-pk. max. ripple)Command signal:Volts (see model code 80 to +10V or 0 to -10VInput impedance47 kΩCommon mode voltage to pin B4VCurrent (see model code 8 - 2) 4 to 20 mAInput impedance100ΩValve enable signal:Enable>9.0V (36V max)Disable<2.0VInput impedance36 kΩ7-pin plug connector Pin DescriptionB C A Power supply positive (+)B Power supply 0V and current command returnC Valve enable (PH7 & PR7)D Command signal (+V or current in)E Command signal (-V or current GND)F Output monitorView of pins of fixed half G Protective groundElectromagnetic compatibility (EMC)IEC 61326-2-1 (Electrical equipment for measurement, control and laboratory use)Conducted Emissions CISPR11 -2015-06 Ed 6.0/EN55011 - Class A, 150kHz to30MHzRadiated Emissions CISPR11 -2015-06 Ed 6.0 /EN55011 - Class A, 30MHz – 1GHzRF Continuous Conducted disturbances IEC 61000-4-6, 3Vrms Class A 150 KHz to80 MHzRF Electromagnetic Field, 80MHz to 1GHZ, 10V/m; 1.4GHz to 2.7GHz, 3V/m; MeetsCriterion ASurge: IEC 61000-4-5•DC Power Port : ±1kV•Signal/Control Port : ±1kVElectrical Fast Transients IEC 61000-4-4, Class B•DC Power Port : ±1kV•Signal/Control Port : ±0.5kVElectrostatic discharges (ESD) IEC 61000-4-2, Class B•Air ±8kV•Contact ±4kVROHS Compliance:Complies with: Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Directive 2011/65/EU Monitor signal (pin F) 1.7 V/amp solenoid currentOutput impedance10 kΩPressure gain See graphFactory setting - Maximum with 100% command signal.Pressure override See graph5EATON Proportional pressure relief valves V-VLPO-MC002-E1 September 2020Operating dataPressure step response(20 cm3 volume, 1 L/min (0.26 USgpm)):Typical times to reach 90% of commanded step: Model code 9:KBCG-3-250 model:1230 to 100% step60 ms65 ms87 ms100 to 0% step48 ms55 ms73 msLinearity, between 10% and 100% of controlled pressure range<4%Hysteresis<5% (with factory-set dither)Repeatability<+/-1.0% of rated pressureReproducibility, valve-to-valve (at factory settings):Pressure at 100% command signal≤5%Protection:Electrical Reverse polarity protectedEnvironmental IEC 529, Class IP67Mass2,2 kg (4.85 lb)Supporting products:Auxiliary electronic modules (DIN-rail mounting):EHA-CON-201-A-2* Signal converter See catalog 2410BEHD-DSG-201-A-1* Command signal generator See catalog 2470EHA-RMP-201-A-2* Ramp generator See catalog 2410BEHA-PID-201-A-2* PID controller See catalog 2427EHA-PSU-201-A-10 Power supply See catalog 2410BInstallation and start-up:Back pressure at port T Port T should be piped directly to reservoir with minimum restriction. Any backpressure at this port is additive to the controlled pressure at port P. Therecommended max. pressure at port T when the valve is controlling pressure is2 bar (29 psi); the max. pressure at T under static conditions is 210 bar (3000 psi)6EATON Proportional pressure relief valves V-VLPO-MC002-E1 September 20207EATON Proportional pressure relief valves V-VLPO-MC002-E1 September 2020Performance dataPressure gain, TypicalTypical pressure v . command signal response of KBCG-3-250 modelsTest conditions: Fluid = Antiwear hydraulic oil at 36 cSt (168 SUS) 010203040506070bar psiL/min USgpm80KBCG-3(-L)-350 models KBCG-3(-L)-250 models KBCG-3(-L)-160 modelsKBCG-3(-L)-100 models KBCG-3(-L)-40 models 8006002004001000P r e s s u r e o v e r r id e(R i s e a b o v e v a l v e c r a c k i n g p r e s s u r e )(At valve cracking pressure) 0Rated flow;"Model Code"see in 6bar 2000psi 30001000020*********% Command signalP r e s s u r e Pressure override, TypicalTest conditions: Fluid = Antiwear hydraulic oil at 36 cSt (168 SUS)8EATON Proportional pressure relief valves V-VLPO-MC002-E1 September 2020Installation dimensions3rd angle projection(0.96)in end of core tube;re-tighten to 2,4 +/- 0,2 Nm(1.85 +/- 0.15 Ibf ft)after bleeding is complete.20,00 (0.79)for connector removal9EATON Proportional pressure relief valves V-VLPO-MC002-E1 September 2020Electrical informationBlock diagram▲In valves with PH7 or PR7 type electrical connection .All power must be switched off before connecting or disconnecting any plugs.WiringConnections must be made via the 7-pin plug mounted on the amplifier . Recommended cable sizes are:Power cablesFor 24V supply: 0,75 mm 2 (18 AWG) up to 20m (65 ft)1,00 mm 2 (16 AWG) up to 40m (130 ft)Signal cables0,50 mm 2 (20 AWG)Screen (Shield)A suitable cable should have at least 6 cores with pairs of conductors individually screened and an overall screen . Cable outside diameter 8,0-10,5 mm (0 .31- 0 .41 inches) . See connection diagrams on next page .A B C DEFG7-pin plug connections+24V Power 0V Enable Non-inverting Inverting Command signal Current monitor Protective groundTypical wiring connectionsVoltage input (M1)Spool position monitor voltage (pin F) will be referenced to the KB valve local ground .Wiring connections for M1 valves withenable featureN In applications where the valve must conform tootee:European RFI/EMC regulations, the outer screen(shield) must be connected to the outer shell ofthe 7 pin connector, and the valve body must befastened to the earth ground . Proper earth groundingpractices must be observed in this case, as anydifferences in command source and valve groundpotentials will result in a screen (shield) ground loop .User Panel KB..PR7/PH7valve Array connected to ground10EATON Proportional pressure relief valves V-VLPO-MC002-E1 September 202011EATON Proportional pressure relief valves V-VLPO-MC002-E1 September 2020Electrical informationCurrent input (M2)Spool position monitor voltage (pin F) will be referenced tothe KB valve local ground .Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) It is necessary to ensure that the valve is wired up as above. For effective protection the user electrical cabinet, the valve subplate or manifold and the cable screens should be connected to efficient ground points. The metal 7 pin connector part no. 934939 should be used for the integral amplifier. In all cases both valve and cable should be kept as far away as possible from any sources of electromagnetic radiation such as cables carrying heavy current, relays and certain kinds of portable radio transmitters, etc. Difficultenvironments could mean that extra screening may be necessary to avoid the interference. It is important to connect the 0V lines as shown above. The multi-core cable should have at least two screens to separate the demand signal and monitor output from the power lines. The enable line to pin C should be outside the screen which contains the demand signal cables.Wiring connections for M2 valves with enable featureotee:N In applications where the valve must conform toEuropean RFI/EMC regulations, the outer screen (shield) must be connected to the outer shell of the 7 pin connector, and the valve body must befastened to the earth ground . Proper earth grounding practices must be observed in this case, as any differences in command source and valve ground potentials will result in a screen (shield) ground loop .KB.. PR7/PH7valveconnected to groundFurther informationHydraulic fluids and Contamination control requirementsContamination control requirementsHydraulic Fluids & Recommendations on contamination control methods and the selection of products to control fluid condition are included in Eaton Hydraulic Fluid Recommendation 03-401-2010 rev 1 .For products in this catalog the recommended levels are: Up to 210 bar (3000 psi) – 18/16/13Above 210 bar (3000 psi) – 17/15/12Installation and start-up guidelinesThe proportional valves in this catalog can be mounted in any attitude but it may be necessary, in certain demanding applications, to ensure that the solenoids are kept full of hydraulic fluid .If this proves to be the case any accumulated air can be bled from the solenoid bleed screw . This task is easierif the valve has been mounted base downwards . Good installation practice dictates that the tank port, and any drain port, are piped so as to keep the valve full of fluid once the system start-up has been completed . TemperaturesFor petroleum oil:Min – -20°C (-45°F)Max – +70°C (158°F)For fluids where limits are outside those of petroleum oil, consult fluid manufacturer or Eaton representative . Whatever the actual temperature range, ensure that viscosities stay within those specified under “Hydraulic Fluids” .Ambient for:Valves at full performance specification: -20 to +70°C(-4 to +158°F) .Valves, as above, will operate at temperatures of 0 to -20°C (32 to -4°F) but with a reduced dynamic response . Storage:-25 to +85°C (-13 to +185°F)Seal Kit02-35252112EATON Proportional pressure relief valves V-VLPO-MC002-E1 September 2020This page is intentionally left blank13 EATON Proportional pressure relief valves V-VLPO-MC002-E1 September 2020This page is intentionally left blank 14EATON Proportional pressure relief valves V-VLPO-MC002-E1 September 2020This page is intentionally left blank15 EATON Proportional pressure relief valves V-VLPO-MC002-E1 September 2020Eaton1000 Eaton Boulevard Cleveland, OH 44122 United StatesEaton .com© 2020 EatonAll Rights ReservedPrinted in USADocument No . V-VLPO-MC002-E1 September 2020Eaton is a registered trademark.All trademarks are propertyof their respective owners.Changes to the products, to the information contained in this document, and to prices are reserved; so are errors and omissions. Only order confirmations and technical documentation by Eaton is binding. Photos and pictures also do not warrant a specific layout or functionality. Their use in whatever form is subject to prior approval by Eaton. The same applies to Trademarks (especially Eaton, Moeller, and Cutler-Hammer). The Terms and Conditions of Eaton apply, as referenced on Eaton Internet pages and Eaton order confirmations.Eaton14615 Lone Oak RoadEden Prairie, MN 55344-2287 USATel: (+1) 952 937-9800 Fax: (+1) 952 974-7722 www .hydraulics .eaton .com Eaton20 Rosamond RoadFootscrayVictoria 3011AustraliaTel: (+61) 3 9319 8222Fax: (+61) 3 9318 5714EatonDr .-Reckeweg-Str . 1D-76532 Baden-BadenGermanyTel: +49 (0) 7221 682-0Fax: +49 (0) 7221 682-788。
持续小剂量他达拉非联合按需口服西_省略_疗勃起功能障碍的疗效及安全性研究_崔洪青
表 1 两组患者 IIEF-5 基线评分和改变
（分，x ± s）
单 独 用 药 组 （n＝57 ）
联 合 用 药 组 （n＝50）
IIEF-5 评分ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ轻度 中度 重度
Q2 和 Q3 评分 Q2 Q3
治疗前 10．4 ± 3．9 18．3 ± 1．1 13．9 ± 1．3 03．7 ± 1．4 04．5 ± 2．6 02．5 ± 1．5 02．0 ± 1．3
ED 是最常见的男性性功能障碍之一。 近年来， 有研究认为 ED 是许多重大疾病（如心脑血管疾病、 高血压病、代谢性疾病、糖尿病等）的临床表现甚至
是首发症状［8］。 有报道发现 ED 的发病率呈上升趋 势 ，40～70 岁 男 性 ED 的 发 病 率 约 为 52％，ED 患 者 的生活质量明显下降，常伴有自身焦虑、抑郁和自尊 心的下降 。 ［9－10］
经过 12 周的治疗他达拉非单独服用组 IIEF-5 问题 2 和问题 3 得分改变≥5 分者（显效）14 例，＞ 2 分 者 （ 有 效 ）32 例 ， 二 者 之 和 （ 总 有 效 率 ）46 例 ， 占 80．7％， 联合用药组 IIEF-5 问题 2 和问题 3 得分改 变≥5 分者（显效）17 例，＞ 2 分者（有效）27 例，二者 之和（总有效率）44 例，占 88．0％。
治疗后 18．3 ± 5．2* 22．4 ± 1．3* 21．1 ± 1．9* 13．3 ± 4．2* 07．7 ± 2．1* 04．0 ± 0．8* 03．7 ± 1．1*
治疗前 10．5 ± 3．6 18．2 ± 1．0 13．8 ± 1．3 04．3 ± 1．6 04．1 ± 2．3 02．4 ± 1．3 02．2 ± 1．2
在 人 体 中 目 前 发 现 磷 酸 二 酯 酶 （PDE）共 有 11 种亚型，广泛地分布在机体的各个部位。 其中 PDE5 在阴茎海绵体及血管平滑肌细胞中特异性高表达， 而在外周血管及血小板等处只是微量表达 。 ［11］ 西地 那非和他达拉非作为高选择性 PDE5 抑制剂可选择 性抑制 PDE5 活性，降低阴茎内环磷酸鸟苷（cGMP） 的水解速度，提高阴茎海绵体平滑肌细胞内 GMP 浓 度，使阴茎海绵体平滑肌松弛，血管舒张，血流量增 加，阴茎勃起，从而达到治疗 ED 的效果 。 ［12］ 但西地 那 非 和 他 达 拉 非 除 对 PDE5 以 外 的 其 他 PDE 也 有 不同程度的抑制作用， 西地那非对 PDE5 的选择性 抑 制 能 力 是 对 其 他 PDE 的 10 倍 ， 他 达 拉 非 对
万爽力说明书-中英文
In man:
H3 CO
Molecular formula: C14H 22N2O3·2HCl Molecular weight: 339.3 [Description] Film-coated tablet with white core [Indications] Prophylactic treatment of episodes of angina pectoris. Adjuvant symptomatic treatment of vertigo and tinnitus. [Strength] 20mg [Dosage and administration] 60 mg per 24 hours: 1 tablet to be taken 3 times a day at meal times. [Adverse reactions] Rare cases of gastrointestinal disorders (nausea and vomiting). Because of the presence of sunset yellow FCF S (E110) and cochineal red A (E124), risk of allergic reactions. [Contraindications] This drug should never be used in case of hypersensitivity to any one of the product's constituents. This drug is generally not recommended during breastfeeding (Cf. Pregnancy and lactation). [Precautions] This drug is not a curative treatment for angina attacks, nor is it indicated as initial treatment for unstable angina, or myocardial infarction. It should not be used in the pre-hospital phase nor during the first days of hospitalization; In the event of an angina attack, the coronaropathy should be reevaluated and an adaptation of the treatment considered (drug treatment and possibly revascularisation). [Pregnancy and lactation]
Sudden Cardiac Death - University College Dublin UCD is …心脏性猝死-都柏林学院大学是… .
Dr Deirdre Ward Director, Centre for Cardiovascular Risk in Younger Persons Adelaide and Meath Hospital, Tallaght (and St James’, St Vincent’s University Hospitals) Blackrock Clinic and Charlemont Clinic
Overview of Sudden Cardiac Death
Size of the problem Causes of sudden cardiac death Sport and SCD Identifying those at risk Managing risk General screening ? Public access defibrillators ?
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM or HOCM)
Increased thickness of heart muscle Most common inherited cardiac disease Prevalence
> 1 in 500 people carry gene >11000 in 32 counties 90% of cases thought to be inherited (runs in family) 10% ‘sporadic’ – pass on to their children? Approx 50% who inherit genetic change develop full-
Incidence in Ireland Extrapolation from other studies suggest approx 5,000 SCD annually RoI, >2000 NI 60 - 80 deaths < 35 yrs (RoI), >25 (NI) From 2005 study of Coroners data > 5 per 100,000 males (14-35 yrs) < 1 per 100,000 females (14-35 yrs)
电镀行业术语之欧阳总创编
常用名词1.化学腐蚀chemical corrosion金属在非电化学作用下的腐蚀(氧化)过程。
通常指在非电解质溶液及干燥气体中，纯化学作用引起的腐蚀。
2.双电层electric double layer电极与电解质溶液界面上存在的大小相等符号相反的电荷层。
3.双极性电极bipolar electrode一个不与外电源相连的，浸入阳极与阴极间电解液中的导体。
靠近阳极的那部分导体起着阴极的作用，而靠近阴极的部分起着阳极的作用。
4.分散能力throwing power在特定条件下，一定溶液使电极上(通常是阴极)镀层分布比初次电流分布所获得的结果更为均匀的能力。
此名词也可用于阳极过程，其定义与上述者类似。
5.分解电压decomposition voltage其定义与上述者类似。
能使电化学反应以明显速度持续进行的最小电压(溶液的欧姆电压降不包括在内)。
6.不溶性阳极(惰性阳极)inert anode在电流通过时，不发生阳极溶解反应的阳极。
7.电化学electrochemistry研究电子导体和离子导体的接触界面性质及其所发生变化的科学。
8.电化学极化(活化极化)activation polarization由于电化学反应在进行中遇到困难而引起的极化。
9.电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion在卑解质溶掖中或金属表面上的液膜中，服从于电化学反应规律的金属腐蚀(氧化)过程10.电化当量electrochemical equivalent在电极上通过单位电量（例如1安时，1库仑或1法拉第时），电极反应形成产物之理论重量。
通常以克/库仑或克/安时表示。
11 电导率(比电导)conductivity单位截面积和单位长度的导体之电导，通常以S／m表示。
12 电泳electrophoresis液体介质中带电的胶体微粒在外电场作用下相对液体的迁移现象。
13 电动势electromotive force原电池开路时两极间的电势差。
高电压技术专业英语词汇表
高电压技术专业英语词汇表absorbtance 吸收比absorption current 吸收电流AC transmission system 交流输电系统aging 老化alternating current 交变电流alternating voltage 交变电压ammeter 电流表amorphous dielectric 非晶体电介质amplitude 幅值anode/cathode 阳极/阴极anti-fog insulator 防雾型绝缘子apparent charge 视在电荷arc discharge 电弧放电arc suppressing 灭弧arc-extinguishing chamber 灭弧室arrester 避雷器artificial pollution test 人工污秽试验asynchronous machine 异步电机atmospheric reference condition 标准参考大气条件attachment coefficient 附着系数attenuation factor 衰减系数barrier 屏障barrier effect 屏障效应bending load 弯曲负荷BIL（basic impulse level）全波基本冲击绝缘boundary element method 边界元法breakdown 电击穿breakdown possibility 击穿概率breakdown voltage 击穿电压BSL（basic switch level）基本操作冲击绝缘水平bubble breakdown 气泡击穿bus bar 母线bushing 套管bushing tap grounding wire 套管末屏接地线cable 电缆capacitor divider 电容分压器cascade circuit 串联电路cascade transformer 串级变压器cathode ray oscilloscope 阴极射线示波器cavity 空穴,腔CB（circuit breaker）断路器ceramic insulator 陶瓷绝缘子charge density 电荷密度charge simulation method 模拟电荷法charging(damping) resistor 充电（阻尼）电阻collision ionization 碰撞电离collision ionization coefficient 碰撞电离系数compensating winding 补偿线圈composite insulation 组合绝缘compressed gas 压缩气体conductance 电导conductivity 电导率conductor 导线contamination flashover 污秽闪络corona 电晕corona discharge 电晕放电corona loss 电晕损耗corona onset voltage 电晕起始电压correction factor 校正因数coupling capacitor 耦合电容creapage distance 爬电距离critical breakdown voltage 临界击穿电压critical electrical strength 临界场强CT(current transformer) 电流互感器current density 电流密度current transformer 电流互感器damped capacitor voltage divider 阻尼电容分压器damping resistor 阻尼电阻DC breakdown voltage 直流击穿电压dead tank oil circuit breaker 多油断路器decay 衰减destructive test 破坏性试验detection impedance 检测阻抗dielectric 电介质,绝缘体dielectric constant 介质常数dielectric loss 介质损耗dielectric loss angle tangent 介质损失角正切diffuse 扩散digitizer 数字化仪direct current 直流电高电压技术专业英语词汇表2 direct current transmission直流输电disc spacer 盘式绝缘子discharge 放电disconnector 隔离开关displacement current 位移电流displacement polarization 位移极化distributed parameter circuit 分布参数电路divider 分压器divider ratio 分压器分压比drift velocity 漂移速度dry band 干区dry flashover voltage 干闪络电压DSO(digitizing storageoscilloscope）数字存储示波器dynamo 直流发电机earth resistance 接地电阻earth（ground) wire 接地线earthing switch 接地开关ecological efficiency 生态效应effect of nearby earthed object 接地体临近效应effect of polarity 极性效应effective ionisation coefficient 有效电离系数EHV(extra high voltage) 超高压electric breakdown 电击穿electric field 电场electrical strength 电气强度electrical tree 电树枝electroceramics 电工陶瓷electrochemical 电化学electrochemical deterioration 电化学腐蚀electro—mechanical test 机电联合试验electron avalanche 电子崩(α过程) electronegative gas 电负性气体electronegativity 电负性electro-optic effect 电光效应electrostatic field 静电场electrostatic generator 静电发生器electrostatic voltmeter 静电电压表EMC(electro—magneticcompatibility）电磁兼容EMP（electromagnetic pulse）高速电磁脉冲end fitting 金具EPDM(ethylene propylene rubber) 乙丙橡胶epoxy resin 环氧树脂ESDD（equivalent salt depositdensity)等值盐密exciting winding 激磁绕组expulsion gap 灭弧间隙external insulation 外绝缘extinction coil 消弧线圈FACTS（Flexible AC Transmission System）柔性输电failure current 故障电流Faraday cage 法拉第笼field distortion 场畸变field emission 场致发射field gradient 场梯度field strength 场强field stress 电场力finite element method 有限元法fixed contact 静触头flash counter 雷电计数器flash density 落雷密度flashover 闪络flashover voltage 闪络电压FM-IM 调频—光强度调制free path 自由行程front resistor 波前电阻FSD(full scale deflection）满偏刻度full wave 全波gas chromatographic analysis 气相色谱分析gas discharge 气体放电gaseous insulation 气体绝缘generating capacity 发电量generator 发电机GIS（gas insulated substation）气体绝缘变电站glass insulator 玻璃绝缘子glow discharge 辉光放电gradient 陡度grading ring 均压环ground wire 架空地线地线grounding 接地grounding capacitance 对地电容grounding device 接地装置grounding for lightening 防雷接地half-wave rectifying circuit 半波整流电路harmonic 谐波high voltage 高压high voltage arm 高压臂high voltage engineering 高电压工程high voltage testing technology 高电压试验技术hollow insulator 套筒高电压技术专业英语词汇表3 humidity correction factor湿度校正因数hydraulic turbine 水轮机hydro power station 水力发电站hydrophobicity 憎水性icing flashover 冰闪impulse current 冲击/脉冲电流impulse flashover 冲击闪络impulse ratio 冲击系数impulse voltage 冲击电压impulse voltage generator 冲击电压发生器induced overvoltage 感应过电压inhomogenous field 不均匀场insulation 绝缘insulation coordination 绝缘配合insulation diagnosis 绝缘诊断insulation distance 绝缘距离insulation level 绝缘水平insulation material 绝缘材料insulation on-line test 绝缘在线检测insulation resistance 绝缘电阻insulation test 绝缘检测insulator 绝缘子insulator string 绝缘子串internal discharge 内部放电inverter station 换流站ionization 电离ionization coefficient 电离系数ionization layer 电离层iron core 铁芯Kerr effect 克尔效应leakage current 泄漏电流lightning arrester 避雷器lightning conductor 避雷线lightning current 雷电流lightning flashover 雷闪lightning impulse voltage 雷电冲击电压lightning impulse withstandvoltage test雷电冲击耐压试验lightning outage rate 雷击跳闸率lightning over voltage 大气/雷电过电压lightning rod 避雷针lightning stroke 雷击lightning withstand level 耐雷水平live tank oil circuit breaker 少油断路器load center 负荷中心loss 损耗loss angle 介质损耗角lossless transmission line 无损传输线low voltage arm 低压臂magnetic field 磁场main discharge 主放电Marx generator 马克思发生器matching impedance 匹配阻抗mean free path 平均自由行程mean molecular velocity 平均分子速度mechanical performance 机械性能megohm meter/earthmeter 兆欧表metal oxide arrester MOA 氧化锌避雷器mixed divider （阻容)混合分压器MOA(metal oxide arrester）氧化锌避雷器mobility 迁移率motor 电动机moving contact 动触头multistage impulse voltagegenerator串级冲击电压发生器natural pollution test 自然污秽试验negative ions 负离子neural point 中性点neutral ground 中性点接地non—destructive insulation test 非破坏绝缘测试non—destructive measurement 非破坏性测试non-destructive testing 非破坏性试验nonpolar dielectric 非极性电介质non—self—maintained discharge 非自持放电non-uniform field 不均匀场nonuniformity coefficient 不均匀系数NSDD（non—soluble depositdensity）附灰密度nuclear power station 核电站oil—filled power cable 充油电力电缆optical radiation 光辐射oscilloscope 示波器overhead line 架空线overshoot 过冲overvoltage 过电压partial arc 局部电弧Paschen’s law 巴申定律PD(partial discharge) 局部放电peak reverse voltage 反向峰值电压peak voltage 电压波峰peak voltmeter 峰值电压表phase—to—phase voltage 线电压高电压技术专业英语词汇表4 photo ionization光电离photoelectric emission 光电发射photoemission 光电效应photoionization 光电离photon 光子leader discharge 先导放电Pockels effect 泡克尔斯效应point plane gap 针板间隙polarity effect 极性效应polarization 极化pollution flashover 污闪pollution flashover voltage 污秽闪络电压porcelain insulator 陶瓷绝缘子post insulator 支柱绝缘子power capacitor 电力电容power frequency arc test 工频大电弧试验power frequency testingtransformer工频实验变压器power frequency voltage 工频电压power network 电力网络power system 电力系统power transformer 电力变压器PPT(pulse power technology）脉冲功率技术primary winding 原边线圈protection angle 保护角protection gap 保护间隙protective grounding 保护接地PT（potential transformer) 电压互感器quality factor 品质因素quasi-uniform field 稍不均匀场radio interference 无线干扰radio interference test 无线电干扰试验rain flashover 雨闪rating of equipment 设备额定值recombination 复合recovery voltage 恢复电压reflect 反射relative inductivity 相对介电常数relay 继电器residual capacitance 残余电容resistivity 电阻率resistor divider 电阻分压器resistor-capacitor divider 阻容分压器resonance frequency 谐振频率restrike 重燃return stroke 反击ripple factor 纹波因数rod gap 棒间隙rod-rod electrode 棒—棒电极Rogowski coil 罗可夫斯基线圈rotor 转子routing testing 常规试验ROW（right-of—way）/corridor 线路走廊safety margin 安全裕度salt fog method 盐雾法Schering bridge 西林电桥secondary electron avalanche 二次电子崩secondary winding 副边线圈self-restoring insulation 自恢复绝缘self-sustained discharge 自持放电series resonant circuit 串联谐振回路shielding 屏蔽short circuit 短路short circuit testing 短路试验silicone rubber 硅橡胶skin effect 集肤效应soil resistivity 土壤电阻率solid dielectric 固体电介质solid layer method 固体层法space charge 空间电荷spark gap 点火球隙sparkover voltage 火花放电sphare-plane electrode 球—板电极sphare—sphare electrode 球-球电极sphere gap 球隙sphere gap spacing 球隙距离split conduct 分裂导线standard lightning impulse voltage 标准雷电冲击电压standard switching impulse voltage 标准操作冲击电压statistic diagnosis 统计诊断stator 定子steam turbine 汽轮机steamer 流注steel-reinforced aluminumconductor钢芯铝绞线step up （down） transformer 升(降)压变压器stepout overvoltage 解列过电压stray capacitance 杂散电容stray inductance 杂散电感streamer breakdown 流注击穿substation 变电站sulphur hexafluoride breaker SF6断路器高电压技术专业英语词汇表5 surface breakdown表面击穿surface charge 表面电荷surface discharge 沿面放电surge impedance 波阻抗suspension insulator 悬式绝缘子sustained discharge 自持放电switching flashover 操作闪络switching impulse voltage 操作冲击电压switching overvoltage 操作过电压synchronous generator 同步发电机tank 箱体taped transformer 多级变压器Td(thunderstorm day) 雷暴日temperature exponent 温度指数tensile load 拉伸负荷test object 被试品testing transformer 试验变压器thermal breakdown 热击穿thermal cycling test 冷热循环试验thermal ionisation 热电离thermal power station 火力发电站thermal radiation 热辐射thermal rating 耐热等级threshold wavelength 光电离临界波长time delay/lag 时延time to chopping 截断时间torsional load 扭转负荷Townsend theory 汤森理论tracking and erosion resistance 耐漏电起痕性能transmission line 传输线treeing 树枝放电trigger electrode 触发电极tuned circuit 调谐电路turbogenerator 汽轮发电机UHV（ultra high voltage）特高压uncertainty 不确定度uniform field 均匀场vacuum circuit breaker 真空断路器variable transformer 调压变压器VFTO（very fast transient overvoltage）甚快速瞬态过电压virtual front time 视在波前时间virtual origin 视在原点virtual time to half—value 视在半峰值时间voltage class 电压等级voltage divider 分压器voltage doubling rectifying circuit 倍压整流电路voltage drop 电压跌落volt-ampere characteristics 伏安特性voltmeter 电压表volt-time characteristics 伏秒特性water hydrogenerator 水轮发电机wave chopped 截波wave chopped at front 波前截波wave chopped at tail 波尾截波wave front 波前wave front/tail 波头/尾wave length 波长wet flashover 湿闪wet flashover voltage 湿闪络电压winding 绕组withstand voltage 耐受电压withstand voltage test 耐压试验XLPE cable 交链聚乙烯电缆。
关于covid-19新型冠状病毒的前生今世
Nosheen SultanContents •What is corona virus •Types of corona virus •Covid_19•Mode of transmission •Symptoms•Risk factors •Diagnostic Test •Prevention •Treatment •conclusionWhat is Corona virusCoronaviruses are a large group of viruses that cause diseases in animals and humans. They often circulate among camels, cats, and bats, and can sometimes evolve and infect people.In animals, coronaviruses can cause diarrhea in cows and pigs, and upper respiratory disease in chickens. In humans, the viruses can cause mild respiratory infections (an infection in nose,sinuses, or upper throat), like the common cold, but can lead to serious illnesses, like pneumonia.Most coronaviruses aren't dangerous.Human Coronavirus Origins The most likely ecological reservoirs for coronaviruses are bats, but it is believed thatthe virus jumped the species barrier to humans from another intermediate animal host.This intermediate animal host could be a domestic food animal, a wild animal, or a domesticated wild animal which has not yetbeen identified.Why called Corona VirusCoronaviruses are named for the crown-like spikes on their surface.Human coronaviruses were first identified in the mid-1960sTypes of CoronavirusThere are seven different types of Corona Viruses.SARS-CoV-2 is one of seven types of coronavirus, including the ones that cause severe diseases like Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and sudden acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).The other coronaviruses cause most of the colds that affect us during the year but aren’t a serious threat for otherwise healthy people.What Is COVID-19?In early 2020, the World Health Organization identified SARS-CoV-2as a new type of coronavirus. The outbreak quickly spread around the world.COVID-19 is a disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 that can trigger respiratory tract infection. It can affect your upper respiratory tract (sinuses, nose, and throat) or lower respiratory tract (windpipe and lungs)COVID-19'CO' stands for corona'VI' for virus'D' for disease‘19’ for the time period of outbreak (Dec 2019)Formerly, this disease was referred to as '2019 novel coronavirus' or '2019-nCoV.' The COVID-19 virus is a new virus linked to the same family of viruses as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and some types of common coldWhat is a pandemic?A pandemic is defined as “an epidemic occurring worldwide, or over a very wide area, crossing international boundaries and usually affecting a large number of people”.EpidemicAn epidemic is the rapid spread of disease to a large number of people in a given population within a short period of time.COVID-19……..A pandemic The coronavirus outbreak hasbeen labelled a pandemic bythe World Health Organization (WHO).The World HealthOrganization (WHO) changedtheir classification of thesituation from a public healthemergency of internationalconcern to a pandemic onMarch 11, 2020.How is COVID-19 transmitted?Current evidence suggests that transmission of SARS-CoV-2 occurs primarily between people through direct, indirect, or close contact with infected people through infected secretions such as saliva and respiratory secretions, or through their respiratory droplets, which are expelled when an infected person coughs, sneezes, talks or sings.COVID_19………..Myth or reality It is a reality that COVID_19 exists but a lot of myths been evolving.The virus has been responsible for tens of million of infections globally, causing more than a million deaths.As ever, when the word “pandemic” began appearing in headlines, people became fearful —and with fear came misinformation and rumors.Myths…..Corona virus is not a contagious disease .Its not a fatal disease , mortality rate is high because it’s a new virus in the world and we have not its effective treatment.COVID-19 is not only spreading in older adults or children rather Anyone, of any age, can develop the infection that causes COVID-19. Few people also think that it is only an agenda there is nothing like a pandemic, for them kindly do care for yourself and for your beloving people around you because many of us came to accept this fact when they lost their loved one……Alaas!Incubation period of COVID-19The incubation period of COVID-19, which is the time between exposure to the virus and symptom onset, is on average 5-6 days, but can be as long as 14 days.Thus, quarantine should be in place for 14 days from the last exposure to a confirmed case.Symptoms of COVID-19•Sore throat •Congestion/runny nose •Loss of smell or taste •Nausea •Diarrhea •Body aches•HeadacheThe main symptoms include:•Fever•Coughing•Shortness of breath•Trouble breathing•Fatigue•Chills, sometimes withshakingIf you notice the following severe symptoms in yourself or a loved one, get medical help right away:•Trouble breathing or shortness of breath•Ongoing chest pain or pressure•New confusion•Can’t wake up fully•Bluish lips or faceComplications of COVID-19The virus can lead to•Pneumonia•respiratory failure•heart problems•liver problems septic shock•death.Many COVID-19 complications may be caused by a condition known as cytokine release syndrome or a cytokine storm. This is when an infection triggers your immune system to flood your bloodstream with inflammatory proteins called cytokines. They can kill tissue and damage your organs.Coronavirus Risk FactorsAnyone can get COVID-19, and most infections are mild.The older you are, the higher your risk of severe illness.You also a have higher chance of serious illness if you have one of these health conditions:1.Chronic kidney disease2.Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)3. A weakened immune system because of an organ transplant4.Obesity5.Serious heart conditions such as heart failure or coronary artery disease6.Sickle cell disease7.Type 2 diabetesCoronavirus Diagnosis If you have symptoms like:•Fever of 100 F or higher•Cough•Trouble breathing•Positive Corona Virus TestCorona Virus TestA swab test is the most common method. It looks for signs of the virus in your upper respiratory tract. The person giving the test puts a swab up your nose to get a sample from the back of your nose and throat. That sample usually goes to a lab that looks for viral material, but some areas may have rapid tests that give results in as little as 15 minutes.If there are signs of the virus, the test is positive. A negative test could mean there is no virus or there wasn’t enough to measure.Corona Virus Test CoronatestVaccineA substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide immunity against one or several diseases, prepared from the causative agent of a disease, its products, or a synthetic substitute, treated to act as an antigen without inducing the diseaseCOVID_19 VaccineTwo COVID vaccines are now being rolled out in the UK, with a third having been approved for use.Vaccines teach our bodies to fight the infection by stopping us from catching coronavirus, or at least making Covid less deadly.Having a vaccine, alongside better treatments, is "the" exit strategy.Oxford University-AstraZeneca vaccine •The data also showed a strong immune response in older people .•There is also intriguing data that suggests perfecting the dose could increase protection up to 90%•This may be one of the easiest vaccines to distribute, because it does not need to be stored at very cold temperatures.•It is made from a weakened version of a common cold virus from chimpanzees, that has been modified to not grow in humans.The roll-out of the Oxford vaccine began on 5 January . It was approved late in 2020 after trials showed that it stopped 70% of people developing Covid symptoms .Pfizer-BioNtech vaccine•They showed the vaccine is up to 95% effective •It is given in two doses, three weeks apartThe vaccine must be stored at a temperature of around -70C. It will be transported in a special box,packed in dry ice and installed with GPS trackers.On 2 December, the UK became the first country in the world to approve the Pfizer/BioNTech coronavirus vaccine for widespread use.The big breakthrough came when Pfizer-BioNTech published its first results in November.Moderna vaccineThe Moderna vaccine is a new type called an RNA vaccine, and uses a tiny fragment of the virus's genetic code.This starts making part of the virus inside the body, which the immune system recognizes as foreign and starts to attack.•It protects 94.5% of people, the company says•It is given in two doses, four weeks apartThe Moderna vaccine uses the same approach as the Pfizer vaccine but it is easier to store, because it stays stable at -20C for up to six months.TreatmentFor all patients, supportive care is recommended:•take pain and fever medications•use a humidifier or take a hot shower•drink plenty of liquids•stay home and rest•Convalescent plasma therapyThe Food and Drug Administration has approved the antiviral drug remdesivir for treating certain patients who are hospitalized for COVID-19.PreventionThere are steps you can take to help prevent infection:•limit contact with others and stay home as advised•wear a face mask consistently and correctly•practice social distancing (stay at least 6 feet apart from others)Different typesofmaskPrevention wash your hands often with soap and water for at least 20 secondsPrevention•avoid touching your eyes, nose, or mouth•cover your mouth and nose when you cough or sneeze•clean and disinfect objects and surfaces•avoid close contact with people who are sick and stay home while you are sick•avoid nonessential indoor spaces and crowded outdoor settings。
变压器辐射英语作文
变压器辐射英语作文Transformer RadiationTransformers are ubiquitous in modern electrical systems, playing a crucial role in the transmission and distribution of electrical power. However, the operation of transformers can also produce electromagnetic radiation, which has raised concerns about potential health and environmental impacts. This essay will explore the nature of transformer radiation, its potential effects, and the measures taken to mitigate its risks.Transformer radiation, also known as electromagnetic radiation, is the energy emitted in the form of electric and magnetic fields during the operation of a transformer. This radiation is generated due to the alternating current (AC) flowing through the transformer's windings, which creates time-varying electric and magnetic fields around the device. The intensity and frequency of this radiation depend on various factors, such as the transformer's design, the voltage and current levels, and the proximity to the transformer.The potential health effects of transformer radiation have been a subject of ongoing research and debate. Some studies havesuggested that exposure to high levels of electromagnetic radiation can be associated with an increased risk of certain health conditions, such as cancer, neurological disorders, and reproductive problems. However, the scientific consensus on the direct causal relationship between transformer radiation and these health effects is still inconclusive.One of the primary concerns regarding transformer radiation is its potential impact on individuals living or working in close proximity to these devices. Transformer substations, which house multiple transformers, are often located in residential or commercial areas, raising concerns about public exposure. Additionally, power lines that carry high-voltage electricity may also produce electromagnetic radiation, further contributing to the overall exposure in these environments.To address these concerns, regulatory bodies and industry standards have been developed to monitor and manage transformer radiation. In many countries, guidelines and regulations have been established to limit the acceptable levels of electromagnetic radiation in public and occupational settings. These guidelines typically specify maximum exposure limits based on factors such as frequency, field strength, and duration of exposure.Manufacturers of transformers have also implemented variousdesign and engineering solutions to mitigate the emission of electromagnetic radiation. These include the use of shielding materials, such as conductive metals or specialized coatings, to contain the radiation within the transformer enclosure. Additionally, the transformer's internal components and winding configurations can be optimized to reduce the generation of electromagnetic fields.In the installation and maintenance of transformers, measures are taken to ensure that the devices are properly grounded and that any potential sources of electromagnetic interference are addressed. Regular inspections and monitoring of transformer radiation levels are also conducted to ensure compliance with regulatory standards and to identify any potential issues.Furthermore, public awareness and education campaigns have been initiated to inform individuals about the potential risks associated with transformer radiation and the steps they can take to minimize their exposure. This includes providing guidance on safe distances from transformer substations, proper use of electrical appliances, and the importance of professional maintenance and repair of electrical infrastructure.In conclusion, the issue of transformer radiation is a complex and multifaceted topic that requires a balanced approach. While the scientific evidence on the direct health effects is still inconclusive, thepotential risks warrant ongoing research, regulatory oversight, and the implementation of mitigation strategies. By understanding the nature of transformer radiation, adopting appropriate safety measures, and promoting public awareness, we can strive to ensure the safe and responsible use of these essential electrical components.。
新型冠状病毒性肺炎发病初期CT表现
新型冠状病毒性肺炎发病初期ＣＴ表现侯艳春ꎬ张㊀燕ꎬ吴宝亮ꎬ李运江ꎬ刘永广ꎬ宣伟玲ꎬ陈祖华浙江中医药大学附属杭州西溪医院放射科㊀浙江㊀杭州㊀３１００２３㊀㊀ʌ摘㊀要ɔ㊀目的㊀探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎(ＣＯＶＩＤ￣１９)患者早期ＣＴ表现ꎮ方法㊀回顾分析我院确诊的２４例早期患者ＣＴ影像表现ꎮ患者在发病１~３天内行ＨＲＣＴ检查ꎮ结果㊀２４例患者临床表现均为普通型ꎮＣＴ表现:病变分布及位置:１５例(６２.５％)累及双侧肺叶ꎻ１２例(５０.０％)累及右肺上叶ꎬ８例(３３.３％)累及右肺中叶ꎬ１９例(７９.２％)累及右肺下叶ꎬ１４例(５８.３％)累及左肺上叶ꎬ１５例(６２.５％)累及左肺下叶ꎻ２１例(８７.５％)累及胸膜下ꎬ９例(３７.５％)累及中心ꎬ６例(２５.０％)同时累及胸膜下及中心ꎻ病灶大小及密度:１)单发小片状病灶６例(２５ ０％)ꎬ其中纯磨玻璃样病灶５例ꎬ磨玻璃样密度伴实变病灶１例ꎻ２)散在多发小片状病灶１６例(６６.７％)ꎬ其中纯磨玻璃样密度病灶１２例ꎬ伴小叶间隔增厚病灶４例ꎬ伴实变病灶９例ꎻ３)大片状病灶５例(２０.８％)ꎬ其中纯磨玻璃样密度灶１例ꎬ伴小叶间隔增厚灶１例ꎬ伴实变病灶３例ꎻ其他表现:９例见充气支气管影ꎻ４例见穿行粗大血管ꎮ结论㊀ＣＯＶＩＤ￣１９患者发病初期ＣＴ以两肺多发散在小片状磨玻璃样密度病灶为主要表现ꎬ以胸膜下分布为主ꎮʌ关键词ɔ㊀新型冠状病毒肺炎ꎻ体层摄影术ꎬＸ线计算机中图分类号:Ｒ５６３.１ꎻＲ８１４.４２㊀㊀㊀文献标识码:Ａ㊀㊀㊀文章编号:１００６￣９０１１(２０２０)１２￣２２１７￣０４ＣＴｆｉｎｄｉｎｇｓａｔｔｈｅｉｎｉｔｉａｌｓｔａｇｅｏｆｔｈｅｏｎｓｅｔｏｆｔｈｅｎｏｖｅｌｃｏｒｏｎａｖｉｒｕｓ２０１９ＨＯＵＹａｎｃｈｕｎꎬＺＨＡＮＧＹａｎꎬＷＵＢａｏｌｉａｎｇꎬＬＩＹｕｎｊｉａｎｇꎬＬＩＵＹｏｎｇｇｕａｎｇꎬＸＵＡＮＷｅｉｌｉｎｇꎬＣＨＥＮＺｕｈｕａＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＲａｄｉｏｌｏｇｙꎬＨａｎｇｚｈｏｕＸｉｘｉＨｏｓｐｉｔａｌＡｆｆｉｌｉａｔｅｄｔｏＺｈｅｊｉａｎｇＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＭｅｄｉｃａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙꎬＨａｎｇｚｈｏｕ３１００２３ꎬＰ.Ｒ.Ｃｈｉ￣ｎａʌＡｂｓｔｒａｃｔɔ㊀Ｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅ㊀ＴｏｓｔｕｄｙｔｈｅＣＴｆｉｎｄｉｎｇｓｏｆｅａｒｌｙｓｔａｇｅｐａｔｉｅｎｔｓｗｉｔｈＣｏｒｏｎａＶｉｒｕｓＤｉｓｅａｓｅ２０１９(ＣＯＶＩＤ￣１９).Ｍｅｔｈ￣ｏｄｓ㊀Ｒｅｔｒｏｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｈｉｇｈ￣ｒｅｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎＣＴ(ＨＲＣＴ)ｉｍａｇｉｎｇｍａｎｉｆｅｓｔａｔｉｏｎｓｏｆ２４ｅａｒｌｙｐａｔｉｅｎｔｓｃｏｎｆｉｒｍｅｄａｔｏｕｒｈｏｓｐｉｔａｌ２０２０.ＨＲＣＴｗａｓｐｅｒｆｏｒｍｅｄｗｉｔｈｉｎ１~３ｄａｙｓｏｆｏｎｓｅｔ.Ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ㊀ＡｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇｔｏｔｈｅＮＣＰｄｉａｇｎｏｓｉｓａｎｄｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔｐｒｏｔｏｃｏｌ(５ｔｈｅｄｉ￣ｔｉｏｎ)ꎬ２４ｐａｔｉｅｎｔｓｓｈｏｗｅｄｎｏｒｍａｌｃｌｉｎｉｃａｌｍａｎｉｆｅｓｔａｔｉｏｎｓ.Ｘ￣ｒａｙｃｏｍｐｕｔｅｄＣＴｉｍａｇｅ:１)ｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎａｎｄｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｌｅｓｉｏｎｓ:１５ｃａｓｅｓ(６２.５％)ｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｄｂｉｌａｔｅｒａｌｐｕｌｍｏｎａｒｙｌｏｂｅｓꎻ１２ｃａｓｅｓ(５０.０％)ｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｄｔｈｅｕｐｐｅｒｌｏｂｅｏｆｔｈｅｒｉｇｈｔｌｕｎｇꎬ８ｃａｓｅｓ(３３ ３％)ｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｄｔｈｅｍｉｄｄｌｅｌｏｂｅｏｆｔｈｅｒｉｇｈｔｌｕｎｇꎬ１９ｃａｓｅｓ(７９.２％)ｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｄｔｈｅｌｏｗｅｒｌｏｂｅｏｆｔｈｅｒｉｇｈｔｌｕｎｇꎬ１４ｃａｓｅｓ(５８ ３％)ｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｄｔｈｅｕｐｐｅｒｌｏｂｅｏｆｔｈｅｌｅｆｔｌｕｎｇꎬａｎｄ１５ｃａｓｅｓ(６２.５％)ｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｄｔｈｅｌｏｗｅｒｌｏｂｅｏｆｔｈｅｌｅｆｔｌｕｎｇ.Ｓｕｂｐｌｅｕｒａｌｉｎ￣ｖｏｌｖｅｍｅｎｔｗａｓｆｏｕｎｄｉｎ２１ｃａｓｅｓ(８７.５％)ꎬ９ｃａｓｅｓ(３７.５％)ｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｄｔｈｅｃｅｎｔｅｒꎬａｎｄ６ｃａｓｅｓ(２５.０％)ｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｄｂｏｔｈｔｈｅｓｕｂｐｌｅｕｒａｌａｎｄｔｈｅｃｅｎｔｅｒꎻ２)ｌｅｓｉｏｎｓｉｚｅａｎｄｄｅｎｓｉｔｙ:ｔｈｅｒｅｗｅｒｅ６ｃａｓｅｓ(２５.０％)ｏｆｓｉｎｇｌｅｓｍａｌｌｐｉｅｃｅｌｅｓｉｏｎｓꎬｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇ５ｃａ￣ｓｅｓｏｆｐｕｒｅｇｒｏｕｎｄｇｌａｓｓ￣ｌｉｋｅｌｅｓｉｏｎｓꎬ１ｃａｓｅｏｆｇｒｏｕｎｄｇｌａｓｓ￣ｌｉｋｅｄｅｎｓｉｔｙｗｉｔｈｃｏｎｓｏｌｉｄａｔｉｏｎｌｅｓｉｏｎｓ.Ｔｈｅｒｅｗｅｒｅ１６ｃａｓｅｓ(６６ ７％)ｏｆｓｃａｔｔｅｒｅｄｓｍａｌｌｐａｔｃｈｌｅｓｉｏｎｓꎬｏｆｗｈｉｃｈ１２ｗｅｒｅｐｕｒｅｇｒｏｕｎｄ￣ｇｌａｓｓｄｅｎｓｉｔｙｌｅｓｉｏｎｓꎬ４ｗｅｒｅｌｅｓｉｏｎｓｗｉｔｈｔｈｉｃｋｅｎｅｄｌｏｂ￣ｕｌａｒｓｅｐｔｕｍꎬａｎｄ９ｗｅｒｅｌｅｓｉｏｎｓｗｉｔｈｃｏｎｓｏｌｉｄａｔｉｏｎ.Ｔｈｅｒｅｗｅｒｅ５ｃａｓｅｓ(２０.８％)ｏｆｌａｒｇｅｐａｔｃｈｙｌｅｓｉｏｎｓꎬｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇ１ｃａｓｅｗｉｔｈｐｕｒｅｇｒｏｕｎｄｇｌａｓｓｄｅｎｓｉｔｙꎬ１ｃａｓｅｗｉｔｈｓｅｐｔａｌｔｈｉｃｋｅｎｉｎｇꎬａｎｄ３ｃａｓｅｓｗｉｔｈｓｏｌｉｄｌｅｓｉｏｎｓ.Ｏｔｈｅｒｍａｎｉｆｅｓｔａｔｉｏｎｓｗｅｒｅ９ｃａｓｅｓｏｆｉｎ￣ｆｌａｔａｂｌｅｂｒｏｎｃｈｉａｌｓｈａｄｏｗａｎｄ４ｃａｓｅｓｏｆｔｈｉｃｋｂｌｏｏｄｖｅｓｓｅｌｓ.Ｃｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎ㊀ＩｎｔｈｅｅａｒｌｙｓｔａｇｅｏｆＮＣＰｐａｔｉｅｎｔｓꎬＨＲＣＴｗａｓｍａｉｎｌｙｍａｎｉｆｅｓｔｅｄｂｙｍｕｌｔｉｐｌｅｄｉｖｅｒｇｅｎｃｅｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｈｅｔｗｏｌｕｎｇｓａｎｄｓｍａｌｌｆｌａｋｅｇｒｏｕｎｄｇｌａｓｓｄｅｎｓｉｔｙｌｅｓｉｏｎｓꎬｗｈｉｃｈｗｅｒｅｍａｉｎｌｙｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕ￣ｔｅｄｕｎｄｅｒｔｈｅｐｌｅｕｒａ.ʌＫｅｙｗｏｒｄｓɔ㊀Ｃｏｒｏｎａｖｉｒｕｓｄｉｓｅａｓｅ２０１９ꎻＴｏｍｏｇｒａｐｈｙꎬＸ￣ｒａｙｃｏｍｐｕｔｅｄ㊀㊀新型冠状病毒肺炎具有传染性强㊁病情发展迅速㊁流行范围广的特点ꎬ严重的患者会出现呼吸窘迫作者简介:侯艳春(１９９０￣)ꎬ女ꎬ河北衡水人ꎬ毕业于佳木斯大学ꎬ医学硕士ꎬ住院医师ꎬ主要从事医学影像诊断工作通信作者:陈祖华㊀主任医师㊀Ｅ￣ｍａｉｌ:ｃｈｅｎｚｕｈｕａ８８＠ｓｉｎａ.ｃｏｍ综合征ꎬ甚至死亡[１￣３]ꎮ患者如果早期得到确诊ꎬ就会得到及时的隔离与治疗ꎬ对阻止疾病的传播和控制病情的发展起着至关重要的作用ꎮＨＲＣＴ检查是本病早期诊断的首选方法之一ꎮ现将２４例早期ＣＴ表现进行分析ꎬ以提高对本病的早期诊断的水平ꎮ７１２２㊀１㊀资料与方法１.１㊀一般资料选取确诊的２４例ＣＯＶＩＤ￣２０１９早期患者ꎮ病例选择标准:依据ＮＣＰ诊疗方案(第六版)确诊患者ꎻ发病１~３天内行ＨＲＣＴ检查ꎬ后期连续复查病灶有变化的患者ꎮ２４例中男性１４例ꎬ女性１０例ꎬ年龄１１~８９岁ꎬ平均年龄(４２ʃ２０)岁ꎮ临床表现发热㊁乏力㊁干咳ꎮ本文经伦理委员会审核通过ꎮ１.２㊀检查方法采用ＧＥＲｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎＥｖｏＣＴ扫描仪ꎮ仰卧位ꎬ双手高举过头顶ꎬ采用头先进ꎬ自胸廓入口向肋膈角水平ꎬ屏气状态下连续扫描ꎮ扫描参数:管电压１２０ｋＶꎬ管电流１００~３５０ｍＡꎬ层间距５ｍｍꎬ采集层厚５ｍｍꎬ高分辨重建肺窗层厚１.２５ｍｍꎬ扫描时间<５ｓꎮ由３名工作１０年以上的影像科医师单独阅片ꎬ当观点不一致时ꎬ３人协商达成一致ꎮ图像评估标准:１)病变分布:右肺(上㊁中㊁下叶)ꎬ左肺(上㊁下叶)ꎻ２)病变位置:胸膜下㊁中心㊁胸膜下及中心同时累及ꎻ３)病变大小:病灶小于一个肺段为小片状病灶ꎬ病灶大于一个肺段为大片状病灶ꎻ４)病变密度:纯磨玻璃样密度㊁伴小叶间隔增厚( 铺路石 征)㊁伴实变ꎻ５)其他:充气支气管影㊁纤维条索影㊁胸膜增厚ꎮ２㊀结果２.１㊀病变分布及位置２４例中１５例(６２.５％)累及双侧肺叶ꎬ９例(３７.５％)累及单侧肺叶ꎻ１２例(５０.０％)累及右肺上叶ꎬ８例(３３.３％)累及右肺中叶ꎬ１９例(７９.２％)累及右肺下叶ꎬ１４例(５８.３％)累及左肺上叶ꎬ１５例(６２.５％)累及左肺下叶ꎻ２１例(８７.５％)累及胸膜下ꎬ９例(３７.５％)累及中心ꎬ６例(２５.０％)同时累及胸膜下及中心ꎮ２.２㊀病灶大小及密度单发小片状病灶６例(２５.０％)ꎬ病灶直径约０ ３~３ｃｍ:１)纯磨玻璃样病灶５例(图１)ꎬ密度较低ꎬ边界模糊ꎻ２)磨玻璃样密度伴实变病灶１例(图２)ꎬ密度局部增高ꎬ边界稍清晰ꎮ多发散在小片状病灶１６例(６６.７％):１)纯磨玻璃样密度病灶１２例(图３)ꎬ其中４例病灶内可见增粗血管影(图３)ꎻ２)伴小叶间隔增厚病灶４例ꎬ边界清晰ꎬ密度稍增高ꎬ位于胸膜下ꎬ由相邻肺小叶融合的范围ꎬ肺小叶形态呈 铺路石 征(图４ꎬ５)ꎻ３)伴实变病灶９例ꎬ边界稍清晰ꎬ周围可见磨玻璃样密度ꎬ２例可见邻近胸膜增厚(图６)ꎮ病灶形态可分为类圆形病灶和具有肺小叶形态的病灶ꎮ大片状病灶５例(２０.８％)ꎬ累及范围大于一个肺段ꎬ均为胸膜下及中心同时累及ꎮ其中:１)纯磨玻璃样密度灶１例(图７)ꎬ边界清ꎬ其内可见充气支气管影ꎻ２)磨玻璃样密度灶伴小叶间隔增厚１例(图８)ꎬ病灶边界清ꎬ形态似多个肺小叶融合ꎬ呈 铺路石 征ꎻ３)磨玻璃样密度伴实变３例ꎬ局部密度稍增高ꎬ纤维灶形成ꎬ其内均见充气支气管影ꎬ邻近胸膜增厚(图９)ꎮ其中３例ＣＴ表现同时含有小片状及大片状病灶ꎬ考虑大片状病灶为小片状融合所致ꎮ２４例早期ＨＲＣＴ表现病灶多累及双肺胸膜下ꎮ多发小片状磨玻璃样密度病灶为主ꎮ３㊀讨论３.１㊀影像学在ＣＯＶＩＤ￣１９诊疗中的价值新型冠状病毒传染性极强ꎬ主要侵犯肺泡上皮细胞ꎬ引起肺部炎症[５￣６]ꎬ而且病情发展迅速ꎬ如诊治不及时ꎬ严重者会出现呼吸窘迫综合征㊁呼吸衰竭ꎬ甚至死亡[１￣２]ꎻ感染后潜伏期２~１４天ꎬ一般３~７天[４]ꎬ所以早发现㊁早隔离㊁早治疗是目前疫情控制的首要方针政策ꎮＣＯＶＩＤ￣１９诊断依据:流行病学史㊁实验室检查㊁影像学检查㊁核酸基因检测等ꎬ其中核酸基因检查是确诊金标准ꎬ但是核酸基因检测往往会受到标本采集㊁试剂盒性能㊁病情发展规律等多种因素影响ꎬ从而出现假阴性ꎬ有 咽拭子４次阴性ꎬ第５次阳性 的报道ꎮ而影像学检查方便㊁快速㊁精准等特点ꎬ对病变大小㊁位置㊁密度显示良好[７￣８]ꎬ在ＣＯＶＩＤ￣１９早期筛查㊁诊疗过程中起到至关重要的作用ꎬ因此影像科医师应正确认识ＣＯＶＩＤ￣１９早期影像表现ꎬ提高诊断水平ꎮ３.２㊀ＣＯＶＩＤ￣１９早期ＨＲＣＴ表现本文通过对２４例患者发病１~３天内行ＨＲＣＴ检查表现分析总结ꎬＣＯＶＩＤ￣１９早期ＨＲＣＴ表现为肺部片状阴影ꎬ可单发㊁多发小片状㊁大片状密度影ꎬ其中小片状密度灶最多见ꎬ占９１.７％ꎬ多发小片状密度灶ꎬ占６６.７％ꎮ病灶密度以纯磨玻璃样密度最多见ꎬ占８３.３％ꎬ剩余１６.７％也是以磨玻璃样密度伴实变㊁伴小叶间隔增厚为主ꎬ而且病例中发现４例病灶内见穿行粗大血管影ꎬ考虑炎症刺激导致血管扩张ꎮ５例显示大片状密度影ꎬ病灶并伴有实变㊁小叶间隔增厚ꎬ而目前认为此影像表现为ＣＯＶＩＤ￣１９进展期及晚期特点[９]ꎬ分析原因考虑５例患者年龄较大ꎬ本身患有基础疾病ꎬ抵抗力差ꎬ因此病情发展相８１２２㊀图１㊀右肺下叶胸膜下单发小片状纯磨玻璃样密度灶ꎬ其内可见增粗血管穿行㊀图２㊀左肺下叶胸膜下单发小片状磨玻璃样密度伴实变病灶ꎬ病灶密度增高ꎬ边缘磨玻璃密度显示不清㊀图３㊀两肺下叶胸膜下类圆形纯磨玻璃样密度灶ꎬ边界模糊ꎬ其内见较长血管穿行㊀图４㊀两肺散在多发小片状阴影ꎬ右肺上叶胸膜下磨玻璃样密度伴小叶间隔增厚ꎬ边界清ꎬ与胸膜相连ꎬ肺小叶形态ꎬ呈 铺路石 征㊀图５㊀左肺上叶病灶呈 铺路石 征㊀图６㊀左肺下叶磨玻璃样病灶伴实变ꎬ邻近胸膜增厚㊀图７㊀右肺下叶大片状纯磨玻璃影ꎬ其内可见充气支气管影㊀图８㊀右肺下叶胸膜下大片状磨玻璃样病变密度伴小叶间隔增厚ꎬ并可见充气支气管影㊀图９㊀右肺下叶大片状磨玻璃病灶伴实变影ꎬ并见纤维灶形成ꎬ邻近胸膜增厚ꎬ左肺并见散在小片状病灶对迅速ꎮ３.３㊀ＣＯＶＩＤ￣１９早期ＨＲＣＴ表现的病理分析本组ＣＴ表现早期多为磨玻璃样密度病灶ꎬ有学者[１０]认为磨玻璃样密度为肺间质病变表现ꎬ也可以认为病变肺泡内少量炎性渗出及肺泡内少量残余气体所致ꎬ随着病情进展ꎬ渗出增多ꎬ肺泡被炎性组织填充ꎬ而表现实变ꎬＣＴ表现片状高密度实变影ꎬ并可见充气支气管影ꎮ综上所述ꎬＣＯＶＩＤ￣１９早期ＨＲＣＴ表现为磨玻璃样密度影ꎬ以两肺胸膜下分布为主ꎮＨＲＣＴ对ＣＯＶ￣ＩＤ￣１９早期有很高敏感性ꎬ影像科医师应充分利用这一特点ꎬ在疫情防控中发挥我们的重要作用ꎮ参考文献:[１]国家卫生健康委员会.国家卫生健康委员会关于新型冠状病毒肺炎暂命名事宜的通知ꎬ２０２０.[２]ＺｈｕＮꎬＺｈａｎｇＤꎬＷａｎｇＷꎬｅｔａｌ.Ａｎｏｖｅｌｃｏｒｏｎａｖｉｒｕｓｆｒｏｍｐａ￣ｔｉｅｎｔｓｗｉｔｈｐｎｅｕｍｏｎｉａｉｎＣｈｉｎａ２０１９[Ｊ].ＮＥｎｇｌＪꎬ２０２０ꎬ[３]ＣｈａｎＪＦꎬＹｕａｎＳＦꎬＫｏｋＫＨꎬｅｔａｌ.Ａｆａｍｉｌｉａｌｃｌｕｓｔｅｒｏｆｐｎｅｕ￣ｍｏｎｉａａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄｗｉｔｈｔｈｅ２０１９ｎｏｖｅｌｃｏｒｏｎａｖｉｒｕｓｉｎｄｉｃａｔｉｎｇｐｅｒ￣ｓｏｎ￣ｔｏ￣ｐｅｒｓｏｎｔｒａｎｓｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ:ａｓｔｕｄｙｏｆａｆａｍｉｌｙｃｌｕｓｔｅｒ[Ｊ].Ｌａｎ￣ｃｅｔꎬ２０２０ꎬ２４:Ｓ０１４０￣６７３６(２０)３０１５４￣９.[４]国家卫生健康委员会.新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎诊疗方案(试行第六版)[ＥＢ/ＯＬ].临床指南汇编数库ꎬ２０２０ꎬ２(１):ｅ２￣ｅ２.(下转２２３５页)９１２２病程时间ꎮ血液病尤其是ａｌｌｏ￣ＨＳＣＴ并发ＡＬＳ的患者ꎬ总体生存率明显低于无ＡＬＳ者ꎬ呼吸系统衰竭是主要死亡原因ꎮＡＬＳ发生后ꎬ及时有效地评估和预处理极为关键ꎬ尤其是伴有肺部疾病㊁液气胸及ＡＬＳ厚度较大的患者ꎮ局限性:因ＡＬＳ发病率低ꎬ本文样本量相对少ꎬ仍需多中心研究ꎮ综上所述ꎬ血液病患者发生ＡＬＳ后ꎬ可以依据有无液气胸㊁ＡＬＳ厚度进行需要导管引流可能的评估ꎻ依据有无肺部疾病㊁ＡＬＳ厚度进行保守治疗ＡＬＳ持续时间是否>１０天的评估ꎮ参考文献:[１]ＦｒａｎｑｕｅｔＴꎬＲｏｄｒíｇｕｅｚＳꎬＨｅｒｎáｎｄｅｚＪＭꎬｅｔａｌ.Ａｉｒ￣ｌｅａｋｓｙｎ￣ｄｒｏｍｅｓｉｎｈｅｍａｔｏｐｏｉｅｔｉｃｓｔｅｍｃｅｌｌｔｒａｎｓｐｌａｎｔｒｅｃｉｐｉｅｎｔｓｗｉｔｈｃｈｒｏ￣ｎｉｃＧＶＨＤ:ｈｉｇｈ￣ｒｅｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎＣＴｆｉｎｄｉｎｇｓ[Ｊ].ＪＴｈｏｒａｃＩｍａｇｉｎｇꎬ２００７ꎬ２２(４):３３５￣３４０.[２]ＧｏｒｏｓｐｅＬꎬＣａｂａｅｒｏ￣ＳáｎｃｈｅｚＡꎬＭｕｏｚ￣ＭｏｌｉｎａＧＭꎬｅｔａｌ.Ｂｉｌａｔ￣ｅｒａｌｎｅｕｍｏｔｈｏｒａｘｓｅｃｏｎｄａｒｙｔｏａｉｒｌｅａｋｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅ２２ｙｅａｒｓａｆｔｅｒａｌ￣ｌｏｇｅｎｅｉｃｂｏｎｅｍａｒｒｏｗｔｒａｎｓｐｌａｎｔａｔｉｏｎ[Ｊ].ＡｒｃｈＢｒｏｎｃｏｎｅｕｍｏｌꎬ２０１７ꎬ５３(８):４５９￣４６０.[３]ＢｏｇｈａｎｉｍＴꎬＭｕｒｒｉｓＭꎬＬａｍｏｎＴꎬｅｔａｌ.Ｔｈｏｒａｃｉｃａｉｒ￣ｌｅａｋｓｙｎ￣ｄｒｏｍｅｃｏｍｐｌｉｃａｔｉｎｇａｌｌｏｇｅｎｅｉｃｈｅｍａｔｏｐｏｉｅｔｉｃｓｔｅｍ￣ｃｅｌｌｔｒａｎｓｐｌａｎ￣ｔａｔｉｏｎ[Ｊ].Ｌｕｎｇꎬ２０１９ꎬ９７(１):１０１￣１０３.[４]ＩｓｈｉｉＴꎬＢａｎｄｏｈＳꎬＫａｎａｊｉＮꎬｅｔａｌ.Ａｉｒ￣ｌｅａｋｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅｂｙｐｌｅｕｒ￣ｏｐａｒｅｎｃｈｙｍａｌｆｉｂｒｏｅｌａｓｔｏｓｉｓａｆｔｅｒｂｏｎｅｍａｒｒｏｗｔｒａｎｓｐｌａｎｔａｔｉｏｎ[Ｊ].ＩｎｔｅｒｎＭｅｄꎬ２０１６ꎬ５５(２):１０５￣１１１.[５]王倩ꎬ符粤文ꎬ刘星辰ꎬ等.异基因造血干细胞移植后 气漏综合征 一例报告并文献复习[Ｊ].中华血液学杂志ꎬ２０１８ꎬ３９(２):１５３￣１５５.[６]张科民ꎬ杨凡ꎬ张广吉ꎬ等.血液病相关气漏综合征的临床特征和ＣＴ分析[Ｊ].实用放射学杂志ꎬ２０１９ꎬ３５(５):４９￣５２. [７]ＭａｃｋｌｉｎＭＴꎬＭａｃｋｌｉｎＣＣ.Ｍａｌｉｇｎａｎｔｉｎｔｅｒｓｔｉｔｉａｌｅｍｐｈｙｓｅｍａｏｆｔｈｅｌｕｎｇｓａｎｄｍｅｄｉａｓｔｉｎｕｍａｓａｎｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｏｃｃｕｌｔｃｏｍｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｉｎｍａｎｙｒｅｓｐｉｒａｔｏｒｙｄｉｓｅａｓｅｓａｎｄｏｔｈｅｒｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓ:ｉｎｔｅｒｐｒｅｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｃｌｉｎｉｃａｌｌｉｔｅｒａｔｕｒｅｉｎｔｈｅｌｉｇｈｔｏｆｌａｂｏｒａｔｏｒｙｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔ[Ｊ].Ｍｅｄｉｃｉｎｅꎬ１９４４ꎬ２３(２):２８１￣３５８.[８]杜瑜ꎬ刘默ꎬ周宏伟ꎬ等.淋巴瘤化疗致急性弥漫性肺损伤六例并文献复习[Ｊ].白血病 淋巴瘤ꎬ２０１６ꎬ２５(９):５５３￣５５６. [９]ＫａｓａｒｇｏｄＶꎬＡｗａｄＮＴ.Ｃｌｉｎｉｃａｌｐｒｏｆｉｌｅꎬｅｔｉｏｌｏｇｙꎬａｎｄｍａｎａｇｅ￣ｍｅｎｔｏｆｈｙｄｒｏｐｎｅｕ￣ｍｏｔｈｏｒａｘ:ａｎｉｎｄｉａｎｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅ[Ｊ].ＬｕｎｇＩｎｄｉａꎬ２０１６ꎬ３３(３):２７８￣２８０.[１０]陈永权ꎬ陈莉ꎬ吕发金.游离气胸的多层螺旋ＣＴ定量研究[Ｊ].中国医学影像学杂志ꎬ２０１６ꎬ２４(１０):７５０￣７５４. [１１]黄煌ꎬ刘永熙ꎬ汪小丽ꎬ等.低剂量ＣＴ扫描在新生儿气胸的应用价值[Ｊ].实用放射学杂志ꎬ２０１７ꎬ３３(２):２７３￣２７５. [１２]赵燕风ꎬ王小艺ꎬ唐威ꎬ等.ＣＴ引导下经皮肺穿刺切割活检发生气胸及需要闭式引流的多因素分析[Ｊ].医学影像学杂志ꎬ２０１５ꎬ２５(１２):２１５０￣２１５６.[１３]ＫｉｍＨＲꎬＹｏｏＳＭꎬＬｅｅＨＹꎬｅｔａｌ.Ｐｒｅｓｅｎｃｅｏｆｓｕｂｐｌｅｕｒａｌｐｕｌ￣ｍｏｎａｒｙｉｎｔｅｒｓｔｉｔｉａｌｅｍｐｈｙｓｅｍａａｓａｎｉｎｄｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｓｉｎｇｌｅｏｒｍｕｌｔｉ￣ｐｌｅａｌｖｅｏｌａｒｒｕｐｔｕｒｅｓｏｎＣＴｉｎｐａｔｉｅｎｔｓｗｉｔｈｓｐｏｎｔａｎｅｏｕｓｐｎｅｕｍｏ￣ｍｅｄｉａｓｔｉｎｕｍ[Ｊ].ＡｃｔａＲａｄｉｏｌꎬ２０１６ꎬ５７(１２):１４８３￣１４８９. [１４]杨斐ꎬ胡海平ꎬ徐小兰ꎬ等.ＭＤＣＴＴｉｓｓｕｅＳｅｇｍｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎ技术测定气胸㊁液气胸中肺压缩比率方法研究[Ｊ].医学影像学杂志ꎬ２０１６ꎬ２６(９):１６０２￣１６０５.(收稿日期:２０１９￣０７￣２５)(上接２２１９页)[５]ＰｈａｎＬＴꎬＮｇｕｙｅｎＴＶꎬＬｕｏｎｇＱＣꎬｅｔａｌ.Ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｈｕｍａｎ￣ｔｏ￣ｈｕｍａｎｔｒａｎｓｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｏｆａｎｏｖｅｌｃｏｒｏｎａｖｉｒｕｓｉｎＶｉｅｔｎａｍ[Ｊ].ＮＥｎｇｌＪＭｅｄꎬ２０２０ꎬ３６５(１１):１２３２￣１２３７.[６]ＫｓｉａｚｅｋＴＧꎬＥｒｄｍａｎＤꎬＧｏｌｄｓｍｉｔｈＣＳꎬｅｔａｌ.Ａｎｏｖｅｌｃｏｒｏｎａｖｉｒ￣ｕｓａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄｗｉｔｈｓｅｖｅｒｅａｃｕｔｅｒｅｓｐｉｒａｔｏｒｙｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅ[Ｊ].ＮＥｎｇｌＪＭｅｄꎬ２００３ꎬ３４８(２０):１９５３￣１９６６.[７]ＴｒａｖｉｓＷＤꎬＢｒａｍｂｉｌｌａＥꎬＮｏｇｕｃｈｉＭꎬｅｔａｌ.Ｉｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌａｓｓｏｃｉａ￣ｔｉｏｎｆｏｒｔｈｅｓｔｕｄｙｏｆｌｕｎｇｃａｎｃｅｒ/Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｔｈｏｒａｃｉｃｓｏｃｉｅｔｙ/Ｅｕｒｏ￣ｐｅａｎｒｅｓｐｉｒａｔｏｒｙｓｏｃｉｅｔｙ:ｉｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｍｕｌｔｉｄｉｓｃｉｐｌｉｎａｒｙｃｌａｓｓｉｆｉｃａ￣ｔｉｏｎｏｆｌｕｎｇａｄｅｎｏｃａｒｃｉｎｏｍａ￣ａｎｅｘｅｃｕｔｉｖｅｓｕｍｍａｒｙ[Ｊ].ＰｒｏｃＡｍＴｈｏｒａｃＳｏｃꎬ２０１１ꎬ８(５):３８１￣３８５.[８]白玉凤ꎬ牛娟琴ꎬ成满平ꎬ等.Ｈ１Ｎ１甲型流感病毒性肺炎的ＣＴ表现[Ｊ].医学影像学杂志ꎬ２０１９ꎬ２９(１１):１８８４￣１８８７. [９]陆雪芳ꎬ龚威ꎬ王丽ꎬ等.新型冠状病毒肺炎初诊临床特征及高分辨率ＣＴ影像表现[Ｊ].中华放射学杂志ꎬ２０２０ꎬ５４(００):Ｅ００６￣Ｅ００６.[１０]ＮｉｃｈｏｌｌｓＪＭꎬＰｏｏｎＬＬꎬＬｅｅＫＣꎬｅｔａｌ.Ｌｕｎｇｐａｔｈｏｌｏｇｙｏｆｓｅｖｅｒｅａｃｕｔｅｒｅｓｐｉｒａｔｏｒｙｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅ[Ｊ].Ｌａｎｃｅｔꎬ２００３ꎬ３６１(９３７１):１７７３￣１７７８.(收稿日期:２０２０￣０２￣１８)５３２２。
Goyen 3-6VFD 燃料和尘埃反应性不易点燃封闭式容器说明书
3-6VFD COMBINATION FLAME ANDDUST IGNITION PROOF ENCLOSURES Goyen pilot valve enclosures for hazardous locations are available in a combination of flame proof and dust ignition proof assemblies, where 4, 5 and 6 pilot valves are available. The3-6VFD can be supplied with combined international approvals: Canadian CSA/Underwriters Laboratory UL and European ATEX/ International IECEx.In addition, in Canada and Europe, Goyen offers enclosures that meet the requirements of both flame proof and explosion proof designs simultaneously. This has the advantage of simplifying assembly designs when using the Goyen enclosures.ConstructionBody: Diecast Aluminium AS313, LM24, 308Ferrule: AISI 302 SSArmature: 430FR SSSeals: NitrileScrews: AISI 302 SSOperationRecommended on time: 50–150 msOn time range: 50–500 ms Recommended time between pulses:1 minute or more, if maximum on time is used.Pilot PerformanceFlow: 0.27Kv/0.32CvMaximum Working Pressure:860kPa/125psiMinimum Working Pressure: 0kPa/0psi Minimum Temperature: –40ºC/–40ºF Maximum Temperature: 82ºC/–180ºF Fluid Media: Air or inert gasCertificationCSA/UL: NEC500 Div 1, NEC505 Zone 1ATEX/IECEx: II Category 2G,II Category 2DRESTRICTIONSThis product’s hazardous areascertifications are valid only for productthat has not been modified sinceleaving the factory. Modificationsmade to the enclosure such as thefitment of additional seals, the additionor removal of pilot valves and coils,changes in markings, or physicalmodifications made to the enclosureitself will invalidate the productcertifications. Only activities describedin ‘Installation’ and ‘Maintenance’ maybe conducted without affecting thecertification of the product.MAINTENANCEAnnual maintenance of serviceableparts is recommended. Serviceableitems are the pilot armature, armaturespring, pilot valve body o-ring. Thesame model Goyen coil may alsoreplace damaged coils. All otheritems are non-serviceable. Goyenrecommend that appropriately qualifiedpersonnel conduct all maintenanceactivities. Certification of maintenancestaff and facilities may be requiredunder some certification schemes.Inappropriate service invalidates theproduct certifications.PRODUCT WARNING LABELS3-6VFD SeriesCSA/ULCAUTION: open circuit before removingcoverWARNING: more than one live circuit.See diagram.ATEX/IECExWarning do not open whilst energised,do not open when explosiveatmosphere is present. Use cablesrated at 135ºC when anti-condensationheater is installed.PILOT VALVE ENCLOSURES FOR HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS02GUIDE TO HAZARDOUS AREASAPPLICATION WITHIN DUSTCOLLECTORSExample zones around a dust collectorThe following examples assume thatthe particulate being collected is acombustible dust.Note that the responsibility for correctlyassessing the hazardous zones aroundthe dust collection equipment remainswith the plant operator .In the event of a filter breakage, dustwill enter the clean side of the dustcollector . The migration of dust may bein sufficient concentration to presenta dust explosion risk.Where there are no dust monitors inplace on the clean side of the dust collector, a broken bag condition may exist for more than 10 hours before rectification. Therefore the clean side is classed as Zone 1 (NEC505) or Zone 21 (Atex).Goyen supplies intrinsically safe and Atex 3G/D dust monitors to raise an alarm in the case of a filter break. In this case the clean air plenum is classified as Zone 2 if the system will be rectified within 10 hours.The area surrounding the dust collector housing may be classified as Zone 2. If there is adequate ventilation around the dust collector the Zone 2 classification may be eliminated. The area around the dust collection point is usually classified as Zone 1.* U nder the ATEX scheme equipment categories for use in gas environments are denoted by a ‘G’ suffix, and equipment categories for dust environments are denoted by a ‘D’ suffix. Examples: Equipment category 2G is suitable for use in ATEX zone 1 areas. Equipment category 2D is suitable for use in ATEX zone 21 areas.** Only Group II zones are shown. Group I zones are relevant to mining applications only.PILOT VALVE ENCLOSURES FOR HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS04456Solenoid type QT2 solenoid order code, drop the ‘K-’Refer to Q Series Solenoid product specification.Number of pilots fitted(Pilot Thread/Enclosure Conduit Thread)0=NPT/NPT 1=RP/M 3=NPT/M 4=RP/GThread type1=Goyen 0=none Name plateApproval Type C =CSA/UL A =ATEX/IEC Ex Heater type 0=none 5=24V DC 6=100/120V AC 7=240V AC3-6VFD - 4 - 0 - 1 - 0 - C - 03-6VFD SERIES COMBINATION FLAME AND EXPLOSION PROOF PILOT VALVE ENCLOSURE Diecast aluminium enclosure with explosion proof and flame proof (Ex-d) protection suitable for use in hazardous areas, available optionally with anti-condensation heater .SUITABLE FOR NEC500 Division 1, NEC505 Zone 1 and ATEX/IECEx Zone 21 (II Cat 2G and 2D equipment) hazardous environments, for piloting Goyen diaphragm valves.SPARE PARTS K0383 S ingle armature kit. Includes, spring, armature, and o-ring.G604718 DP Seal HOW TO ORDERPILOT VALVE ENCLOSURES FOR HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS063-6VFDDIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS [IN MM AND (INCHES)]WEIGHTS3-6VFD SeriesMass = 2.21 Kg + 0.08 Kg per fitted pilot(4.87 lbs + 0.18 lbs per fitted pilot)PILOT VALVE ENCLOSURES FOR HAZARDOUS LOCATIONSINSTALLATIONWARNING: Ensure that power isisolated from the system prior toinstalling or opening this product.Where a heater kit is installed, ensurethat the heater has been de-energisedfor a minimum of 5 minutes prior toopening the enclosure. Ensure thatthe enclosure is properly assembledwith all flange screws fully tightened(minimum 10 Nm (7.4 ft.lbs)) prior toapplying power in a hazardous area.MountingEnclosures should be mounted in ahorizontal position, where the pilotvalves and solenoid assemblies are inthe preferred vertical orientation.ThreadsPilot valve inlet and exhaust outlets areentry with either M25 or ¾˝ NPTthread.Electrical connectionsRefer to diagram below. The includedGoyen QT2 solenoids are providedwith screw/spade terminals. Thesesolenoids are neutrally linked at thefactory for customer convenience.Pneumatic connections These pilot valves are connected to thedust collector reverse pulse jet valvesusing metric 4 mm tubing (ID 0.157˝)or imperial ¼˝ tubing (ID 0.162˝) andmaximum length of 1.5 m (4.9 ft).ANTI-CONDENSATION HEATER ELEMENTS Enclosures can be factory fitted with a heater element to assist in the prevention of condensation within the ing separate power supply wiring, the choice of heater voltage can be used with any coil voltage.Refer to the How To Order code..Heater terminal block connections HEATER INSTALLATION (1) Heater retaining clip (2) Heater element (3) Wiring terminal block (4) Thermostat element PILOT VALVE ENCLOSURES FOR HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS© 2014 Pentair Clean Air Systems reserves the right to change product designs and specifications without notice.G o y e n P i l o t V a l v e E n c l o s u r e s f o r H a z a r d o u s L o c a t i o n s R e v 0 1 0 4 / 1 4。
EATON传统区域电源反射辐射检测器用户指南说明书
EATON - SPECIFIER’S GUIDE - FIRE AND VOICE ALARM SYSTEMS SGTEXT ©February 2015Features and benefits• Zone connected• Simple two wire connection• Reflective beam detection• No power supply required• Two ranges available: - up to 50m - 50m to 100m• Quick and simple to setup• Saves on both time and installation costs• Single device to install instead of numerous point detectors• Single point of maintenance• Wall mounted for ease of maintenance, especially in warehouses with rackingTwo versions of the conventional zone powered reflective beam detectors are available in this range, the MBD50R with a range of up to 50 metres and the MBD100R with a range of 50 to 100 meters.Both the MBD50R and the MBD100R are compatible with the Eaton range of conventional fire systems.These conventional zone powered reflective beam detectors are extremely simple to install, they require no separate power supply, operate on a reflective principle and have a simple set up mode to enable easy and quick alignment during installation.These units are designed to replace individual point detectors in large open areas such as warehouses.Fire and fault conditions are signalled to panel using standard zone wiring so no additional interconnection isEATON - SPECIFIER’S GUIDE - FIRE AND VOICE ALARM SYSTEMS SGTEXT ©February 2015T echnical specificationInstallation 1. Must be fixed to solid structure.2. Recommended mounting height is 0.3 to 0.6 metres below the ceiling.3. Cables can be terminated into separate termination box (not supplied) or use purpose designed mounting bracket (MRBFP) ordered separately.4. Mounting bracket has facilities for glanding of incoming cables plus simple fixing of beam detector.5. Test filter is supplied with detector to simulate required smoke obscuration level and confirm correct operation.Catalogue numbersDimensionsH (mm) W (mm) D (mm)210130120System functionality Beam detectors have 3 modes:• Prism targeting mode - Designed to provide simple initial alignment of beam and reflector assembly.• Alignment mode - Enables accurate fine tuning of beam alignment without the need for additional calibration equipment or a second operator.• Normal running mode Standard connectionsWARNING:Do NOT use high voltage testers if ANY equipment isconnected to the system.Z O NEINEOL DEVICECompatible Conventional Control Panel +-INto beam detector socket+-Code MBD50R MBD100RDescription Reflective beam detector Reflective beam detectorStandards EN54 Pt12 2002 EN54 Pt12 2002SpecificationOperating voltage 18V dc to 30V dc 18V dc to 30V dcQuiescent current < 5mA (no LED’s illuminated) < 5mA (no LED’s illuminated)Alarm current < 9mA < 9mAAlignment current < 18mA < 18mAPower up time 20 seconds (approx) 20 seconds (approx)Operating range 5 to 50 metres 50 to 100 metresTolerance to beam misalignment at 35% Detector ± 0.8°, Prism ± 5.0° Detector ± 0.8°, Prism ± 5.0°Fire alarm thresholds 2.50dB (25%) 3.74dB (35%) 6.02dB (50%) 2.50dB (25%) 3.74dB (35%) 6.02dB (50%)Optical wavelength 880nm 880nmEnvironmentalOperating temperature -10°C to +55°C -10°C to +55°CHumidity (non condensing) 0 to 93% RH 0 to 93% RHPhysicalConstruction PC/ABS PC/ABSColour White WhiteDimensions (H x W x D) 210mm 130mm x 120mm 210mm 130mm x 120mmWeight 0.8kg 0.8kgIngress protection IP40 IP40CompatibilitySuitable for use with Eaton conventional fire systems Eaton conventional fire systems H D WUser interfaceBeam detector status LEDs:• Red LED constantly illuminated indicates fire condition.• Flashing amber LED indicates fault condition.Description CodeReflective beam detector (50m range)MBD50RReflective beam detector (50-100m range)MBD100RMounting bracket MRBFPNote: 1 beam per zoneSpecifier’s guide4.3 Accessories。
新.冠.病毒英文简介
Questions and answers on coronavirsesWhat is a coronavirus?Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses found in both animals and humans. Some infect people and are known to cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).What is a "novel" coronavirus?A novel coronavirus (CoV) is a new strain of coronavirus that has not been previously identified in humans.The new, or “novel” coronavirus, now called 2019-nCoV, had not previously detected before the outbreak was reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019.Is the new virus the same as SARS?No, 2019-nCoV is from the same family of viruses as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) but it is not the same virus.How dangerous is it?As with other respiratory illnesses, infection with 2019-nCoV can cause mild symptoms including a runny nose, sore throat, cough, and fever. It can be more severe for some persons and can lead to pneumonia or breathing difficulties. More rarely, the disease can be fatal. Older people, and people with pre-existing medical conditions (such as, diabetes and heart disease) appear to be more vulnerable to becoming severely ill with the virus.Can humans become infected with the 2019-nCoV from an animal source?Detailed investigations found that SARS-CoV was transmitted from civet cats to humans in China in 2002 and MERS-CoV from dromedary camels to humans in Saudi Arabia in 2012. Several known coronaviruses are circulating in animals that have not yet infected humans. As surveillance improves around the world, more coronaviruses are likely to be identifiedThe animal source of the 2019-nCoV has not yet been identified. This does not mean you can catch 2019-nCoV from any animal or from your pet. It’s likely that an animal source from a live animal market in China was responsible for some of the first reported human infections. To protect yourself, when visiting live animal markets, avoid direct unprotected contact with live animals and surfaces in contact with animals.The consumption of raw or undercooked animal products should be avoided. Raw meat, milk or animal organs should be handled with care, to avoid cross-contamination with uncooked foods, as per good food safety practices.What can I do to protect myself?Wash your hands frequentlyWash your hands frequently with soap and water or use an alcohol-based hand rub if your hands are not visibly dirty.Why? Washing your hands with soap and water or using alcohol-based hand rub eliminates the virus if it is on your hands.Practice respiratory hygieneWhen coughing and sneezing, cover mouth and nose with flexed elbow or tissue –discard tissue immediately into a closed bin and clean your hands with alcohol-based hand rub or soap and water.Why? Covering your mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing prevent the spread of germs and viruses. If you sneeze or cough into your hands, you may contaminate objects or people that you touch.Maintain social distancingMaintain at least 1 metre (3 feet) distance between yourself and other people, particularly those who are coughing, sneezing and have a fever.Why? When someone who is infected with a respiratory disease, like 2019-nCoV, coughs or sneezes they project small droplets containing the virus. If you are too close, you can breathe in the virus.Avoid touching eyes, nose and mouthWhy? Hands touch many surfaces which can be contaminated with the virus. If you touch your eyes, nose or mouth with your contaminated hands, you can transfer the virus from the surface to yourself.If you have fever, cough and difficulty breathing, seek medical care earlyTell your health care provider if you have traveled in an area in China where 2019-nCoV has been reported, or if you have been in close contact with someone with who has traveled from China and has respiratory symptoms.Why?Whenever you have fever, cough and difficulty breathing it’s important to seek medical attention promptly as this may be due to a respiratory infection or other serious condition. Respiratory symptoms with fever can have a range of causes, and depending on your personal travel history and circumstances, 2019-nCoV could be one of them.If you have mild respiratory symptoms and no travel history to or within ChinaIf you have mild respiratory symptoms and no travel history to or within China, carefully practice basic respiratory and hand hygiene and stay home until you are recovered, if possible.As a general precaution, practice general hygiene measures when visiting live animal markets, wet markets or animal product marketsEnsure regular hand washing with soap and potable water after touching animals and animal products; avoid touching eyes, nose or mouth with hands; and avoid contact with sick animals or spoiled animal products. Strictly avoid any contact with other animals in the market (e.g., stray cats and dogs, rodents, birds, bats). Avoid contact with potentially contaminated animal waste or fluids on the soil or structures of shops and market facilities.Avoid consumption of raw or undercooked animal productsHandle raw meat, milk or animal organs with care, to avoid cross-contamination with uncooked foods, as per good food safety practices.Should I wear a mask to protect myself?Wearing a medical mask can help limit the spread of some respiratory disease. However, using a mask alone is not guaranteed to stop infections and should be combined with other prevention measures including hand and respiratory hygiene and avoiding close contact – at least 1 metre (3 feet) distance between yourself and other people.WHO advises on rational use of medical masks thus avoiding unnecessary wastage of precious resources and potential misuse of masks (see Advice on the use of masks). This means using masks only if you have respiratory symptoms (coughing or sneezing), have suspected 2019-nCoV infection with mild symptoms or are caring for someone with suspected 2019-nCoV infection. A suspected 2019-nCoV infection is linked to travel in an area in China where 2019-nCoV has been reported, or close contact with someone who has traveled from China and has respiratory symptoms.How to put on, use, take of and dispose of a mask1.Before putting on a mask, wash hands with alcohol-based hand rub or soapand water2.Cover mouth and nose with mask and make sure there are no gaps betweenyour face and the mask3.Avoid touching the mask while using it; if you do, clean your hands withalcohol-based hand rub or soap and water4.Replace the mask with a new one as soon as it is damp and do not re-usesingle-use masks5.To remove the mask: remove it from behind (do not touch the front of mask);discard immediately in a closed bin; wash hands with alcohol-based hand rubor soap and waterWho can catch this virus?eople living or travelling in an area where the 2019-nCoV virus is circulating may be at risk of infection. At present, 2019-nCoV is circulating in China where the vast majority of people infected have been reported. Those infected from other countries are among people who have recently traveled from China or who have been living or working closely with those travellers, such as family members, co-workers or medicalprofessionals caring for a patient before they knew the patient was infected with 2019-nCoV.Health workers caring for persons who are sick with 2019-nCoV are at higher risk and must protect themselves with appropriate infection prevention and control procedures.WHO is continuously monitoring the epidemiology of this outbreak to better understand where the virus is circulating and how people can protect themselves from infection. For more information, see WHO’s latest situation reports.Who is at risk of developing severe illness?While we still need to learn more about how 2019-nCoV affects people, thus far, older people, and people with pre-existing medical conditions (such as diabetes and heart disease) appear to be more at risk of developing severe disease.How does the virus spread?The new coronavirus is a respiratory virus which spreads primarily through contact with an infected person through respiratory droplets generated when a person, for example, coughs or sneezes, or through droplets of saliva or discharge from the nose. It is important that everyone practice good respiratory hygiene. For example, sneeze or cough into a flexed elbow, or use a tissue and discard it immediately into a closed bin. It is also very important for people to wash their hands regularly with either alcohol-based hand rub or soap and water.What's the difference between illness caused by 2019-nCoV, the flu or a cold?People with 2019-nCoV infection, the flu, or a cold typically develop respiratory symptoms such as fever, cough and runny nose. Even though many symptoms are alike, they are caused by different viruses. Because of their similarities, it can be difficult to identify the disease based on symptoms alone. That’s why laboratory tests are required to confirm if someone has 2019-nCoV.As always, WHO recommends that people who have cough, fever and difficulty breathing should seek medical care early. Patients should inform health care providers if they have travelled in the 14 days before they developed symptoms, or if they have been in close contact with someone with who has been sick with respiratory symptoms.How long is the incubation period?The incubation period is the time between infection and the onset of clinical symptoms of disease. Current estimates of the incubation period range from 1-12.5 days with median estimates of 5-6 days. These estimates will be refined as more data become available. Based on information from other coronavirus diseases, such as MERS and SARS, the incubation period of 2019-nCoV could be up to 14 days. WHO recommends that the follow-up of contacts of confirmed cases is 14 days.Is it safe to receive a package from China or any other place where the virus has been identified?Yes, it is safe.People receiving packages are not at risk of contracting the new coronavirus. From experience with other coronaviruses, we know that these types of viruses don’t survive long on objects, such as letters or packages.Are there any specific medicines to prevent or treat 2019-nCoV?To date, there is no specific medicine recommended to prevent or treat the novel coronavirus. However, those infected with 2019-nCoV should receive appropriate care to relieve and treat symptoms, and those with severe illness should receive optimized supportive care. Some specific treatments are under investigation and will be tested through clinical trials. WHO is helping to coordinate efforts to develop medicines to treat nCoV with a range of partners.If you want to protect yourself from getting infected with the new coronavirus, you should maintain basic hand and respiratory hygiene, and safe food practices and avoiding close contact, when possible, with anyone showing symptoms of respiratory illness such as coughing and sneezing.The following measures ARENOT specifically recommended as 2019-nCoV remedies as they are not effective to protect yourself and can be even harmful:•Taking vitamin C•Smoking•Drinking tradition herbal teas•Wearing multiple masks to maximize protection•Taking self-medication such as antibioticsIn any case, if you have fever, cough and difficulty breathing seek medical care early to reduce the risk of developing a more severe infection and be sure to share your recent travel history with your health care provider.。
孤立金属尖端的电晕触发阈值
孤立金属尖端的电晕触发阈值谭涌波;朱俊儒;李祥超;梁忠武;郭秀峰【摘要】Corona discharges characterized by much lower current densities are often generated in a strong atmos-pheric electric field.What’s more,corona discharges are very important because the corona charge layers can change the distribution of the electric field near the ground and affect conditions of the initiation and development of an upward leader near different tall objects.Therefore,corona discharges have attracted the attention of scholars at home and abroad,especially in the onset corona field.However,how to effec-tively show corona emission threshold is still a difficult problem in the study of atmospheric electricity. <br> In order to obtain the electric field strength at the tip of metal in the case of corona discharge,the on-set corona voltages must be obtained by laboratory test for different heights,shapes and materials of metal tips which are arranged on the middle of lower plate of two parallel metal plates.Dimensions of two hori-zontal plates are 1. 2m by 1. 2m and the distance between them is 1m.Then environmental threshold e-lectric fields are calculated for different heights,shapes and materials of metal tips.The two-dimensional Poisson equation is solved using finite element method and the corona emission thresholds at the tip of dif-ferent types of metal tips are obtained. <br> Effects on threshold electric fields by the height,material and shape are discussed,respectively.The following conclusions can be drawn from the experimental study.First,the environmental threshold fields arebasically a linear decrease with heights of metal.The environmental threshold fields decrease first and then increase when metal tips are becoming sharp increasingly.Second,the height and shape of mental tips have no effects on corona emission threshold at the tip of metal tips.The corona threshold at the tip of mental tip is a constant.Finally,the corona triggering threshold is determined which is Ec =158. 75kV·m-1 and the fitting function between corona emission threshold and spatial resolutionis given.It will pro-vide a reference for the judgment of starting moment of corona discharge for the future numerical simula-tion of corona discharge.%为了得到金属尖端在发生电晕放电时尖端处的电场强度，该文首先采用实验室实验得到不同高度、不同形状、不同材质的金属尖端发生电晕放电时的环境电场阈值；再采用有限元法计算二维泊松方程，得到尖端处电晕触发阈值，由此得出以下结论：环境电场阈值随金属尖端高度的增大基本呈线性减小趋势，随着尖端越来越尖，环境电场阈值呈先减小后增大的变化趋势；高度、形状对金属物尖端处电晕触发阈值无影响，尖端处电晕阈值为定值；给出尖端处电晕触发阈值为158．75 kV·m-1与空间分辨率的拟合公式，可为今后电晕放电数值模拟中判断电晕放电的起始时刻提供参考。
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JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D: APPLIED PHYSICS doi:10.1088/0022-3727/40/10/013
Onset voltage of negative corona on stranded conductors
against the empirical formula presented before for calculating the onset field of negative corona [5], B Eo (kV cm−1 ) = A + √ , R (2)
where R is the conductor radius in cm and A and B lie in the ranges 29.4–40.3 and 7.34–9.92, respectively [5]. Peek and co-workers [6] reported A and B to be equal to 31 and 9.55. Practical transmission lines are normally of stranded construction and often contain surface irregularities. Stranded conductors are composed of a number of small wires arranged in layers around each other. The first layer around the centre strand is made up of 6 strands, the second layer is made up of 12 additional strands and the third layer is made up of 18 additional strands, etc. Thus, stranded conductors are composed of 7, 19, 37, . . . strands in continuing fixed increments and the external layer twists around interior layers in a helical (spiral) form. Conductors are stranded mainly to increase their flexibility. Stranding distorts the field in the immediate vicinity of the conductor and reduces the corona onset voltage. A semi-analytic expression was used to calculate the electric field in a coaxial arrangement of infinitely long 3094
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Onset voltage of negative corona on stranded conductors
energized stranded conductors placed inside the centre of a grounded cylinder [1]. The ratio of the maximum surface electric field of the stranded conductor to that of smooth cylindrical conductors was conducted using image theory [7] and conformal mapping [8]. The influence of stranding on the corona onset voltage of a smooth cylindrical conductor was investigated experimentally many years ago by Peek and coworkers [6]. They characterized the influence of the strands by introducing a surface irregularity factor, m, defined as the ratio of the corona onset voltage of a stranded conductor to that of a smooth cylindrical conductor with the same outer diameter. The value of m equals unity for a perfectly smooth conductor and is less than 1 for stranded conductors. Peek and co-workers gave m the range 0.72–0.82 for 7-stranded conductors. In Whitehead’s investigation [9], the number of strands in the outer layer, no , was varied from 3 to 9. Their data for m ranged from 0.85 to 0.92 and illustrated the physically intuitive result that conductors with a large number of strands behaved more like smooth conductors than conductors with a small number of strands. Hence, there are no definite values of m and the onset voltage. In addition, the onset voltage depends not only on the value of the surface field but also on the field distribution in the vicinity of the conductor and the properties of the gas in which the conductor is located. Therefore, the empirical formulae predict inaccurate values of the onset voltage of corona. This motivates the authors to conduct the present study. The main target of this paper is to investigate the effect of stranding on the onset voltage of negative corona on stranded conductors positioned in air opposite a ground plane. The onset voltage calculation is based on the criterion developed for the formation of repetitive negative corona Trichel pulses. This criterion calls for the assessment of the electric field in the vicinity of the stressed conductor. An accurate charge simulation technique (CST) is used for field calculation in the vicinity of the stressed conductors. This approach is different from the techniques previously published in the literature [1, 7, 8]. As the external layer twists around the interior layers in a helical shape, the simulating charges take the same helical form. To the best of our knowledge, the helical charge has not yet been reported in the literature. Also, laboratory measurements of the onset voltage of corona on 7-stranded conductors are carried out. The effects of varying the field nonuniformity on the onset voltage values are investigated. The calculated onset voltage values for stranded conductors are compared with those measured experimentally and with values obtained by empirical formulae.
M M El-Bahy, M Abouelsaad, N Abdel-Gawad and M Badawi
Faculty of Engineering, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt
Received 3 February 2007, in final form 9 March 2007 Published 4 May 2007 Online at /JPhysD/40/3094 Abstract Theoretical investigation of the onset voltage of negative corona on stranded conductors is described in this paper. The method of calculation is based on the criterion developed for the formation of repetitive negative corona Trichel pulses. This calls first for an accurate calculation of the electric field in the vicinity of stranded conductors. The investigated gap is a three-dimensional field problem. To solve this problem, a new modification of the charge simulation technique is presented, where the simulation charges are helical of infinite length. Laboratory measurements of the onset voltage on stranded conductors are carried out to check the accuracy of the present calculations. The effects of varying the field nonuniformity on the onset voltage values are investigated. The calculated onset voltage values for stranded conductors agree satisfactorily with those measured experimentally.