BEP044SN-Socializing_Starting
Diagenode Bioruptor
P R O T O C O L1Protein extraction from Tissues and Cultured Cells using Bioruptor ® Standard & PlusIntroductionProtein extraction from tissues and cultured cells is the first step for many biochemical and analytical techniques (PAGE, Western blotting, mass spectrometry, etc.) or protein purification. Efficient disruption and homogenization of animal tissues and cultured cells are required to ensure high yields of proteins. Diagenode’s Bioruptor ® uses state-of-the-art ultrasound technology to efficiently disrupt and homogenize tissues and cultured cells in just one step. Bioruptor ® offers unique benefits for tissue disruption and homogenization:• Fast and simple• No contamination between samples • Efficient• Gentle processing • Reproducible• Temperature controlled • Multiplexing capabilityGeneral remarks before starting• Conditions for protein extraction (e.g. use of fresh or frozen tissue, composition of extractionbuffer etc.) must be adjusted according to the nature of the proteins of interest and the assays to be run. SDS might be added to the extraction buffer to maximize the yield of soluble proteins. SDS extracts can be used for SDS electrophoresis and Western blotting. It is recommended to reduce the SDS concentration for 2D electrophoresis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and mass spectrometry.• For functional studies (e.g. the study of protein–protein interactions), avoid using ionicdetergents and high concentrations of salt.Extraction buffer: use RIPA buffer as a starting point for optimization:50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4) 150 mM NaCl 1% NP-400.25% Na-deoxycholate Protease Inhibitor Mix SDS 0.1 - 2% (optional)It is always recommended to optimize the buffer composition depending on a specific research project• Always use Protease Inhibitor Mix during extraction procedure to block the possible proteindegradation.P R O T O C O L@@@@2• Use Diagenode’s TPX tubes for sonication. Depending on the desired final volume, 1.5 ml TPXmicrotubes (Cat. No.: C30010010-50 or C30010010-1000) or 15 ml TPX tubes (Diagenode, Cat. No.: C30010009) might be used. Always respect the recommended sonication volumes: 100 - 300 µl for 1.5 ml TPX tubes and 1 - 2 ml for 15 ml TPX tubes (strictly follow the Bioruptor ® instructions as shown in the corresponding manual before starting any sonication experiments).• Keep extracted proteins at -80°C.Required materials and reagents• Bioruptor ® Standard (Cat. No. B01010001) or Plus (Cat. No. B01020001)• Water Cooler (Cat. No. B02010003; 115V or B02010002; 230 V)• Single Cycle Valve (Cat. No. B02020004) (required for Bioruptor ® Plus)• Tube holder for 1.5 ml tubes (Cat. No. B01200011)• 15 ml sonication accessories for Bioruptor ® Standard & Plus (Cat. No. B01200015)•Choose between option :A 1: 1.5 ml (Cat. No. C30010010-50 or C30010010-1000) or 15 ml TPX tubes (Cat. No. C30010009) for sonicationA 2:P rotein Extraction Beads (Cat No. C20000021) for tissue disruption (not required for cell lysis )B: Protein Extraction kit (Cat. No. C20000020); pre-filled 15 ml TPX tubes • Protease Inhibitor Mix (Cat. No. C12010011 or C12010012)• Buffer for protein extraction from tissue or cell lysis (not supplied)•Reagents for protein quantification (optional)ProtocolI. Protein extraction from Tissues»This protocol has been validated for up to 50 mg of tissue. Do not use more tissue per sample. For larger quantity cut the tissue and proceed to the disruption in separate tubes. When proceeding 20 - 50 mg of tissue 15 ml TPX tubes are recommended with a final volume of 1 - 2 ml. Less tissue could be sonicated in 1.5 ml TPX tubes with a final volume of 100 - 300 µl. »Minimize the time of tissue collection to prevent protein degradation.»Dissected tissues can be snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C until protein extraction1. Pre-cool Bioruptor ® to 4°C using the Bioruptor ® Water Cooler (Diagenode, Cat. No. BioAcc-Cool).2. Fill the TPX tubes with Protein Extraction Beads.»The recommended quantity of the beads is 200 - 250 mg for 15 ml TPX tubes, 40 - 50 mg for 1.5 ml TPX tubes. Note: I f using pre-filled tubes (Cat. No. C20000020 Protein Extraction kit) pleaseskip this step!3. Add Protease Inhibitor Mix (200x) to the cold protein extraction buffer: 5 µl per 1 ml of extractionbuffer. Scale accordingly.P R O T O C O L34. Add the required volume of a cold extraction buffer to the TPX tubes filled with Protein ExtractionBeads. 5. Add tissue pieces to the TPX tubes. Make sure that the final volume is in the recommendedrange: 100 - 300 µl for 1.5 ml TPX microtubes and 1 - 2 ml for 15 ml TPX tubes. 6. Vortex tubes briefly and proceed to sonication by using the Bioruptor ® with the following settings:Power: H position (High)Sonication cycle: 30 sec ON/30 sec OFF Total sonication time: 5 - 15 cycles Temperature: 4°C»To guarantee homogeneity of sonication, the tube holder should be always completely filled with tubes.7. Stop the Bioruptor ® after each 5 cycles, vortex samples and check the sample visually fordisruption.»Please note that the optimization might be required depending on the sample format (fresh or frozen tissue), tissue type and tissue amount. The shortest sonication time should be chosen to prevent protein damage. Incomplete disruption may occur with fibrous tissues (i.e. muscles). 8. Transfer the supernatant to a new tube and centrifuge samples at 14,000 rpm for 15 min at 4°Cto remove any remaining insoluble material.»The Protein Extraction Beads might be washed once with extraction buffer for maximum recovery of total protein but this will lead to the sample dilution. 9. Transfer the supernatant containing soluble proteins to a new tube.10. Take an aliquot for the quantification and the further analysis if needed. Store proteins extractsin small aliquots at -80°C.»Different protein concentration assays exist including: absorbance at 280 nm, Lowry Assay, Bradford Assay, Bicinchoninic Assay (BCA) etc.. Many commercial kits for protein quantification are also available. Please note that measuring the protein concentration in an SDS extract requires that the assay is compatible with the detergent and reducing agent in the solution. II. Protein extraction from Cultured Cells»This protocol has been validated using RIPA buffer but it may be necessary to optimize the buffer composition depending on a specific research project.»We recommend using 100 µl of an appropriate lysis buffer per 1x10^6 cells.»For Western blotting, cells might be lysed directly in 1x Laemmli buffer. After sonication, centrifuge extract at 14,000 rpm for 15 min. Transfer the supernatant to a new tube and boil for 3 min. The supernatant can be used in Western blot. Note that protein quantification by common methods is not compatible with Laemmli buffer.1. Pre-cool Bioruptor ® to 4°C using the Water Cooler.2. A dd Protease Inhibitor Mix (200x) to the ice-cold cell lysis buffer: 5 µl per 1 ml of extraction buffer .Scale accordingly.P R O T O C O L@ / info @ // North America - Diagenode Inc. / orders.na @ / info.na @43. For monolayer cells:R inse the monolayer cells 3 times with cold PBS. For the final rinse, use a cell scraper and transfer the cell suspension to a TPX tube. Centrifuge cells at 1,500 rpm for 10 min at 4°C and aspirate as much supernatant as possible. Proceed to step 4.For suspension cells:C entrifuge suspension at 1,500 rpm for 10 min at 4°C and aspirate the supernatant. Resuspend the pellet in cold PBS, transfer to a TPX tube and centrifuge at 1,500 rpm for 10 min at 4°C. Aspirate the supernatant. Repeat 2 more times. Proceed to the step 4.4. Add ice-cold cell lysis buffer and resuspend the pellet. Incubate on ice for 10 min.»The viscosity may appear at this step5. Vortex tubes briefly and proceed to sonication by using the Bioruptor ® with the following settings:Power: H position (High)Sonication cycle: 30 sec ON/30 sec OFF Total sonication time: 5-10 cycles Temperature: 4°C»To guarantee homogeneity of sonication, the tube holder should be always completely filled with tubes.6. Stop the Bioruptor ® after 5 cycles, briefly vortex samples and visually check the samples:Samples should be in solution (viscosity should be reduced)»Please note that the optimization might be required depending on sample format (cell density, cell type etc.). The shortest sonication time should be chosen to prevent protein damage. 7. Transfer the supernatant to a new tube and centrifuge samples at 14,000 rpm for 15 min at 4°Cto remove any remaining insoluble material.8. Take an aliquot for the quantification and the further analysis if needed. Store protein extractsat -80°C.»Different protein concentration assays exist including: absorbance at 280 nm, Lowry Assay, Bradford Assay, Bicinchoninic Assay (BCA) etc. Many commercial kits for protein quantification are also available. Please note that measuring the protein concentration in an SDS extract requires that the assay is compatible with the detergent and reducing agent in the solution.Figure 1. Protein Extraction Beads are required for efficient tissue disruption using the Bioruptor® PlusComplete disruption is observed in the sample containing Diagenode’s Protein Extraction Beads (left) after 5 cycles while non-disrupted tissue is still present in the sample without the Protein Extraction Beads (right).P R O T O C O L / info @ // North America - Diagenode Inc. / orders.na @ / info.na @5Figure 2. Total proteins effectively extracted from tissues using Bioruptor ® PlusVarious mouse tissues were disrupted in RIPA buffer supplemented with or without 2% SDS. Total proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and stained with Coomassie Blue dye.Figure 3. Western blot analysis of GAPDH and HSP90 proteins in tissue and cultured cell extracts.Expected bands of 37 kD and 90 kD are observed for GAPDH (left panel) and HSP90 (right panel), respectively, in liver, brain and skeletal muscle. Note that HSP90 is expressed in muscle in an extremely low level (H. Quraishi and I. R. Brown, J Neurosci Res. 1996 Feb 1;43(3):335-45). Whole cell extract from HeLa cells is loaded as positive control. HeLa cells were lysed using the Bioruptor ®.P R O -P R O TE I N -E X T R A C T _06_08_13LiverBrainMuscle+ SDS+ SDS + SDS- SDS- SDS- SDS。
STRINGdb Package 使用指南说明书
STRINGdb Package VignetteAndrea Franceschini15March20151INTRODUCTIONSTRING(https://)is a database of known and predicted protein-protein interac-tions.The interactions include direct(physical)and indirect(functional)associations.The databasecontains information from numerous sources,including experimental repositories,computational pre-diction methods and public text collections.Each interaction is associated with a combined con dencescore that integrates the various evidences.We currently cover over24milions proteins from5090organisms.As you will learn in this guide,the STRING database can be usefull to add meaning to list of genes(e.g.the best hits coming out from a screen or the most di erentially expressed genes coming out froma Microarray/RNAseq experiment.)We provide the STRINGdb R package in order to facilitate our users in accessing the STRINGdatabase from R.In this guide we explain,with examples,most of the package's features and function-alities.In the STRINGdb R package we use the new ReferenceClasses of R(search for"ReferenceClasses"in the R documentation.).Besides we make use of the iGraph package()as a data structure to represent our protein-protein interaction network.To begin,you should rst know the NCBI taxonomy identi ers of the organism on which you haveperformed the experiment(e.g.9606for Human,10090for mouse).If you don't know that,you cansearch the NCBI Taxonomy(/taxonomy)or start looking at our speciestable(that you can also use to verify that your organism is represented in the STRING database).Hence,if your species is not Human(i.e.our default species),you can nd it and their taxonomy identi-ers on STRING webpage under the'organisms'section(https:///cgi/input.pl?input_page_active_form=org or download the full list in the download section of STRING website.>library(STRINGdb)>string_db<-STRINGdb$new(version="11.5",species=9606,+score_threshold=200,network_type="full",input_directory="")As it has been shown in the above commands,you start instantiating the STRINGdb reference class.In the constructor of the class you can also de ne the STRING version to be used and a threshold forthe combined scores of the interactions,such that any interaction below that threshold is not loaded inthe object(by default the score threshold is set to400).You can also specify the network type"functional"for full functional STRING network or"physical" for physical subnetwork,which link only the proteins which share a physical complex.Besides,if you specify a local directory to the parameter input-directory,the database les will be downloaded into this directory and most of the methods can be used o -line.Otherwise,the database les will be saved and cached in a temporary directory that will be cleaned automatically when the R session is closed.For a better understanding of the package two other commands can be useful:>STRINGdb$methods()#To list all the methods available.[1]".objectPackage"".objectParent"[3]"add_diff_exp_color""add_proteins_description" [5]"benchmark_ppi""benchmark_ppi_pathway_view" [7]"callSuper""copy"[9]"enrichment_heatmap""export"[11]"field""getClass" [13]"getRefClass""get_aliases"[15]"get_annotations""get_bioc_graph"[17]"get_clusters""get_enrichment"[19]"get_graph""get_homologs"[21]"get_homologs_besthits""get_homology_graph"[23]"get_interactions""get_link"[25]"get_neighbors""get_paralogs"[27]"get_pathways_benchmarking_blackList""get_png"[29]"get_ppi_enrichment""get_ppi_enrichment_full"[31]"get_proteins""get_pubmed"[33]"get_pubmed_interaction""get_subnetwork"[35]"get_summary""get_term_proteins" [37]"import""initFields" [39]"initialize""load"[41]"load_all""map"[43]"mp""plot_network"[45]"plot_ppi_enrichment""post_payload"[47]"ppi_enrichment""remove_homologous_interactions" [49]"set_background""show"[51]"show#envRefClass""trace" [53]"untrace""usingMethods">STRINGdb$help("get_graph")#To visualize their documentation.Call:$get_graph()Description:Return an igraph object with the entire STRING network.We invite the user to use the functions of the iGraph package to conveniently search/analyze the network.References:Csardi G,Nepusz T:The igraph software package for complex network research,InterJournal,Complex Systems1695.2006.See Also:In order to simplify the most common tasks,we do also provide convenient functionsthat wrap some iGraph functions.get_interactions(string_ids)#returns the interactions in between the input proteinsget_neighbors(string_ids)#Get the neighborhoods of a protein(or of a vector of proteins). get_subnetwork(string_ids)#returns a subgraph from the given input proteinsAuthor(s):Andrea FranceschiniFor all the methods that we are going to explain below,you can always use the help function inorder to get additional information/parameters with respect to those explained in this guide.As an example,we use the analyzed data of a microarray study taken from GEO(Gene Expression Omnibus,GSE9008).This study investigates the activity of Resveratrol,a natural phytoestrogen foundin red wine and a variety of plants,in A549lung cancer cells.Microarray gene expression pro ling after48hours exposure to Revestarol has been performed and compared to a control composed by A549lung cancer cells threated only with ethanol.This data is already analyzed for di erential expressionusing the limma package:the genes are sorted by fdr corrected pvalues and the log fold change of thedi erential expression is also reported in the table.>data(diff_exp_example1)>head(diff_exp_example1)pvalue logFC gene10.00010183.333461VSTM2L20.00013923.822383TBC1D230.00017203.306056LENG940.00017393.024605TMEM2750.00019903.854414LOC10050601460.00023933.082052TSPAN1As a rst step,we map the gene names to the STRING database identi ers using the"map"method.In this particular example,we map from gene HUGO names,but our mapping function supports severalother common identi ers(e.g.Entrez GeneID,ENSEMBL proteins,RefSeq transcripts...etc.).The map function adds an additional column with STRING identi ers to the dataframe that is passedas rst parameter.>example1_mapped<-string_db$map(diff_exp_example1,"gene",removeUnmappedRows=TRUE)Warning:we couldn't map to STRING15%of your identifiersAs you may have noticed,the previous command prints a warning showing the number of genes that we failed to map.In this particular example,we cannot map all the probes of the microarray that refer to position of the chromosome that are not assigned to a real gene(i.e.all the LOC genes).If we remove all these LOC genes before the mapping we obtain a much lower percentage of unmapped genes(i.e.<6%).If you set to FALSE the"removeUnmappedRows"parameter,than the rows which corresponds to unmapped genes are left and you can manually inspect them.Finally,we extract the most signi cant200genes and we produce an image of the STRING network for those.The image shows clearly the genes and how they are possibly functionally related.On the top of the plot,we insert a pvalue that represents the probability that you can expect such an equal or greater number of interactions by chance.>hits<-example1_mapped$STRING_id[1:200]>string_db$plot_network(hits)proteins: 200interactions: 382expected interactions: 229 (p−value: 0)2PAYLOAD MECHANISMThis R library provides the ability to interact with the STRING payload mechanism.The payload appears as an additional colored"halo"around the bubbles.For example,this allows to color in green the genes that are down-regulated and in red the genesthat are up-regulated.For this mechanism to work,we provide a function that posts the informationon our web server.>#filter by p-value and add a color column>#(i.e.green down-regulated gened and red for up-regulated genes)>example1_mapped_pval05<-string_db$add_diff_exp_color(subset(example1_mapped,pvalue<0.05), +logFcColStr="logFC")>#post payload information to the STRING server>payload_id<-string_db$post_payload(example1_mapped_pval05$STRING_id,+colors=example1_mapped_pval05$color)>#display a STRING network png with the"halo">string_db$plot_network(hits,payload_id=payload_id)proteins: 200interactions: 382expected interactions: 229 (p−value: 0)3ENRICHMENTWe provide a method to compute the enrichment in Gene Ontology(Process,Function and Component),KEGG and Reactome pathways,PubMed publications,UniProt Keywords,and PFAM/INTERPRO/SMARTdomains for your set of proteins all in one simple call.The enrichment itself is computed using an hy-pergeometric test and the FDR is calculated using Benjamini-Hochberg procedure.>enrichment<-string_db$get_enrichment(hits)>head(enrichment,n=20)category term number_of_genes number_of_genes_in_background1Process GO:00069523412962Process GO:0010951122483Process GO:00517073112564Component GO:00055766641665Component GO:00056155531956Component GO:00700624120997Component GO:19035614221218TISSUES BTO:0004850101709Keyword KW-073257323310Keyword KW-03911752211Keyword KW-096437181812KEGG hsa0411567213WikiPathways WP4963867ncbiTaxonId19606296063960649606596066960679606896069960610960611960612960613960612349606.ENSP00000008938,9606.ENSP00000014914,9606.ENSP00000187762,9606.ENSP00000216286,9606.ENSP00000 56789101112131234PGLYRP1,GPRC5A,TMEM38A,NID2,C5,RARRES1,C4BPB,CD70,C3,ISLR,SERPINF1,THSD1,EPYC,LGALS3BP,C6,VAMP8,CS 5PGLYRP1,GPRC5A,TMEM38A,NID2,C5,RAR 6789PGLYRP1,NID2,C5,C4BPB,C3,ISLR,SE 10111213p_value fdr description1 5.07e-070.00650Defense response2 1.43e-050.03780Negative regulation of endopeptidase activity3 5.89e-060.03780Response to other organism49.03e-050.04080Extracellular region5 5.17e-050.04080Extracellular space6 4.18e-050.04080Extracellular exosome7 2.40e-050.04080Extracellular vesicle8 1.54e-050.02940Bone marrow cell9 1.78e-050.01200Signal103.64e-050.01230Immunity114.61e-050.01230Secreted121.40e-040.04690p53signaling pathway139.02e-070.00061p53transcriptional gene networkIf you have performed your experiment on a prede ned set of proteins,it is important to run theenrichment statistics using that set as a background(otherwise you would get a wrong p-value!).Hence,before to launch the method above,you may want to set the background:>backgroundV<-example1_mapped$STRING_id[1:2000]#as an example,we use the first2000genes>string_db$set_background(backgroundV)You can also set the background when you instantiate the STRINGdb object:>string_db<-STRINGdb$new(score_threshold=200,backgroundV=backgroundV)If you just want to know terms are assigned to your set of proteins(and not necessary enriched)youcan use"get_annotations"method.This method will output all the terms from most of the categories(the exceptions are KEGG terms due to licensing issues and PubMed due to the size of the output)that are associated with your set of proteins.>annotations<-string_db$get_annotations(hits)>head(annotations,n=20)category term_id number_of_genes ratio_in_set species1COMPARTMENTS GOCC:000010910.00596062COMPARTMENTS GOCC:000013920.01096063COMPARTMENTS GOCC:000015110.00596064COMPARTMENTS GOCC:000022810.00596065COMPARTMENTS GOCC:000030710.00596066COMPARTMENTS GOCC:000032360.03096067COMPARTMENTS GOCC:000050210.00596068COMPARTMENTS GOCC:000078520.01096069COMPARTMENTS GOCC:000078610.005960610COMPARTMENTS GOCC:000079110.005960611COMPARTMENTS GOCC:000153310.005960612COMPARTMENTS GOCC:000165010.005960613COMPARTMENTS GOCC:000166910.005960614COMPARTMENTS GOCC:000172510.005960615COMPARTMENTS GOCC:000172620.010960616COMPARTMENTS GOCC:000213310.005960617COMPARTMENTS GOCC:0005576400.200960618COMPARTMENTS GOCC:000557710.005960619COMPARTMENTS GOCC:000557930.015960620COMPARTMENTS GOCC:000560420.010960612345678910111213141516179606.ENSP00000008938,9606.ENSP00000216286,9606.ENSP00000223642,9606.ENSP00000237696,9606.ENSP00000 1819201234567891011121314151617PGLYRP1,NID2,C5,RARRES1,C4BPB,CD70,C3,SERPINF1,THSD1,LGALS3BP,C6,CSTA,ANXA3,PTH,CA2,TIMP4,DEFB1,PS 181920description1Nucleotide-excision repair complex2Golgi membrane3Ubiquitin ligase complex4Nuclear chromosome5Cyclin-dependent protein kinase holoenzyme complex6Lytic vacuole7Proteasome complex8Chromatin9Nucleosome10Euchromatin11Cornified envelope12Fibrillar center13Acrosomal vesicle14Stress fiber15Ruffle16Polycystin complex17Extracellular region18Fibrinogen complex19Membrane attack complex20Basement membrane4CLUSTERINGThe iGraph package provides several clustering/community algorithms:"fastgreedy","walktrap","sp-inglass","edge.betweenness".We encapsulate this in an easy-to-use function that returns the clustersin a list.>#get clusters>clustersList<-string_db$get_clusters(example1_mapped$STRING_id[1:600])>#plot first4clusters>par(mfrow=c(2,2))>for(i in seq(1:4)){+string_db$plot_network(clustersList[[i]])+}proteins: 74interactions: 137expected interactions: 13 (p−value: 0)proteins: 119interactions: 934expected interactions: 175 (p−value: 0)proteins: 46interactions: 59expected interactions: 8 (p−value: 0)proteins: 36interactions: 41expected interactions: 3 (p−value: 0)5ADDITIONAL PROTEIN INFORMATIONYou can get a table that contains all the proteins that are present in our database of the species of interest.The protein table also include the preferred name,the size and a short description of each protein.>string_proteins<-string_db$get_proteins()In the following section we will show how to query STRING with R on some speci c proteins.In the examples,we will use the famous tumor proteins TP53and ATM.First we need to get the STRING identi er of those proteins,using our mp method:>tp53=string_db$mp("tp53")>atm=string_db$mp("atm")The mp method(i.e.map proteins)is an alternative to our map method,to be used when you need to map only one or few proteins.It takes in input a vector of protein aliases and returns a vector with the STRING identi ers of those proteins.Using the following method,you can see the proteins that interact with one or more of your proteins: >string_db$get_neighbors(c(tp53,atm))It is also possible to retrieve the interactions that connect certain input proteins between each other. Using the"get_interactions"method we can clearly see that TP53and ATM interact with each other with a good evidence/score.>string_db$get_interactions(c(tp53,atm))from to combined_score19606.ENSP000002693059606.ENSP0000027861699929606.ENSP000002693059606.ENSP00000278616999STRING provides a way to get homologous proteins:in our database we store ALL-AGAINST-ALL alignments within all5090organisms.You can retrive all of the paralogs of the protein using "get_paralogs"method.>#Get all homologs of TP53in human.>string_db$get_paralogs(tp53)STRING also stores best hits(as measured by bitscore)between the proteins from di erent species. "get_homologs_besthits"lets you retrieve these homologs.>#get the best hits of the following protein in all the STRING species>string_db$get_homologs_besthits(tp53)...or you can specify the species of interest(i.e.all the blast hits):>#get the homologs of the following two proteins in the mouse(i.e.species_id=10090)>string_db$get_homologs_besthits(c(tp53,atm),target_species_id=10090,bitscore_threshold=60) 6CITATIONPlease cite:Szklarczyk D,Gable AL,Nastou KC,Lyon D,Kirsch R,Pyysalo S,Doncheva NT,Legeay M,FangT,Bork P,Jensen LJ,von Mering C.'The STRING database in2021:customizable protein-protein networks,and functional characterization of user-uploaded gene/measurement sets.'Nucleic Acids Res.2021Jan8;49(D1):D605-12。
nps编译 -回复
nps编译-回复自然语言处理(Natural Language Processing, NLP) 是人工智能领域中的一个重要分支，它致力于使计算机能够理解和处理人类语言。
近年来，随着技术的发展和数据的增加，NLP 在自动翻译、文本分析、情感分析等应用领域取得了巨大的进展，为人类带来了许多便利。
在本文中，我将逐步解释NLP的概念、应用和发展，并探讨其未来的前景。
第一步，我们先来了解一下什么是自然语言处理。
自然语言指的是人类日常交流所使用的语言，如中文、英文、法文等。
而自然语言处理则是指利用计算机技术对自然语言进行处理和理解的过程。
该过程涉及到文本分析、语义理解、情感分析等技术，旨在使计算机能够像人类一样理解和处理语言。
NLP的应用非常广泛，其中最常见的应用之一是自动翻译。
自动翻译技术旨在将一种语言自动翻译成另一种语言，帮助人们跨越语言壁垒进行沟通和交流。
NLP技术还可以应用于文本分类、情感分析等领域。
例如，在社交媒体上对用户的言论进行情感分析，可以帮助企业了解用户对其产品或服务的态度和情感，从而指导市场营销策略的制定。
NLP技术的发展正日益迅猛。
其中一个重要的推动力是深度学习技术的兴起。
深度学习是一种基于神经网络模型的学习方法，通过构建多层次的神经网络模型来实现对数据的自动学习和特征提取。
在NLP领域，深度学习已经取得了非常显著的成果。
例如，循环神经网络(Recurrent Neural Network, RNN) 和长短时记忆网络(Long Short-Term Memory, LSTM) 等模型被广泛应用于自然语言处理任务中，如机器翻译和语音识别等。
然而，尽管NLP技术取得了巨大的进展，但仍然存在一些挑战和限制。
首先，语言的多义性和歧义性是NLP面临的首要问题之一。
同一个词语在不同的语境下可能具有不同的含义，这给自然语言处理带来了巨大的挑战。
其次，对于某些复杂的语义任务，如指代消解和语义归纳，目前的NLP 技术仍然无法达到人类水平。
花椒味花生仁真空入味工艺优化及其品质分析
陈晓晴，廖卢艳，吴卫国. 花椒味花生仁真空入味工艺优化及其品质分析[J]. 食品工业科技，2024，45（8）：190−199. doi:10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023050307CHEN Xiaoqing, LIAO Luyan, WU Weiguo. Optimization of Vacuum Flavoring Technology and Quality Analysis of Pepper-flavored Peanut Kernel[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2024, 45(8): 190−199. (in Chinese with English abstract). doi:10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023050307· 工艺技术 ·花椒味花生仁真空入味工艺优化及其品质分析陈晓晴，廖卢艳，吴卫国*（湖南农业大学食品科学技术学院，湖南长沙 412000）摘 要：花生传统加工方式存在能耗大、入味慢、加工周期长等缺点，为了得到风味更佳的花椒味花生仁休闲食品，本研究采用真空技术与传统技术相结合的加工方式，通过负压时间、负压次数、真空度三个单因素实验筛选真空入味工艺参数条件，以花椒酰胺含量和感官评分为考察指标，在单因素实验的基础上通过响应面试验优化真空入味花椒味花生仁的工艺条件。
结果表明，各因素对花椒味花生仁的影响顺序为负压时间>负压次数>真空度，最佳工艺参数为负压时间100 s 、负压次数6 次、真空参数0.80 MPa 。
该最佳工艺制作的花椒花生仁蛋白质含量为27%，脂肪含量为57%，过氧化值和酸价均符合国家的标准，感官评分为93.1分。
本研究以推动标准化加工的坚果休闲食品全产业链提供参考，促进坚果休闲食品产业的可持续发展。
关键词：花生仁，加工方式，响应面优化，品质分析本文网刊:中图分类号：TS202.1 文献标识码： B 文章编号：1002−0306（2024）08−0190−10DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023050307Optimization of Vacuum Flavoring Technology and Quality Analysisof Pepper-flavored Peanut KernelCHEN Xiaoqing ，LIAO Luyan ，WU Weiguo *（College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 412000, China ）Abstract ：The traditional processing method of peanuts has drawbacks such as high energy consumption, slow flavor absorption, and long processing cycles, to get better flavor of pepper-flavored peanut kernel snack food, this study used the vacuum technology combining with traditional technology to optimize by examining the effect of negative pressure time,negative pressure times and vacuum degree on the content of zanthoxylamide and sensory score using a combination of single factor method and response surface design. The results showed that the order of influence of various factors on pepper-flavored peanut kernels was negative pressure time>negative pressure frequency>vacuum degree. The optimal process parameters were negative pressure time of 100 seconds, negative pressure frequency of 6 times, and vacuum parameter of 0.80 MPa. The protein and fat content of pepper-flavored peanut kernels produced by this optimal process were 27% and 57%, respectively. The peroxide value and acid value meet national standards, and the sensory score was 93.1 points. This study would provide a reference for promoting the standardized processing of the entire nut snack food industry chain, and promoted the sustainable development of the nut snack food industry.Key words ：peanut kernel ；processing method ；response surface optimization ；quality analysis花生（Arachis hypogaea Linn.）别名长生果，原产于热带、亚热带的南美洲地区，是全世界第四大油料农作物，同时也是食用油脂和植物蛋白的重要来源[1−2]。
李宏毅-B站机器学习视频课件BP全
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TASCAM DV-RA1000HD高分辨率音频 DSD主机录音机说明书
239PRICEVOCOP RO CDR1000-P RO CD-R/RW RECORDER A standalone CD burnerdesigned for quick burning of music and vocals on the road or on stage without acomputer. It has the ability to burn music to CD-R, CD-RW live in real-time, erasedata from CD-RW discs and create separate tracks while recording live. It featuresa digital coaxial audio input (compatible with 44.1 kHz), RCA and balanced XLR audioline in/out connections, headphone jack, and recording level control. It is 1RU andcomes rackmount ready.ITEM DE S CRIPTION PRICE CDR1000-PRO ...........CD-R/RW recorder, 1RU ...............................................................399.00 UBLISHING EZ Dupe’s Publishing Plant is a full-on produc-tion facility for all of your DVD or CD media needs. The Publishing Plant is only 23 inches wide and 21 inches deep. Its engineering design segues into an Epson Artisan 50 printer, creating a fully automatic system. It writes DVDs at 20x speed, and CDs at 48x. It features a 100 disc capacity, and is compatible with most DVD and CD formats. Includes an LICATION All models come standard with a 160GB HDD and USB2.0 interconnect. Stand-alone tower models only. Professional duplication with up to 20x speed for DVD+/-R, 8x for DVD+/-RW, 8x for DVD+/-DL, 52x for CD-R, and up to 32x for CD-RW. Available in 2- to 11-target configurations. Models shown below are most popular configurations, call for others. PRICEEPSON PP-100 DISCPRODUCER SERIESDISC PRINTERS Offering the lowest cost per print,and Epson’s renowned print quality, Discproducer has amaximum output of 100 disc per session, with an hourlyrate of 30 CDs or 15 DVDs. In print-only mode, thePP-100 can print up to 45 discs per hour. The networkedversion can receive up to five jobs at the same time andhas been optimized for working in groups. The security version is designed for applica-tions requiring top-level security and archived data protection. The Autoprinter can printonto 100 CDs and/or DVDs in one session, with an hourly rate of 95 discs. All modelsfeature bi-directional printing and print at resolutions of up to 1440x1440 dpi.ITEM DE S CRIPTION PRICEPP-100......................Epson Discproducer ...................................................................2695.00PP-100N worked version of PP-100 ..........................................................CALLPP-100NS worked version of PP-100 w/security .........................................CALLPP-100AP .................Epson Autoprinter ......................................................................1950.00AccessoriesPJIC-SET ...................Set of 6 ink cartridges, 1 in each color .......................................230.00PJIC1-C .....................Cyan ink cartridge .........................................................................40.00PJIC2-LC ...................Light cyan ink cartridge ................................................................40.00PJIC3-LM ...................Light magenta ink cartridge .........................................................40.00PJIC4-M ....................Magenta ink cartridge ...................................................................40.00PJIC5-Y .....................Yellow ink cartridge .......................................................................40.00PJIC6-K .....................Black ink cartridge ........................................................................40.00C13S020476 .............N E W !240EZ DU E MEDIA MIRROR MULTI-FORMAT DUPLICATOR The Media/Mirror backs up audio andvideo DVDs and CDs, many types of media cards (CFI/II, SD, MS-Pro Duo are most common types), andUSB media devices. Features multi-session technology,which permits several memory cards or USB devices tobe placed on a single DVD or CD. It will also place mediafrom media cards larger than CD or DVD capacity ontomultiple discs. Professional duplication with up to 20x for DVD±R, 8x for DL DVD±R, DVD+RW, 6x for DVD-RW, 56x for CD-R, and 32x for CD-RW. All units carry a 3-year manufacturer’s warranty.ITEM DE S CRIPTION PRICE MM01PIB ..................Single-target multi-format duplicator .........................................389.00MM02PIB ..................Dual-target multi-format duplicator ...........................................459.00MM03PIB ..................Triple-target multi-format duplicator ..........................................529.00EZ DUPE MEDIA MAVEN SERIES DVD /CD /MEDIACARD DUPLICATION SYSTEM This series of profes-sional duplicators is lightning fast in reproducing mirror-image copies of virtually every type of media card with theoptional media expander. It features a SATA drives for themost accurate transfer of data. Create DVD & CD cop-ies from USB directly to disc with the touch of a button.Professional duplication with up to 8x speed for DVD, 52xon CD. Optional media expander writes to Micro SD, MS/MS Duo, Mini SD, SD/SDHC and MMC cards.ITEM DE S CRIPTION PRICE MMM30 .....................1 source, 3 target DVD/CD duplicator .........................................479.00MMM50 .....................1 source, 5 target DVD/CD duplicator .........................................629.00MMM70 .....................1 source, 7 target DVD/CD duplicator .........................................769.00MMM90 ..................... 1 source, 9 target DVD/CD duplicator .......................................1019.00MMMEX .....................11 target media expander for multi-media maven .......................22.95MICROBOARDS COPYWRITER® ive bring digital-quality audio to your church, school, studio, or boardroom. Record from practically any audio source, including live feed from a microphone, a cassette deck, a mixer, and many MICROBOARDS COPY WRITER & COPY WRITER PRO CD/These towers feature industrial Optiarc recorders that copy both DVD and CD formats. In addition these support bit to bit data verification, ensuring a perfect burn every time. These support nearly every format like DVD Video, DVD ROM, DVD+R/-R, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and dual layer DVD. Supported CD formats are CD-DA (Red Book), CD-ROM modes 1&2, XA forms 1&2, ISO 9660, Photo CD, CD-Extra, HFS, and Hybrid. The Pro versions feature onboard 320GB hard disc drives. EZ DUP E P ORTABLE USBDUPLICATORS These por-table, stand-alone USB dupli-cation systems feature userfriendly 4-key control with L CD, 2GB per minute USB duplication andbit-by-bit Compare function to confirm successful copies. No warm-up or cool-down is required. Other features include test and check functions for USB drives, real-time display of detailed information, and ergonomic, portable design.ITEM DE S CRIPTION PRICE 2CUSB .......................2 target, portable USB duplicator/tester .....................................149.956CUSB .......................6 target, portable USB duplicator/tester .....................................989.002CUSB 6CUSB MICROBOARDS G3 SERIES DISC PUBLISHERS The G3P-1000 DVD/CD disc publisher has a single recorder, with 50 disc input capacity. It burns 24x for DVDs, and 48x for CDs. Utilizes HP inkjet technology to produce images at up to 4800dpi via a single tri-color cartridge (GX-300HC). The G3PBD-1000 shares the same features but adds 8x Blu-Ray disc publish-ing capability. The G3A-1000 is an autoprinter version only. Compatible with Pentium 4 3.0GHz or greater machines running: Windows and Intel-based Macs OSX 10.5+ compatible. Comes MICROBOARDS CX-1 DVD/CD/BLU-RAY low cost-per-unit. Comes with PRINTWRITE-2 disc EZ DUPE STUDIO STANDARD RACKMOUNT SERIESDurable, stylish, and rugged designs with heavy-duty housing which are ideal for an industrial environment. These commonly feature a 250W, 350W, and 400W industrial power supply with safety approved selectable voltage, 8cm ball bearing fan to maxi-mize ventilation, and 80GB hard drive standard. Professional duplication with up to 20x speed for DVD+/-R, 8x for DVD+/-RW, 10x for DVD+/-DL, 40x for CD-R, and up to 32x for CD-RW. Units carry a 4-year manufacturer’s warranty.ITEM DE S CRIPTION PRICE RK3TDVDSOB ..3-target CD/DVD rackmt duplicator, Sony, 80 GB HDD, black ................589.00RK5TDVDSOB ..5-target CD/DVD rackmt duplicator, Sony, 80 GB HDD, black ................759.00RK7TDVDSOB ..7-target CD/DVD rackmt duplicator, Sony, 80 GB HDD, black ................899.00RK9TDVDSOB ..9-target CD/DVD rackmt duplicator, Sony, 80 GB HDD, black ..............1099.00Shop anytime. Buy online. Honesty and Valuesince 1971242MICROBOARDS QD/QDH SERIES DVD/CD DUP LICATORSAffordable duplication solutions for copying audio, video,or data. They feature small desktop footprints, anduse an easy-to-use 4 button touch panel interface.Supported formats include DVD-R, DVD+R, DVDVideo, DVD-ROM, DVD-DL, All CD formatsincluding CD+G. Also features copyverification & track extractionfeatures, USB 2.0 intercon-nect, and Zulu2 disc masteringsoftware. 1 year manufacturer’sRECORDEX RX-100 SERIES CD DUP LICATORSThese small, high-capacitysional gravity disc feeding system (as opposed to roboticpicking arms) that can load and unload a disc in just 3seconds. You can leave it unattended for hours with the100-disc input and output bin. Duplicators feature singletiple simultaneous operations. Enclosed design systemkeeps the unit dust-free and nearly silent. The RX-100PCincludes a premium software suite that allows it to ripCDs to MP3s, back up data, create and restore ISO files,erase RW discs, duplicate data discs, and burn copies ofaudio files. In addition to MP3, the unit supports WMA, WAV, and OGG formats. The RO™ COMMERCIAL RINTERS These are auto printers that create photo-quality results in under a minute. They have a smart dual cartridge system which prints true black while saving the color cartridge specifically for color applications tridges. Compatible with most major brands of optical media. Both printers use standard off-the-shelf HP ink cartridges (HP56 black, HP57 color). Minimum system requirements – Pentium Designed for industrial environments, the MX-1 and MX-2 come with 1 or 2 high-speed DVD/CD recorders, and a low cost-per-disc inkjet printer (4800dpi) for a complete publishing solution. The PF-Pro (PFP-1000) is a printer only, with no recorders. All units feature 100-disc input/output and enhanced automation for reliable loading & unloading of discs. Ships with software for Mac/PC and connects via USB2.0. Please call to verify sions are also available. Comes with PRINTWRITE-2 disc publishing software.This small autoloader has 3 recording drives, a 250GB hard drive and can make 60 discs a run. Records at speedsup to 24x for DVD±Rs & DVD±RWs, and 48x for CD-R &CD-RWs. Writes at speeds up to 40x for CD-Rs, 24x forCD-RWs, DVD-Rs, and DVD+Rs, 8x for DVD+RWs, and 6x forN E W !Tenemos ventas y servicio en Español.Expertos que hablan Español disponibles en x1178 y x1164.Honesty and Valuesince 1971。
FortiManager 自动化驱动中心化管理系统说明书
DATA SHEETFortiManagerAutomation-Driven Centralized Management Manage all your Fortinet devices in a single-console central management system. FortiManager provides full visibility of your network, offering streamlined provisioning and innovative automation tools.Integrated with Fortinet’s Security Fabric , the security architecture and FortiManager’s Automation Driven Network Operations capabilities provide a foundation to secure and optimize network security , such as provisioning and monitoring SD-WANs.Orchestrate security devices and systems on-premise or in the cloud to streamline network provisioning, security policy updates & change management.Automate your time-intensive processes and accelerate workflows to offload NOC-SOC, reduce administrative tasks and address talent shortages.Optimize Visibility to the entire digital attack surface and awareness of increasing cyber threats from one centralized location, through accurate detection, automated correlation and rapid response features.§ § § § § § §DATA SHEET | FortiManager2HighlightsSingle Pane Automation and OrchestrationFortinet Security Fabric delivers sophisticated security management for unified, end-to-end protection. Deploying Fortinet-based security infrastructure to battle advanced threats, and adding FortiManager to provide single-pane-of-glass management across your entire extended enterprise provides insight into network-wide traffic and threats.FortiManager offers enterprise-class features to contain advanced threats. FortiManager also delivers the industry’s best scalability to manage up to 100,000 Fortinet devices. FortiManager, coupled with the FortiAnalyzer family of centralized logging and reporting appliances,provides a comprehensive and powerful centralized management solution for your organization.Centralized SD-WAN Deployment & MonitoringPowerful SD-WAN management capabilities by using templates. Enhanced SD-WAN monitoring for each SD-WAN link member with visibility of link status, application performance, bandwidth utilization. The SLA targets are included in performance monitoring graphs for each WAN provider.Configuration and Settings ManagementCollectively configure the device settings - using the provisioning templates and advance CLI templates improves management of a large number of devices. Automatic device configuration backup with revision control and change audit make it easier for daily administrative tasks.Central Management of Network InfrastructureCentrally manage FortiGate , FortiSwitch, FortiExtender, FortiAP . The VPN manager simplifies the deployment and allows centrally-provisioned VPN community and monitoring of VPN connections on Google Map. FortiAP Manager allows configuring, deploying and monitoring FortiAPs from a single console with Google Map view. The FortiClient Manager allows centralized configuration, deployment and monitoring of FortiClients.Multi-Tenancy & Role Based AdministrationFortiManager equips admins with granular device and role based administration for deploying multi-tenancy architecture to large enterprises, with a hierarchical objects database to facilitate re-use of common configurations and serve multiple customers. The graphical interface makes it easy to view, create, clone and manage ADOMs. You can use ADOMs to manage independent security environments, each ADOM with its own security policies and configuration database. FortiManager enables you to group devices logically or geographically for flexible management, and the zero-touch deployment uses templates to provision devices for quick mass deployment and supports firmware version enforcement. Define global objects such as Firewall Objects, Policies and Security Profiles to share across multiple ADOMs. Granular permissions allow assigning ADOMs, devices and policies to users based on role and duties.API for Automation and OrchestrationRESTful API allows MSSPs/large enterprises to create customized, branded web portals for policy and object administration. Automate common tasks such as provisioning new FortiGates and configuring existing devices. Join Fortinet Developer Network (FNDN) to access exclusive articles, how-to content for automation and customization, community-built tools, scripts and sample code.Security Policy ManagementA set of commonly used security policies can be now grouped in a Policy Block and inserted as needed in different Policy Packages.Global policy feature that allows companies such as: Telecom, MSSP , SAAS providers applies a header and/or footer policy at the ADOM level to all the policy packages or to a selection of packages, as needed.DATA SHEET | FortiManagerHighlightsFortiManager VMFortinet offers the FortiManager VM in a stackable license model. This model allows you to expand your VM solution as your environment expands. Utilizing virtualization technology, FortiManager-VM is a software-based version of the FortiManager hardware appliance and is designed to run on many virtualization platforms. It offers all the features of the FortiManager hardware appliance.The FortiManager virtual appliance family minimizes the effort required to monitor and maintain acceptable use policies, as well as identify attack patterns that can be used to fine tune the security policy, thwarting future attackers.SpecificationsFMG-VM-10-UG FMG-VM-100-UG FMG-VM-1000-UG FMG-VM-5000-UG10 +100 +1,000 +5,000 +200 GB 1 TB 4 TB8 TB251025VMware ESX/ESXi 5.0/5.1/5.5/6.0/6.5/6.7, Microsoft Hyper-V 2008 R2/2012/2012 R2/2016, Citrix XenServer 6.0+ and Open SourceXen 4.1+, KVM on Redhat 6.5+ and Ubuntu 17.04, Nutanix AHV (AOS 5.10.5), Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, GoogleCloud (GCP), Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI), Alibaba Cloud (AliCloud)vCPU Support (Minimum / Maximum) 2 / UnlimitedNetwork Interface Support (Min / Max) 1 / 4Integration & Security FabricIntegration with ITSM to mitigate security events and applyconfiguration changes and policy updates. Seamless integrationwith FortiAnalyzer appliances provides in-depth discovery, analysis,prioritization and reporting of network security events. Create fabricconnectors to facilitate connections with third-party vendors viapxGrid , OCI, ESXi and others, to share and exchange data.FortiManager’s workflow for audit and compliance enables youto review, approve and audit policy changes from a central place,including automated processes to facilitate policy compliance,policy lifecycle management, and enforced workflow to reduce riskfor policy changes.Monitor and Report for Deep VisibilityAccess vital security and network statistics, as well as real-timemonitoring and integrated reporting provides visibility into networkand user activity. For more powerful analytics, combine with aFortiAnalyzer appliance for additional data mining and graphicalreporting capabilities.Network & Security Operations VisibilityAutomated data exchanges between security (SOC) workflows andoperational (NOC) workflows, creating a single, complete workflowthat not only saves time, but also provides the capacity to completeadditional incident response activities. FortiManager’s NOC-SOCdelivers advanced data visualization to help Analysts quicklyconnect dots and identify threats, simplifying how organizationsdeliver security and remediate breaches, data exfiltration, andcompromised hosts.DATA SHEET | FortiManager4Safety CertificationscUL, CB CE, BSMI, KC, UL/cUL, CB, GOST FCC Part 15 Class A, C-Tick, VCCI, CE, UL/cUL, CBSpecifications1 Each Virtual Domain (VDOM) operating on a physical or virtual device counts as one (1) licensed network device. Global Policies and high availability support available on all models* Optional redundant AC power supply, not includedDATA SHEET | FortiManager5FMG-2000EFMG-3000FSafety CertificationscUL, CBCE, BSMI, KC, UL/cUL, CB, GOSTcUL, CB, GOSTSpecifications1 Each Virtual Domain (VDOM) operating on a physical or virtual device counts as one (1) licensed network device Global Policies and high availability support available on all models. 4 + Indicates Device Add-On License availableDATA SHEET | FortiManagerOrder InformationProduct SKU DescriptionFortiManager FMG-200F Centralized management, log and analysis appliance — 2xRJ45 GE, 2xSFP, 8 TB storage, up to 30x Fortinet devices/virtual domains.FMG-300F Centralized management, log and analysis appliance — 4x GE RJ45, 2xSFP, 16 TB storage, up to 100x Fortinet devices/virtual domains.FMG-1000F Centralized management, log and analysis appliance — 2x RJ45 10G, 2x SFP+ slots, 32 TB storage, up to 1000x Fortinet devices/virtual domains.FMG-2000E Centralized management, log and analysis appliance — 4x GE RJ45, 2x 10 GE SFP+ slots, 36 TB storage, dual power supplies, manages up to 1,200Fortinet devices/virtual domains.FMG-3000F Centralized management, log and analysis appliance — 4x GE RJ45, 2x 10 GE SFP+ slots, 48 TB storage, dual power supplies, manages up to 4,000Fortinet devices/virtual domains.FMG-3700F Centralized management, log and analysis appliance — 2x10GbE SFP+, 2x1GbE RJ-45 slots, 240 TB storage, dual power supplies, manages up to 10,000Fortinet devices/virtual domains.FortiManager Device Upgrade FMG-DEV-100-UG FortiManager device upgrade license for adding 100 Fortinet devices/VDOMs (3000 series and above - hardware only)FortiManager VM Built-in Evaluation Built-in 15-day EVAL license, no activation required.Full Evaluation (60-days)EVAL license. License and activation required.FMG-VM-Base Base license for stackable FortiManager-VM. Manages up to 10 Fortinet devices/Virtual Domains, 1 GB/Day of Logs and 100 GB storage capacity. Designedfor all supported platforms.FMG-VM-10-UG Upgrade license for adding 10 Fortinet devices/Virtual Domains; allows for total of 2 GB/Day of Logs and 200 GB storage capacity.FMG-VM-100-UG Upgrade license for adding 100 Fortinet devices/Virtual Domains; allows for total of 5 GB/Day of Logs and 1 TB storage capacity.FMG-VM-1000-UG Upgrade license for adding 1,000 Fortinet devices/Virtual Domains; allows for total of 10 GB/Day of Logs and 4 TB storage capacity.FMG-VM-5000-UG Upgrade license for adding 5,000 Fortinet devices/Virtual Domains; allows for total of 25 GB/Day of Logs and 8 TB storage capacity.Additional FortiManager Items FC-10-FDN1-139-02-12 1 Year Subscription Renewal for 1 User to Fortinet Developer NetworkFC-10-FDN2-139-02-12 1 Year Subscription for Unlimited Users to Fortinet Developer NetworkFMG-SDNS License to operate FortiManager as a dedicated Secure DNS server appliance (3000 series and above – hardware only) Copyright © 2019 Fortinet, Inc. All rights reserved. Fortinet®, FortiGate®, FortiCare® and FortiGuard®, and certain other marks are registered trademarks of Fortinet, Inc., and other Fortinet names herein may also be registered and/or common law trademarks of Fortinet. All other product or company names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Performance and other metrics contained herein were attained in internal lab tests under ideal conditions, and actual performance and other results may vary. Network variables, different network environments and other conditions may affect performance results. Nothing herein represents any binding commitment by Fortinet, and Fortinet disclaims all warranties, whether express or implied, except to the extent Fortinet enters a binding written contract, signed by Fortinet’s General Counsel, with a purchaser that expressly warrants that the identified product will perform according to certain expressly-identified performance metrics and, in such event, only the specific performance metrics expressly identified in such binding written contract shall be binding on Fortinet. For absolute clarity, any such warranty will be limited to performance in the same ideal conditions as in Fortinet’s internal lab tests. Fortinet disclaims in full any covenants, representations, and guarantees pursuant hereto, whether express or implied. Fortinet reserves the right to change, modify, transfer, or otherwise revise this publication without notice, and the most current version of the publication shall be applicable. Fortinet disclaims in full any covenants, representations, and guarantees pursuant hereto, whether express or implied. Fortinet reserves the right to change, modify, transfer, or otherwise revise this publication without notice, and the most current version of the publication shall be applicable.FST-PROD-DS-FMG FMG-DAT-R47-201908。
网络信息安全英语练习题
网络信息安全英语练习题网络信息安全是现代社会中一个非常重要的议题，它涉及到保护数据不被未授权访问、修改、破坏或泄露。
以下是一些英语练习题，旨在帮助学生更好地理解和掌握网络信息安全的相关概念。
1. Multiple Choice Questions (选择题)Choose the correct answer from the options provided.a) What does "cybersecurity" refer to?- A) The study of cybernetics- B) The practice of protecting information systems from theft or damage- C) The design of computer networks- D) The creation of cyberspaceb) Which of the following is a common method used by hackers to gain unauthorized access to a system?- A) Social engineering- B) Social networking- C) Social media marketing- D) Social sciencec) What is a "firewall"?- A) A physical barrier to prevent fire from spreading- B) A software or hardware that monitors and controlsincoming and outgoing network traffic- C) A type of antivirus software- D) A network protocold) What is the purpose of "encryption" in cybersecurity?- A) To make data unreadable to unauthorized users- B) To increase the speed of data transmission- C) To reduce the size of data files- D) To improve the quality of network connections2. Fill in the Blanks (填空题)Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words from the list provided.- breach, protocol, phishing, malware, vulnerabilitya) A computer virus is a type of _______ that can cause damage to a system or steal information.b) An email that appears to be from a legitimate source butis actually designed to trick the recipient into revealing sensitive information is known as _______.c) A _______ is a set of rules governing the format and transmission of data over a network.d) A _______ in a system is a weakness that can be exploited by an attacker.e) A _______ of data security occurs when unauthorized accessis gained, often resulting in data loss or corruption.3. True or False (判断题)Determine whether the statements below are true or false.a) Two-factor authentication is a security measure that requires two different methods of verification to access a system. (True / False)b) Public Wi-Fi networks are always secure and safe to usefor online banking. (True / False)c) A strong password should include a mix of upper and lower case letters, numbers, and special characters. (True / False)d) It is not necessary to update software regularly because updates are only for new features. (True / False)e) VPNs (Virtual Private Networks) can provide an extra layer of security by encrypting internet traffic. (True / False)4. Short Answer Questions (简答题)Answer the following questions in a few sentences.a) What is the significance of using strong passwords?b) Explain the concept of "zero-day" vulnerabilities.c) How can users protect themselves from phishing attacks?d) What are some best practices for maintaining network security at home?e) Describe the role of a cybersecurity analyst.These exercises are designed to test and reinforce knowledge on various aspects of network information security. By practicing with these questions, students can enhance their understanding of the subject and be better prepared to tackle real-world cybersecurity challenges.。
安全数据表（SDS）单号：1796009-ENG-06，发布日期：1998年2月18日，修订日期：2
Safety Data SheetDocument number First issued Revised date Revision Issued by Page 1796009-ENG-06 1998-02-18 2008-01-29 5 Jeanette Hasseson 1 of 4Alpacon 0091. Identification of the substance/preparation and of the company/undertakingTrade Name: Supplier:Alpacon 009 ALFA LAVAL ABHans Stahles vägProduct Type: S-147 80 TumbaEmulsion breaker SwedenTel: +46 8 530 650 00e-mail:Emergency number: +46 8 33 70 43 open 24 h2. Hazard identificationThe surfactant might cause serious damage to eyes and may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environmentIf the product is used as recommended the surfactants will be soluble in oil and therefore they will be excluded in the water- phase.3. Composition/information on the ingredientsHazardous ingredients Weight-% CAS No ECNoClassification Risk PhrasesPolymer 5 – 15 - - NoneSurfactants 5 – 10 68989-03-7 - Xi, N R41, 51/53 See section 16 for explanations to R-phrases.4. First –aid measuresFirst aid – Inhalation Move to fresh air.First aid – Skin contact Wash off with plenty of water.First aid – Eye contact Rinse immediately with tepid water for several minutes. Proceedthe rinse during transport to hospital.Obtain medical attention.First aid – Ingestion Rinse mouth and drink at least 1-2 glasses of water. Do notinduce vomiting.Obtain medical attention.5. Fire- fighting measuresExtinguishing media All extinguishing media are suitable.Special hazards of product The product is not flammable. In case of fire the product mightform hazardous gases as NOx and COx.Protective equipment for fire fighting Not applicable.Fire –fight If the fire is extinguished with water environmental dangeroussubstances might be entering the environment.6. Accidental release measuresPersonal precautions Wear suitable goggles and gloves.Environmental precautions Prevent spills from reaching sewage, wells and watercourses. Spillage Absorb spills with sand, earth or other inert material. Collect andremove for destruction.Large spillage Contact local authority7. Handling and storageHandling Do not mix with other chemicals. Use recommended personalprotection according to section 8.Storage Store in a closed container.8. Exposure control / personal protectionRespiratory protection Appropriate ventilation. Provide facilities for rinsing eyes.Skin protection Protective gloves of nitrile.Eye protection Safety goggles.Ingestion Do not eat or drink during use. Wash hands before eating.9. Physical and chemical propertiesPhysical state Clear liquid.Colour Slightly yellow.Odour Weak smell.Density at 20 °C (g/ml) 1.025± 0.005.pH (as is) at 20 °C 7-9°brix 17.8±0.6.Viscosity at 25 °C (SP01/20 rpm) (cP) 1368±130.Cloud point during heating (°C) 50ºC.Flash point >100 º C10. Stability and reactivityStability The product is stable under normal conditions, but it decomposesat high temperatures.Conditions to avoid Extreme heatMaterials to avoid None knownHazardous decomposition products None known if the product is handled as recommended. In caseof fire the product might form hazardous gases as NOx and COx.11. Toxicological informationSkin At prolonged or frequently use of the product blush might occur.Eyes The product might cause serious damage to eyes.Consumption Low acute toxicity . Might be irritating to mucous membrane.LD50 oral rat 4500mg/kgSkin irritation test rabbit Slightly irritatingEye irritation test rabbit Strongly irritatingSensibillisation Not allergenicGen toxicity Not mutagenic12. Ecological informationLC50 96h (fish) >100mg/lNOEC 96 h (fish) > 100mg/lEC50 48h (Daphnia magna) > 100mg/lNOEC 48 h (Daphnia magna) > 100 mg/lDegradation No readily bodegradable13. Disposal considerationsDisposal of product: State and local disposal regulations may differ from federaldisposal regulations. Always dispose in accordance with federal,state and local requirements.Disposal of containers: Containers should be reused or disposed of by landfill orincineration as appropriate.14. Transport informationNot classified as a hazardous substance according to transport regulations.15. Regulatory informationLabel Symbol(s): XiIrritantRisk Phrases: R36 Irritating to eyes.R52/53 Harmful to aquatic organisms, may cause long-termadverse effects in the aquatic environment.Safety Phrases: S39 Wear eye/ face protection.16. Other informationExplanations to R-phrases in section 2 R41 Risk of serious damage to eyes.R51/53 Toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.See also product label for product applications.Important changes have been made in section: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 15.DISCLAIM OF RESPONSIBILITYAlfa Laval provides the information contained herein in good faith but makes no representation as to its comprehensiveness or accuracy. This document is only a guide to the potential hazards of the product. All individuals working with or around the product should be properly trained. Persons coming into contact with the product must be capable of exercising their own independent judgment concerning the conditions or methods of handling, storage and usage of the product. Alfa Laval will not be responsible for claims, losses, or damages of any kind resulting from the information provided in this Safety Data Sheet or the use, handling, storage or disposal of the product. Alfa Laval makes no representations or warranties, either express or implied, including without limitation any warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose with respect to the information set out herein or the product to which the information refers.。
CP2102N-MINIEK 产品说明书
UG254: CP2102N-MINIEK Kit User's GuideThe CP2102N-MINIEK kit is designed to showcase the various features of the CP2102N USBXpress® devices.These highly-integrated USB-to-UART bridge controllers provide a simple solution for updating RS-232 designs to USB using a minimum of components and PCB space. By eliminating the need for complex firmware and driver development, the CP2102N devi-ces enable quick USB connectivity with minimal development effort.The kit includes the following:•CP2102N USB-to-UART Bridge Mini Evaluation Board •Getting Started cardKEY FEATURES•CP2102N USB-to-UART Bridge•Headers for easy access to UART, GPIO,and Battery Charger Detect pins •0.1" header pitch for breadboard compatibility •Small board size1. Getting Started1.Download and Install the Latest Virtual COM Port (VCP) Drivers.The Virtual COM Port (VCP) drivers enable the CP2102N to appear as a standard COM port. Download the latest version of driv-ers from the Silicon Labs website:https:///developers/usb-to-uart-bridge-vcp-driversIn most cases, select the default option without serial enumeration.2.Set Up Your Kit.a.Provide power to the board by connecting the mini USB connector to the PC using a mini USB cable (not provided). When aconnection has been established successfully, the LED (marked in the picture) lights up.LED3.Detect Your Device.The CP2102N device will appear as a COM port in Device Manager in Windows. As a virtual COM port, the CP210x functions identically to a real COM port from the reference point of both the host application and the serial device, and it can support serial device control requests defined in the Microsoft Win32® Communications API.4.Set up a Loop-Back Test.Short the CP210x RXD and TXD pins on header J2.5.Send and Receive Some Data.a.In Windows, open a serial terminal program (downloaded separately, RealTerm pictured) to verify the CP2102N UART func-tionality.b.Set the baud rate and select the COM port from Device Manager.c.Type in the transmit area. The characters should echo back after looping through the CP2102N TXD and RXD pins.6.Utilize the Available Resources.The next section includes additional resources available for the device, including documentation and application notes.Relevant Documentation 2. Relevant DocumentationThe following Application Notes are applicable to CP2102N devices:•AN721: USBXpress™ Device Configuration and Programming Guide — This application note guides developers through the config-uration process of USBXpress devices using Simplicity Studio [Xpress Configurator].•AN220: USB Driver Customization — This document and accompanying software enable the customization of the CP210x Virtual COM Port (VCP) and USBXpress drivers.•AN197: Serial Communications Guide for CP210x— This document describes recommendations for communicating with USBX-press CP210x devices using the Virtual COM Port (VCP) driver.•AN976: CP2101/2/3/4/9 to CP2102N Porting Guide — This document guides developers on how to migrate existing systems using the CP2101/2/3/4/9 to the CP2102N.•AN169: USBXpress® Programmer's Guide — This application note provides recommendations and examples for developing using the USBXpress direct-access driver.•AN807: Recertifying a Customized Windows Driver Package — This document describes the WHQL certification process required for customized drivers.•AN223: Runtime GPIO Control for CP210x — This document describes how to toggle GPIO pins from the USB host.Application Notes can be accessed on the Silicon Labs website (/interface-appnotes) or in Simplicity Studio using the [Getting Started]>[Application Notes] area of the launcher.Device Customization 3. Device CustomizationDevice customization for the CP2102N is done through Xpress Configurator, which is available in Simplicity Studio:/simplicityThe Simplicity Studio software package contains all the tools, drivers, configuration software, and documentation needed to use the CP2102N USB-to-UART Bridge Mini Evaluation Board.After downloading the latest version of Simplicity Studio and installing the software:1.Install the CP210x Virtual COM Port Driver during the software setup steps, if it's not already installed. This action can always beaccessed through [Help]>[Setup Tasks].2.Connect the CP2102N to the PC.3.Select [CP2102N] under [Devices]. On the board, a successful USB connection is established when the SUSPENDB LED (D2)turns on.4.Click on [Compatible Tools]>[Xpress Configurator] to open Xpress Configurator and customize the device.Documentation for each of the customization options is provided within Xpress Configurator. More information on each of these options can be found in AN721: USBXpress™ Device Configuration and Programming Guide, which is available on the Silicon Labs website (/interface-appnotes) or within Simplicity Studio under [Getting Started]>[Application Notes].4. Driver Options and Software Interface4.1 Virtual COM Port (VCP) DriverCP2102N devices are pre-programmed with a VID of 0x10C4 and PID of 0xEA60. This VID and PID combination matches the Virtual COM Port (VCP) driver. With this driver, the CP2102N will appear as a COM port and can be accessed using any terminal program or custom-written software. Install the VCP driver as part of the Simplicity Studio installation or download it directly from the Silicon Labs website (/interface-software).If the Virtual COM Port (VCP) drivers are used, the CP2102N will appear as a COM port in the Device Manager, as shown in the figure below. The CP2102N will always use the lowest available COM port for operation. For instance, if COM ports 1 and 2 are in use by other peripherals and applications, the CP2102N will use COM 3.The CP2102N functions identically to a COM port from the reference point of both the host application and the serial device, and it can support serial device control requests defined in the Microsoft Win32® Communications API. Examples for how to communicate with the device as a serial COM port are included in AN197: Serial Communications Guide for CP210x or in the SDK.Figure 4.1. CP2102N in Device Manager — VCP4.2 USBXpress DriverAn alternative driver is the USBXpress® direct-access driver, which is also available on the Silicon Labs website (/inter-face-software). Rather than appearing as a COM port, software can use a simple, high-level Application Program Interface (API) to pro-vide access to CP2102N for complete USB connectivity. No USB protocol or host device driver expertise is required. The USBXpress Development Kit includes Windows device drivers, Windows device driver installer, and host interface function library (host API) provi-ded in the form of a Windows Dynamic Link Library (DLL). See Application Note AN169: USBXpress® Programmer's Guide for detailed information on using the USBXpress drivers.If the USBXpress drivers are used, the CP2102N will appear as a USB USBXpress device as shown in the figure below. Examples for how to communicate with the device using the USBXpress interface are included in AN169: USBXpress® Programmer's Guide.Figure 4.2. CP2102N in Device Manager — USBXpress5. Hardware OverviewThe CP2102N Mini Evaluation Kit includes an evaluation board with a CP2102N device pre-installed for evaluation and preliminary soft-ware development. Numerous input/output (I/O) connections are provided to facilitate prototyping using the evaluation board. Refer to the figure below for the locations of the various I/O connectors.Table 5.1. CP2102N Mini Evaluation Board Component OverviewFigure 5.1. CP2102N Mini Evaluation Board5.1 USB Interface (J1)A Universal Serial Bus (USB) mini connector (J1) is provided to facilitate connections to the USB interface on the CP2102N. See the table below for the USB pin definitions.Table 5.2. USB Mini Connector Pin DescriptionsHardware Overview 5.2 Headers (J2 and J5)The J2 and J5 headers provides direct access to the CP2102N power, reset, UART, suspend, and charge enable pins. See the table below for the J2 and J5 pin descriptions.Table 5.3. J2 Pin DescriptionsTable 5.4. J5 Pin Descriptions | Building a more connected world.Rev. 0.3 | 11Schematics and BOM 6. Schematics and BOM6.1 Board FilesThe schematics and bill of materials (BOM) for the CP2102N USB-to-UART Bridge Mini Evaluation Board are available through Sim-plicity Studio when the kit documentation package has been installed. To access these documents, click the [Documentation] tab in the launcher, and manually specify the connected board.6.2 Board Revision HistoryRev00 Boards•Initial production revision.•BOM specifies CP2102N-A01 chip revision.Rev00 errata:•Board does not include required voltage divider on VBUS pin as described in section 2.3 of the CP2102N Datasheet.Rev 2.0 Boards•Second production revision.•BOM specifies CP2102N-A02 chip revision.•Added voltage divider to VBUS pin.•Added optional pulldown resistor for line break support (CP2102N-A02 only).Rev 2.0 errata:•These boards do not currently have any known issues.Revision History 7. Revision HistoryRevision 0.1October, 2016•Initial revision.Revision 0.2December, 2019•Updated Revision History format.•Updated images throughout to reflect hardware revision 2.0.•Updated 6.2 Board Revision History to reflect hardware revision 2.0.•Corrected error in pinout diagram in Figure 5.1 CP2102N Mini Evaluation Board on page 9.Revision 0.3May, 2021•Updated the link of the VCP Driver in 1. Getting Started.•Updated the title of AN721, AN976, AN169, AN807.•Corrected Pin 1 and Pin 2 descriptions in Table 5.4 J5 Pin Descriptions on page 11.Silicon Laboratories Inc.400 West Cesar Chavez Austin, TX 78701USAIoT Portfolio/IoTSW/HW/simplicityQuality /qualitySupport & Community/communityDisclaimerSilicon Labs intends to provide customers with the latest, accurate, and in-depth documentation of all peripherals and modules available for system and software imple-menters using or intending to use the Silicon Labs products. Characterization data, available modules and peripherals, memory sizes and memory addresses refer to each specific device, and “Typical” parameters provided can and do vary in different applications. Application examples described herein are for illustrative purposes only. Silicon Labs reserves the right to make changes without further notice to the product information, specifications, and descriptions herein, and does not give warranties as to the accuracy or completeness of the included information. Without prior notification, Silicon Labs may update product firmware during the manufacturing process for security or reliability reasons. Such changes will not alter the specifications or the performance of the product. Silicon Labs shall have no liability for the consequences of use of the infor -mation supplied in this document. This document does not imply or expressly grant any license to design or fabricate any integrated circuits. The products are not designed or authorized to be used within any FDA Class III devices, applications for which FDA premarket approval is required or Life Support Systems without the specific written consent of Silicon Labs. A “Life Support System” is any product or system intended to support or sustain life and/or health, which, if it fails, can be reasonably expected to result in significant personal injury or death. Silicon Labs products are not designed or authorized for military applications. Silicon Labs products shall under no circumstances be used in weapons of mass destruction including (but not limited to) nuclear, biological or chemical weapons, or missiles capable of delivering such weapons. Silicon Labs disclaims all express and implied warranties and shall not be responsible or liable for any injuries or damages related to use of a Silicon Labs product in such unauthorized applications. Note: This content may contain offensive terminology that is now obsolete. Silicon Labs is replacing these terms with inclusive language wherever possible. For more information, visit /about-us/inclusive-lexicon-projectTrademark InformationSilicon Laboratories Inc.®, Silicon Laboratories ®, Silicon Labs ®, SiLabs ® and the Silicon Labs logo ®, Bluegiga ®, Bluegiga Logo ®, Clockbuilder ®, CMEMS ®, DSPLL ®, EFM ®, EFM32®, EFR, Ember ®, Energy Micro, Energy Micro logo and combinations thereof, “the world’s most energy friendly microcontrollers”, Ember ®, EZLink ®, EZRadio ®, EZRadioPRO ®, Gecko ®, Gecko OS, Gecko OS Studio, ISOmodem ®, Precision32®, ProSLIC ®, Simplicity Studio ®, SiPHY ®, Telegesis, the Telegesis Logo ®, USBXpress ® , Zentri, the Zentri logo and Zentri DMS, Z-Wave ®, and others are trademarks or registered trademarks of Silicon Labs. ARM, CORTEX, Cortex-M3 and THUMB are trademarks or registered trademarks of ARM Hold-ings. Keil is a registered trademark of ARM Limited. Wi-Fi is a registered trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance. All other products or brand names mentioned herein are trademarks of their respective holders.。
《2024年丝胶靶向Akt1调控糖酵解及氧化应激保护STZ致损伤INS-1细胞》范文
《丝胶靶向Akt1调控糖酵解及氧化应激保护STZ致损伤INS-1细胞》篇一摘要：本文以丝胶蛋白为研究对象，探讨其通过靶向Akt1信号通路对糖酵解及氧化应激的影响，并研究其对STZ（链脲佐菌素）致损伤的INS-1细胞的保护作用。
研究结果表明，丝胶蛋白能够显著改善细胞糖酵解功能，降低氧化应激水平，并有效保护INS-1细胞免受STZ损伤。
一、引言糖尿病是一种全球性的慢性代谢性疾病，其发病机制复杂，涉及糖代谢、脂代谢、氧化应激等多个方面。
INS-1细胞作为胰岛β细胞的体外模型，常被用于研究糖尿病的发病机制及药物筛选。
丝胶蛋白是一种天然的生物活性物质，具有多种生物活性，如抗氧化、抗炎、促进细胞增殖等。
本研究旨在探讨丝胶蛋白对STZ致损伤的INS-1细胞的保护作用及其分子机制。
二、材料与方法2.1 材料INS-1细胞、丝胶蛋白、STZ、相关试剂等。
2.2 方法（1）INS-1细胞培养及STZ损伤模型建立；（2）丝胶蛋白处理INS-1细胞；（3）检测细胞糖酵解功能、氧化应激水平等指标；（4）Western blot检测Akt1等相关蛋白表达；（5）统计分析。
三、结果3.1 丝胶蛋白对INS-1细胞糖酵解功能的影响本研究发现，丝胶蛋白处理后的INS-1细胞糖酵解功能得到显著改善，其葡萄糖消耗量和乳酸生成量均有所增加。
3.2 丝胶蛋白对INS-1细胞氧化应激水平的影响丝胶蛋白能够降低INS-1细胞的氧化应激水平，表现为活性氧（ROS）生成减少，抗氧化酶活性增强。
3.3 丝胶蛋白对STZ致损伤的INS-1细胞的保护作用STZ能够导致INS-1细胞损伤，表现为细胞活力降低、凋亡增加等。
而丝胶蛋白处理后的INS-1细胞，能够显著抵抗STZ的损伤作用，表现为细胞活力增强、凋亡减少。
3.4 丝胶蛋白对Akt1信号通路的影响丝胶蛋白能够靶向Akt1信号通路，促进Akt1的磷酸化，进而激活下游的相关信号分子，如糖原合成酶等，从而改善糖酵解功能。
Linksys路由器设置指南说明书
Linksys Router SetupOverviewFollow these steps for Router Firewall Setup for SnapAV IP product with a Linksys router. Some of the screens may look different; however the steps will be the same. If you have questions about your specific Linksys device, please contact technical support.Before BeginningComplete the initial setup of the SnapAV IP product by following the instructions in the products owner’smanual.The following information from the SnapAV IP product setup is needed to complete the setup of the router: ∙Static IP Address∙TCP and UDP Ports for access to the device∙Any TCP and UDP ports for services such as Email, FTP, etc.Example: For a WirePath DVR, the default ports for remote access are 67 and 68 on both TCP and UDP protocolsa nd port 80 on TCP protocol. Other ports may also be needed, i.e. 587 for Email setup, 21 for FTP, etc…Note: WRT54G series or older routers do not support DCHP reservation. A static IP must be assigned to the SnapAV IP product and skip to Step 4.Linksys Router SetupSetting Up the RouterNote: The following steps contain a placeholder [SnapAV IP product] for the product being installed. In the routerthis should be replaced with a name that will identify the product without the brackets. Example: DVR-1, WB400-1…1.Before logging into the router, connect the SnapAV IP product to the Network and turn it on.2.Login to router using the default gateway listed in the router user manual. Most Linksys devices use thedefault gateway http://192.168.0.1 or http://192.168.1.1 the user name is usually admin and the password is usually password.3.Click on the Setup tab to access the DHCP Server Setting. Click on the DHCP reservation button.4.Under the DHCP reservation - Select the checkbox next to the SnapAV IP product in the list. It may show asan unknown device so you should match the MAC address to that listed in the Advanced Network screen in the SnapAV IP product . Now click on the “Add Clients” button to save the changes you’ve just made.Linksys Router Setup 5.The client’s name and other details such as the IP address and its MAC address should then appear on the“Clients Already Reserved” section. Click on the “Save Settings” button to finalize the changes.6.In the router setup, select the Applications & Gaming Tab7.Now you will see the screen below. In the first open field in the list, enter the port number you wish to forwardin the “External Port” and “Internal Port” field. Select t he protocol for either TCP, UDP, or BOTH. Enter the last set octet of the IP address assigned to the device into the “To IP Address” field, and check the “Enabled”box.8.Repeat step 7 for all ports that need to be forwarded. After making the last entry, be sure to click the “Save”or “Apply” button at the bottom of the screen before travelling to another page of the router setup.9.The router has now been configured to allow remote access to the SnapAV IP product. Be sure to save allchanges and reboot both the router and the SnapAV device when when you are finished to be sure all changes take effect.Linksys Router Setup Contacting Technical Support Phone: (866) 838-5052Email: **********************。
Illumina cBot自动克隆扩增系统说明书
The Best Next-Gen Sequencing Workflow Just Got BettercBot is a revolutionary automated clonal amplification system at the core of the Illumina sequencing workflow (Figure 1, upper panel). cBot replaces a lab full of equipment with a single compact device, deliver-ing unsurpassed efficiency and ease of use for the highest quality sequencing results.With cBot, hands-on time is reduced to less than 10 minutes, com-pared to more than six hours of hands-on effort for emulsion PCR methods. The process of creating sequencing templates is complete in about four hours, compared to more than 24 hours for emulsion PCR-based protocols (Figure 1, lower panel).Breakthrough System for Cluster GenerationThe Illumina sequencing workflow is based on three simple steps: libraries are prepared from virtually any nucleic acid sample, amplified to produce clonal clusters, and sequenced using massively parallel synthesis. The cBot clonal amplification system has innovative features that eliminate user intervention, reduce potential failure points, and increase sequencing productivity.TruSeq Cluster Generation reagents are packaged in ready-to-use96-well plates, completely removing reagent preparation errors, potential sources of contamination, and decreasing storage require-ments. cBot features a single unique, plate-piercing manifold for intervention-free runs. Cluster generation occurs within the sealed, eight-channel Illumina flow cell, bypassing the frequent handling and contamination issues inherent to emulsion PCR-based protocols. cBot is capable of processing > 96 samples within a single flow cell, resulting in substantial cost savings without incremental effort and wasted reagents. Innovative instrument features ensure seamless operation for your sequencing workflow (Figure 2).Better Results with Less EffortcBot software enhancements and user interaction features ensure high productivity:• Integrated 8-inch touch screen provides simplified operation in a small, lab-friendly footprint• On-screen, step-by-step instructions with embedded multimedia help enable user operation with no prior training • Real-time progress indicators provide at-a-glance monitoring • Remote monitoring allows a single user to manage multiple systems from any web browser or phone• Status emails are sent when the run is complete or when intervention is requiredcBot Cluster Generation ProcessPrior to sequencing, single-molecule DNA templates are bridge amplified to form clonal clusters inside the flow cell. (Figure 3).cBotFully automated clonal cluster generation for Illumina sequencing.Illumina cBot Highlights• Fast, Efficient Workflow:Amplify > 96 samples in ~4–5 hours with < 10 minutes ofhands-on time• Easiest to Use:Pre-packaged 96-well TruSeq™ reagents, and simple touch screen interface simplifies operation• Innovative System Design:Real-time fluidic monitoring, integrated system sensors and remote monitoring ensure robust instrument operation• Highest Quality Results:Improved chemistry generates higher density clusters and sequencing accuracy LibraryPreparation SequencingCluster GenerationEight-channel flow cell reduces risk of contamination and eliminates the needfor extra equipment Manifold clamps for leak-free connections and superior thermal contactTouch screen monitor simplifies operation and provides real-timeImmobilization of Single-Molecule DNA TemplatesHundreds of millions of templates are hybridized to a lawn of oligo-nucleotides immobilized on the flow cell surface. The templates are copied from the hybridized primers by 3’ extension using a high-fidelity DNA polymerase to prevent misincorporation errors. The original templates are denatured, leaving the copies immobilized on the flow cell surface.Isothermal Bridge AmplificationImmobilized DNA template copies are amplified by isothermal bridge amplification. The templates loop over to hybridize to adjacent lawn oligonucleotides. DNA polymerase copies the templates from the hybridized oligonucleotides, forming dsDNA bridges, which are dena-tured to form two ssDNA strands. These two strands loop over and hybridize to adjacent oligonucleotides and are extended again to form two new dsDNA loops. The process is repeated on each template by cycles of isothermal denaturation and amplification to create millions of individual, dense clonal clusters containing ~2,000 molecules. Linearization, Blocking, and Primer HybridizationEach cluster of dsDNA bridges is denatured, and the reverse strand is removed by specific base cleavage, leaving the forward DNA strand. The 3’-ends of the DNA strands and flow cell-bound oligonucleotides are blocked to prevent interference with the sequencing reaction. The sequencing primer is hybridized to the complementary sequence on the Illumina adapter on unbound ends of the templates in the clusters. The flow cell now contains >200 million clusters with ~1,000 mol-ecules/cluster, and is ready for sequencing.SummaryIllumina sequencing with cBot automated cluster generation sets the new standard for simplified next- generation sequencing. Ready-to-use reagents, smart instrumentation improvements, and new cluster generation chemistry offers significant advantages over emulsion PCR-based workflows and promotes even higher data density and sequencing accuracy. By streamlining the critical clonal amplification step in the next-generation sequencing workflow, Illumina continues to accelerate your landmark discoveries and publications.Ordering InformationDescriptioncBotCatalog No.HiSeq System Genome AnalyzercBot Instrument Includes cBot, flow cell adapter plate,one year warranty, user manualSY-301-2002cBot Flow Cell Manifold (Optional)SY-301-2014TruSeq Single-Read Cluster Generation Kits include flow cell,reagent plate, manifold, user instructionsGD-401-3001GD-300-2001TruSeq Paired-End Cluster Generation Kits include flow cell,reagent plate, manifold, PE reagents, user instructionsPE-401-3001PE-300-2001Illumina, Inc. •9885TowneCentreDrive,SanDiego,CA92121USA•1.800.809.4566toll-free•1.858.202.4566tel•************************• For research use only© 2011 Illumina, Inc. All rights reserved.Illumina, illuminaDx, BeadArray, BeadXpress, cBot, CSPro, DASL, Eco, Genetic Energy, GAIIx, Genome Analyzer, GenomeStudio, GoldenGate, HiScan, HiSeq, Infinium, iSelect, MiSeq, Nextera, Sentrix, Solexa, TruSeq, VeraCode, the pumpkin orange color, and the Genetic Energy streaming bases design are trademarks or registered trademarks of Illumina, Inc. All other brands and names contained herein are the property of their respective owners. Pub. No. 770-2009-032 Current as of 27 April 2011at the address below.Laser radiationDo not stare into the visible-light beam of the barcode scanner. The barcode scanner is a Class 2 laser product.SY-301-2002Instrument ConfigurationCE Marked and ETL Listed instrument, Installation, setup, and accessoriesInstrument Control ComputerMini-ITX Board with Celeron M Processor 1 GB RAM, 80 GB Hard Drive Windows Embedded OSIntegrated 8” Touch Screen Monitor Operating Environment Temperature: 22°C ± 3°CHumidity: Non-Condensing 20%–80%Altitude: Less than 2,000 m (6,500 ft)Air Quality: Pollution Degree Rating of II For Indoor Use Only LaserClass 2 Laser: 630 –650 nm DimensionsW×D×H: 38 cm × 62 cm × 40 cm Weight: 34 kg Crated Weight: 36 kg Power Requirements100−240V AC 50/60 Hz, 4A, 400 Watts。
bibiserv使用方法
bibiserv使用方法一、简介b i bi se rv是一个功能强大的在线生物信息学工具，它为研究人员提供了许多实用的功能，能够帮助他们进行生物信息学数据分析和研究。
本文将介绍bi bi se rv的基本使用方法，并具体说明如何使用其提供的一些核心功能。
二、注册和登录要使用b ib is er v，首先需要注册一个账号。
在b ib is er v的官方网站上，点击注册按钮，填写相关信息，完成注册。
注册成功后，可以使用注册时填写的用户名和密码进行登录。
三、主要功能1.序列比对序列比对是生物信息学中常用的任务之一。
在bi bi se rv中，用户可以使用不同的算法进行序列比对，如P a ir wi se、B LA ST、Cl us ta lW等。
用户只需将待比对的序列输入系统，并选择适当的算法和参数，即可获得比对结果。
2.寻找开放阅读框寻找开放阅读框（Op e nR ea di ng Fr am es，简称O RF s）是基因注释和分析的重要步骤。
在b ib is er v中，用户可以上传含有DN A序列的文件，并通过选择适当的算法来寻找OR Fs。
系统将自动分析输入的序列，并返回O RF的位置和相关信息。
3.D N A序列转录与翻译在生物学研究中，常常需要将DN A序列转录为R NA序列，再将RN A序列翻译为蛋白质序列。
在bi bi se rv中，用户可以轻松完成这一任务。
用户只需输入D NA序列，选择转录和翻译的算法和参数，系统将自动完成序列的转录和翻译，并返回结果。
4.多序列比对多序列比对是生物信息学中常用的任务之一，它可以用于分析多个序列之间的相似性和差异性。
在bi bi se r v中，用户可以上传多个序列文件，并选择适当的算法和参数进行比对。
系统将自动执行序列比对，并返回比对结果。
四、使用示例下面通过一个具体的案例来演示b ib i s er v的使用方法。
案例：比对两个蛋白质序列的相似性。
细菌介导生物矿化的研究进展
㊀第40卷㊀第11期2021年11月中国材料进展MATERIALS CHINAVol.40㊀No.11Nov.2021收稿日期:2020-02-23㊀㊀修回日期:2020-05-04基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目(81722015,81870805,81870787);陕西高校青年创新团队项目第一作者:王婉蓉,女,1992年生,医师秦㊀雯,女,1998年生,在读本科生(八年制)通讯作者:牛丽娜,女,1983年生,教授,博士生导师,Email:niulina831013@ 焦㊀凯,男,1982年生,副教授,博士生导师,Email:kjiao1@DOI :10.7502/j.issn.1674-3962.202002009细菌介导生物矿化的研究进展王婉蓉1,秦㊀雯1,顾俊婷1,郑秀丽1,唐笑怡2,焦㊀凯1,牛丽娜1(1.军事口腔医学国家重点实验室口腔疾病国家临床医学研究中心陕西省口腔医学重点实验室第四军医大学口腔医院修复科,陕西西安710032)(2.中国人民解放军联勤保障部队第九二ʻ医院(昆明医科大学教学医院),云南昆明650032)摘㊀要:生物矿物因其高度有序的结构和良好的机械性能成为诸多学科研究的热点㊂对细菌㊁真菌㊁病毒等微生物介导生物矿化的深入研究,不仅能使学者更加系统地认识生命演化过程,而且能为新材料的研发提供思路㊂其中,细菌诱导的矿化因其潜在的应用价值而深受研究者的青睐㊂首先介绍了细菌介导的钙化㊁硅化㊁铁矿化3种不同的生物矿化类型,其次讨论了细菌介导生物矿物形成的可能机制,最后阐述了生物矿物在环境㊁工业及医疗领域的应用,为进一步的生物矿化研究奠定基础㊂关键词:生物矿化;生物矿物;细菌;环境;工业;医药中图分类号:R783.1㊀㊀文献标志码:A㊀㊀文章编号:1674-3962(2021)11-0930-08Progress of Bacteria-Mediated BiomineralizationWANG Wanrong 1,QIN Wen 1,GU Junting 1,ZHENG Xiuli 1,TANG Xiaoyi 2,JIAO Kai 1,NIU Lina 1(1.State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology &National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases &Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology &Department of Prosthodontics,School of Stomatology,The Fourth Military Medical University,Xi a n 710032,China)(2.Kunming Medical University,920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force,Kunming 650032,China)Abstract :Biominerals have become hotspots in many disciplines due to their highly ordered structure and good mechanicalproperties.The research on microbe-mediated biomineralization can help us to understand the evolution process of life more systematically,and provide new ideas for the development of new materials.Among them,bacteria-mediated biomineraliza-tion is favored by researchers for its potential value.Firstly,this article introduces the processes of calcification,silicifica-tion and iron mineralization induced by bacterial.Then,we discuss the possible mechanisms for bacterial-mediated biologi-cal mineral formation.Finally,we describe the application of biominerals in the environmental,industrial,and medical fields.It is expected that this study may help the further development of biomineralization.Key words :biomineralization;biominerals;bacterial;environment;industry;medicine1㊀前㊀言生物矿化是指生物体通过蛋白质等生物大分子调控无机矿物形成的过程㊂在此过程中形成的具有纳米级结构的生物矿物,不仅具备极佳的强度和断裂韧性,也呈现出良好的生物相容性㊂迄今为止,已从生物中鉴定出60多种不同的矿物质㊂这些矿物对于自然界的物质循环起着重要作用[1]㊂细菌作为自然界最活跃的微生物之一,在生物矿物的形成中发挥着重要的作用㊂目前已经发现了大量由细菌介导生成的矿物,例如有研究发现嗜盐菌及枝芽孢菌可以促进白云石的形成;球形芽孢杆菌有助博看网 . All Rights Reserved.㊀第11期王婉蓉等:细菌介导生物矿化的研究进展于碳酸钙晶体的形成[2]㊂细菌介导的矿化与生命演变息息相关㊂在原始环境下最早出现的是原核生物矿化,这表明细菌-矿物相互作用是生命史早期的一个重要现象㊂这种相互作用对于古老地球环境的研究以及寻找其他行星表面生命都有着重大意义[3]㊂当外界环境转变至有利于矿化发生时,细菌通常有着多种不同的应答方式,例如通过形成生物膜避免被矿化或在保存细菌活性的前提下嵌入矿物中,甚至可在矿物形成过程中控制其形态㊂此种现象说明细菌的进化与周围环境的改变息息相关[4]㊂相比于化学合成的方式,细菌合成矿物不仅绿色经济环保,且操作较为方便,因此细菌介导的生物矿化在环境净化㊁工业生产和医药研究等领域的潜在应用已成为目前研究的热点㊂例如一些由微生物矿化引起的疾病有可能通过对细菌的干预进而治愈[5];由于生物矿物具有良好的生物相容性,因此可作为药物载体应用在肿瘤疾病的靶向治疗中[6];除此之外,可通过化学交联和基因编辑等方式修饰细菌蛋白,使生物矿物的形态和大小根据工业需要进行合成[7]㊂本文综述了细菌介导生物矿化的类型㊁作用机理及应用,为进一步的生物矿化研究提供参考㊂2㊀细菌介导生物矿化的类型2.1㊀钙化细菌介导的钙化存在于天然矿物和生物体内㊂研究发现好氧菌如Salinivibrio和Virgibacillus有助于MgCa-(CO3)2的形成,而MgCa(CO3)2被认为是天然矿物白云石的前体[8]㊂甲壳类动物㊁海洋生物㊁植物甚至人体组织均可见由细菌介导的钙化发生㊂甲壳类动物是指虾㊁蟹等有坚硬外壳保护的动物,其外壳由甲壳质㊁结合蛋白和碳酸钙构成,具有排泄㊁感知和保护的作用[9]㊂研究发现甲壳类动物Titanethes albus的钙体内存在大量细菌,且钙体的中心存在结晶晶核[10]㊂海绵是一种海洋无脊椎动物,体内存在多种钙化细菌,这些细菌可产生钙化小球覆盖在海绵表面,模拟外周骨骼结构,保护海绵免受外界的伤害,从而提高海绵存活率[9,11]㊂细菌介导的钙化也存在于人体组织中㊂有研究证实尿路结石的发生可能与假单胞菌㊁乳酸菌及肠杆科菌有关㊂细菌导致尿路结石产生的可能机制有以下3种:细菌选择性地聚集在草酸钙晶体上使钙盐增长变快;细菌释放柠檬酸裂解酶,降低尿液中柠檬酸水平的同时提高草酸盐浓度,从而导致尿液过饱和,致使结晶形成;细菌-晶体聚集体可与肾小管上皮结合,导致肾小管上皮或炎性细胞中结石基质蛋白的表达,从而形成结石[5]㊂细菌诱导的钙化也可发生在极端环境下㊂Planococcus halocryophilus Or1在-15ħ时可使调控碳酸钙矿化的碳酸酐酶表达升高,导致更多的碳酸钙沉积在细菌细胞膜中[12]㊂2.2㊀硅化除钙化之外,细菌亦参与了自然界的硅化过程㊂据报道,在ImawarìYeuta洞穴中发现的无定形二氧化硅是由丝状细菌蓝藻介导产生的㊂蓝藻的代谢产物使洞穴环境pH值升高,致岩石溶解㊂溶解产生的二氧化硅可在细菌细胞膜上以无定形的形式重新沉淀[13],形成管状及丝状的岩石结构㊂另外,蓝藻的硅化作用有助于化石在形成过程中保存完好的细胞结构,使考古学家可以获得更多有关古生物的生命信息[14]㊂2.3㊀铁矿化多种细菌都可介导产生四氧化三铁(Fe3O4)和硫化铁(Fe3S4㊁Fe1-x S㊁Fe9S8),其中趋磁细菌(magnetotactic bacteria,MTB)是目前研究的热点㊂MTB是一种能够沿着地球磁场运动或排列的原核生物[15]㊂目前已知的多数MTB属于α-蛋白菌㊁δ-蛋白菌㊁γ-蛋白菌和硝化螺菌类[16],均为革兰氏阴性细菌,有球形㊁弧形㊁杆形及螺旋形等多种形态㊂MTB中负责趋磁运动的细胞器是由细菌生物矿化合成的磁小体㊂磁小体由脂质双分子膜包裹的纳米级磁铁矿晶体构成[17],是淡水沉积物中的重要天然磁性元素㊂这些磁性纳米晶体具有粒度均一㊁纯度高㊁磁性强和生物相容性良好等特点㊂磁性纳米颗粒在自然界中发挥着重要作用㊂由于产生胶黄铁矿的MTB需要硫才能合成磁小体,因此胶黄铁矿被认为是地质历史上停滞缺氧状态(一种无氧状态,由于游离H2S水平升高而呈硫化物状态)的指标[18]㊂此外,在微生物的进化过程中,环境中氧气的出现给微生物带来了源于活性氧的毒性,而嗜热性嗜酸菌Sulfolobus solfa-taricus能够通过氧化作用将Fe2+氧化成Fe3+形成铁矿物,这可以认为是原始生命对于氧气环境的适应[19]㊂另外人体组织中的磁性纳米颗粒与众多疾病的发生发展有关㊂有研究在多种人体器官中均发现了磁性纳米颗粒的存在,其中小脑和脑干分布较多[20]㊂由于这些磁性颗粒与MTB 产生的晶体较为相似,因此被认为其来源为MTB㊂研究发现磁性氧化铁纳米颗粒在中枢神经系统细胞(尤其是星形胶质细胞)的过度积累可能导致正常的铁代谢紊乱,这是神经退行性疾病产生的一个标志性特征,但具体的机制有待于更进一步的研究[21]㊂3㊀细菌介导生物矿化的发生机制自然界的生物矿化可分为生物诱导矿化和生物控制矿化㊂生物诱导矿化是由生物的生理代谢活动引起环境139博看网 . All Rights Reserved.中国材料进展第40卷条件变化而发生的矿化,其中,生物不能直接控制沉淀物的产生位置或产生方式(图1a)㊂生物控制矿化是由生物的生理活动引起的,可产生高度有序的沉淀物,且沉淀物大小㊁质地和方向受生物体控制(图1b)[22]㊂图1㊀生物诱导矿化(a)和生物控制矿化(b)的示意图[22]Fig.1㊀Schematic representation of biologically induced mineralization (a)and biologically controlled mineralization (b)[22]㊀㊀根据发生位置的不同,细菌介导的矿化可分为细胞外矿化和细胞内矿化㊂细胞外矿化是指发生在细胞周围基质中的矿化㊂细胞可通过细胞膜上的蛋白质将阳离子泵出,或通过分泌含有阳离子的囊泡,介导周围基质的矿化㊂细胞内矿化则是指由细胞的代谢活动介导的胞内囊泡矿化㊂细胞内矿化的产物可以存在于细胞内(如MTB),也可以通过胞吐作用释放到胞外(如硅藻)㊂矿化的基本化学反应过程为羧基㊁磷酸基团㊁胺基和羟基等带负电荷的基团与金属阳离子结合,形成矿物㊂以钙化物羟基磷灰石(hydroxyapatite,HAP)为例,其基本的化学反应过程如下:10Ca(OH)2+6H 3PO 4ңCa 10(PO 4)6(OH)2+18H 2O3.1㊀细胞外矿化3.1.1㊀初始矿化细胞外矿化发生的首要条件是细菌周围有足够的可溶性离子㊂研究发现,细菌可通过多种不同机制增加可溶性离子的浓度,例如大肠杆菌在碱性磷酸酶的作用下可以释放磷酸根离子[23],浮生细菌可以通过分泌酸(羧酸㊁盐酸等)降低环境中的pH 值,从而溶解无机磷酸盐㊁增加可溶性离子[24]㊂初始矿化阶段可由经典结晶理论和非经典结晶理论来解释(图2)[25]㊂经典结晶理论认为,成核是相变的开始,这个过程是不可逆的㊂在细菌矿化过程中,成核位点位于胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)或细菌表面蛋白质上㊂EPS 由细菌分泌的大分子构成,包含了多糖㊁蛋白质㊁DNA㊁脂类等物质㊂由于EPS 中的大分子物质含有羧基㊁磷酸基团㊁胺基和羟基等带负电荷的基团,EPS 降解后,可与局部过饱和的阳离子相互结合引起矿物沉淀[26]㊂当成核位点位于细菌表面蛋白质上时,金属阳离子如铁离子可直接与细菌表面蛋白质中的羧基和羟基反应,通过金属氧化反应形成金属-蛋白质复合物[27]㊂图2㊀经典结晶理论及非经典结晶理论示意图[25]Fig.2㊀Schematic diagram of classical nucleation theory and non-classical nucleation theory [25]239博看网 . All Rights Reserved.㊀第11期王婉蓉等:细菌介导生物矿化的研究进展㊀㊀而非经典结晶理论认为晶体的形成是以粒子为媒介,由动力学控制的㊁与相分离无关的结晶过程㊂在溶液中首先形成具有弥散边界的无定形离子簇,称之为预成核簇(pre-nucleation clusters,PNC)㊂PNC是热力学稳定的聚集体,可存在于各种不饱和或超饱和溶液中[28]㊂接着,PNC聚集形成无定形矿物前体,在碳酸钙形成过程中的无定形矿化前体为无定形碳酸钙(amorphous calcium carbonate,ACC)[29],在磷酸钙形成过程中的无定形矿化前体为无定形磷酸钙(amorphous calcium phosphate, ACP)[30],继而无定形矿化前体失去结合水,经过固态转化结晶[31]㊂更进一步的研究认为,这种生物矿化过程发生在由特定蛋白质形成的水凝胶环境中,其特有的内部孔隙充当 有限体积的反应容器 ,可以促进无定形矿化前体的形成[32]㊂3.1.2㊀晶体生长晶体生长过程决定了最终晶体的大小和形态㊂和初始矿化相似,晶体生长也可以通过经典结晶理论和非经典结晶理论来解释㊂经典结晶理论认为,在高过饱和溶液中以成核为主,而在低过饱和溶液中晶体生长占主导地位[33]㊂在这一过程中依据的是奥斯瓦尔德现象,即在溶液过饱和的情况下,热力学能量驱动单个原子或分子沉积在成核部位,使材料有序排列生长成稳定的晶体结构㊂溶液中不同的添加剂和物理参数会导致每个单晶面的生长速率不同,从而形成形态各异㊁大小不一的晶体[34]㊂非经典结晶理论认为,矿化前体无定形碳酸钙或无定形磷酸钙通过定向附着形成介晶结构,继而在蛋白质的引导下组装聚集成为晶体结构㊂在此过程中,蛋白质发挥着重要作用㊂例如海胆脊椎基质蛋白SPSM50不仅可增强无定形矿化前体的稳定性,而且以介晶结构的形式诱导了晶体的定向生长[35]㊂3.2㊀细胞内矿化细胞内矿化是指用于细胞内矿化的离子在转运蛋白的作用下被富集至囊泡中,继而发生矿化[36]㊂细胞内矿化与细胞外矿化最大的不同在于有囊泡的参与㊂在此过程中,囊泡膜上的蛋白质以及囊泡内的蛋白质不仅为矿化提供成核位点,也形成了一个 有限体积 以实现蛋白质等分子的集中,称为分子拥挤(molecular crowding)㊂在结晶发生前,一些分子(如聚乙二醇)会抑制矿物前体的形成和自我聚集;在结晶发生时另一些大分子(如牛血清白蛋白)则会促进矿化前体的聚集[37]㊂这一过程也是仿生矿化中的研究热点㊂MTB诱导的铁矿化是细胞内矿化的典型代表㊂其在磁小体内产生纳米级别铁磁性颗粒的可能机制如下(图3)[38]:首先细胞质膜(图3a)内陷形成囊泡(图3b),其次转铁蛋白将铁离子(经细胞)转运到囊泡中㊂包裹Fe2+图3㊀磁小体的形成过程[38]Fig.3㊀The formation process of magnetosomes[38]339博看网 . All Rights Reserved.中国材料进展第40卷的囊泡与细胞骨架接触时,Fe2+氧化成为Fe3+,膜上的蛋白质启动成核,并且调控囊泡内矿化形成磁铁矿晶体(图3c),称之为磁小体㊂磁小体膜上的蛋白质可与肌动蛋白相互作用,使磁小体成链状排列(图3d)㊂随后,在细胞分裂过程中细胞壁通过弯曲磁小体链减少磁力,促进磁小体均匀地分离到子细胞中(图3e和3f)㊂研究表明,MTB基因组上有一段特殊的区域,称为磁小体岛(图3g),该基因岛与磁小体的形成密切相关㊂相关基因如mms及mam家族可调控铁磁性颗粒的形状和大小[39]㊂另有研究发现,磁小体内铁磁性颗粒的形态可能与MTB 的来源有一定的关联㊂例如来自α-蛋白菌和γ-蛋白菌菌属的MTB常产生各向同性生长的八面体棱柱形的铁磁矿,而硝化螺菌菌属的MTB常产生各向异性生长的子弹型铁磁矿[40]㊂4㊀细菌介导生物矿化的应用4.1㊀环境应用随着工业化的快速发展,大量的有毒金属及放射性核素被排放至环境中,对人类健康造成了极大的威胁㊂如何快速有效地回收环境中的污染物是学者们亟需解决的问题㊂随着细菌介导矿化研究的进一步深入,有学者提出可通过耐重金属细菌诱导有毒金属矿化来回收环境中的锶㊁镍㊁铬㊁铅㊁铀㊁镉等有毒金属,改善环境质量[41]㊂虽然高浓度的金属离子可导致多数细菌核酸紊乱及渗透压失衡,但对于这些损伤,细菌已进化出了精妙的抗重金属机制,如金属离子的跨膜运输㊁形成胞内外沉淀㊁与胞内金属硫蛋白的螯合作用等均可将有毒金属离子转化为无毒或毒性较小的物质(图4)[42]㊂由于细菌的大部分抗重金属基因位于质粒上,因此可通过基因操作得到基因编辑细菌,从而用于生物修复[43]㊂例如,研究发现趋磁细菌UPB-MAG05菌株对重金属镉具有高度耐受性,可介导污染水源中镉的矿化沉积,继而在外界磁场的作用下通过磁分离去除,从而净化水质[44]㊂磷酸盐增溶芽孢杆菌可分解含磷酸盐的有机化合物,在其细胞表面产生磷酸盐基团,并与铅离子沉淀为稳定的Pb3(PO4)2,从而达到清除铅离子的目的[45]㊂相较于传统的物理化学修复方法,通过细菌矿化重金属修复污染环境的方法具有成本低廉㊁后期处理简单等优点,但细菌矿化重金属的长期有效性尚未得到证明,已经结合的重金属在环境变化的条件下可能重新活化,回到环境中㊂图4㊀细菌抗多种有毒金属的机制[42]Fig.4㊀The mechanism of bacterial resistance to toxic metals[42]4.2㊀工业应用细菌介导的矿化也可以用于电化学领域的能源存储㊂研究发现铁氧化细菌Acidovorax可介导γ-FeOOH发生矿化,形成保留细菌大小和形状的α-Fe2O3纳米晶体㊂α-Fe2O3纳米晶体组装形成中空多孔的壳,导电性强,在与锂反应时有更强的电化学可逆性㊂此种生成纳米晶体的方法不仅具有生态友好性,也可实现工业上的规模化生产[46]㊂由电化学活性细菌Shewanella oneidensis介导合成的高度分散的钯金合金纳米粒子可用作液体燃料电池的电催化剂[47]㊂研究发现,通过基因技术使大肠杆菌表面表达硅藻silaffin蛋白的重复片段,其调控合成的纳米二氧化钛锐钛矿具有出色的锂储存性能,可用作锂离子电池的阳极[48]㊂混凝土是目前广泛使用的建筑材料,但随着时间的流逝,混凝土内部产生的裂缝会降低建筑结构的机械性能,缩短建筑物使用年限㊂有研究提出可在混凝土中加入能够介导碳酸盐沉淀的细菌,其产生的碳酸钙可增强混凝土对氯离子和渗透水的抵抗力,提高混凝土耐久性439博看网 . All Rights Reserved.㊀第11期王婉蓉等:细菌介导生物矿化的研究进展和强度;同时碳酸钙可填补裂缝,形成自修复混凝土,增加建筑的使用寿命(图5)[49]㊂研究证实,当初始裂缝宽度不大于0.5mm 时,使用自修复混凝土时大部分裂缝可完全愈合[47]㊂但由于混凝土由硅酸盐水泥制成,水化后可产生氢氧化钙,使混凝土呈强碱性,且混凝土基质中的孔隙尺寸小于1μm,而细菌的大小为1~4μm,这些条件都不利于细菌存活[50]㊂因此如何提高细菌在混凝土基质中的生存能力是目前的研究热点㊂有学者提出可使用微胶囊技术来保护细菌,使细菌在合适的环境下介导碳酸盐沉淀[51]㊂图5㊀通过细菌诱导碳酸钙沉淀修复混凝土开裂的示意图[49]Fig.5㊀Schematic of bacteria induced calcium carbonate precipitation to repair concrete cracking [49]4.3㊀生物医学应用4.3.1㊀医疗成像设备和诊断磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)技术由于具有良好的空间分辨率和软组织对比度,是临床上常用的影像检查手段之一㊂研究发现MTB 产生的磁性纳米颗粒具有较强磁性,可作为造影剂增强组织中质子共振吸收,使局部组织图像得到增强,从而提高检查的灵敏度和特异性[52]㊂除增强成像对比度之外,功能化的磁性纳米颗粒芯片还可用于食源性病原物的检测,如大肠杆菌㊁霍乱弧菌㊁空肠弯曲菌㊁金黄色葡萄球菌等[53]㊂如图6所示,趋磁细菌MO-1功能化之后可与金黄色葡萄球菌表面的A 蛋白结合,从而实现靶向功能[54]㊂目前可以通过化学修饰和基因工程的方法生产功能化磁小体㊂化学修饰作用于磁小体中的Mam㊁Mms 等蛋白上,有以下结合方式:①通过磁小体膜上的氨基或羧基进行功能化修饰,例如经肽P75修饰的磁小体可与人表皮生长因子受体和上皮生长因子受体2结合[55];②使用葡萄球菌蛋白A 用作融合标签,葡萄球菌蛋白A 作为一种免疫球蛋白G 结合蛋白,可与MamC㊁MamF 以及免疫球蛋白Fc 区结合,从而介导磁小体-葡萄球菌蛋白A 复合物与抗体结合[56];③利用磁小体膜上的 NH 2基团与抗体的 NH 2或 SH 基团之间的反应进行化学修饰;④用生物素/链霉亲和素进行修饰;⑤利用正负电荷之间的相互作用进行修饰,磁小体膜上的磷脂带有负电荷,可与带正电荷的抗癌重组质粒热激蛋白㊁70-polo 样激酶1短发夹RNA 以及阿霉素结合[57]㊂另外还可通过基因工程改造对磁小体进行功能化修图6㊀趋磁细菌靶向金黄色葡萄球菌的微机器人系统的构建[54]Fig.6㊀Construction of a microrobot system using magnetotactic bacteria for targeting Staphylococcus aureus [54]539博看网 . All Rights Reserved.中国材料进展第40卷饰㊂将表达功能蛋白的基因与mms16,mam13等膜蛋白基因融合,再将融合基因转移到MTB中,从而可实现目标蛋白的表达㊂例如,将磁小体和翡翠绿色荧光蛋白(EmGFP)或生物素修饰的烟草花叶病毒(tobacco mosaic virus,TMV)共同培养,可生成表达这些蛋白的磁性纳米链[58]㊂由于化学修饰可能引入有毒物质,且在MTB中引入外来活性蛋白质的基因的操作比较复杂,因此最近的研究中提出了一种新的修饰方法㊂首先通过基因技术在大肠肝菌中表达与磁小体MamC蛋白融合的抗人表皮生长因子受体2(human epidermal growth factor receptor-2, HER2),然后去除磁小体膜中的磷脂双层中的膜蛋白,以利于从大肠肝菌中提取的基因工程产物抗HER2与磁小体上的MamC蛋白结合,从而实现HER2阳性乳腺癌在磁共振成像中的检测[59]㊂这种技术有望成为无创检测肿瘤的手段,具有较大的临床应用价值㊂4.3.2㊀抗肿瘤方法高温疗法可通过多种机制作用于癌细胞上使其变性坏死,但目前该疗法缺乏特异性,难以区分健康细胞与癌细胞㊂遂有研究提出 生物靶向磁性热疗 的概念,意为在外源交变磁场的作用下加热磁性颗粒,由于磁滞损耗或松弛损耗产生不同程度的升温现象,可在磁性颗粒聚集的地方选择性地抑制癌细胞增殖[60]㊂由MTB产生的磁小体由于磁性较强,可在交变磁场中产生较大的热量;同时由于磁小体呈链状排列,不易聚集,可使肿瘤细胞均匀升温,有效抑制其增殖[61],因此磁小体在磁热疗领域有较大的应用前景㊂研究表明,聚赖氨酸包裹的磁小体具有更好的生物相容性,在胶质母细胞瘤小鼠模型的实验性磁热疗中,可显著抑制肿瘤细胞的生长[6]㊂但是到目前为止,多数关于磁小体抗肿瘤治疗的研究都是使用肿瘤细胞株进行实验的,未进行动物实验研究或人类临床试验,因此磁小体的临床抗肿瘤能力还需进一步验证㊂4.3.3㊀药物输送系统靶向给药是指将药物选择性地传输定位于病变位置,从而发挥药理作用的给药方式㊂在肿瘤微环境中,由于细胞的大量增殖消耗氧气,肿瘤组织周围氧气缺乏㊂目前使用的纳米药物载体,如脂质体㊁胶束㊁聚合物纳米颗粒难以到达缺氧区域,靶向率低㊂而MTB适合厌氧生长,故目前有研究通过MTB和磁小体构建纳米机器人,在外磁场的作用下,纳米机器人可聚集于病变部位,提高病变部位的药物浓度,改善治疗效果[62]㊂例如,将载有药物的纳米脂质体交联至海洋趋磁细菌MC-1表面,并将其注射到实验小鼠的肿瘤组织周围,在外磁场的作用下,有高达55%的MC-1细胞渗透到肿瘤缺氧区[63]㊂5㊀结㊀语综上所述,相比于物理和化学合成方法,细菌介导生成的矿物在环境㊁工业及生物医学领域均发挥着重要的作用㊂虽然目前对细菌介导的生物矿化的研究已经取得部分进展,但仍有许多关键的科学问题亟待解决㊂由于多数细菌介导矿物生成的实验室培养条件并不适宜工业化生产,所以如何将实验室阶段的科学成果转化为可规模化生产的具体技术是限制其应用的关键瓶颈㊂其次,虽然纳米机器人在肿瘤治疗领域有较大的应用前景,但人体免疫系统对其会有如何反应目前尚不完全清楚[64]㊂为了实现细菌介导生物矿化的大规模应用,还需进一步地研究以解决上述问题㊂参考文献㊀References[1]㊀ALSENZ H,ILLNER P,ASHCKENAZI-POLIVODA S,et al.Geo-chemical Transactions[J],2015,16(1):2.[2]㊀DHAMI N K,REDDY M S,MUKHERJEE A.Frontiers in Microbiolo-gy[J],2014,5:304.[3]㊀PERRY R S,MCLOUGHLIN N,LYNNE B Y,et al.Sedimentary Ge-ology[J],2007,201(1/2):157-179.[4]㊀PETERS S E,GAINES R R.Nature[J],2012,484(7394):363-366.[5]㊀SCHWADERER A L,WOLFE A J.Annals of Translational Medicine[J],2017,5(2):32-37.[6]㊀LE FÈVRE R,DURAND-DUBIEF M,CHEBBI I,et al.Theranostics[J],2017,7(18):4618-4631.[7]㊀LOHßE A,KOLINKO I,RASCHDORF O,et al.Applied and Envi-ronmental Microbiology[J],2016,82(10):3032-3041. [8]㊀AL DISI Z A,JAOUA S,BONTOGNALI T R,et al.Frontiers in En-vironmental Science[J],2017,5:1.[9]㊀BENTOV S,ABEHSERA S,SAGI A.The Mineralized Exoskeletons ofCrustaceans[M]//COHEN E,MOUSSIAN B.Extracellular Composite Matrices in Arthropods.Cham:Springer International Publishing, 2016:137-163.[10]VITTORI M,ŽNIDARŠI N,ŽAGAR K,et al.Journal of Structural Biology[J],2012,180(1):216-225.[11]URIZ M J,AGELL G,BLANQUER A,et al.Evolution[J],2012,66(10):2993-2999.[12]MYKYTCZUK N,LAWRENCE J R,OMELON C R,et al.Polar Biol-ogy[J],2016,39(4):701-712.[13]SAURO F,CAPPELLETTI M,GHEZZI D,et al.Scientific Reports[J],2018,8(1):17569.[14]KREMER B,KAZMIERCZAK J,LUKOMSKA-KOWALCZYK M,etal.Astrobiology[J],2012,12(6):535-548.[15]CHEN Y R,ZHANG W Y,ZHOU K,et al.Environmental Microbiol-ogy Reports[J],2016,8(2):218-226.639博看网 . All Rights Reserved.。
RAE Systems MiniRAE 3000 + VOC 监测仪说明书
The MiniRAE 3000 + is a comprehensive handheld VOC (Volatile Organic Compound) monitor that uses a third-generation patented PID technology to accurately measure one of the highest levels of ionizable chemicals available on the market. The MiniRAE 3000 + is a comprehensivehandheld VOC (Volatile Organic Compound) monitor that uses a third-generation patented PID technology to accurately measure one ofthe highest levels of ionizable chemicals available on the market.It provides full-range measurement from 0 to 15,000 ppm of VOCs.The MiniRAE 3000 + has a built-in wireless modem that allows real-time data connectivity with the command center located up to 2 miles (3 km) away through a Bluetooth connection to a RAELink 3* portable modem or optionally via Mesh Network.•Highly accurate VOC measurements •Reflex PID Technology TM•Low maintenance—easy access to lamp and sensor •Low cost of ownership •3-year 10.6eV lamp warranty•BLE module & dedicated APP for Enhanced Datalogging capability•Third-generation patented PID technology •Reflex PID Technology TM•VOC detection range from 0 to 15,000 ppm •3-second response time•Humidity compensation with built-in humidity and temperature sensors •Six-month datalogging•Highly connectivity capability through multiple wireless module options•Large graphic display with integrated flashlight•Multi-language support with 10 languages encoded •IP- 67 waterproof design•Oil and Gas •HazMat•Industrial Safety •Civil Defense•Environmental and Indoor Air QualityF E AT U R E S & B E NE F I T SA PPLIC AT IO N SWorkers can quickly measure VOCs and wirelessly transmit dataMiniRAE ® 3000 +Portable Handheld VOC MonitorFor more informationEurope, Middle East, AfricaLife Safety Distribution GmbHTel: 00800 333 222 44 (Freephone number)Tel: +41 44 943 4380 (Alternative number)Middle East Tel: +971 4 450 5800 (Fixed Gas Detection) **************************MONITOR ONLY INCLUDES:• MiniRAE 3000 + Monitor, Model PGM-7320• Wireless communication modulebuilt in, as specified• Datalogging with ProRAE Studio II Package• Charging/download adapter• RAE UV lamp, as specified• Flex-I-Probe™• External filter• Rubber boot• Alkaline battery adapter• Lamp-cleaning kit• Tool kit• Soft leather caseOPTIONAL CALIBRATION KIT ADDS:• 100 ppm isobutylene calibration gas, 34L• Calibration regulator and flow controllerOPTIONAL GUARANTEEDCOST-OF-OWNERSHIP PROGRAM:• 4-year repair and replacement warranty• Annual maintenance service1 Contact RAE Systems for country-specificwireless approvals and certificates.Specifications are subject to change.AmericasHoneywell Analytics Distribution Inc.Tel: +1 847 955 8200Toll free: +1 800 538 0363***********************Honeywell RAE SystemsPhone: +1 408 952 8200Toll Free: +1 888 723 4800Asia PacificHoneywell Analytics Asia Pacific Tel:+82 (0) 2 6909 0300India Tel: +91 124 4752700China Tel: +86 10 5885 8788-3000**************************Technical ServicesEMEA:**********************US:***************************AP:*************************** Datasheet_MiniRAE 3000_+_DS-1018-_EN©2018 Honeywell International Inc.。
DataWorks 产品数据管理软件说明书
DataWorksSOFTWARE FOR THE MANAGEMENTOF PROJECT DATADataWorks is software of the Product Data Management (PDM) type: it manages product data, increases planning productivity, allows management and control of, and access to the data relevant to design processes, planning and production.Thanks to this safe and controlled activity, DataWorks allows the company to efficiently issue high quality products onto the market.This method interacts with the whole life cycle of a product and gives the opportunity to have access to the right information in each phase of its development.High productivityDataWorks gives a connection between the developmentactivities of the product and those that support its construction.The functionality of DataWorks revolves around themanagement of project data (revisions, control of access,management of documentation) allowing the definition of flowfor management of revisions, issue and process variations ofproduct data, all this thanks to the greater definition and thebetter management of correlated files. With DataWorks it is easyto answer questions such as•Where are the files of the manual of a product?•When and by whom has a detail been modified?•Have the assemblies that contain a modified detailbeen updated?•How many flanges are contained in that group?•Where is the support that i have to change used?DataWorks is the productive and efficient answer to all thesequestions: it exploits and rationalizes the wealth of informationof the company, making it organized and rapidly useable,speeding up the development cycles, thanks to the parallelindustrialization processes; moreover it allows a severe control ofdata and ensures its automatic distribution.Information: the wealth of the companyWith DataWorks information is administered by just onerelational data base, this guarantees its integrity and rapidavailability. Anyone can work simultaneously on the data, alwaysfinding it up-to-date.At the same time the access to data correlated files takesplace under the control of DataWorks, which establishes theform of use, the possibility of overwriting and the simultaneousaccess by more than one authorized user. In this way documentsare immediately usable within the team of work,optimizing time and drastically diminishing the risk of loss ofimportant information.Management of group use, through administration tools andthe centralization of archives, introduces new levels ofinformation security, guaranteeing controlled access to the latestrevisions of company project data.Different applicationsDataWorks is an open environment that allows managementof information originating from different applications.It is possible to organize and have easy access to CAD data,word processing files, part program, data sheets and any otherdocumentation data of a project. This product is integrated with:•Autocad ®•SolidWorks ®•CoCreate ME10 ®•Microsoft Office ®•Acrobat Reader ®Structure of DataWorksDataWorks has at its disposal a series of functions for themanagement of technical data: three-dimensional models,drawings, documents and information.Technical data created by the user is saved in a relational database, while files connected to a company part number areinserted in one or more file system directory (memorization area)controlled by the application. The functionality can be summedup in:•Definition and creation of product families•Dynamic association of specific attributes for eachproduct family•Management of technical part list data•Management of coding•Recording of documents and management of revisions•Management of B.O.M. using a multilevel iconeditorQueries on part numbers, documents, B.O.M.structure and “where used” of part numbers•Control of access to data•Release of whole B.O.M. or single part numbers•Possibility of creation of procedures finalized in theautomation of routine work, for example automaticcodingData flowThe first step towards making the information necessary for management of a product available to DataWorks, is the creation of a part number.During the coding phase it is possible to use a code search to identify the first one available.When there is an existing part number in the data base of DataWorks it is possible to:•use the editor of B.O.M. to create one that puts together the various part number codes•visualize the correlation between codes and make eventual changes and memorize these variations inthe data base•connect to the part numbers created, a series of documents (three-dimensional model, technicalmanual, spreadsheet, Part Program) so that it ispossible to associate all the technical informationconcerning it.DataworksWebIn the Web version, DataWorks allows the consultation, in real time, of data produced by the technical department from remote places connected to the server via Internet.This makes possible all activities of interrogation of data bases: research, “where used” and Bill of Material (B.O.M.) structure and local printing of documents connected to part numbers.DataWorksWeb is an indispensable tool for those who have productive units or offices distant from their central officesERPThe ERP procedure of DataWorks, allows the connection between different company sectors by means of automatic data transfer, guaranteeing continuous, safe up-dating of the data. System RequirementClient•Microsoft Windows XP Professional x32 or x64 Edition•Windows 7 Professional x32 or x64 EditionServer•Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2DatabaseRelational databases containing information are based onDBMS applications. Supported databases:•Microsoft SQL Server 2008 R2•Oraclethey offer the company extreme flexibility of choice in functionof the available resources, presence of other applicationpackages and the nature and dimensions of the data base to bemanaged.23870 Cernusco Lombardone (LC) Italytel.: +39 039 99 09 703fax. +39 039 99 05 125E-mail: *****************www.aebtechno.it。
ProKlenz NpH高性能中性洗涤剂说明书
ProKlenz NpHHigh Performance Neutral Detergent FEATURESFormulated detergentNeutral pHLow foaming across a wide temperature rangeFree rinsing with an HPLC analyzable surfactant.Both specific and non-specific methods are available for detecting cleaning agent residuesFormulation is phsphate free. Contains biodegradable surfactantsManufactured within an FDA registered plant, ISO 9001:2015 and ISO 13485:2016 compliant Complete lot and change control traceability- Processing equipment - Processing vessel - Reactors- Blenders - Component parts washing - Manual cleaning- Ultrasonic cleaningAPPLICATIONS BENEFITSCleans a broad spectrum of soils with multiple cleaning mechanismsExcellent substrate compatibility. Safe to use in manual cleaning applications. No Effluent neutralization required Can be used in high-impingement spray applications Easily removed from product surfaces. Saves time and reduces utility consumption.Multiple validated analytical methods to facilitate the cleaning validation processEnvironmentally friendly. Complies with EC 648/2004. Ab excellent choice for harmonization of cleaning validation Meets the highest standard in manufacturing and processingSupports quality assurance and quality controlMentor,OH||Phone1-800-444-9009|***********************LS334EN 4/2020TECHNICAL SUPPORTA highly qualified, industry-recognized team of chemists, microbiologists, and engineers is available to offer product and process consultation. STERIS Technical Support currently provides both on- and off-site seminars with topics focusing on process cleaning and cleaning validation. An extensive library of technical data, laboratory reports, analytical methods, and case studies have been developed including cytotoxicity, LD 50, substrate compatibility, and many others.PACE PROGRAMOur T echnical Support Services also include the Process And Cleaner Evaluation (PACE®) program, which is an evaluation service designed to provide our Customers with recommendations for an effective cleaning protocol. Once an evaluation has been completed, STERIS provides a report that assists Customers in developing a leaning protocol by defining parameters based on chemical type, concentration, cleaning time, temperature, cleaning method and water quality. The PACE program is an essential first step for any cleaning application.For more information about this application, please contact your local sales representative or visit our website at:https:///products/detergents/pharmaceutical-detergents-and-cleaners/proklenz-nphPHYSICAL PROPERTIESFormSpecific Gravity (25°C/77°F)pH undiluted Solubility Foam Rinsing PhosphatesLiquid1.04 (typical)7.0 (typical)Complete LowExcellent NoneORDERING INFORMATION5 gallon (18.9 L)143005WR Description Product Number 55 gallon drum (208.2 L)143001WRProKlenz® NpHHigh Performance Neutral Detergent。
Silicon Labs Si7210数字磁场传感器数据手册 V1.2说明书
Effective Date:Bulletin Issue Date:11/6/201911/6/2019Description of ChangeSilicon Labs is pleased to announce the release of version 1.2 of the Si7210 digital magnetic hall sensor datasheet. This updated datasheet is accompanied by the release of the new 1.4 x 1.6 mm DFN8 package. The datasheet changes are as follows.Updated table 7.1 "Product Selection Guide" by adding the new DFN8 part numbersAdded section 8.2 "DFN 8-pin Package Outline"Added section 9.2 "DFN 8-pin PCB Landing Pattern"Added section 10.2 "DFN 8-pin top mark"191106658 Si7210 Hall Sensor Datasheet Version 1.2 Release for DFN8 Package Product IdentificationSi7210-B-00-IVSi7210-B-00-IVRSi7210-B-01-IVSi7210-B-01-IVRSi7210-B-02-IVSi7210-B-02-IVRSi7210-B-03-IVSi7210-B-03-IVRSi7210-B-04-IVSi7210-B-04-IVRSi7210-B-05-IVSi7210-B-05-IVRUser RegistrationRegister today to create your account on . Your personalized profile allows you to receive technical document updates, new product announcements, “how-to ” and design documents, product change notices (PCN) and other valuable content available only to registered users. /profileCustomer Actions Needed:Review the datasheet changes and contact you local Silicon Labs representative with questions or concerns.This change is considered a minor change which does not affect form, fit, function, quality, or reliability. The information is being provided as a customer courtesy.Please contact your local Silicon Labs sales representative with any questions about this notification. A list of Silicon Labs sales representatives may be found at .Reason for ChangeRelease of a new 1.4 x 1.6 mm DFN8 package.1Bulletin #2019-11-06-658Silicon Laboratories Inc.400 West Cesar ChavezAustin, TX 78701 DisclaimerSilicon Labs intends to provide customers with the latest, accurate, and in-depth documentation of all peripherals and modules available for system and software implementers using or intending to use the Silicon Labs products. Characterization data, available modules andperipherals, memory sizes and memory addresses refer to each specific device, and "Typical" parameters provided can and do vary in different applications. Application examples described herein are for illustrative purposes only. Silicon Labs reserves the right to make changes without further notice and limitation to product information, specifications, and descriptions herein, and does not give warranties as to the accuracy or completeness of the included information. Silicon Labs shall have no liability for the consequences of use of the information supplied herein. This document does not imply or express copyright licenses granted hereunder to design or fabricate any integrated circuits. The products are not designed or authorized to be used within any Life Support System without the specific written consent of Silicon Labs. A "Life Support System" is any product or system intended to support or sustain life and/or health, which, if it fails, can be reasonably expected to result in significant personal injury or death. Silicon Labs products are not designed or authorized for military applications. Silicon Labs products shall under no circumstances be used in weapons of mass destruction including (but not limited to) nuclear, biological or chemical weapons, or missiles capable of delivering such weapons.Trademark InformationSilicon Laboratories Inc.® , Silicon Laboratories®, Silicon Labs®, SiLabs® and the Silicon Labs logo®, Bluegiga®, Bluegiga Logo®,Clockbuilder®, CMEMS®, DSPLL®, EFM®, EFM32®, EFR, Ember®, Energy Micro, Energy Micro logo and combinations thereof, "the world’s most energy friendly microcontrollers", Ember®, EZLink®, EZRadio®, EZRadioPRO®, Gecko®, ISOmodem®, Micrium, Precision32®, ProSLIC®, Simplicity Studio®, SiPHY®, Telegesis, the Telegesis Logo®, USBXpress®, Zentri and others are trademarks or registered trademarks of Silicon Labs. ARM, CORTEX, Cortex-M3 and THUMB are trademarks or registered trademarks of ARM Holdings. Keil is aregistered trademark of ARM Limited. All other products or brand names mentioned herein are trademarks of their respective holders.。
SNA(社会网络分析)教程
Source: /~art/s+b42002cm.html
30
UCLA ELP 类型社会网络
31
UCLA ELP 类型社会网络
节点大小=中心性
32
UCLA ELP 类型社会网络
节点大小=中介性
33
UCLA ELP 类型专家网络
34
UCLA ELP 类型专家网络
信任要素和支持类型的相关性
支持类型
寻求切实的建议 寻求情感上的支持 寻求政治或战略援助
寻求原始信息
能力
.197** -.009 .126**
-.086*
善意
.209** .369** .108*
-.144**
信用
.198** .243** .114**
-.136**
N = 660 contacts from 50 executives
成功的创新
“临界质量”
20% 前期采纳者
后期采纳者
不成功的创新 - “island of innovation” -弥漫性或死亡的现象
Time
Rogers, E. (1995). The Diffusion of 17 Innovations. New York: The Free Press
使用意见领袖加速创新传播
• 这个人的建议对你的成功有多大的影响？
49
你会选择和谁一起工作?
面对在工作中需要完成的任务，你会选择哪一种人来帮你？ 研究表明更多人会选择一个“lovable fool” 而不是一个“competent jerk”. Source: Casciaro, T & Lobo, S. (2005). Competent Jerks, Lovable Fools and the Formation of Social Networks. HBR 50
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What if you don’t know somebody at all and you just want to walk up and introduce yourself? Conferences, parties, dinners—all sorts of networking events present you with chances to meet people you don’t know. We haven’t met. I’m Lin Jacobs. What’s your name? I don’t think we’ve met. My name is Abdullah. Hello! My name is Josh. What’s yours?
© 2007 All rights reserved: business
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BEP 44 INT – Soc ializin g: Strik ing Up a Conversation
Debrief
So it looks like Penny’s attempt to strike up a conversation with George was much more successful than Pat’s, wasn’t it? We can say that Penny and George “hit it off,” which means that they seem like they are going to get along well with each other. Let’s first look at dialog 1. How does Penny start the conversation with George? Penny: Excuse me, Mr. Chow? George: Yes. Penny: We haven’t met. I’m Penny Lin from the Kuala Lumpur office. This is one easy way to begin a conversation with someone you recognize but haven’t met or don’t know very well. What are some other ways? You’re Mr. Barnes, aren’t you? Hi, my name is Sally. Excuse me, aren’t you Baxter Gordon? Wow, it’s great to finally get the chance to meet you. I’ve heard a lot about you. You must be Monica Childes. You have no idea how great it is to finally meet you. What a wonderful surprise!
The Business English podcast for professionals on the move
BEP 44 INT – Socializing: Striking Up a Conversation
Welcome back to Business English Pod. Today’s episode is the first in a two-part series on the basics of social English: starting a conversation, keeping it going, and finishing it appropriately. Successful conversation is an important part of networking, the skill of building up a network of contacts and relationships. In this episode, you’ll be learning skills and language for starting and finishing a conversation appropriately. In the next, you’ll practice how to keep a conversation going. Today’s listening takes place at the Asia-Pacific HR conference for Multi-Fresh, a major global producer of health beverages. A beverage is a drink. You’ll hear two dialogues. In the first, Penny, an HR officer from Malaysia, strikes up a conversation with George, the Asia-Pacific learning and development manager. “To strike up a conversation” means to start a conversation, usually with someone you don’t know too well. In the second dialog, Pat, an HR officer from Australia, then tries his best to strike up a conversation. Listening Questions: 1) What office is Penny from? 2) What does Penny think about the speech? 3) Have Pat and George already met? 4) Does George have time to talk to Pat?
Dialog 2 Pat : Long time no see! George: Ah, yes. Hi. Pat : George. You’re George Chow from the Singapore office, right? George: Yes ... Pat : We met last year when you visited Australia. George: Oh, of course. Yes, that’s right. I remember chatting with you over coffee. And your name was...? Pat : Pat. Pat McCarthy. George: Good to see you again Pat. Pat : Yes! It’s been a while. So, which floor are you staying on? George: Up on the twelfth. Great view up there. You? Pat : I’m on third, right within striking distance of the bar. George: Gosh! Is that the time? Sorry, Pat, I just have to make a quick phone call. It was nice running into you! Pat : Oh yes, of course. See you around! George: Yeah, see you later!
Vocabulary
beverage: A drink, such as milk, juice, water etc. networking: Building up a set of contacts or relationships that will be helpful in your career. to strike up a conversation with someone: This is an idiom meaning to start a conversation with someone, usually someone you don’t know very well. HR: Short for “human resources,” HR has mostly replaced the word “manpower” which is considered sexist, i.e. unfair to women. to hit it off with someone: to feel like one is going to get along well with someone you have just met. to be within striking distance of something: to be close to something; can apply to something physical, for example “We are within striking distance of the gym.” In this usage it is often ironic. More often, it applies to something abstract, such as targபைடு நூலகம்ts or goals: “We are within striking distance of our revenue goals for Q1, so let’s redouble our efforts.”
© 2007 All rights reserved: business
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BEP 44 INT – Soc ializin g: Strik ing Up a Conversation