国际经济学,选择题集（含答案）

国际经济学,选择题集（含答案）
Contents
Chapter 3 Labor Productivity and Comparative Advantage: The Ricardian Model 2 Chapter 4 Specific Factors and Income Distribution 13 Chapter 5 Resources and Trade: The Heckscher-Ohlin Model 22 Chapter 6 The Standard Trade Model 31 Chapter 7 Economies of Scale, imperfect Competition, and International Trade 41 Chapter 8 International Factor Movements 50 Chapter 9 The Instruments of Trade Policy 60
Chapter 3: Labor Productivity and Comparative Advantage - The Ricardian Model
Multiple Choice Questions
1.Countries trade with each other because they are _______ and because of
______.
A. different, costs
B. similar, scale economies
C. different, scale economies
D. similar, costs
E.None of the above.
2.Trade between two countries can benefit both countries if
A.each country exports that good in which it has a comparative advantage.
B.each country enjoys superior terms of trade.
C.each country has a more elastic demand for the imported goods.
D.each country has a more elastic supply for the supplied goods.
E.Both C and D.
3.The Ricardian theory of comparative advantage states that a country has a
comparative advantage in widgets if
A.output per worker of widgets is higher in that country.
B.that country's exchange rate is low.
C.wage rates in that country are high.
D.the output per worker of widgets as compared to the output of some other
product is higher in that country.
E.Both B and C.
4.In order to know whether a country has a comparative advantage in the
production of one particular product we need information on at least ____unit
labor requirements
A.one
B.two
C.three
E.five
5. A country engaging in trade according to the principles of comparative advantage gains from trade because it
A.is producing exports indirectly more efficiently than it could alternatively.
B.is producing imports indirectly more efficiently than it could
domestically.
D.is producing imports indirectly using fewer labor units.
E.None of the above.
6.Given the following information:
Unit Labor Requirements
Cloth Widgets
Home 10 20
Foreign 60 30
A.Neither country has a comparative advantage.
B.Home has a comparative advantage in cloth.
C.Foreign has a comparative advantage in cloth.
D.Home has a comparative advantage in widgets.
E.Home has a comparative advantage in both products.
7.If it is ascertained that Foreign uses prison-slave labor to produce its exports, then home should
A.export cloth.
B.export widgets.
C.export both and import nothing.
D.export and import nothing.
E.All of the above.
8.If the Home economy suffered a meltdown, and the Unit Labor Requirements in each of the products quadrupled (that is, doubled to 30 for cloth and 60 for widgets) then home should
A.export cloth.
B.export widgets.
C.export both and import nothing.
D.export and import nothing.
E.All of the above.
9.If wages were to double in Home, then Home should:
B.export widgets.
C.export both and import nothing.
D.export and import nothing.
E.All of the above.
10.If the world equilibrium price of widgets were 4 Cloths, then
A.both countries could benefit from trade with each other.
B.neither country could benefit from trade with each other.
C.each country will want to export the good in which it enjoys comparative advantage.
D.neither country will want to export the good in which it enjoys
comparative advantage.
E.both countries will want to specialize in cloth.
11.Given the following information:
Number of Units Produced by one Unit of Labor
Cloth Widgets
Home 10 20
Foreign 60 30
A.Neither country has a comparative advantage.
B.Home has a comparative advantage in cloth.
C.Foreign has a comparative advantage in cloth.
D.Foreign has a comparative advantage in widgets.
E.Home has a comparative advantage in both products.
12.The opportunity cost of cloth in terms of widgets in Foreign is if it is ascertained that Foreign uses prison-slave labor to produce its exports, then home should
A.export cloth.
B.export widgets.
C.export both and import nothing.
D.export and import nothing.
E.All of the above.
13.If wages were to double in Home ,then Home should
A.export cloth.
B.export widgets.
C.export both and import nothing.
D.export and import nothing.
14.If the world equilibrium price of widgets were 4 Cloths, then
A.both countries could benefit from trade with each other.
B.neither country could benefit from trade with each other.
C.each country will want to export the good in which it enjoys comparative
advantage.
D.neither country will want to export the good in which it enjoys
comparative advantage.
E.both countries will want to specialize in cloth.
15.If the world equilibrium price of widgets were 40 cloths, then
A.both countries could benefit from trade with each other.
B.neither country could benefit from trade with each other.
C.each country will want to export the good in which it enjoys comparative
advantage.
D.neither country will want to export the good in which it enjoys
comparative advantage.
E.both countries will want to specialize in cloth.
16. In a two product two country world, international trade can lead to increases in
A.consumer welfare only if output of both products is increased.
B.output of both products and consumer welfare in both countries.
C.total production of both products but not consumer welfare in both
countries
D.consumer welfare in both countries but not total production of both
products.
E.None of the above.
17.As a result of trade, specialization in the Ricardian model tends to be
/doc/3e771cc58bd63186bcebbcb7.html plete with constant costs and with increasing costs.
/doc/3e771cc58bd63186bcebbcb7.html plete with constant costs and incomplete with increasing costs.
C.incomplete with constant costs and complete with increasing costs.
D.incomplete with constant costs and incomplete with increasing costs.
E.None of the above.
18. A nation engaging in trade according to the Ricardian model will find its
consumption bundle
A.inside its production possibilities frontier.
B.on its production possibilities frontier.
D.inside its trade-partner's production possibilities frontier.
E.on its trade-partner's production possibilities frontier.
19.In the Ricardian model, if a country's trade is restricted, this will cause all except which?
A.Limit specialization and the division of labor.
B.Reduce the volume of trade and the gains from trade
C.Cause nations to produce inside their production possibilities curves
D.May result in a country producing some of the product of its comparative disadvantage
E.None of the above.
20.If a very small country trades with a very large country according to the Ricardian model, then
A.the small country will suffer a decrease in economic welfare.
B.the large country will suffer a decrease in economic welfare.
C.the small country will enjoy gains from trade.
E.None of the above.
21.If the world terms of trade for a country are somewhere between the domestic cost ratio of H and that of F, then
A.country H but not country F will gain from trade.
B.country H and country F will both gain from trade.
C.neither country H nor F will gain from trade.
D.only the country whose government subsidizes its exports will gain.
E.None of the above.
22.If the world terms of trade equal those of country F, then
A.country H but not country F will gain from trade.
B.country H and country F will both gain from trade.
C.neither country H nor F will gain from trade.
D.only the country whose government subsidizes its exports will gain.
E.None of the above.
23. If the world terms of trade equal those of country ,F then
A.country H but not country F will gain from trade.
B.country H and country F will both gain from trade.
C.neither country H nor F will gain from trade.
D.only the country whose government subsidizes its exports will gain.
24.If a production possibilities frontier is bowed out (concave to the origin), then production occurs under conditions of
A.constant opportunity costs.
B.increasing opportunity costs.
C.decreasing opportunity costs.
D.infinite opportunity costs.
E.None of the above.
25.If two countries have identical production possibility frontiers, then trade between them is not likely if
A.their supply curves are identical.
B.their cost functions are identical.
C.their demand conditions identical.
D.their incomes are identical.
E.None of the above.
26.If two countries have identical production possibility frontiers, then trade between them is not likely if
A.their supply curves are identical.
B.their cost functions are identical.
D.their incomes are identical.
E.None of the above.
27.The earliest statement of the principle of comparative advantage is associated with
A.David Hume.
B.David Ricardo.
C.Adam Smith.
D.Eli Heckscher.
E.Bertil Ohlin.
28. If one country's wage level is very high relative to the other's (the relative wage exceeding the relative productivity ratios), then if they both use the same currency
A.neither country has a comparative advantage.
B.only the low wage country has a comparative advantage.
C.only the high wage country has a comparative advantage.
D.consumers will still find trade worth while from their perspective.
29.If one country's wage level is very high relative to the other's (the relative wage
exceeding the relative productivity ratios), then
A.it is not possible that producers in each will find export markets
profitable.
B.it is not possible that consumers in both countries will enhance their
respective welfares through imports.
C.it is not possible that both countries will find gains from trade.
D.it is possible that both will enjoy the conventional gains from trade.
E.None of the above.
30.The Ricardian model is based on all of the following except
A.only two nations and two products.
B. no diminishing returns.
/doc/3e771cc58bd63186bcebbcb7.html bor is the only factor of production.
D.product quality varies among nations.
E.None of the above.
31. Ricardo's original theory of comparative advantage seemed of limited real-
world value because it was founded on the
/doc/3e771cc58bd63186bcebbcb7.html bor theory of value.
B. capital theory of value.
C. land theory of value.
D. entrepreneur theory of value.
E.None of the above.
32.According to Ricardo, a country will have a comparative advantage in the
product in which its
/doc/3e771cc58bd63186bcebbcb7.html bor productivity is relatively low. /doc/3e771cc58bd63186bcebbcb7.html bor productivity is relatively high. /doc/3e771cc58bd63186bcebbcb7.html bor mobility is relatively low. /doc/3e771cc58bd63186bcebbcb7.html bor mobility is relatively high.
E.None of the above.
33.In a two-country, two-product world, the statement "Germany enjoys a
comparative advantage over France in autos relative to ships" is equivalent to
A.France having a comparative advantage over Germany in ships.
B.France having a comparative disadvantage compared to Germany in
autos and ships.
D.France having no comparative advantage over Germany.
E.None of the above.
34.Assume that labor is the only factor of production and that wages in the United
States equal $20 per hour while wages in Japan are $10 per hour. Production
costs would be lower in the United States as compared to Japan if
A.U.S. labor productivity equaled 40 units per hour and Japan's 15 units per
hour.
B.U.S. productivity equaled 30 units per hour whereas Japan's was 20.
C.U.S. labor productivity equaled 20 and Japan's 30.
D.U.S. labor productivity equaled 15 and Japan's 25 units per hour.
E.None of the above.
35.If the United States’ production possibility frontier was flatter to the widget axis,
whereas Germany's was flatter to the butter axis, we know that
A.the United States has no comparative advantage
B.Germany has a comparative advantage in butter.
C.the U.S. has a comparative advantage in butter.
D.Not enough information is given.
E.None of the above.
36.Suppose the United States' production possibility frontier was flatter to the
widget axis, whereas Germany's was flatter to the butter axis. We now learn that the German mark is sharply depreciated against the U.S. dollar. We now know
that
A.the United States has no comparative advantage
B.Germany has a comparative advantage in butter.
C.the United States has a comparative advantage in butter.
D.Not enough information is given.
E.None of the above.
37.Suppose the United States' production possibility frontier was flatter to the
widget axis, whereas Germany's was flatter to the butter axis. We now learn that the German wage doubles, but U.S. wages do not change at all. We now know
that
A.the United States has no comparative advantage.
B.Germany has a comparative advantage in butter.
C.the United States has a comparative advantage in butter.
D.Not enough information is given.
Essay Questions
1.Many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa have very low labor productivities in
many sectors, in manufacturing and agriculture. They often despair of even
trying to attempt to build their industries unless it is done in an autarkic context,
behind protectionist walls because they do not believe they can compete with
more productive industries abroad. Discuss this issue in the context of the
Ricardian model of comparative advantage.
2.In 1975, wage levels in South Korea were roughly 5% of those in the United
States. It is obvious that if the United States had allowed Korean goods to be
freely imported into the United States at that time, this would have caused
devastation to the standard of living in the United States.,because no producer in this country could possibly compete with such low wages. Discuss this assertion in the context of the Ricardian model of comparative advantage.
3.The evidence cited in the chapter using the examples of the East Asia New
Industrializing Countries suggests that as international productivities converge,
so do international wage levels. Why do you suppose this happened for the East
Asian NICs? In light of your answer, what do you think is likely to happen to
the relative wages (relative to those in the United States) of China in the coming
decade? Explain your reasoning.
4.When we examine the 2 Good 2 Country version of the Ricardian model of
comparative advantage, we note that comparative advantage is totally
determined by physical productivity ratios. Changes in wage rates in either
country cannot affect these physically determined comparative advantages, and
hence cannot affect, which product will be exported by which country. However, when more than 2 goods are added to the model (still with 2 countries), changes
in wage rates in one or the other country can in fact determine which good or
goods each of the countries will export. How can you explain this anomaly?
5.An examination of the Ricardian model of comparative advantage yields the
clear result that trade is (potentially) beneficial for each of the two trading
partners since it allows for an expanded consumption choice for each. However, for the world as a whole the expansion of production of one product must
involve a decrease in the availability of the other, so that it is not clear that trade
is better for the world as a whole as compared to an initial situation of non-trade
(but efficient production in each country). Are there in fact gains from trade for
the world as a whole? Explain.
Quantitative/Graphing Problems
Cloth Widgets
Home 100 200
Foreign 60 30
What is the opportunity cost of Cloth in terms of Widgets in Foreign?
2. Given the following information:
Unit Labor Requirements
Cloth Widgets
Home 100 200
Foreign 60 30
If these two countries trade these two goods in the context of the Ricardian
model of comparative advantage, then what is the lower limit of the wo rld
equilibrium price of widgets?
3. Given the following information:
Unit Labor Requirements
Cloth Widgets
Home 100 200
Foreign 60 30
If these two countries trade these two goods with each other in according to the Ricardian model of comparative advantage, what is the lower limit for the price of cloth?
4. Given the following information:
Units Produced by One Worker/Hour
Cloth Widgets
Home 100 200
Foreign 60 30
What is the opportunity cost of cloth in terms of Wwdgets in Foreign?
5. Given the following information:
Cloth Widgets
Home 100 200
Foreign 60 30
If these two countries trade these two goods with each other in the following the Ricardian model of comparative advantage, then what is the lower limit for the
world equilibrium price of cloth?
1. Home has 1200 units of labor available. It can produce two goods, apples and bananas. The unit labor requirement in apple production is 3, while in banana production it is
2.
c. In the absence of trade, what would the price of apples in terms of bananas be? Why?
2. Home is as described in problem 1. There is now also another country, Foreign, with a labor force of 800. Foreign's unit labor requirement in apple production is 5, while in banana prod uction it is 1.
a. Graph Foreign's production possibility frontier.
b. Construct the world relative supply curve.
3. Now suppose world relative demand takes the following form: Demand for apples / demand for bananas = price of bananas / price of apples
a. Graph the relative demand curve along with the relative supply curve.
b. What is the equilibrium relative price of apples?
c. Describe the pattern of trade.
d. Show that both Home and Foreign gain from trad
e.
4. Suppose that instead of 1200 workers, Ho me had 2400. Find the equilibrium relative price. What can you say about the efficiency of world production and the division of the gains from trade between Home and Foreign in this case?
5. Suppose that Home has 2400 workers, but they are only half as productive in both industries as we have been assuming. Construct the world relative supply curve and determine the equilibrium relative price. How do the gains from trade compare with those in the case described in problem 4?
6. “ Korean workers earn only $2.50 an hour; if we allow Korea to export as much as it likes to the United States, our workers will be forced down to the same level. You can’t import a $5 shirt without importing the $2.50 wage that goes with it.” Discuss.
7. 请对下列观点加以评价：
（1）只有当⼀个国家的⽣产率达到⾜以在国际竞争中⽴⾜的⽔平时，它才能从⾃由贸易中获益；（2）如果来⾃外国的竞争是建⽴在低⼯资的基础上，那么这种竞争是不公平的，⽽且会损害其他参与竞争的国家；
（3）如果⼀个国家的⼯⼈⽐其他国家⼯⼈的⼯资低，那么贸易就会使这个国家受到剥削并使福利恶化。

8.⽤标准的李嘉图假设，分析如下模型：
假设本国共拥有3000万⼯时的劳动量，⽽外国共有2000万⼯时的劳动量。

a.哪个国家在葡萄酒的⽣产上具有绝对优势？哪个国家在奶酪的⽣产上具有绝对优势？
b.哪个国家在葡萄酒的⽣产上具有⽐较优势？哪个国家在奶酪的⽣产上具有⽐较优势？
c.在开放贸易后，两个国家各出⼝何种商品？如果均衡国际价格⽐率是每磅奶酪 1/2 瓶葡萄
酒，各国的⽣产会发⽣什么变化？
9. 实际⼯资的含义是每⼩时劳动的报酬所具有的购买⼒。

⽤每种产品表⽰，就是指⼀个⼯⼈⽤他1⼩时劳动的报酬所能买到的该产品的单位数量。

在李嘉图模型中，对于某⼯⼈所⽣产的任何产品来说，他只是根据其劳动⽣产率得到报酬，这就是他的以这种产品表⽰的实际⼯资。

请结合以下表格回答下列问题。

a.在⽆贸易条件下，本国⽤各种商品表⽰的劳动的实际⼯资分别是多少？外国呢？哪个国家劳
动的实际⼯资更⾼？
b.假定在⾃由贸易条件下，均衡的价格⽐率为1，本国⽤奶酪表⽰的实际⼯资是多少？国际贸
易后，本国⽤葡萄酒表⽰的新的实际⼯资是多少？这表明本国的贸易收益状况如何？外国⽤葡萄酒表⽰的实际⼯资是多少？国际贸易后，外国⽤奶酪表⽰的新的实际⼯资是多少？这表明外国的贸易收益状况如何？
c.在⾃由贸易情况下，哪个国家劳动的实际⼯资⽐较⾼？绝对优势的重要性体现在何处？
10. 我们重点讨论了只包含两个国家的例⼦。

假定有许多国家能⽣产两种产品，每个国家都只有⼀种⽣产要素：劳动。

在这种情况下，贸易模式和⽣产模式会怎样（提⽰：画出世界相对供给曲线）？
11. 在李嘉图模型中，如果A国在两种产品上都具有绝对优势，那么贸易后A国的名义⼯资⽔平肯定⾼于B国。

这句话对吗？请评论。

12. 假设某⼀国家拥有 20000 万单位的劳动，X、Y产品的单位产出所要求的劳动投⼊分别为 5 个单位和 4 个单位，试确定⽣产可能性边界⽅程。

如果X 的国际相对价格为 2，该国的进⼝数量为 2000 个单位，试确定该国的出⼝量，并在图中画出贸易三⾓形。

13. 如果两国各在某⼀商品上具有绝对优势，那么两国在相应的商品上也必然具有⽐较优势，这句话对吗？请评论。

Chapter 5: Specific Factors and Income Distribution
Multiple Choice Questions
1.International trade has strong effects on income distributions. Therefore,
international trade
A.is beneficial to everyone in both trading countries.
B.will tend to hurt one trading country.
C.will tend to hurt some groups in each trading country.
D.will tend to hurt everyone in both countries.
E.will be beneficial to all those engaged in international trade.
2.Factors tend to be specific to certain uses and products
A.in countries lacking comparative advantage.
B.in the short run.
C.in capital-intensive industries.
D.in labor-intensive industries.
E.in countries lacking fair labor laws.
3.In an economy described by the Specific Factors Model, the production
possibility frontier will be
A.linear.
B.concave to the origin.
C.convex to the origin.
D.parabolic with one root.
E.collapsed to a point.
4.At the point of production, the production possibility frontier will be tangent to
A.the origin.
B. a line whose slope is the relative quality of the two goods.
C. a line whose slope is the relative quantity of the two goods.
D. a line whose slope is the relative price of the two goods.
E.None of the above.
5.If the price of the capital intensive product rises more than does the price of the land intensive product, then
A.demand will shift away from the capital-intensive product, and its
production will decrease.
B. demand will shift away from the capital-intensive product, and its production will decrease relative to that of the land intensive product.
C. the production of the capital-intensive product will indeed decrease, but
not for the reasons mentioned in A or B.
D.the countries exporting the capital-intensive good will lose its
comparative advantage.
E. None of the above.
6.If the price of the capital intensive product rises, wages will
A.rise but by less than the price of the capital-intensive product.
B.rise by more than the rise in the price of the capital-intensive product.
C.remain proportionally equal to the price of the capital-intensive product.
D.fall, since higher prices cause less demand.
E.None of the above.
7.If Australia has relatively more land per worker, and Belgium has relatively more capital per worker, then if trade were to open up between these two countries,
A.the relative price of the capital-intensive product would rise in Australia.
B.the world price of the land-intensive product would be higher than it had
been in Belgium.
C.the world price of the land intensive product would be higher than it had
been in Australia.
D.the relative price of the land intensive product would rise in Belgium.
E.None of the above.
8.If Australia has more land per worker, and Belgium has more capital per worker, then if trade were to open up between these two countries,
A. Australia would export the land-intensive product.
B.Belgium would import the capital-intensive product.
C.Both countries would export some of each product.
D.trade would not continue since Belgium is a smaller country.
E.None of the above.
9.If Australia has more land per worker, and Belgium has more capital per worker, then if trade were to open up between these two countries,
A.the real income of capital owners in Australia would rise.
B.the real income of labor in Australia would clearly rise.
C.the real income of labor in Belgium would clearly rise.
D.the real income of landowners in Belgium would fall.
E.the real incomes of capital owners in both countries would rise.
10.If trade opens up between the two formerly autarkic countries, Australia and Belgium, then
A.the real income of Australia and of Belgium will increase.
B.the real income of Australia but not of Belgium will increase.
C.the real income of neither country will increase.
D.the real income of both countries may increase.
11.The marginal product of labor in manufacturing slopes downward because o f
A.diseconomies to scale.
B.discontinuities in the production function.
C.diminishing returns.
D.gross substitution with the food sector.
E.None of the above.
12.In the Specific Factors model, each of the two sectors
A.employs the same factors used by the other.
B.employs different factors than those employed in the other.
C.employs a fixed coefficient production function.
D.shares one factor of production with the other sector.
E.None of the above.
13.The Specific Factors model assumes
A.imperfections in the labor market.
B.imperfections in the land market.
C.imperfections in the capital market.
D.imperfections in the entrepreneurship market.
E.None of the above.
14.At the production point the production possibility frontier is tangent to a line whose slope is
A.the price of manufactures.
B.the relative wage.
C.he real wage.
D.the relative price of manufactures.
E.None of the above.
15.If the price of manufactures and the price of food increase by 25%, then
A.the economy moves down its aggregate supply curve.
B.the economy moves back along its aggregate demand curve.
C.the relative quantities of manufactures and food remain unchanged.
D.the relative quantities of products change by 25%.
E.None of the above.
16.If the price of manufactures rises, then
A.the price of food also rises.
B.the quantity of food produced falls.
C.the quantity of both manufactures and food falls.
D.the purchasing power of labor in terms of food falls.
E.None of the above.
A.the real income of capital rises.
B.the real income of land rises.
C.the purchasing power of landowners rises.
D.the production of both products falls.
E.None of the above.
18.If the price of food rises , then the income of capital owners will fall because
A.capital owners consume only food.
B.the real wage in terms of manufactures rises.
C.they must pay higher wages to maintain subsistence levels.
D.food is an element of organic capital for capitalists.
E.None of the above.
19.If additional land were to be brought into cultivation in the Specific Factor model, the output of manufactures would fall because of
A.lower marginal productivity of labor in this sector.
B.lower marginal productivity of labor in food production.
C.higher marginal productivity of labor in manufacture sector.
D.lower labor input in manufacture sector.
E.None of the above.
20.If Japan is relatively capital rich and the United States is relatively land rich,
then trade between these two, formerly autarkic countries will
A.lead to perfect specialization with Japan alone producing manufactures.
B.create a world relative price of food that is lower than that of the U.S.
C.lower the price of food in both countries.
D.raise the price of food in both countries.
E.None of the above.
21.If Japan is the land-rich country, then international trade will clearly
A.raise the real income of all factor owners in that country.
B.lower the real income of workers.
C.lower the real income of capital owners.
D.lower the real income of landowners.
E.None of the above.
22.The reason trade clearly benefits a country is that
A.it raises the real income of the more productive elements in society.
B.it lowers the real income of the less productive elements in society.
C.it increases the levels of consumption of everyone.
D.it increases society's consumption choices.
E.None of the above.
A.are likely to migrate to another country.
B.tend to be more effectively organized politically.
C.tend to reject compensation as smacking of socialism.
D.are universally opposed by economists who consider them parasites.
E.None of the above.
24.Those who stand to gain from trade
A.do not really care about the issue of income redistribution.
B.could not compensate losers since there are so many poor people.
C.could compensate losers but would rather not in modern industrial
economies.
/doc/3e771cc58bd63186bcebbcb7.html pensate losers at least partially through such legislation as unemployment compensation.
E.None of the above.
25.Groups that lose from trade tend to lobby the government to
A.shift the direction of comparative advantage.
B.abolish the Specific Factor model from practical application.
C.provide public support for the relatively efficient sectors.。