Military Handbook - Nondestructive Active Testing for Structures
美国海军陆战队格斗术教材(Part 3)
Figure 4-3. Side Choke.Section IIIShoulder ThrowThe purpose of a shoulder throw is to bring an aggressor to the ground and gain the tactical advantage in a fight. If an aggressor is moving toward you to attack, a shoulder throw can be used to take him to the ground while you remain standing. A shoulder throw is particularly effec-tive if the aggressor is moving forward or pushing on you. Execution of the shoulder throw uses the aggressor’s forward momentum.There are a minimum of 10 fit ins for each throw during sustaining. Walk through the technique, step by step, working on proper body positioning and execution.Refer to appendix A for corresponding safeties 1, 2, 6, 13, and 15.Fit in~Stand facing the aggressor in the basic warrior stance.~Grab the aggressor’s right wrist with your left hand and pull it into your left hip.~Step forward with your right foot to the inside of the aggressor’s right foot. Your heel should be between the aggressor’s feet and your toes should be even with the aggressor’s toes.~Step back with your left foot, rotating on the ball of your right foot. Your heels should come close together as if you were in the position of attention. Your feet should be in between the aggressor’s feet with your knees bent.~At the same time, under-hook the aggressor’s right arm with your right arm, pinching his arm between your biceps and forearm. You may grasp the aggressor’s upper arm with your right hand for more control.•Hand placement should allow you to control the aggressor and pull him in close to you. •Your backside should be up against the aggressor. Your hips should be slightly lower than your aggressor’s hips.~Pull the aggressor’s arm across your body. Lift the aggressor by straightening your legs and bending slightly at the waist.CAUTIONHave students stop prior to throwing the aggressor to the deck. Practicethis step prior to continuing.~Pull your aggressor’s arm down and away with your left hand while bending straight over at the waist; throw your aggressor over your right shoulder.~Return to the basic warrior stance.See figure 4-4.Figure 4-4. Shoulder Throw.Section IVCounter to StrikesA counter to a strike counters the aggressor’s attack and allows the Marine to gain thetactical advantage.Refer to appendix A for corresponding safeties 1, 2, 3, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 15.Counter to a Round PunchThe counter to a round punch will stop your aggressor’s forward attack and gain control ofthe situation.T echnique~From the basic warrior stance, begin with the aggressor extending his right arm as if executing a round punch, forward-left to the inside of the aggressor’s attacking arm.~This immediately moves your body out of the line of attack and places you inside the strike.Do not move backwards. You increase your chances of being hit because the outside of your aggressor’s arm is moving faster than the inside and this is where all the power is generated. ~Attack with both arms bent so that your forearms make contact with the aggressor’s biceps and forearm. Block the attack with the force of a strike, applying the principle that every block is a strike.~With your left arm, over hook the aggressor’s right arm at or slightly above the elbow.~Control the aggressor’s arm by pinching it between your bicep and torso and execute a right inside knife hand strike to the right side of your aggressor’s neck.~Grab the back of your aggressor’s neck with the right hand, apply downward pressure, execute a right vertical knee strike to the aggressor’s available target areas. After a minimum of three combination strikes, create distance between you and your aggressor. Return to the basic warrior stance.See figure 4-5.Figure 4-5. Counter to a Round Punch.Counter to a Round KickThe counter to the round kick is used when the aggressor executes a round kick with his right leg. A counter to a round kick allows you to take your aggressor to the deck and gain the tactical advantage over the situation.T echnique~Begin with the aggressor extending his right leg, approximately waist level or slightly higher, in a round kick fashion. As the student’s proficiency increases, the technique can be taught so that the student can defend against an aggressor executing a round kick.~From the basic warrior stance, forward-left to the inside of the aggressor’s attacking leg.~This moves your body out of the line of attack and places you inside the power of the strike. ~At the same time, block your aggressor’s attacking leg with the meaty portion of your forearms. Do not bend down to block the attack. Make two points of contacts on the attacking leg with both of your arms.~Wrap your left arm over the aggressor’s attacking leg, at or below the knee, and trap it between your bicep and torso.~With your right hand, forcefully grasp the aggressor’s face, push forward and to the left to further off balance the aggressor.~For greatest effectiveness and efficiency of movement, you would insert your fingers deeply into the aggressor’s eyes as you grasp his face. Executing a chin jab is acceptable.~Simultaneously execute a leg sweep and drive the aggressor to the deck by pushing with your right arm against your aggressor’s upper torso.See figure 4-6.Figure 4-6. Counter to Round Kick.Section VLower Body StrikesLower body strikes are used to stop an aggressor’s attack or create an opening in his defense in order to launch an attack. The legs provide the most powerful weapons of the body with which to execute strikes because they use the largest muscles of the body and are less prone to injury. The feet are the preferred choice for striking because boots protect them. The feet, heels, and knees of the legs are used to execute knee strikes, kicks, and stomps. Never kick high, because this jeop-ardizes your balance and leaves you more vulnerable to a counterattack.The push kick is executed when the aggressor is in front of you and you need to stop an aggressor’s attack or to create an opening in his defense in order to launch an attack. The striking surface is the ball of the foot. Primary target areas of the body are the aggressor’s upper torso, any targets below the waist line, and the front of the thighs all the way down to the knees.T echnique~ Always keep your right knee waist high or parallel to the deck.~Always keep your hands up to protect yourself from any strikes.~Make contact on the aggressor’s abdomen with the ball of your rear foot. There is limited movement on one leg, so keep in mind that it is difficult to change the direction of a kick after it is initiated.~Follow through the target area by thrusting your hips forward toward your aggressor.~Rapidly return to the basic warrior stance.See figure 4-7 on page 4-16.Figure 4-7. Push Kick.Section VIUnarmed ManipulationsThe purpose of unarmed manipulations is to teach Marines how to operate within the continuum of force, particularly in support of peacekeeping- or humanitarian-type missions. In these situa-tions, Marines must act responsibly to handle situations without resorting to deadly force. Unarmed restraints and manipulation techniques such as enhanced pain compliance, the reverse wristlock come-along, and controlling techniques can be used to control an aggressor.Refer to appendix A for corresponding safeties 1, 2, 6, 8, 9, 10, and 13.Enhanced Pain ComplianceApplying two points of pain enhances control and leverage while applying a technique.T echnique~From a reverse wristlock, continue to control the aggressor’s right hand with your right hand.Use your left hand to pull down and apply pressure on the aggressor’s radial nerve. When pressure is added to the radial nerve, do not loosen your right hand’s grip on the reverse wristlock. See figure 4-8 on page 4-18.•Pressure can be added to the nerve by moving out and down, in a circular motion.•It is acceptable to strike with the left hand before grabbing the radial nerve is.~From the basic wristlock, maintain control of the meaty portion of the aggressor’s left handwith your right hand, use the left hand to maintain control of the lower forearm and elbow withthe palm side up. Taking the left thumb and pushing it into the aggressor’s ulnar nervelocated just above the joint will add pressure. Pulling up on the elbow in the oppositedirection of the hand also adds pressure. See figure 4-9.Figure 4-8. Enhanced Pain Compliance From a Reverse Wristlock.Figure 4-9. Enhanced Pain Compliance from a Basic Wristlock.~From the wristlock come-along, maintain control of the wrist with both hands, and lock theaggressor’s elbow with the forearms. Apply pressure against the finger joints to bend them away from each other, splitting the fingers in opposite directions. See figure 4-10.Reverse Wristlock Come-AlongThe reverse wristlock come-along is effective when transporting a subject from one location toanother. It can be used as follow-on technique to the reverse wristlock. T echnique~With your right hand, execute a reverse wristlock. Instead of stopping the rotation at90-degrees, continue the rotation until the aggressor’s palm is facing straight up towardthe sky.~Ensure you keep the aggressor’s hand close to your chest.~With your left hand, grab the meaty portion of the aggressor’s thumb and as much of thepalm as possible.~With your right hand, collapse the aggressor’s right arm by applying pressure or striking theinner portion of his elbow.~At the same time step forward with the left foot pivoting on the ball of your right foot so thatyou are facing in the same direction as your aggressor.~With your right hand pull the aggressor’s elbow to your chest as you bring your left arm highinto your aggressor’s armpit.~Maintain upward pressure with your left arm to keep your aggressor off balance.~Keep pressure on your aggressor’s wrist by rotating your palm toward you while keepingdownward pressure on the hand to maintain compliance over your aggressor.~Your right hand will move on top of the aggressor’s right hand. Keep your elbows tight tocontrol the aggressor’s arm.Figure 4-10. Enhanced Pain Compliance from a Wristlock Come-Along.See figure 4-11.Note: For enhanced pain compliance release with your right hand andre-grasp the bottom two fingers on the aggressor’s hand and pull themdown and away from his hand.Figure 4-11. Reverse Wristlock Come-Along.Controlling TechniquesOpposite Side GrabThe opposite side grab is effective if someone tries to grab your wrist.T echnique~Begin with the aggressor grabbing your right wrist with his right hand.~Trap the aggressor’s right hand in place on the right wrist with the palm of your left hand.~Rotate your right hand to reach up and grasp the aggressor’s right forearm while maintaining downward pressure on the aggressors trapped right hand, with your left hand.~The target area to grasp on the right forearm is the radial nerve.~Apply downward pressure in and down with both hands until the aggressor is forced to one knee and is effectively controlled.See figure 4-12.Figure 4-12. Opposite Side Grab.Same Side GrabThe same side grab is effective if someone tries to grab your wrist.T echnique~Begin with the aggressor grabbing your right wrist with his left hand.~Rotate your right palm upward.~Grab the backside of the aggressor’s hand with your left hand, palm side up, wrapping your fingers around the meaty portion of his thumb.~Continue to rotate the aggressor’s palm outboard until control or compliance is achieved. See figure 4-13.Figure 4-13. Same Side Grab.Section VIIKnife TechniquesThe purpose of knife techniques is to cause enough damage and massive trauma to stop an aggressor by properly executing a counter knife strike from a vertical attack and a forward strike. Refer to appendix A for corresponding safeties 1, 2, 6, 8, 9, 10, and 13.Counter to a Vertical Strike With Follow-on TechniquesT echnique~From the modified basic warrior stance, move forward, inside the arc of attack.~Block the attack, over and in front of your head, with your left arm. The arm is bent so that your forearm makes contact with the aggressor’s forearm.~At the same time execute a vertical thrust into the aggressor’s neck and follow through with at least three more killing techniques, preferably thrusting to available target areas. Control the aggressor’s attacking arm throughout.See figure 4-14.Figure 4-14. Counter to a Vertical Strike.Counter to a Forward Strike With Follow-on TechniquesT echnique~From the modified basic warrior stance, move forward-left, inside the arc of the attack.~Block the attack with your left arm bent so that your forearm makes contact with the aggressor’s forearm.~At the same time, use the blade to block the aggressor’s upper arm or bicep. Then slash downward on the biceps dropping your body weight to develop maximum force.~Follow through with at least three more killing techniques preferably thrusting to available target areas on the aggressor. Control the aggressor’s attacking arm throughout.See figure 4-15.Figure 4-15. Counter to a Forward Strike.Section VIIIWeapons of OpportunityThe purpose of weapons of opportunity is to enable each individual Marine to be creative and utilize any object on the battlefield in order to inflict maximum damage to the aggressor. A Marine should be ready and able to use anything around him to serve as a weapon. This may mean throwing sand or liquid in an aggressor’s eyes to temporarily impair his vision or execut-ing blocks: the block for a vertical strike, the block for a forward strike, the block for a reverse strike, and the block for a straight thrust. Weapons of opportunity blocks are effective when you are blocking attacks and the aggressor is using a weapon of opportunity. In any given confronta-tion, a Marine must use whatever it takes to win and move on to the next aggressor.Refer to appendix A for corresponding safeties 1, 2, 3, 4, and 14.Block for a Vertical Strike With Follow-on StrikesAll blocks being taught in this lesson will begin from the one-handed carry or two-handed carry. When the aggressor has a weapon, blocks are executed with your weapon.T echnique~Begin in the modified basic warrior stance with a one-handed grip. The aggressor extends his right hand in a vertical attack.~Move forward to get your body inside the arc of attack. This movement gets you inside the aggressor’s strike and his generated power. When you step in forcefully, you prevent the aggressor from developing power in his swing and you stop his momentum.~Block the aggressor’s weapon by making two points of contact to disperse the impact of the attack.~Block the aggressor’s weapon by positioning your weapon so it is perpendicular to the aggressor’s weapon. If your weapon is not perpendicular to the aggressor’s weapon, the aggressor’s weapon can slide through and make contact on you.~With the muscular portion of your left forearm, block the aggressor’s wrist or forearm with two points of contact. Control the arm with your left arm or grip the arm with your hand tomaintain control.~If you are closer to the aggressor, use your weapon to block the aggressor’s arm. It is the same movement, except now you block the aggressor’s arm with both your weapon and your arm.~Follow up with strikes to lethal target areas on the aggressor.See figure 4-16 on page 4-28.4-28MCRP 3-02B Chapter 4: Green Belt For Official Use Only Block for a Forward Strike With Follow-on Strikes T echnique~Begin in the modified basic warrior stance with a one-handed carry. The aggressor extendshis right hand in a forward strike.~ Move forward-left to get your body inside the arc of the attack.~To disperse the impact of the attack, block with two points of contact. Block the aggressor’swrist or forearm with the meaty portion of your left forearm and maintain control of the arm.~Strike the aggressor’s attacking biceps with your weapon.Figure 4-16. Block for a Vertical Strike.Marine Corps Martial Arts Program4-29For Official Use Only ~Control the arm with your left arm or grip the arm with your hand to maintain control.~Follow up with strikes to lethal target areas.See figure 4-17.Block for a Reverse Strike With Follow-on StrikesT echnique~Begin in the modified basic warrior stance with a one-handed carry. The aggressor extends his right hand in a reverse strike.~Move forward-right to get your body inside the arc of the attack.Figure 4-17. Block for a Forward Strike.Chapter 4: Green Belt4-30MCRP 3-02B Chapter 4: Green BeltFor Official Use Only ~To disperse the impact of the attack, block with two points of contact. Block the aggressor’sweapon by positioning your weapon so that it is perpendicular and making contact with theaggressor’s weapon.~With your left arm, block the aggressor’s forearm with the muscular portion of your forearm. Ifyou are in closer to the aggressor, block the aggressor’s triceps with the back of your leftforearm and strike his forearm with your weapon.~Control the arm with your left arm or grip the arm with your hand to maintain control.~Follow up with strikes to lethal target areas. See figure 4-18.Block for a Straight Thrust With Follow-on Strikes T echnique~Begin by facing the aggressor with his right arm straight out in front of him, simulating astraight thrust.~Block your aggressor’s attack by striking his arm perpendicular with yours as you stepforward-right with your right foot, to the outside of your aggressor’s left foot.~With your left hand, reach across the block and grasp and control your aggressor’s attackinglimb. This will prevent a follow-on attack with his weapon and leave him open for you.~Follow up with strikes to lethal target areas.See figure 4-19.Figure 4-18. Block for a Reverse Strike.Marine Corps Martial Arts Program4-31For Official Use Only Figure 4-19. Block for a Straight Thrust with Follow-on Strikes.Chapter 4: Green Belt4-32MCRP 3-02B Chapter 4: Green BeltFor Official Use Only Section IXGround FightingIn any close combat situation, the fight may end up on the ground. The purpose of groundfighting techniques is to allow you to return to your feet as quickly as possible and regain thetactical advantage. Techniques that can be used in ground fighting are the armbar from the mountposition and the armbar position from the guard position. Refer to appendix A for corresponding safeties 1, 2, 6, and 10.Armbar From Mount PositionThe armbar from the mount position is effective for causing damage to an aggressor’s arm pro-viding you with a tactical advantage and allowing you to get on your feet. T echnique~Begin with the aggressor on his back, on the ground.~Sit astride on the aggressor’s abdomen. Both legs are bent, with your knees touching theground. Use your weight and hips to control your aggressor. Keeping all of your weight onyour knees makes it easier for the aggressor to maneuver and escape.~The aggressor attempts to choke or push you off of him with straight arms.~Place both palms in the center of the aggressor’s chest. Your right arm will weave over theaggressor’s left arm and your left arm under his right arm. Post the majority of your weight onyour two hands pinning the aggressor to the ground.~Keep your right hip/upper, inside thigh in constant contact with your aggressor’s body,creating pressure on the aggressor’s left triceps. Turn your body to face left and swing yourright leg over the aggressor’s head.~Pull your feet in toward your buttocks to trap his body and pinch your knees together to traphis arm, hug his left arm to your chest and sit back with your upper body to straighten andlock out the aggressor’s arm.~Maintain pressure against the aggressor’s neck with the back of your right foot and againsthis side with your left foot underneath his armpit. Your legs are on either side of theaggressor’s left arm. Use your hips to make pressure into the aggressor’s elbow in thedirection of his left pinky. Your aggressor’s left palm should be facing the sky.~Falling back quickly and thrusting your hips up strongly against the aggressor’s elbow canbreak or dislocate the aggressor’s elbow. It is important to do this slowly in training in orderto give your training partner an opportunity to tap out and avoid injury. The aggressor willtap out by tapping on the deck three times, on himself three times, or by verbally sayingtap-tap-tap .~ Return to your feet, gaining the tactical advantage. You can follow-on with controllingtechniques to lethal force depending on the temper and intent of your adversary.See figure 4-20.Chapter 4: Green Belt Marine Corps Martial Arts Program 4-33For Official Use OnlyFigure 4-20. Armbar From Mount Position.4-34MCRP 3-02B Chapter 4: Green Belt For Official Use Only Armbar From Guard PositionThe armbar from the guard position is effective for causing damage to an aggressors arm andproviding you with a tactical advantage and allowing you to get on your feet. T echnique~Begin by lying on your back with the aggressor kneeling between your legs with his handsaround your neck. Wrap your legs around the aggressor’s waist.~Trap the aggressor’s hands on your chest by crossing your hands on your chest so that yourforearms are resting on his/her forearms.~With the cutting edge of your right heel, strike the outside of the aggressor’s left thigh. Thiswill cause the aggressor to jerk to that side.~Quickly move your head to your left and swivel your hips to your right while maintainingpositive control of your aggressor’s left arm. Simultaneously, bring up both of your legs sothat they are on the right side of the aggressor’s body.~Bring your right leg down, hooking the aggressor’s neck and head, and exert downwardpressure to roll him over on his back. Grasp and maintain control of the aggressor’s left arm.~You should end up sitting up with your legs bent over the aggressor while maintaining controlof his left arm. Your buttocks are tight against the aggressor’s shoulder. Move closer to youraggressor if necessary. Your legs are on either side of the aggressor’s right arm.~Keeping your legs and knees bent, maintain pressure against the aggressor’s neck with theback of your right foot and your left foot underneath his armpit against his side. Squeeze yourknees together, tightly locking in the aggressor’s arm.~Pull the aggressor’s arm straight up and fall back sharply, pulling his arm to the side in thedirection of his little finger. Your aggressor’s left palm should be facing the sky. This actionwill break the aggressor’s arm. Raise your hips slightly and pinch your toes in around theaggressor’s shoulder to maintain control and to generate power in the break.~Return to the basic warrior stance.See figure 4-21.Marine Corps Martial Arts Program4-35For Official Use Only Figure 4-21. Armbar From Guard Position.Chapter 4: Green BeltT HIS P AGE I NTENTIONALLY L EFT B LANK. For Official Use OnlyCHAPTER 5Brown BeltThe fourth belt ranking within MCMAP is Brown Belt. Upon qualifying as a Green Belt,all Marines are highly encouraged to continue MCMAP sustainment training in order toadvance to Brown Belt. Brown Belt is the introduction to advanced fundamentals of eachdiscipline. Brown Belt is the minimum training goal of all infantrymen. Purpose andprinciples remain the same as in Gray Belt.Brown Belt Requirements.Prerequisites Recommendation of reporting seniorComplete Green Belt sustainment andintegration trainingComplete PMETraining Hours A minimum of 18.5 hours, excluding remedialpractice timeand testingSustainment Hours A minimum of 15 hours of sustainment,excluding integration training time andpractice time for testingFor Official Use OnlySection IBayonet TechniquesThe purpose of bayonet techniques is to disable or kill the aggressor. When engaging in combat, mindset, more often than not, will be the determining factor of success or failure, regardless of technical proficiency. Anyone can train in a martial skill, but few have the mind and will to use their skills to kill or injure. Mindset is often the mental trigger in the defining moment that forces you to commit to an aggressor with the goal of injury or death.If faced with one-on-two engagements, two-on-one engagements, or two-on-two engagements, execute the bayonet techniques such as the straight thrust and the slash that you learned earlier in your martial arts training.The following bayonet training principles are applied to bayonet fighting:Disrupt. A disrupt creates an opening in the aggressor’s defense by bringing the aggressor’s weapon off line.Entry. Entry is the movement that is made in order to get inside the aggressor’s defense and find a path to the target. A movement can be a step forward or a small step to an oblique to get within striking distance of the aggressor.Modified Basic Warrior Stance. All movement begins and ends with the basic warrior stance.Channeling the Aggressor. Move using the approach and close principles of movement while attempting to place one aggressor in front of the other. Use the angles of approach learned earlier in your martial arts training.Refer to appendix A for corresponding safeties 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 9, and 14.One-on-Two EngagementT echnique~Assume the modified basic warrior stance.~Stagger two aggressors, approximately 10 meters in stationary positions, away from you. See figure 5-1.Figure 5-1. One-on-Two Engagement.~Execute movement toward aggressor.~While moving toward aggressor, use angles of approach to place one aggressor in front of the other.See figure 5-2.Figure 5-2. One-on-Two Engagement.~Use an economy of motion and no hesitation while moving toward aggressors.~Utilize natural terrain features and/or obstacles to channel aggressors along with movement. ~Attempt to engage one aggressor at a time. Do not hesitate at any time.~The primary technique used is the straight thrust, unless a disrupt is needed to disrupt your aggressor.~When at closing distance, the student should begin to thrust bayonet trainer so that the students can engage the aggressor at the furthest possible distance.Two-on-One EngagementT echnique~Assume the modified basic warrior stance.~Place two Marines, in a stationary position, 10 to 20 meters away from the aggressor.See figure 5-3.Figure 5-3. Two-on-One Engagement.~Execute movement toward the aggressor.~While moving toward the aggressor, do not allow him to use angles of approach to place one Marine in front of the other.~Stay together in a manner that allows Marines to attack simultaneously, covering each other’s movement and attack. This can be accomplished by either staying shoulder-to-shoulder or within a 90-degree angle of approach to each other. Communication with each other is essential.See figure 5-4.Figure 5-4. Two-on-One Engagement.~Use an economy of motion and no hesitation while moving toward the aggressor.~Utilize natural terrain features and/or obstacles to canalize the aggressor along with movement.~The primary technique used is the straight thrust, unless a disrupt is needed to clear a path for your blade.Two-on-Two EngagementT echnique~Two Marines assume the modified basic warrior stance.~Stagger two aggressors in a stationary position, 10 to 20 meters away from the other Marines.See figure 5-5.~Execute movement toward the aggressors.~While moving toward the aggressors, use angles of approach to place one aggressor in front of the other. At the same time, do not allow the aggressors to use angles of approach and movement to place you in front of the other Marine.。
美国海军陆战队格斗术教材(Part 1)
For Official Use OnlyDEPARTMENT OF THE NAVYHEADQUARTERS UNITED STATES MARINE CORPSWASHINGTON, D.C. 20380-1775FOREWORD 21 Nov 2011Marine Corps Reference Publication (MCRP) 3-02B, Marine Corps Martial Arts Program (MCMAP), is designed for Marines to review and study techniques after receiving initial training from a certifiedMarine Corps martial arts instructor or martial arts instructor trainer. It is not designed as a self-study or independent course. The true value of Marine Corps Martial Arts Program is enhancement to unit training.A fully implemented program can help instill unit esprit de corps and help foster the mental, character, and physical development of the individual Marine in the unit. This publication guides individual Marines, unit leaders, and martial arts instructors/instructor trainers in the proper tactics, techniques, and procedures for martial arts training. MCRP 3-02B is not intended to replace supervision by appropriate unit leaders and martial arts instruction by qualified instructors. Its role is to ensure standardized execution of tactics, techniques, and procedures throughout the Marine Corps. Although not directive, this publication isintended for use as a reference by all Marines in developing individual and unit martial arts programs. For policy on conducting martial arts training, refer to Marine Corps Order 1500.59, Marine Corps Martial Arts Program (MCMAP).This publication supersedes MCRP 3-02B, Marine Corps Martial Arts (formerly Close Combat ),dated 18 February 1999.Reviewed and approved this date.BY DIRECTION OF THE COMMANDANT OF THE MARINE CORPS RICHARD P. MILLSLieutenant General, U.S. Marine CorpsDeputy Commandant for Combat Development and IntegrationPublication Control Number: 144 000066 00DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT B: Distribution authorized to U.S. Government agencies only; forofficial use only. Other request for this document will be referred to Headquarters United States Marine Corps, Combat Development and Integration, Capabilities Development Directorate, Fires and Maneuver Integration Division, Quantico, Va.WARNINGTechniques described in this manual can cause serious injury or death. Practicalapplication in the training of these techniques will be conducted in strict adherencewith training procedures outlined in this manual as well as by conducting a thoroughoperational risk assessment for all training.T HIS P AGE I NTENTIONALLY L EFT B LANK. For Official Use OnlyMarine Corps Martial Arts ProgramTABLE OF CONTENTSChapter 1. OverviewStructure......................................................................................................................................................1-2Belt Ranking System...................................................................................................................................1-3 Testing.........................................................................................................................................................1-4 Martial Arts Instructor................................................................................................................................1-4 Martial Arts Instructor Trainer....................................................................................................................1-5 Tactics and Techniques...............................................................................................................................1-5Chapter 2. Tan BeltSection I: Fundamentals of the Marine Corps Martial Arts Program................................................2-2 Ranges of Close Combat Engagements......................................................................................................2-2 Target Areas of the Body............................................................................................................................2-2 Weapons of the Body..................................................................................................................................2-3Basic Warrior Stance..................................................................................................................................2-3 Angles of Movement...................................................................................................................................2-4Section II: Punches...................................................................................................................................2-6 Muscle Relaxation......................................................................................................................................2-6 Making a Fist..............................................................................................................................................2-6 Weight Transfer..........................................................................................................................................2-7 Rapid Retraction.........................................................................................................................................2-7 Telegraphing...............................................................................................................................................2-8Lead Hand Punch........................................................................................................................................2-8Rear Hand Punch........................................................................................................................................2-9 Uppercut....................................................................................................................................................2-10 Hook..........................................................................................................................................................2-11 Actions of the Aggressor..........................................................................................................................2-13Section III: Break-Falls..........................................................................................................................2-15Front Break-Fall........................................................................................................................................2-15Back Break-Fall........................................................................................................................................2-16Side Break-Fall.........................................................................................................................................2-17 Forward Shoulder Roll..............................................................................................................................2-19For Official Use Onlyiv MCRP 3-02BSection IV: Bayonet Techniques............................................................................................................2-21 Straight Thrust..........................................................................................................................................2-21 Horizontal Buttstroke................................................................................................................................2-22 Vertical Buttstroke....................................................................................................................................2-23 Smash........................................................................................................................................................2-24 Slash..........................................................................................................................................................2-25 Disrupt.......................................................................................................................................................2-26Section V: Upper Body Strikes..............................................................................................................2-28 Principles...................................................................................................................................................2-28 Hammer Fist..............................................................................................................................................2-29 Eye Gouge.................................................................................................................................................2-31 Vertical Elbow Strike (Low to High)........................................................................................................2-32 Forward Horizontal Elbow Strike.............................................................................................................2-33 Actions of the Aggressor..........................................................................................................................2-34Section VI: Lower Body Strikes............................................................................................................2-36 Vertical Knee Strike..................................................................................................................................2-36 Front Kick.................................................................................................................................................2-36 Round Kick...............................................................................................................................................2-37 Vertical Stomp..........................................................................................................................................2-38 Actions of the Aggressor..........................................................................................................................2-40Section VII: Introduction to Chokes.....................................................................................................2-41 Rear Choke................................................................................................................................................2-41 Figure Four Variation...............................................................................................................................2-43Section VIII: Throws..............................................................................................................................2-45 Throw........................................................................................................................................................2-45 Actions of the Aggressor..........................................................................................................................2-47Section IX: Counters to Strikes.............................................................................................................2-49 Counter to Strikes.....................................................................................................................................2-49 Counter to Rear Hand Punch....................................................................................................................2-49 Counter to the Rear Leg Kick...................................................................................................................2-50Section X: Counters to Chokes and Holds............................................................................................2-52 Counter to the Rear Choke........................................................................................................................2-52 Counter to the Rear Headlock...................................................................................................................2-53 Counter to the Rear Bear Hug...................................................................................................................2-54Section XI: Unarmed Manipulation......................................................................................................2-56 Compliance Techniques............................................................................................................................2-56 Distracter Techniques...............................................................................................................................2-56For Official Use OnlyMarine Corps Martial Arts Program vJoint Manipulation....................................................................................................................................2-57 Wristlocks.................................................................................................................................................2-57 Armbar Takedown....................................................................................................................................2-58Section XII: Armed Manipulations.......................................................................................................2-62Rifle and Shotgun Retention Techniques.................................................................................................2-62 Blocks.......................................................................................................................................................2-65Section XIII: Knife Fighting..................................................................................................................2-69 Principles of Knife Fighting......................................................................................................................2-69 Vertical Slash............................................................................................................................................2-71 Vertical Thrust..........................................................................................................................................2-72Chapter 3. Gray BeltSection I: Bayonet.....................................................................................................................................3-2 Execution....................................................................................................................................................3-2 Movement...................................................................................................................................................3-2 Closing........................................................................................................................................................3-3 Bayonet Techniques Disrupt and Thrust While Closing............................................................................3-3Section II: Upper Body Strikes................................................................................................................3-6Chin Jab/Palm Heel Strike..........................................................................................................................3-6Knife Hand Strikes......................................................................................................................................3-7Inside/Reverse Knife Hand Strike..............................................................................................................3-8 Vertical Knife Hand Strike.........................................................................................................................3-9 Elbow Strikes............................................................................................................................................3-10The Rear Horizontal Elbow Strike............................................................................................................3-11 Vertical Elbow Strike (High to Low)........................................................................................................3-11 Actions of the Aggressor..........................................................................................................................3-12Section III: Lower Body Strikes............................................................................................................3-14 Horizontal Knee Strike.............................................................................................................................3-14Side Kick...................................................................................................................................................3-14Axe Stomp................................................................................................................................................3-16 Actions of the Aggressor..........................................................................................................................3-17Section IV: Front Choke........................................................................................................................3-18 Section V: Hip Throw.............................................................................................................................3-20For Official Use Onlyvi MCRP 3-02BSection VI: Counters to Strikes.............................................................................................................3-22 Counter to the Lead Hand Punch..............................................................................................................3-22 Counter to a Lead Leg Kick......................................................................................................................3-24Section VII: Counters to Chokes and Holds.........................................................................................3-25 Counter to the Front Choke.......................................................................................................................3-25 Counter to the Front Headlock..................................................................................................................3-26 Counter to the Front Bear Hug..................................................................................................................3-28Section VIII: Unarmed Manipulation...................................................................................................3-30 Wristlock Come-Along.............................................................................................................................3-30 Takedown From a Wristlock Come-Along and Double Flexi Cuff.........................................................3-32 Escort Position..........................................................................................................................................3-35 Escort Position Takedown and Single Flexi Cuff.....................................................................................3-36Section IX: Armed Manipulation..........................................................................................................3-38 Aggressor Grabs With Both Hands (Pushing)..........................................................................................3-38 Aggressor Grabs With Both Hands Pulling (Stationary)..........................................................................3-40 Aggressor Grabs With Both Hands Pulling (Moving)..............................................................................3-42 Aggressor Grabs Over Handed With Strikes............................................................................................3-42 Aggressor Grabs Under Handed With Strikes..........................................................................................3-45Section X: Knife Techniques..................................................................................................................3-47 Forward Thrust..........................................................................................................................................3-47 Forward Slash...........................................................................................................................................3-48 Reverse Thrust..........................................................................................................................................3-49 Reverse Slash............................................................................................................................................3-51 Bulldogging...............................................................................................................................................3-52Section XI: Weapons of Opportunity....................................................................................................3-54 Straight Thrust..........................................................................................................................................3-54 Vertical Strike...........................................................................................................................................3-55 Forward Strike..........................................................................................................................................3-56 Reverse Strike...........................................................................................................................................3-57Section XII: Ground Fighting................................................................................................................3-59 Counter to Mount Position........................................................................................................................3-59 Counter to Guard Position........................................................................................................................3-60Chapter 4. Green BeltSection I: Bayonet Techniques.................................................................................................................4-2 Fundamentals..............................................................................................................................................4-2For Official Use OnlyMarine Corps Martial Arts Program viiExecute a Disrupt and a Thrust While Closing With a Moving Aggressor................................................4-4 Buttstroke Offline.......................................................................................................................................4-4Section II: Side Choke..............................................................................................................................4-7 Section III: Shoulder Throw....................................................................................................................4-9Section IV: Counters to Strikes.............................................................................................................4-11 Counter to a Round Punch........................................................................................................................4-11 Counter to Round Kick.............................................................................................................................4-13Section V. Lower Body Strikes..............................................................................................................4-15Section VI: Unarmed Manipulations....................................................................................................4-17 Enhanced Pain Compliance......................................................................................................................4-17 Reverse Wristlock Come-Along...............................................................................................................4-20 Controlling Techniques.............................................................................................................................4-22Section VII: Knife Techniques...............................................................................................................4-25 Counter to a Vertical Strike With Follow-on Techniques........................................................................4-25 Counter to a Forward Strike With Follow-on Techniques........................................................................4-26Section VIII: Weapons of Opportunity.................................................................................................4-27Block for a Vertical Strike With Follow-on Strikes.................................................................................4-27Block for a Forward Strike With Follow-on Strikes.................................................................................4-28Block for a Reverse Strike With Follow-on Strikes.................................................................................4-29Block for a Straight Thrust With Follow-on Strikes.................................................................................4-30Section IX: Ground Fighting.................................................................................................................4-32 Armbar From Mount Position...................................................................................................................4-32 Armbar From Guard Position...................................................................................................................4-34Chapter 5. Brown BeltSection I: Bayonet Techniques.................................................................................................................5-2One-on-Two Engagement...........................................................................................................................5-2Two-on-One Engagement...........................................................................................................................5-3Two-on-Two Engagement..........................................................................................................................5-4Section II: Ground Fighting.....................................................................................................................5-6 Ground Fighting Techniques......................................................................................................................5-6Basic Leg Lock...........................................................................................................................................5-7For Official Use Onlyviii MCRP 3-02BSection III: Ground Chokes.....................................................................................................................5-9 Rear Ground Choke....................................................................................................................................5-9 Figure-4 Variation of Rear Choke............................................................................................................5-10 Front Choke .............................................................................................................................................5-11 Side Choke................................................................................................................................................5-12Section IV: Major Outside Reap Throw...............................................................................................5-14 Major Outside Reap Throw: Aggressor Pushing......................................................................................5-14 Major Outside Reap Throw: Aggressor Pulling.......................................................................................5-16Section V: Unarmed Versus Handheld.................................................................................................5-18 Hollowing Out with Follow-on Technique...............................................................................................5-18 Forward Armbar Counter..........................................................................................................................5-19 Reverse Armbar Counter..........................................................................................................................5-20 Bent Armbar Counter................................................................................................................................5-22Section VI: Firearm Retention..............................................................................................................5-24 Blocking Technique..................................................................................................................................5-24 Armbar Technique....................................................................................................................................5-25 Wristlock Technique.................................................................................................................................5-25 Same Side Grab: From Front....................................................................................................................5-27 Same Side Grab: From Rear.....................................................................................................................5-29Section VII: Firearm Disarmament......................................................................................................5-31 Counter to Pistol to: Front.........................................................................................................................5-31 Counter to Pistol to: Rear..........................................................................................................................5-31Section VIII: Knife Techniques.............................................................................................................5-35 Block for a Reverse Strike........................................................................................................................5-35 Block for a Straight Thrust.......................................................................................................................5-36Chapter 6. Black BeltSection I: Bayonet Techniques.................................................................................................................6-2 Bayonet Training: Stage One......................................................................................................................6-2 Bayonet Training: Stage Two.....................................................................................................................6-2 Bayonet Training: Stage Three...................................................................................................................6-2 Common Error............................................................................................................................................6-3For Official Use Only。
国家奖学金答辩模板
XXX
贰
实践方面
PRACTICAL ASPECT
校园比赛活动
校内实践活动
社区理想者活动
敬老院献爱心活动
垃圾分类提倡活动
留守儿童公益活动
校外实践活动
校园十佳歌手
校园辩论大赛
校园体育节、艺术节
我始终坚信实践是检验真谛的唯独标准
实践方面
PRACTICAL ASPECT
校园读书节活动
校园十佳歌手
“
20XX年度
CONTENTS
目录
XXX
学习方面
LEARNING ASPECT
实践方面
PRACTICAL ASPECT
思想方面
IDEOLOGICAL ASPECT
生活方面
ASPECTS OF LIFE
01
02
03
04
LEARNING ASPECT
学习方面
单击此处输入你的正文, 文字是您思想的提炼, 为了终究演示发布的良好成效, 请尽量言简意赅的论述观点；
思想方面
IDEOLOGICAL ASPECT
要想成为一个优秀的人, 不仅要具有丰富的知识, 更要具有良好的社会责任感和个人道德修养
单击此处输入你的正文, 文字是您思想的提炼, 为了终究演示发布的良好成效, 请尽量言简意赅的论述观点；
添加标题内容
单击此处输入你的正文, 文字是您思想的提炼, 为了终究演示发布的良好成效, 请尽量言简意赅的论述观点；
学习方面
在20xx至20xx年度第二学期获得二等奖学金, 班级排名第一, 综合测评96.92分
学习方面
学习方面
LEARNING ASPECT
荣誉证书扼要说明
1美军士兵手册(中英双语对照)
美军士兵手册（中英双语对照）1. You are not a superman.你不是超人。
（不要无谓的冒险、不要做傻事）2. If it's stupid but works，it isn't stupid.假如一个蠢途径有效，那它就不是一个蠢途径。
3.Don''t look conspicuous - it draws fire. (This is why aircraft carriers are called “Bomb Magnets”.)不要太显眼，由于那会引来对方火力攻击。
（这就是航母被称为“炸弹磁铁”的原因）4. Never share a foxhole with anyone braver than you are.别和比你勇敢的战友躲在同一个散兵坑里。
5. Never forget that the lowest bidder made your weapon.别忘了你手上的武器是由最低价的承包商得标制造的。
6. If your attack is going really well，it's an ambush.假如你的攻击进行得很顺利，那一定是你中了圈套。
7. All five-second grenade fuses will burn down in three seconds.所有五秒的手榴弹引线都会在三秒内烧完。
8. Try to look unimportant because bad guys may be low on ammo.尽量显得是一个无关紧要的人，由于敌人可能弹药不够了。
（他会先打最重要的人）9. If you are forward of your position，the artillery will fall short. 每当你要攻击前进时，炮兵往往也快要用完了炮弹。
10. The enemy diversion you are ignoring is the main attack.那支你以为是敌军疑兵而不加注意的部队恰恰就是敌人的攻击主力。
英语文化必读书单：《第二十二条军规》
这一期，看东西为大家推荐我最喜爱的西方书籍、电视节目、电影作品。
阅读这些专题文章，足不出户就可以了解时下最受海外小伙伴追捧的文娱作品，保证你在文化圈里绝不落伍。
内容概览西方世界，每个人几乎都能解释“Catch-22”的意思：深陷悖论的两难局面，终将无法达到目的，因为付诸行动就注定了你从一开始便无法采取行动。
听起来很拗口？举个例子：设想一下你必须要靠兼职打工赚钱才能完成你的学位，但任何课外打工的学生都会因忽视学业而被劝退。
此乃典型的“Catch-22”。
这个概念让人摸不着头脑，如果置身军事背景中，就演变成了约瑟夫·海勒这本黑色幽默小说的主题，同样令人费解。
故事发生在二战结束前的几个月，而小说本身似乎没有多少情节可言，更像是一系列对于航空轰炸兵和军机飞行员的群像速写。
其中，最主要的人物是约瑟连，他忿忿不平，因为很多不曾谋面的人，正企图置自己于死地。
小说背后的故事海勒自己在二战期间便是一个轰炸兵，他正是想借这本书描摹他所看到的战争的荒谬，荒谬到可笑，却又不那么可笑。
书中的人物都有着荒唐的名字，而他们的价值观和世界观则更加离谱——海勒恐怕是在白描他的亲眼所见，其笔法之精准令人叹为观止。
无论是否根植于现实，海勒笔下的人物，以及他们逃离战争恐慌的热切愿望，都与战后社会人们的真实心境共鸣，而他们也给今天的读者带来了同样的笑泪和思考。
此书妙在何处？推荐《第22条军规》，因为写的真是太尼玛逗了。
其实，这本书可能是有史以来最幽默的文学作品（在“史上顶级幽默小说排行榜”中，此书位列第二，仅次于《银河系漫游指南》）。
小说人物荒诞（比如那位不幸被命名为“梅杰·梅杰·梅杰·梅杰”的仁兄），遭逢一连串越来越荒诞的境遇，最后的结果更是让人笑破肚皮。
但是真正让“Catch-22”成为一代杰作的原因是它让你最终意识到战争并不好笑。
而为传达这一主旨，海勒的手法，唯大师可企及。
最佳阅读时机因为这部小说太长（500多页），所以正好等放假再看。
假期英语词汇
severe sexual simplicity simplify sorrow stuff temporary temptation terror thrust treaty arise arouse burden bureau marvelous massive mature maximum minimum nonsense nuclear nucleus retail retain restrict sponsor spur triumph tuition twist undergraduate universal universe via vibrate virus voluntary volunteer vote wagon appoint approach appropriate bunch bundle ceremony
380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 20 421 422 423 424 425 426
98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 115 116 117 118 119 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144
vacuum oral optics organ excess expel expend expenditure expense expensive expand expansion private individual personal personnel the the the the grant grand invade acid acknowledge balcony calculate calendar optimistic optional outstanding export import impose religion religious victim video videotape offend bother interfere internal beforehand racial radiation radical
航空英语
CRI Cost Reduction InitiativeCSA Create-Same-AsCSEO Customer Serial Engineering OrderCSV Contour Surface VerificationCT Contour TemplateCTE Coefficient of Thermal ExpansionCUM CumulativeCVG Change Verification GroupDBI Digital-Based InspectionDCAC Define and Control Aircraft Configuration DCMC Defense Contract Management CommandDCN Drawing Change NoteDD Department of DefenseDDA Drawing Departure AuthorizationDDC Digital Data CoordinatorDER Designated Engineering RepresentativeDEV DeviationDIM Digital Inspection MediaDJ Drill JigDLT Developed Layout TemplateDM Data ManagementDMT Discrepant Material TagDMU Digital Mock UpDNC Distributed Numerical ControlDOD Department of DefenseDPD Digital Product DefinitionDPJ Drill JigDQI Dallas Quality InstructionsDR Discrepancy ReportDR Data ReleaseDRB Design Review BoardDRD Draw DieDS Design SpecificationDS Discrepancy SheetDS Design Standard (for tool designs)DTC Design to CostEBOM Engineering Bill of MaterialE-BOM Engineer BOMEC Effectivity CodeECD Estimated Completion DateECN Engineering Change NoticeECP Engineering Change ProposalEL Engineering LiaisonELECT Electronic TimekeepingELR Engineering Liasion RequestELR Engineering Liaison RequestEMD Engineering Mylar / Master DataEMIS Engineering Management Information SystemEO Engineering OrderEOF End of FieldEOP Edge of PartERACTS Engineering Request and Change Tracking System ERR Engineering Rapid ResponseERRWT Engineering Rapid Response Withholding TagERS Enhanced Reference SystemF3CK Form, Fit, or Function CheckFAA Federal Aviation AdministrationFAI First Article InspectionFAIM First Article Inspection MillenniumFAIR First Article Inspection ReportFAITS First Article Inspection Tracking SystemFAJ Factory Assembly JigFAJ Floor Mounted Assembly jigFAR Federal Aviation RegulationFC Fracture CriticalFD Form DieFIFO First-in/First-outFN Find NumberFO Firing OrderFO Fabrication Order/OutlineFOA Fabricate on AssemblyFOB Free On BoardFOD Foreign Object DebrisFOD Foreign Object DamageFOE Foreign Object EliminationFTO Fabrication Tool OrderGAC Gulfstream Aerospace CorporationGDAT (GD&T)Geometric Dimensioning and TolerancingGIV Gulfstream IVGO General Order, Account/Charge Number or Network Activity GSl Global Sourcing InitiativeGSS Grumman Standard SpecificationGV Gulfstream VHB Hydropress BlockHR Human ResourcesHVS Hardware Verification SheetHW/SW Hardware and/or SoftwareI&R Interchangeability and ReplaceabilityI&R Interchangeable and ReplaceableI&T Identification & TraceabilityICD Interface Control DocumentID IdentificationID Identification NumberIE Industrial EngineerIE Industrial EngineeringII Interchangeable ItemIM Inspection MediaIOF Incomplete Operation FormIOS Inspection Operation SheetsIPT Integrated Product TeamIPTL Integrated Product Team LeaderIPTM Integrated Product Team MemberIR&D Independent Research and DevelopmentIRAN Inspect and Repair As NecessaryIRR Initial Reliability RequirementISO International Standards OrganizationIT Interim TestIT Information TechnologyITT Incorrect Tool TagJD Joggle DieJIT Just In TimeJSF Jefferson Street FacilityKC Key CharacteristicKPP Key Process ParameterLAN Local Area NetworkLBL Left Buttock LineLCS Low Cost Scrap (Automated in MESNC)LD Long DistanceLH Left HandLJ Locating JigLMC Least Material ConditionLUNO Line Unit NumberMBD Model Base DefinitionMBOM Manufacturing Bill of MaterialM-BOM Manufacture BOMMCD Master Control DrawingMCR Manufacturing Change RequestMCS Manufacturing Control SystemMCSI Manufacturing Control System IMCSII Manufacturing Control System IIMDAY Manufacturing DayMDR Material Discrepancy ReportME Menufacturing EnginnerME Manufacturing EngineeringMECO Manufacturing Engineer Change OrderMEDS Manufacturing and Engineering Distribution SystemMEMO MemorandumMEP Manufacturing Engineering ProcedureMES Manufacturing Execution SystemMESNC Manufacturing Execution System NonconformanceMESOW Manufacturing Engineering Statement of WorkMFG ManufacturingMG Master GageMG Master GeometryMGUD Master Geometry Undimensioned DrawingMIL-HDBK Military HandbookMIL-STD Military StandardMIPS Master Integrated Program ScheduleMIS Material Information SystemMIT Miscellaneous ToolMLOT Master Layout TemplateMMC Maximum Material ConditionMMUD Manufacturing Master Undimensioned DrawingMOD Modification (Formated as OIS or MOT/MOI)MOP Manufacturing Organization ProcedureMOT/MOI Manufacturing Operations Transmittal / Manufacturing Operations Instruction MP Measurement PlanMPCD Mfg Process Control DocumentMPK Methyl Propyl KetoneMPP Manufacturing Process ProcedureMPP Material Process ProceduresMQ Material QualityMR Manufacturing RequirementsMRB Material Review BoardMRP Material Review PlanMRR Material Review ReportMS MicrosoftMS Military SpecificationMS Military StandardMSERRWT Multiple-Ship Engineering Rapid Response Withholding Tag MSF Marshall Street FacilityMSF(W)Marshall Street Facility (West)MSWT Multiple-Ship Withholding TagMTA Military Transport AircraftMTDD Master Tool Digital DatasetMTE Measurement and Test EquipmentMTO Materiel Technical OperationsN/A Not ApplicationN/A Not ApplicableN/EAT Nacelle/Engine Affordability TeamN/R Non-RecurringNAS National Aerospace StandardNASA National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNATO North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNC Numerically ControlledNC NonconformanceNC Numerical ControlNCAD Northrop Computer Aided DesignNCAL Northrop Computer Aided LoftingNCD Nonconformance DiscrepancyNCMF Numerical Control Mill FixtureNCR Nonconformance RecordNCSL National Conference of Standards LaboratoriesNDI Nondestructive InspectionNDT Nondestructive Testing (or Test)NG Northrop GrummanNIST National Institute of Standards and TechnologyNVLAP National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program OEM Original Equipment ManufacturerOIL Operation and Instruction LogOILVC Operation and Inspection Log Verification CopyOIR Operation and Inspection RecordOIS Operation and Inspection SheetOJT On Job TrainingOLT Optical Laser TechnologyOPS OperationsOS Operation ScreenOSIR Operation Sheet Interface RecordOTP Optical Tooling PointsP.O.Purchase OrderP/N Part NumberPA Product AcceptancePA Procedures AnalystPA Procurement AgentPAP Product Acceptance PlanPAS Planning Action SheetPBD Pierce Blank DiePC Production ControlPC Personal ComputerPC Fracture CriticalPCE Process Control EngineeringPCI Process Control InstructionPCM Photo Contact MasterPCM Planning Control MasterPCMM Portable Coordinate Measuring Machine PCU Production Control UnitPD Product DesignPD Program DirectivePDD Product Definition DataPDM Product Data ManagerPDP Product Development ProcedurePDP Product Documentation ProcedurePDP Product Design PracticePDR Preliminary Design ReviewPE Production EngineeringPE Production Engineering (Planning)PEQ Production Engineering QualityPL Parts ListPLI Preload IndicatingPM Program ManagerPMO Program Management OfficePMP Performance Management ProcessPMS Performance Measurement SystemPMS Program Master SchedulePN Part NumberPO Purchase OrderPPC Proposed Planning ChangePRA Preliminary Review AuthorityPSD Process Spec DeparturePSDL Picture Sheet Data ListPT Integrated Process TeamPT Profile TemplatePTI Periodic Tool InspectionPTIM Periodic Tool Inspection ManualPWM Pulse Width ModulationQA Quality AssuranceQAB Quality Alert BulletinQAMT Quality Advanced Measurement Technologies QAPM Quality Assurance Program Management QCA Quality Corrective ActionQCRS Quality Calibration Recall SystemQDTP Quality Digital Technologies Procedure QE Quality EngineerQE Quality EngineeringQI Quality InstructionQID Quality Inspection DataQIP Quality Inspection PlanningQP Quality ProceduresQP Quality ProvisionQPL Qualified Products ListQPP Quality Program PlanQSR Quality System RecordR&D Rework & DeviationR&D Research and DevelopmentR&D Rework and DeviationR&R Repeatability and ReproducibilityR/T Receiver/TravelerR3Rework, Repair, and Re-fabricationRA Records AdministratorRA Release AuthorityRAWO Repair Action Work OrderRD Reference DataRDD Reduced Dimension DrawingRF Rapid FlowRFC Request for CalculationRFC Request for CalibrationRFD Request for DeviationRFDD Request for Digital DataRFI Request For InformationRFID Request for Inspection DataRFP Request for ProposalRFPC Request for Planning ChangeRH Right HandRI Replaceable ItemRIAPO Replaceable/Interchangeable at Attach Points Only RIPM Reference installation Planning MasterRM Records ManagementRM Risk ManagementRMM Records Management ManualRMS Root Mean SquareRN Root NumberRN/RFC Recall Notice/Request for CalibrationRO Read OnlyRPR PepairRT Rejection TagRTE Request to EngineeringRTM Request to MaterielRTME Request to Manufacturing EngineeringRTV Return to Vendor/SupplierRWK ReworkS/N Serial NumberSCCF Supplier Change Coordination FormSCML Supplier Custom Module ListSCP Supplier Change PackageSCR Supplier Change RequestSD Standard DesignSDR Systems Design ReviewSE Support EquipmentSE Systems EngineeringSI Système Internationale (International System of Units) SIR Supplier Information RequestSMPL Supplier Module Parts ListSMPL Supplier Module Part ListSMR Spherically Mounted RetroreflectorSMRR Supplier Material Review RecordSMX Trademark of Spatial Metrix CorporationSN Serial NumberSNN Supplier Nonconformance NotificationSO Special OrderSOAR Supplier Quality Assurance RequirementsSPA Special Process AuthorizationSPC Standard Process ControlSpec SpecificationSPT Sample Part TemplateSQAR Supplier Quality Assurance RequirementsSQR Supplier Quality RequirementsSQR Supplier Quality RepresentativeSQS Supplier Quality SupportSQSR Supplier Quality Surveillance ReportSRP Standard Repair ProcedureSS Standard SpecificationSSEQ Ship SequenceSSP Supplier Specification PrecisSTA StationStd StandardSTFB Stretch Form BlockSW Stop workSWA Shop Work AuthoritySWA Shop Work AuthorizationTAC Traditional Aim CompensationTAR Tooling Action RequestTBD To Be DefinedTCU Tracker Control UnitTD Tool DesignTDAR Tool Design Action RequestTDC Tool Design ChangeTI Tool InstructionTIRF Tool Inspection Record FolderTIRL Tool Inspection Record LogbookTISTLUT TMO Tooling Inspection SystemTool Limited Use TagTool Material Order TMR Tracker Mounted ResetTQD TRN Tool Quality DocumentTool Revalidation NoticeTSS Tooling Spec SheetTSSTWA Tooling Scheduling SystemTool Work AroundTWO Tool Work OrderUD UDM UGII Undimensioned DrawingUndimensioned Drawing MasterUniGraphics II UDD Un-Dimensioned DrawingUI UNIX Ultrasonically InspectedWorkstation Login SoftwareUSERID User IdentificationUT Utility TemplateUT VAC VAI Ultrasonic TestingVariance at CompletionVought Aircraft Industries VAII Vought Aircraft Industries, Inc.VAII Vought Aircraft Industries IncorporatedVIPVIW Verification Inspection PlanVought Information WebVP Vice PresidentVRM WA Vought Records ManagementWork AroundVSSP Vought Supplier Specification PlanWA Work AuthorizationWARF WIP WIP Work Action Request FormWeight Improvement ProgramWork In Process WM White MasterWO Work OrderWOSN Work Order Serial NumberWOSN Shop Work Authority Serial NumberWT Withholding TagBH Boeing HelicopterIDS Integrated Defense Systemsuctioncast铸件stiffenerforge锻件stringersqueeze out life挤出寿命structureseal密封structure components shotpeen喷丸tailpress break闸压taper ratiostretch拉伸trailing edgeshrink缩水，缩小turboextract提取turbo-prop evaporate蒸发weaponfeed进给webrevolution旋转windshieldvibration振动，颤动wingchatter振动，颤动wingspanchatter mark振动印记lubricant润滑油break press闸压加强肋motion动，移动evaporate 长桁normal法向的结构parallel平行的结构组成parasite drag寄生阻力尾部，尾翼perpendicular垂直的；正交的根稍比pitch俯仰尾缘pressure压力涡轮property特性，性质，性能涡桨quasi准的武器roll滚转腹板shear force剪切力风挡skin friction蒙皮摩擦机翼stable稳定的，平稳的翼展stall失速steady稳定的；可靠的stow收回（扰流片）symmetrical对称的take off起飞taper ratio根稍比temperature温度theory理论torque扭矩trailing edge尾缘turbulence涡流，湍流vector向量，矢量velocity速度vertical垂直的，竖直的airworthiness适航navigation导航trail flight试飞strain张力stress应力pressure压力fluid流体theoretical理论蒸发theorycriteriaconcept fundamental philosophyrationallogichypothetical primary preliminary prerequisite appendix attachment accessoryinternalexternalwith respect to attribute tobe attributable to conventional。
课程名称中英文对照参考表
外国文学作选读Selected Reading of Foreign Literature现代企业管理概论Introduction to Modern Enterprise Managerment电力电子技术课设计Power Electronics Technology Design计算机动画设计3D Animation Design中国革命史China’s Revolutionary History中国社会主义建设China Socialist Construction集散控制DCS Distributed Control计算机控制实现技术Computer Control Realization Technology计算机网络与通讯Computer Network and CommunicationERP/WEB应用开发Application ＆ Development of ERP/WEB数据仓库与挖掘Data Warehouse and Data Mining物流及供应链管理Substance and Supply Chain Management成功心理与潜能开发Success Psychology & Potential Development信息安全技术Technology of Information Security图像通信Image Communication金属材料及热加工Engineering Materials & Thermo-processing机械原理课程设计Course Design for Principles of Machine机械设计课程设计Course Design for Mechanical Design机电系统课程设计Course Design for Mechanical and Electrical System 创新成果Creative Achievements课外教育Extracurricular education。
大学英语新课标新时代第三册Unit2 The freedom givers知识总结
第三册Unit2 The freedom giversA208第二组Key Words:impose: 1) place a (penalty, tax, etc.) officially on sb./sth.e.g: The government has made a decision to impose a further tax on wines and spirits.The local government tried to impose fines on the factories which poureduntreated waste into the river.2) try to make sb. accept (an opinion or belief)e.g: I wouldn't want to impose my religious convictions on anyone.It may not be wise for parents to impose their own tastes on their children.Liberate: set from (used in the pattern: liberate sb./ sth. from)e.g. The central government authorized $200 billion to construct new dams to generate ch eap hydro-electric power. 他被授权发表下列声明He was authorized to issue the following statement. An authorized agent指定的代理人.Have authority over…对…有权利 By the authority of 蒙…的许可 An academic authority 学术权威 Authorities concerned有关当局exploit: 1)n. brave and adventurous deed or action(usu. pl)功绩，业绩e.g. The general‟s wartime exploits were later made into a film and a television series.My grandfather entertained us with stories of wartime exploits. vt. 1) to use (esp. a person) unfai rly for one‟s own profit 剥削e.g. The cruel boss exploited the poor by making them work for less pay.2) to use or develop (a thing) fully so as to get profite.g. to exploit the oil under the sea n. exploitationdisguise:1) give sb./ sth. a false appearance(used in the pattern: disguise sb./ sth. as…) 假扮，伪装e.g. Mulan disguised herself as a man so she could fight on the battlefield. Jack escaped acro ss the border disguised as a priest.2) hide (the real state of things) 伪装，掩饰，隐藏It is impossible to disguise the fact that the business is bad. 16. in the eyes of: in the opinio n of , in one‟s opinione.g. In the eyes of students, Richard is a sensible and reliable teacher.In the eye of my parents, I‟m still a young person although I am already in mythirties.peer: look closely or carefully , esp. as if unable to see well ( followed by at/through/ into, etc.)凝视，盯着看e.g. She peered through the mist, trying to find the right path. He peered at me over the t op of his glasses.He peered into his parents` room and found they were quarrelling.bid: say, wish ( bid----bid----bid bid----bad----bidden)说，致意e.g. He bad me good morning as he passed . 2) order or tell 命令，吩咐nakeda. having no clothing on the body；nude；having no covering，especially the usual one；being without addition，concealment，disguise，or embellishment裸体的；无遮盖的，赤裸裸的；直率的；露骨的【辨析】naked，bare，nuke都含“没有衣物或必需的遮蔽物的”、“赤裸”的意思。
《德意志联邦共和国少年法院法》英文
《德意志联邦共和国少年法院法》英文The Youth Court Act of the Federal Republic of Germany1. Youth -青少年2. Court -法院3. Act -法令4. Federal -联邦5. Republic -共和国6. Germany -德国1. The Youth Court Act of the Federal Republic of Germany aims to protect the rights and interests of young people.这部德意志联邦共和国少年法院法旨在保护青少年的权益。
2. The court will only handle cases involving young individuals under the age of 18.法院只会处理涉及18岁以下的年轻人的案件。
3. The Act provides guidelines for the treatment and rehabilitation of young offenders.该法令为青少年犯罪者的治疗和康复提供了指导方针。
4. The court ensures that young people have access tolegal representation during the proceedings.法院确保年轻人在诉讼过程中可以获得法律代理人的援助。
5. The Act emphasizes the importance of educational measures rather than punitive measures for young offenders.该法令强调对青少年犯罪者采取教育措施而非惩罚措施的重要性。
6. The court evaluates the individual circumstances of each young offender before making a decision.法院在做出决策前评估了每个青少年犯罪者的个人情况。
成人自考军事英语万能作文
军事英语自学之道：探索与超越In the realm of adult self-education, military English stands out as a unique and challenging pursuit. This language, rich in technical terminology and specific to a niche domain, requires not only a dedication to language learning but also an understanding of the intricacies of the military world. For those embarking on this journey, the path can be daunting, but with the right approach, it is entirely doable.The foundation of any language learning endeavor is vocabulary. In military English, this is尤为关键，as the terminology is often highly specialized and not easily found in general English courses. It is imperative to invest time in memorizing and understanding these terms, as they form the building blocks of communication in this domain. Resources such as military dictionaries and specialized online forums can be invaluable in this endeavor.Grammar and sentence structure are also crucial. Military English, while similar to standard English in many ways, has its own unique conventions and nuances.Practicing with military-related reading materials and listening to military-themed podcasts or lectures can help familiarize learners with these conventions and improve their fluency.Listening and speaking skills are also paramount in military English. Understanding military-specific radio transmissions, briefings, and orders requires excellent listening skills. Similarly, being able to communicate effectively in a military context is essential for leaders and soldiers alike. Engaging in role-playing exercises or participating in military-related conversation clubs can help develop these skills.Moreover, cultural understanding is an integral part of military English. The military world is steeped intradition and etiquette, and understanding these cultural elements is crucial for effective communication. Reading military history, studying military culture, and engaging with military personnel can provide valuable insights into this world.Finally, perseverance and dedication are the keys to success in military English self-education. This languageis not easily mastered, and it requires a sustained effort over time. However, with the right resources, strategies, and perseverance, anyone can achieve proficiency in this unique and rewarding language.军事英语自学之道不仅是对语言知识的追求，更是对自我挑战和成长的探索。
国际纵横策论英文版
国际纵横策论英文版The international bestseller "The Art of War" by Sun Tzu has been a timeless classic that continues to influence military and strategic thinking around the world. It offers valuable insights on leadership, strategy, and tactics that are applicable not just in warfare, but also in business, politics, and everyday life. The text emphasizes the importance of understanding oneself and the enemy, adapting to changing circumstances, and utilizing deception to gain an advantage.国际畅销书《孙子兵法》是一部不朽的经典，它继续影响着全世界的军事和战略思维。
它提供了关于领导力、战略和战术的宝贵见解，这些见解不仅适用于战争，也适用于商业、政治和日常生活。
这篇文本强调了了解自己和敌人的重要性，适应不断变化的环境，并利用欺骗手段获取优势。
Sun Tzu's teachings on the importance of preparation, planning, and adaptability have stood the test of time and continue to be relevant in today's fast-paced and ever-changing world. By understanding the principles of warfare outlined in "The Art of War," individuals and organizations can better navigate challenges and capitalize onopportunities in various competitive environments. It serves as a guide for strategic thinking and decision-making in situations where conflicts arise, whether on the battlefield or in the boardroom.孙子关于准备、计划和适应性的教导经受住了时间的考验，并在今天这个快节奏、不断变化的世界中仍然具有相关性。
英语作文中国武术的通知
英语作文中国武术的通知Chinese martial arts, also known as Wushu, have a rich and storied history that dates back thousands of years. These ancient fighting techniques have not only served as a means of self-defense but have also become an integral part of Chinese culture, deeply rooted in the country's philosophical and spiritual traditions. In this essay, we will delve into the fascinating world of Chinese martial arts, exploring its origins, its evolution, and its enduring impact on both the Chinese people and the global community.The origins of Chinese martial arts can be traced back to the dawn of Chinese civilization. Ancient texts and historical records suggest that the earliest forms of Wushu were developed as a means of self-preservation and military strategy. As various dynasties rose and fell, the martial arts continued to evolve, incorporating elements from different regional styles and incorporating the philosophical teachings of Taoism, Confucianism, and Buddhism.One of the most well-known and influential styles of Chinese martial arts is Shaolin Kung Fu, which originated in the Shaolin Monastery inthe Henan province. The Shaolin monks, known for their disciplined training and spiritual devotion, developed a comprehensive system of hand-to-hand combat, weaponry, and meditation techniques that have captivated the world for centuries. The Shaolin style is characterized by its fluid movements, powerful strikes, and emphasis on the integration of the mind, body, and spirit.In addition to the Shaolin tradition, China is home to a diverse array of other martial arts styles, each with its own unique characteristics and cultural significance. From the graceful and circular movements of Tai Chi to the explosive and acrobatic techniques of Wushu, the breadth and depth of Chinese martial arts are truly astounding. Each style reflects the regional influences, historical events, and philosophical perspectives that have shaped its development over time.One of the key aspects of Chinese martial arts is the emphasis on the cultivation of inner strength and discipline. Practitioners are not only trained in the physical techniques of combat but are also encouraged to cultivate a deep understanding of the philosophical principles that underlie these arts. This holistic approach to training has led to the development of a rich and multifaceted culture that extends far beyond the realm of physical combat.In recent decades, Chinese martial arts have gained increasing globalrecognition and popularity. As the world has become more interconnected, the unique cultural and spiritual aspects of these ancient fighting styles have captured the imagination of people around the globe. From Hollywood blockbusters featuring jaw-dropping martial arts sequences to the rise of international Wushu competitions, the influence of Chinese martial arts has spread far beyond its geographical origins.However, the growing popularity of Chinese martial arts has also brought with it some challenges. As these ancient traditions are introduced to new cultural contexts, there is a risk of dilution or misinterpretation. It is crucial that the core values and philosophical underpinnings of Chinese martial arts are preserved and passed down to future generations, ensuring that these arts continue to serve as a means of personal growth, cultural preservation, and global understanding.To this end, many martial arts schools and organizations around the world have made concerted efforts to promote the authentic teaching and practice of Chinese martial arts. Through educational initiatives, cultural exchange programs, and the preservation of traditional forms and techniques, these efforts aim to ensure that the rich heritage of Chinese Wushu is not lost, but rather celebrated and shared with the world.In conclusion, Chinese martial arts are a profound and multifaceted aspect of the country's cultural legacy. From their ancient origins to their contemporary global influence, these fighting styles have evolved to become much more than just a means of physical self-defense. They embody a deep understanding of the human condition, a reverence for the natural world, and a commitment to the cultivation of inner strength and discipline. As the world continues to grapple with the challenges of the modern era, the timeless wisdom and practices of Chinese martial arts offer a powerful reminder of the enduring value of tradition, the importance of holistic development, and the transformative potential of the human spirit.。
军事英语二作文模板
文章标题**The Essence of Military English Essay Template andIts Application in Writing**In the realm of academic writing, the utilization of templates is a widely recognized practice, especially inthe field of military studies where precision and clarity are paramount. The military English essay template servesas a guiding framework, assisting writers in structuring their thoughts and arguments in a coherent and professional manner. This article aims to delve into the essence of the military English essay template and explore its application in writing.Firstly, the military English essay template provides a solid foundation for organizing ideas. It typically comprises an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion, each serving a specific purpose. Theintroduction sets the tone and introduces the topic, capturing the reader's attention. The body paragraphs delve into the main arguments, supported by evidence and analysis. The conclusion sums up the key points and leaves a lasting impression.Within the body paragraphs, the template encourages a logical flow of ideas. It suggests the use of topic sentences to introduce each paragraph, followed by supporting evidence and analysis. This structure ensures that the essay flows smoothly, making it easier for the reader to follow the writer's train of thought.Moreover, the military English essay template emphasizes the importance of using precise and technical language. Military terminology and jargon are integral to the field, and the template guides writers in incorporating these terms accurately and appropriately. This enhances the essay's credibility and demonstrates the writer's knowledge of the subject matter.Additionally, the template also highlights the significance of critical thinking and analysis in military writing. It encourages writers to evaluate and synthesize information, drawing conclusions based on evidence. This approach not only strengthens the essay's arguments but also demonstrates the writer's ability to think critically and analytically.In applying the military English essay template,writers should take care to customize it to their specific topic and argument. While the template provides a general structure, each essay should have its unique voice and perspective. Writers should utilize their own knowledge and experience to enrich the content and make it more engaging. Furthermore, it is crucial to maintain a professional tone throughout the essay. Military writing demands a level of formality and objectivity, and the template helpswriters adhere to these standards. Avoiding colloquial language and maintaining a clear and concise writing style are key to achieving this.In conclusion, the military English essay template is a valuable tool for writers in the field of military studies. It provides a solid foundation for organizing ideas, encourages the use of precise and technical language, and highlights the importance of critical thinking and analysis. By customizing the template to their specific topic and argument while maintaining a professional tone, writers can produce coherent and professional essays that effectively convey their ideas and arguments.**军事英语二作文模板的精髓及其在写作中的应用** 在学术写作领域，使用模板是一种广泛认可的实践，特别是在军事研究领域，精确性和清晰度至关重要。
美国陆军条令出版物ADP3-05号“特种作战”
美国陆军条令出版物ADP3-05号“特种作战”2012年10月08日17:01作者：知远前言美国式特种作战陆军条令出版物ADP3-05号《特种作战》阐述了美国陆军特种作战部队在美国陆军作战方针中的任务，就是在出现后果的国家和地区塑造作战环境，通过运用特种作战和常规威慑预防冲突，在必要时帮助打赢国家的战争。
它概述了美国陆军特种作战部队为国防提供无与伦比的外科手术式打击能力和特种战能力。
这两种特种作战样式虽有不同但相互支持，构成美国式特种作战。
在国家最近的冲突中，成功日益取决于我们志趣相投的群体或政府尽可能精确地单方面运用武力。
战争集中击败将自己伪装在现代人类活动中的敌人。
21世纪的世界越来越相互依存，并且在实质上都连接在一起，对特种作战部队也更加的重视，这是因为它是截然不同的，需要在传统的陆地领域内进行驾驭。
在这个新兴领域出现的冲突需要特殊的态势感知，更深刻的了解外国文化和运用流利的当地语言，一个高度熟练的小单位战斗技能，综合运用内在的军事信息支援、网络和民事行动。
陆军特种作战部队的相关性从未变得更大。
他们是联合部队实施国家战争、维护联盟、建设伙伴国家能力、发展代理人能力或进行单边特种作战的基石。
未来可能会增大特种作战部队在战术级别上的作用，而且还包括在战役级别上，这是因为对从事长期特种作战部队战役的要求在提高。
只要好战的国家继续使用非常规手段反对我们，恐怖组织继续努力打击我们的国土和我们的海外利益，美国陆军特种作战部队仍将是不可或缺的联合和跨部门团队成员。
序言陆军条令出版物ADP3-05《特种作战》阐述了如何落实相互支援的特种战和外科手术式打击两种关键能力，为联合地面行动发挥作用，从而广泛理解陆军的特种作战（图1）。
ADP3-05为陆军如何适当混合编组陆军特种作战部队和常规部队以满足联合部队指挥官需求奠定了基础。
ADP3-05的主要受众是所有专业兵种的成员。
作为联合特遣部队或多国司令部指挥官和陆军司令部的参谋人员，同样应参考适当的有关军事行动范畴和联合或多国部队的联合或多国条令。
目的论视角下的军事术语翻译
目的论视角下的军事术语翻译
军事术语翻译是将军事术语从一种语言转化为另一种语言的过程。
在翻译军事术语时，需要考虑到目的论视角，即将翻译的目的和所需达到的效果。
目的论视角下的军事术语翻译要求翻译不仅要准确传达原文的意思，还需要考虑目标
语言的读者对于军事术语的理解和背景知识。
以下是一些常见的军事术语及其翻译。
1. 武器装备
- Tank: 坦克
- Fighter jet: 战斗机
- Submarine: 潜艇
- Missile: 导弹
- Artillery: 炮兵
3. 军队组织
- Army: 陆军
- Navy: 海军
- Air force: 空军
- Special forces: 特种部队
- Division: 师
- Battalion: 营
在翻译军事术语时，还需要注意语境和上下文的影响，以确保翻译的准确性和流畅性。
在翻译过程中，可适当使用解释性翻译或拓展性翻译，将专业术语转化为易于理解和接受
的表述方式。
武装形态的英语作文
武装形态的英语作文Title: The Evolution of Warfare: From Ancient Times to Modern Combat。
Warfare has undergone a profound evolution throughout human history, shaped by technological advancements, societal changes, and strategic innovations. From the ancient battlefields of antiquity to the sophisticated theaters of modern warfare, the concept of armed conflict has transformed significantly. In this essay, we will explore the various forms and manifestations of warfare, tracing its development from ancient times to the present day.Ancient Warfare:In ancient times, warfare was often characterized by close-quarter combat, where armies clashed directly on the battlefield. Soldiers relied on hand-to-hand combat weapons such as swords, spears, and shields. Battles were foughtprimarily on foot, with cavalry playing a supplementaryrole in certain civilizations like the ancient Greeks and Romans. Strategies and tactics were relatively simplistic compared to modern standards, with battles often decided by sheer strength, bravery, and discipline.Medieval Warfare:During the medieval period, warfare underwent significant changes with the emergence of feudalism and the dominance of knights in European warfare. Heavy cavalry played a central role in battles, clad in armor and wielding lances, swords, and maces. The feudal system organized society for warfare, with lords raising armies from their vassals and peasants. Siege warfare became more prevalent, with the development of sophisticated fortifications such as castles and city walls.Gunpowder Revolution:The advent of gunpowder in the late medieval period revolutionized warfare, heralding the rise of firearms andartillery. Cannons, muskets, and early forms of handguns transformed the dynamics of battle, making armor less effective and leading to the decline of medieval chivalry. The widespread adoption of gunpowder weapons led to the formation of professional standing armies and the centralization of state power in Europe.Industrial Warfare:The Industrial Revolution further transformed warfare, introducing mass production, mechanization, and advanced weaponry. The American Civil War and the Franco-PrussianWar demonstrated the devastating impact of industrialized warfare, with the introduction of rifled firearms,artillery, and armored warships. Trench warfare emerged asa dominant strategy during World War I, characterized by static, attritional battles and unprecedented casualties.Modern Warfare:The 20th century witnessed the evolution of warfareinto a highly complex and technologically advanced endeavor.World War II saw the widespread use of tanks, aircraft, and mechanized infantry, leading to mobile, maneuver warfare. The Cold War era brought about the development of nuclear weapons and the concept of mutually assured destruction (MAD), shaping strategic thinking and international relations.Contemporary Warfare:In the 21st century, warfare has become increasingly asymmetric and unconventional, characterized by guerrilla tactics, terrorism, and cyber warfare. Advances in technology have led to the development of drones,precision-guided munitions, and unmanned combat vehicles, revolutionizing the nature of warfare. Non-state actors and terrorist organizations have exploited these technological advancements to wage asymmetric warfare against conventional military forces.Conclusion:Throughout history, warfare has continuously evolved inresponse to technological, societal, and strategic changes. From the ancient battlefields of antiquity to the high-tech theaters of modern combat, the forms and manifestations of armed conflict have undergone profound transformations. Understanding this evolution is essential for policymakers, military strategists, and historians alike as they navigate the complexities of contemporary warfare.。
《永别了武器》中冰山原则的运用
最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文,都是近期写作1 中西方饮食文化的差异2 英语习语陷阱及其学习策略3 你是爱丽丝吗?从《爱丽丝梦游仙境》中人物看作者刘易斯.卡罗尔的写作意图4 文化负迁移对翻译的影响5 运用弗洛伊德人格理论解读《吸血鬼日记》中的吸血鬼形象6 浅析阿里巴巴的创新盈利模式7 中西方奢侈品消费文化之比较8 经贸英语中的缩略语现象及其应用9 论翻译的艺术10 群体隐私和个体隐私——中美家庭中隐私观念的对比研究11 从叙事学角度分析艾丽丝?门罗的《逃离》12 The Glossology and Translation of Rhetorical Devices of Harry Potter13 从“三美”原则看《荷塘月色》的翻译14 论翻译方法的选择15 文档所公布均英语专业全英原创毕业论文。
原创Q 805 990 74 916 论谭恩美《喜福会》中文化身份迷失与探寻17 美学原则指导下的英文商标汉译18 旅游景点名翻译的异化与归化19 The Cultural Identity Dilemma of Colonized Afro-Americans: the Study of The Bluest Eye20 谈如何理解海明威《一个干净明亮的地方》21 王尔德童话中的美学观和内在矛盾22 从童话看中西方儿童教育的差异23 Some Writing Skills for Senior High School Students in NMET24 成语中的文化特色及其翻译25 初中生英语学习内在动机的激发26 女性发展的一路艰辛--以弗吉尼亚?伍尔夫为例27 Grammatical Analysis of Academic Writing28 礼貌原则在英汉语言文化差异中的应用29 An Analysis of Memoirs of a Geisha from the Perspective of Existentialist Feminism30 从写作方法分析《宠儿》的主题31 Sino-US Cultural Differences——Through Comparison Between APPLE and OPPO32 英语与汉语中禁忌语的比较33 论《野性的呼唤》中的自然主义34 英语中的汉语借词折射出的中国对外关系史35 Where Should Gone With the Wind Go?——Study on The Disputes Among Critics of Gone With the Wind36 透过《傲慢与偏见》论简奥斯丁的婚姻观37 《天边外》的悲剧分析38 从文化角度分析《论语》中特殊词语的翻译——以“仁”为个例39 中美文化中面子理论的对比分析40 Culture-based Strategies in Translating Ancient Chinese Official Titles41 A Study of Pragmatic Failure in Politeness between Chinese and English42 从《看得见风景的房间》看女性身份的遗失和找寻43 透析《劝导》中的新女性形象44 双关语在广告英语中的语用分析及其运用45 The Study of English Film Title Translation Methods and Some Requirements to the Translators46 试析英语中的性别歧视及去性别化改革47 永不凋落的玫瑰—从女性主义分析《红字》中的海斯特48 福斯特《霍华德庄园》中的三个世界49 A Psychological Analysis of Francesca in The Bridges of Madison County—Based on Jung’s Collective Unconscious50 从精神分析学的角度论劳伦斯小说《查泰莱夫人的情人》51 肯德基在中国成功的本土化营销策略52 从叙事结构分析电影《撞车》中对种族歧视问题的诠释53 世纪年代前后美国电影中的华人女性形象对比54 本哈德?施林克小说《朗读者》“平庸的恶”现象研究55 浅析《我弥留之际》中达尔的悲剧56 浅谈来自《圣经》的英语习语57 (英语系经贸英语)论苹果公司的撇脂定价策略58 On Translation of Humorous Language from English to Chinese59 中美家庭教育的比较研究60 从《绝望主妇》各主角看美国家庭问题61 论“老友记”中的幽默翻译62 英汉白色词的文化象征意义及翻译63 家庭生活中的瑞普凡温克尔64 《理智与情感》中的婚姻65 露易莎?梅?奥尔科特《小妇人》中的新女性独立精神66 欧亨利小说中的批判现实主义67 美国吸血鬼小说中女性形象研究——以《吸血鬼编年史》、《暮光之城》和《吸血鬼日记》为例68 “金玉良缘”与“幸福终点”——浅析中西婚姻差异69 基于认知语境的英语动物习语的理解策略研究——以“狗”的习语为例70 狄更斯在《双城记》中的人道主义思想71 从文化差异比较研究中美家庭教育72 商标翻译中的文化要素73 由女性“奴性”潜意识解析玛利娅姆多舛命运74 广告中的视觉隐喻及其解读75 李白对庞德和他的作品的影响76 浅析英语谚语中的性别歧视现象及其成因77 中美商务谈判中恭维语的分析78 论汉语景点名称的英译79 《傲慢与偏见》的婚姻分析80 威廉·戈尔丁《蝇王》中的写作艺术81 田纳西?威廉姆斯《欲望号街车》中布兰奇的悲剧82 论《西游记》中文化因素的翻译策略——以詹纳尔和余国藩的英译本为例83 《本杰明?富兰克林自传》和《嘉莉妹妹》美国梦的对比研究84 从女性主义角度分析美国女性--《律政俏佳人》85 论田纳西?威廉斯戏剧中的象征主义手法—以《玻璃动物园》为例86 论约翰?多恩诗歌中的张力87 从《人鼠之间》中人物的精神分析看美国梦的幻灭88 译前准备对交替传译效果的影响89 从文化角度浅议电影名翻译技巧90 《希腊古瓮颂》中的艺术和永恒之美91 从曼诺林角度研究圣地亚哥形象92 简?奥斯丁的婚姻观在《傲慢与偏见》中的体现93 “美国梦”的幻灭——论《人与鼠》的社会悲剧94 论《呼啸山庄》中的叙述技巧95 《青春》中的孤独主题分析96 由中国的圣诞节“热”来看中美文化的冲突及融合97 双重文化下的文化选择——解析电影《刮痧》中中国移民的文化身份危机98 浅析海尔看中国名牌战略实施现状及关键因素99 《阿甘正传》承载的美国青年价值观100 中西方餐具文化对比研究—以筷子和刀叉为例101 中美广告创意的文化差异性研究102 Rationalism in The Mysterious Stranger103 Humor and Violation of the Cooperative Principle104 An Analysis of the Main Characters in Twilight-eclipse105 情景法在新概念英语教学中的应用——以杭州新东方为例106 学生写作中中式英语的表现形式及其改进方式107 非英语专业大学生英语学习动机调查108 英语影视作品中字幕翻译的幽默转化策略——以老友记为例109 On Symbolism in Hemingway's Cat in the Rain110 英汉称谓语对比分析111 A Brief Comparison of Spring Festival and Christmas Day112 从女性视角看男权主义下的婚姻秩序——以《苔丝》为例113 英语教学中的文化意识114 英语抽象名词和物质名词的数概念分析115 浅析《宠儿》中三位黑人女性的身份寻求之旅116 从美国总统就职演说看美国文化价值观117 对《驯悍记》中泼妇凯萨琳娜的简略分析118 新闻英语标题的特点和翻译119 从语言功能考察汉语公示语英译120 追逐梦想的人——浅析《刀锋》中拉里的性格多样性121 《雾都孤儿》中南希的人物性格分析122 On Pragmatic Failure and Its Implications for Middle School English Teaching123 The Glossology and Translation of Rhetorical Devices of Harry Potter124 A Comparative Study of American and Chinese Spatial Language in Business Negotiation 125 论《简爱》中的女性意识126 从空间语言的角度分析中美隐私观念的差异127 从《鲁滨逊漂流记》看人的性格对命运的决定作用128 《善良的乡下人》中的女性形象分析129 海明威作品中女性意识的研究130 农村初中英语口语教学现状的调查与分析——以xx中学为例131 Mirror Image Relationship Between General Liguang and Patton 132 观春潮:浅析“戏仿”背后海明威性格阴暗面133 礼貌原则之于商务信函的翻译134 写作的真“趣”——对《坎特伯雷故事集》的文体学分析135 中英文幽默映射的语言与文化差异136 对《大地》中女性人物的生态女性主义解读137 英汉“悲”、“喜”情感隐喻的认知比较研究138 维多利亚?希斯洛普《岛》中的人生观分析139 英汉习语的概念隐喻对比研究140 《紫色》的妇女主义浅析141 英语新闻标题的翻译142 Cultural Input and Syllabus in English Teaching143 英语谚语中关系分句之先行词he高频使用之探析144 浅析《格列佛游记》讽刺手法的运用145 冲破人生的枷锁——试析毛姆《人生的枷锁》中的七个枷锁146 《小妇人》的结局中所包含的清教主义与个人主义的冲突与融合147 试论任务型教学法在英语阅读教学中的应用148 《石头天使》中哈格形象的女性主义解读149 马克?吐温悲观主义及其产生原因初探150 浅谈英语影片名的翻译151 浅析艾米丽?迪金森诗歌的主题思想152 《圣经》与人类文明起源153 中学生英语阅读语义障碍和其教学应对策略154 试析《宠儿》中的象征手法155 英语写作中干扰因素的分析156 功能对等理论指导下的外贸函电翻译157 莎士比亚戏剧《哈姆雷特》中男主人公性格分析158 艾米莉狄金森诗歌的自然意象159 美国电影中的英雄主义解析160 从归化异化角度浅析《三字经》两个英译版本161 浅析朱利安?巴恩斯《终结的感觉》中人物的异化162 女性主义视角下《傲慢与偏见》的情态意义解读163 英语体育新闻标题的特点及其翻译164 从《蝴蝶夫人》到《蝴蝶君》的蜕变165 “狗”在中西文化中的对比研究166 The Application of Task -Based Language Teaching in Middle School English Instruction 167 论谭恩美《喜福会》中文化身份迷失与探寻168 房地产广告的英译研究169 The Transcultural Differences in the Translation of Commercial Advertisements170 《玻璃动物园》中的逃避主义解读171 美国个人主义和中国集体主义的对比与分析172 海丝特与卡米拉爱情观的对比分析173 A Study of Pragmatic Functions of English Euphemisms174 浅议《女勇士》中的个人英雄主义175 安娜与伊丽莎白个性完整性与分裂性的比较研究176 词汇教学法在中学英语教学实践中的应用177 Humanism in A Tale of Two Cities178 从简?奥斯汀作品中的礼仪看英国人的社交心理179 从顺应论的角度谈英文电影片名的汉译180 A Psychological Analysis of Mary in The Grass is Singing181 隐转喻名名复合词的语义分析182 “中式英语”和“中国英语”两个概念的区别研究:以公示语为例183 早期吸血鬼与现代影视作品中吸血鬼形象的对比184 《紫色》中“家”的解读185 On Differences Between Chinese and American Polite Expressions from Politeness Principle 186 The Growth Topic in The Catcher in the Rye187 文化负迁移对翻译的影响188 跨文化交际中的中西方饮食文化差异189 自立和创新——对爱默生超验主义的解读190 国际贸易往来电子邮件写作原则191 论英语奢侈品牌的文化及其翻译192 由英汉委婉语的对比研究来看中西文化的差异193 The Application of Multi-media in Middle School English Teaching194 论《兔子, 跑吧》中哈利的逃避主义195 从消费社会学探析《了不起的盖茨比》中盖茨比美国梦的幻灭196 Thackeray’s Ambivalent Attitude towards the Women in Vanity Fair197 The Causes of Maggie’s Death in M aggie: A Girl of the Streets198 目的论视点下的广告翻译原则199 《纯真年代》中爱伦和梅的对比分析200 跨文化交际中的语用失误与避免方法。
土著人民权利的国际保护
土著人民权利的国际保护［摘要］土著人民的权利保护问题由来已久，人们一直在探寻保护土著人民的优惠政策和特殊法律。
自上个世纪八十年代以来，国际社会在土著人民权利保护方面取得了较大的成就。
譬如，土著人民不仅仅享有人类最基本的平等权、自由权、发展权等，还享有涉及教育、语言、文化、就业、土地、自然资源、政治权利、宗教权利、信仰、司法平等、保护传统经济和生活方式、跨国界权、参与权、发展权和高度自治权等多方面权利。
2007年出台的《联合国土著人民权利宣言》，正是国际社会对土著人民权利进行保护的集大成者。
这一国际法律文件的出台始末虽然反映了绝大多数国家对土著人民权利进行保护的决心，但其执行情况依然不容乐观。
［关键词］土著人民；权利；国际保护；宣言中图分类号：d99 文献标识码：a文章编号：1674—9391（2011）06—0060—07作者简介：林其敏（1979-），女，四川成都人，西南民族大学法学院讲师，法学博士，研究方向：国际法和民商法。
四川成都610041早在17、18世纪，欧美新兴资产阶级为了反对中世纪的神权和封建贵族、僧侣特权，提出了“天赋人权”的主张。
随着1776年美国《独立宣言》和1789年法国《人权和公民权利宣言》的出台，人权开始成为国内法的一项原则和制度。
第二次世界大战后，联合国主持制定了一系列有关人权的宣言、决议和公约，在国际人权保护方面起到了举足轻重的作用。
譬如，1948年联合国大会通过的《世界人权宣言》，1966年通过的《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》三个法律文件共同被誉为“国际人权宪章”。
与此同时，欧洲国家、美洲国家以及非洲国家的区域性国际组织也积极展开人权保护，通过了一系列的人权公约。
尽管国际社会对于人权的国际保护制定了诸多公约，而实质上对于人权的保护属于一国主权范围内的问题。
没有国家主权，人权是无法得到切实保障和实现的。
这些国际人权文书以及区域性人权文书对公民的政治、经济、社会、文化等权利分别进行了详细的阐述，针对特殊的群体也制定了专门的人权文书，如妇女b11著人民作为少数人群体中的一种类型，不仅仅享有所有少数人权对于土著人民权利的保护，不仅是生存发展问题, 更是各主权国家团结、稳定与世界和平的问题。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
AMSC N/ADISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.AREA NDTIFOR STRUCTURAL COMPOSITESMILITARY HANDBOOK6 November 1989MIL-HDBK-793(AR)NONDESTRUCTIVE ACTIVE TESTING TECHNIQUESMIL-HDBK-793(AR)F O R E W O R D1. This military handbook is approved for use by all Activities and Agencies of the Department of the Army and is available for use by all Departments and Agencies of the Department of Defense.2. Beneficial comments (recommendations, additions, deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this document should be addressed to: Commander, US Army Armament Research, Development, and Engineering Center,ATTTN: SMCAR-BAC-S, Picatinny Arsenal, NJ 07806-5000,by using the self-addressed Standardization Document Improvement Proposal (DDForm 1426) appearing at the end of this document or by letter.3. This handbook was developed under the auspices of the US Army Material Command’s Engineering Design Handbook Program, which is under the direction of the US Army Management Engineering College.This handbook should serve as a guide to designers concerned with the technology associated with the nondestructive testing of advanced composites. It deals with the basic concepts of nondestructive testing and the specific tests that can be used at various stages during production and in-service inspections. The data can be used by designers to aid in selecting the nondestructive test equipment best suited for a particular application.It is hoped that an understanding of the various available nondestructive test concepts will enable even the cautious designers of Army material to make use of the many advantages of advanced composites in designing reliable, durable, and maintainable components.iiMIL-HDBK-793(AR)C O N T E N T SParagraphPage CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1-11-21-31-3.11-3.1.11-3.1.1.11-3.1.1.21-3.1.1.31-3.1.21-3.21-3.2.11-3.2.2CHAPTER 2NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING TECHNIQUES: AVAILABILITY AND LIMITATIONS 2-12-22-2.12-2.22-2.2.12-2.2.22-2.32-2.42-2.4.12-2.4.22-2.52-2.5.12-2.5.22-2.5.32-2.5.42-2.62-2.72-2.7.12-2.7.2LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .PURPOSE . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . POSITE MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Reinforcements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Glass Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Graphite Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Aramid Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Matrix Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CONSTRUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Solid Laminates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sandwich Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DISCUSSION OF NONDESTRUCTIVE TEST TECHNIQUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VISUAL NDT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OPTICAL NDT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Holography . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ULTRASONIC NDT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ACOUSTIC NDT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Acoustic Emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Acousto-Ultrasonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .RADIOGRAPHIC NDT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X-Ray Radiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fluoroscopic Radiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Neutron Radiograph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Gamma Radiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .THERMAL NDT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .MECHANICAL NDT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tap Test (Coin Tap) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mechanical Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CHAPTER 3APPLICATION OF NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING3-13-23-33-3.1INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .INCOMING MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .SOLID LAMINATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iiiiv iv vl-l 1-11-11-11-21-21-21-21-21-21-21-31-32-12-12-12-22-22-22-22-32-32-32-32-32-32-32-42-4242-42-42-43-13-23-33-3DURING FABRICATION NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING .........................................MIL-HDBK-793(AR)3-3.1.1 3-3.1.2 3-3.2 3-3.3 3-3.4 3-43-4.1 3-4.1.1 3-4.1.2 3-4.1.3 3-4.1.4 3-4.1.5 3-4.2 3-5CONTENTS (cont’d)Control of Prepregs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cure Monitoring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SANDWICH CONSTRUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ADHESIVE BONDING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN IN-PROCESS NDT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . END-ITEM NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FINAL INSPECTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Radiographic Inspection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ultrasonic Inspection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Acoustic Emission Inspection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mechanical Impedance Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Thermal Inspection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . IN-SERVICE NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN END-ITEM NDT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . REFERENCES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BIBLIOGRAPHY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APPENDIX A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APPENDIX B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GLOSSARY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INDEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ...LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONSFigure No.Title1-1 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-8 3-9 3-10 3-113-12 3-13 3-14 3-15 3-16Typical Sandwich Construction (Honeycomb). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Design Team Concept for Structure Reliability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gamma Backscatter Gage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Various Configuration Set-Ups of Gamma Backscatter Gages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Dual Traversing Frames With Color CRT Display for Gamma Backscatter Gages.................. Composite Main Rotor Blade Inspection by Fluoroscopic Radiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Control Laboratory for Fluoroscopic Radiography ShowingReal-Time Inspection of Honeycomb Panel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .Variety of Parts Awaiting Fluoroscopic Radiographic Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pulsed Echo Ultrasonic Inspection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Water Squirter Used to Couple the Ultrasonic Signal to the Part inThrough-Transmission Ultrasonics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Multiple Squirters for the Inspection of Large Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BondaScope 2100 Standing Wave Ultrasonic Inspection Instrument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Harmonic Bond Tester With the Vibrating Pin Probe—Left Front . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The No vaScope 2000 Ultrasonic Inspection Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acoustic Emission Testing of Aerial Lift Trucks Showing the Use of aTie-Down to Stress the Boom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acoustic Emission Sensors Located on the Boom of an Aerial Lift Truck During Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acoustic Emission Testing of a Composite Helicopter Rotor Blade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-33-43-53-53-63-63-73-73-73-103-103-103-113-133-143-16A- 1B- 1G-1I-1Page1 -33-13-43-43-53-73-83-83-93-93-103-103-113-113-123-133-13LIST OF TABLESTable No.Title Page 3-1Consensus Specifications for Incoming Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3 3-2Defects Detected by Various NDT Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-3 3-3Final inspection Techniques for Specific Defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-7ivMIL-HDBK-793(AR)AE = AMS = ASTM = CRT =DIN = EDAX =ISO= NASA = NDE =NDI= NDT =L I S T O F A B B R E V I A T I O N S A N D A C R O N Y M Sacoustic emissionAerospace Materials SpecificationsAmerican Society for Testing and Materialscathode-ray tubeDeutsches Institute for Normung e.u.energy-dispersive X rayInternational Organization for Standardiza-tionNational Aeronautics and Space Administra-tionnondestructive evaluationnondestructive inspection; nondestructive in-vestigationnondestructive testingNTIAC =PAN =PMR=RP =SAE =SAMPE =SEM =SMC=SNDT =SPI =SQUINT =STEM =Nondestructive Testing Information AnalysisCenterpolyacyrlonitrilepolymerization of monomer reactantsreinforced plasticsSociety of Automotive EngineersSociety for the Advancement of Materialsand Process Engineeringscanning electron microscopesheet molding compoundsshearographic nondestructive testingSociety of the Plastics IndustrySurface Quality Unit for Inspection by Non-destructive Testingscanning transmission electron microscopevMIL-HDBK-793(AR)C H A P T E R1I N T R O D U C T I O NThe purpose and scope of this handbook are discussed. The term composite materials is defined, and the roles of components of these materials—reinforcements, glass fibers, graphite fibers, aramid fibers, and polymeric matrices—are discussed. Solid laminates and sandwich constructions are discussed and discussed.1-1P U R P O S EThe purpose of this handbook is to educate the reader as to the nature of nondestructive testing of fiber-reinforced polymeric materials. Metal-matrix com-posite materials are another subject and will not be addressed here. The intent is to advise the reader about the various techniques available for use during the inspection of the raw materials and incoming compo-nent materials, for inspection during fabrication, and for final inspection and in-service monitoring to detect damaged and/ or degraded structures.1-2S C O P ENondestructive testing is the testing of materials or structures without causing failure of the item being tested. There are three acronyms that are in general usage: nondestructive testing (NDT), nondestructive evaluation (NDE), and nondestructive inspection (NDI) (or nondestructive investigation (NDI)). These terms are used by various authors to describe the same basic types of testing. NDT is the more general term, NDI (inspection) is preferred by the quality control engineer, and NDE and NDI (investigation) are preferred by the research scientist.This handbook briefly describes the materials of in-terest, namely, the organic or polymeric matrix-fiber-reinforced composites.The various nondestructive techniques available are described in a manner that outlines the techniques, However, this handbook is not intended for use as an operator’s manual for the tech-niques discussed.This handbook covers the testing that can and should be carried out on (1) incoming materials, such as pre-pregs, resins, and fibers, to help build quality assurance into the subsequent parts, (2) the types of tests that can be used during fabrication and on the final product, and (3) in-service use of NDT. In-service use of NDT covers the problems related to in-service testing in evaluating such properties as reliability. durability, and life expectancy of a fiber-reinforced composite by nonde-structive means.Further, an attempt will be made to alert the reader to new and promising techniques that are being de-veloped.1-3D E F I N I T I O N S1-3.1 COMPOSITE MATERIALSComposites are defined as material systems consisting of two or more constituents, each of which is distinguish-able at a macroscopic level. The constituents retain their individual identities in the composite and are separated by a detectable interface. Generally, one of the constituents acts as a reinforcing agent, and the other serves as the matrix or binder. The properties of the composite material are derived from the combina-tion of the properties contributed by the constituents but modified by their synergistic effects.The composite materials of interest in this handbook will be limited to polymeric matrix materials with “ad-vanced” high-modulus or high-performance reinforce-ments. The reinforcements will include fiberglass, graph-ite, and aramid fibers in continuous or discontinuous forms. Boron filament, due to its limited use, will not be discussed. The type of composite structures con-sidered will include solid laminates and sandwich con-structions.A solid laminate is a product made by bondingtogether two or more layers of material. The layers may be oriented in various configurations with respect to the orientation of the fibers in order to obtain the most desirable properties. This will be discussed in further detail in par. 1-3.2.1.A sandwich structure is made up of two outer skinsof composite laminate or other material, such as metal or wood. These skins are bonded to an internal struc-tural material, such as honeycomb, foam, or, more recently, other configurations such as waveformed com-posites (Ref.1) or tubular structures bonded together ina form similar to honeycomb. Sandwich structures willbe discussed in more detail in par. 1-3.2.2.1-1MIL-HDBK-793(AR)1-3.1.1 Reinforcements1-3.1.1.1 Glass FibersIn the United States fiberglass generally implies eitherE-glass (a lime-alumina-borosilicate glass) or S-glass (a silica-alumina-magnesia glass) fiber and is produced asa continuous monofilament bundle by drawing molten glass through a multihole bushing. The size of the holes will determine the diameter of the fiber. The mono-filament bundles can then be prepared in different forms such as rovings, multifilament strands, and woven and nonwoven fabrics. A detailed discussion of these materials is given in Ref. 2, and there are numerous reports in the literature on fiberglass. Specific sources are the annual conferences of the Society of the Plastics Industry (SPI), the Society for the Advancement of Materials and Process Engineering (SAMPE), as wellas Refs. 3 and 4.1-3.1.1.2 Graphite FibersMost military and aerospace applications requiring high-performance graphite fibers use fibers produced by the pyrolysis of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers under tension at temperatures of 1760 -27600C (3200-5000° F)in a controlled atmosphere. The properties of the fibers are a function of both the tension and the temperature used during pyrolysis. Graphite fibers are used in a wide range of applications, some of which include aircraft structural components, satellites, missiles and armament components, X-ray equipment, various auto-motive applications, and sports and recreational equip-ment. More information on graphite fiber can be foundin Refs. 2 and 5.1-3.1.1.3 Aramid FibersAramid is a generic term denoting a class of poly-amide materials. The aramid fibers are produced by conventional textile spinning methods. Kevlar aramid fiber and Nomex aramid paper are two materials in this class. Kevlar 49 is the principal aramid fiber currently used in composite applications. However, recent develop-ments in armor applications are finding a place for Kevlar 29 fibers in composites as well. Aramid fibers are used in composite applications because of their outstanding combination of low density, high strength and high stiffness. The versatility and durability of these fibers, combined with their desirable properties, have design engineers turning to aramid fiber com-posites in many applications requiring light weight, high strength, and durability. The designer should be careful, however, not to use these composites in applica-tions that will experience high or sustained compressive loads. Many papers have been published on the use of aramid fibers in composites; specific sources are the conferences and journals of SAMPE and Refs. 6, 7, and 8.1-21-3.1.2 Matrix MaterialsThe principal matrix materials used in composites are epoxy, polyester, and vinyl ester resins. These are fol-lowed by phenolics, polyamides, and silicone resins, which are generally used in specialty applications. Thermoplastic resin systems, such as polysulfone and polyarylsulfone (Ref. 9), have been used to fabricate high-performance composites, More recently, systems such as the bis-maleimides (Ref. 10), phenyladimides, polymerization of monomer reactants (PMR), poly-amides (Refs. 11, 12, and 13), and polyphenyl sulfides (Ref. 14) have been evaluated for fabricating composites with special mechanical and thermal properties. Many other papers have been published on the evaluation of matrix materials for organic composites; specific sources are the conferences and journals of SAMPE and Ref. 2.The polymeric matrix material used in composites has, as its principal role, the responsibility of absorbing and transmitting loads to the reinforcement fiber. How-ever, secondarily, the matrix material also controls many other properties. such as the viscoelastic behavior, creep, stress relaxation, and in-plane and interlaminar shear. The chemical, thermal, electrical, and environ-mental aging characteristics (Ref. 15) of the composite are also properties that are controlled by the matrix material.The matrix material and the fiber material used to fabricate a composite do not generally play a large part in the selection of the nondestructive testing technique used to inspect the final part. However, the orientation or structural shape may influence the interpretation of the results obtained.1-3.2 CONSTRUCTION1-3.2.1 Solid LaminatesComposite materials are generally used in the form of solid laminates, which may be fabricated in either sheet or molded form and are made by bonding together two or more layers of material. In structural composites the materials bonded together to form the composite consist of fibers of reinforcement, as described in par. 1-3.1.1. These fibers may be oriented in various configurations and may vary in size and shape. Among the various forms of fibers used to fabricate solid laminates are rovings or strands, chopped fibers, reinforced mats, and woven and nonwoven fabrics. The various forms are explained in detail in Ref. 2. Laminates are generally formed by use of wet lay-ups or prepregs. The wet lay-up method involves the application of the matrix material to the dry reinforcement at the time of the buildup of the part to be fabricated. Care must be taken to insure that the reinforcement material is thoroughly wetted out by the matrix material and that no air is entrapped in the composite because this will result inMIL-HDBK-793(AR)voids. Prepregs are preimpregnated combinations of the reinforcement and the matrix materials in a condition ready for fabrication; they are available as woven or nonwoven fabrics,unidirectional tapes, mats, and rovings coated with the various matrix materials. All of the important reinforcing materials, including fiberglass, graphite, and the aramids, can be prepreged. The de-tection of defects in composites by NDT may be affected by the form and makeup of the laminate.1-3.2.2 Sandwich ConstructionSandwich construction consists of two or more lami-nates of different (dissimilar) materials bonded together with an adhesive, as shown in Fig. 1-1.The outermost skins (laminations), made up of solid laminate, furnish the strength and stiffness properties of the construction. The inner core separates the skin and prevents buckling of the skin when loaded. The inner lamination or core material may be made of a number of materials, such as honeycomb core, as shown in Fig. 1-1, or foam, wood, composite waveformed material, or bonded composite tubes.Sandwich construction is strong, stiff, and lightweight. It may be flat, simple curved, or compound curved. Because of these useful properties and the ability to form many shapes, the design engineer may choose sandwich construction for many military systems. A basic discussion of bonded sandwich construction is given in Ref. 16,When selecting the NDT method for inspection, it is important that the quality control engineer be aware of the type of core material that is in the sandwich con-struction since the type and configuration of the core will affect the type of test method to be selected. The AdhesiveFigure 1-1.Typical Sandwich Construction(H o n e y c o m b)transmission of the signal into the sandwich and the interpretation of the signal response may vary with each type1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.of core materialR E F E R E N C E SJ. D. Labor, Repair Procedures for CompositeSinewave Substructure, 16th National SAMPE Tech-nical Conference, Covina, CA, 9-11 October 1984,pp. 119-27.MIL-HDBK-727, Design Guidance for Producibil-ity, 5 April 1984.G. Lubin, Ed., Handbook of Fiberglass and Ad-vanced Plastics Composites. 1st Ed., Van NostrandReinhold Company, New York. NY, 1969.J. Mohr, S. Oleesky, G. Shook, and L. Meyer, SPIHandbook of Technology and Engineering of Rein-forced Plastics/Composites, 2nd Ed., Van NostrandReinhold Company, New York, NY, 1973.Structural Composite Fabrication Guide, 2nd Ed.,Vols. 1 and 2, Department of Defense NASA, AirForce Materials Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AirForce Base, OH, May 1979.Design and Use of Kevlar Aramid Fiber in Com-posite Structures, DuPont Company, Technical Sym-posium V, Reno, NV, April 1984.The Design and Use of Kevlar in Aircraft, DuPontCompany, Technical Symposium, Geneva, Switzer-land, October 1980.K. A. Collins, D. W: Huff, and J. E. Schibler,Evaluation of Kevlar 29 for Filament-wound Struc-tural Applications in Helicopters, 29th NationalSAMPE Symposium and Exhibition 29, Covina,CA, 3-5 April 1984, pp. 859-69.M. G. Maximovich, S. C. Lockerby, F. E. Arnold,and G. A. Lough ran, Acetylene-Terminated Sulfone(ATS) a New Composite Matrix Resin. 23rd Na-tional SAMPE Symposium, Covina, CA, 24 May1978, pp. 490-505.M. S. Hsu, T. Chen, J. A. Parker, and A. H.Heimbuch, New Bis-maleimide Matrix Resins forGraphite Fiber Composites, 30th National SAMPESymposium, Covina,CA, 19-21 March 1985, pp.1042-55.D. Luippold, 600°F Properties of PMR 15 andLARC-160/Glass and Graphite With Various Siz-ings After Aging at 600° F for up to 2000 Hours,30th National SAMPE Symposium, Covina, CA,19-21 March 1985, pp. 876-88.W. C. Mace, C. L. Snipe, and J. A. Bailie, Fabrica-tion of Reinforced PMR 15 Graphite Cloth Cyl-inder Assembly, 23rd National SAMPE Sym-posium, Covina, CA, 2-4 May 1978, pp. 208-17.T. L. St. Clair and R. A. Jewell, Solventless LARC-160 Polyimide Matrix Resin, 23rd National 1-3。