课外阅读5

阅读5/100 考研试题真题In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and ―human –relation‖ experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The workers and employees are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From that moment on they are tested again and again—by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the pre-industrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century ―free enterprise‖capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system form a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities---those of love and reason—are the aims of all social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man.1. By a ―small, well-oiled cog in the machinery‖ the author intends to render the idea thatman is .A. working in complete harmony with the rest of the societyB. a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothlyC. a necessary part of the society though each individual’s function is negligibleD. an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society, though functioningsmoothly2. The real cause of the anxiety of the worker and employees is that they .A. are likely to lose their jobsB. have no genuine satisfaction or interest in lifeC. are deprived of their individuality and independenceD. are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence3. From the text we can infer that real happiness of life belongs to those who .A. are at the bottom of the societyB. are higher up in their social statusC. prove better than their fellow-competitorsD. could keep far away from this competitive world4. To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should .A. resort to the production mode of our ancestorsB. offer higher wages to the workers and employees.C. enable man to fully develop his potentialitiesD. take the fundamental realities for granted参考译文：一般来说，我们的社会正在变成一个官僚管理人员所领导的巨型企业，其中人变成了这台机器中的一颗细小的，但加足油的齿轮牙。

这种加油是用高薪、通风良好的工厂和管玄音乐来完成的，并且也由心理学家和“人类关系”的专家来完成的。

然而，所有这种加油并没有改变这样一个事实：人已经失去权力，他并不是全心全意投入工作，他对工作感到厌倦。

实际上蓝领和白领工人都已经成为经济木偶，和着自动化的节奏和官僚管理人员的调门来工作。

工人和雇员都在焦虑，不仅仅因为他们可能会失业，他们焦虑还因为他们无法从生活中获得满足和兴趣。

他们一生没有作为感情上和理性才智上独立的、有创造力的人去面临人类生存的基本现实。

那些在社会层次上更高的人同样焦虑。

他们的生活和他们的下属一样空虚。

他们在某些方面甚至更没有保障。

他们处在高度竞争的比赛中。

被提拔或降职不仅仅是工资问题，而且是自尊心的问题。

当他们申请第一份工作时，就受到考核，以便了解他们的智能以及顺从性和独立性之间恰当结合的能力。

从那一刻起，他们一而再，再而三地受到心理专家的考核，因为对于心理专家来说，这是一笔好生意。

而且也受到他们上司的考核，因为由此他们的上司可以了解他们的行为、社交能力和与其他人相处的能力等等。

这种不断需要证明，一个人和他的竞争伙伴一样好或更好，造成了持续的焦虑和压力，而焦虑和压力正是不幸和疾病的真正原因。

我是不是在建议，我们应该回到工业化以前的生产方式去，或者回到19世纪“自由经营”的资本主义社会去？当然不是。

回到我们已经过来的哪个阶段去是永远解决不了问题的。

我建议把我们的社会制度从官僚管理的工业社会（在这种社会里最大限度的生产和消费本身就是目标）改造成人道的工业社会（在这种社会里人和他的潜力的全面发展，即爱和理性的潜力，是一切社会安排的目的）。

生产和消费应该只作为达到这个目标的手段，并且应该防止生产和消费来统治人。