研究生英语考试文章总结summary writing如何写

several aspects to an effective thesis

sLeabharlann Baiduatement:


- It comprises two parts: a) the topic or general subject matter of the text b) the author’s major assertion, comment, or position on the topic.
The worsening environment and changing climate affect women negatively by increasing water scarcity,increasing the disease burden, etc. But women can help reverse the downward trend by taking public transportation more and promoting renewable energy. Discriminatory inheritance, property ownership and limited access to agricultural support systems render women unable to ensure food safety, soil conservation and land sustainability.
In
the process of urbanization, many women are left behind to take care of everything single-handedly. Those who migrate to cities face new challenges as well, like economic exploitation and meanly living conditions. Disasters are more likely to strike poor women harder who live in poor-quality houses and disaster-prone areas. To make things worse,they are ill-informed and do not react as quickly as they should in an emergency due to the social restrictions on women about "propriety".
The
writer calls for forward-looking strategies to integrate gender into environmental analysis. To be more specific: Allow more participation in environmental policies and actions on women's part; put the government priority on fostering gender equity and subsidize it; resort to a scientific paradigm as well as a social approach in the environmental analysis.
How to write a summary
In
the article,the writer argues that there are synergies between gender equity, poverty alleviation and environmental sustainability.


►3. Write One-Sentence summaries. - Write a one-sentence summary for each segment of thought on a separate sheet of paper. ►4. write supporting ideas - Cover all of the author’s major supporting ideas.

Lack
of clean water further adds to women's burdens: many of them have to spend as much as three or more hours just to fetch water,putting them at great risk of developing various diseases, further depriving them of the time avalable to better their life financially and emotionally. Unclean water, pollutants in the environment, climate changes and poor nutrition work together to pose a threat to women's health, espeacilly pregnant women.Ignorance of AIDS afflict many women in Africa, affecting agriculture in this land.

- In many articles, the author will state this directly. You may wish to take his direct statement of the thesis and restate it in your own words. - In other articles, you may have to write your own one-sentence thesis statement that summarizes this central theme.




The writer finds that women are unequal to men in every way. (They are underprivileged and put under social and moral restrictions. )He believes that an exploration into biomass energy can shed light on the synergy between gender, poverty and environment issues. To begin with, environmental deterioration like deforestation reduces biomass energy dramatically, sending poor women to collect wood fuel for long hours instead of studying or working, perpetuating their poverty. At the same time, women become more vulnerable as victims of indoor air-pollution. They can access fewer resources of biomass energy due to privatization of communal lands. Even in developed countries, they have to live with inequality in such realms as energy, education and labor division.

- Omit all personal opinions, ideas, and inferences. Let the reader know that you are reporting the author’s ideas.
►5.Formulate the Thesis Statement. - Formulate a central theme that weaves the onesentence segment-summaries together. This is your thesis statement.


- This central theme is summarized clearly and accurately in a one-sentence thesis statement.
- The thesis statement does not contain specific details discussed in the text. - The thesis statement is stated at the beginning of the summary.



- Show the relationships among these ideas.
- Omit specifics, such as illustrations, descriptions, and detailed explanations. - Indicate the author’s purpose in writing: to inform, to persuade, or to entertain. If the passage is a persuasive piece, report the author’s bias or position on the issue.
Steps in Writing a Summary
►1.Read the article ►2.Reread the Article. - Divide the article into segments or sections of ideas. Each segment deals with one aspect of the central theme. A segment can comprise one or more paragraphs. - Label each segment. Use a general phrase that captures the subject matter of the segment. Write the label in the margin next to the segment. - Highlight or underline the main points and key phrases.
In the article, the writer argues that attention to gender issues sharpens environmental studies and helps relieve poverty. …… …… ……


To conclude, a gender perspective will go a long way toward making smarter environmental policies and programs, alleviating poverty at the same time. They are interlocked and interactive.