Lesson 10 Photography

Lesson 10 Photography
The word“photography”means“drawing with light”. Two things are essential —a source of light and a material that is sensitive to light called the film. A photograph is made when light reflected from an object falls on the film. A camera is used to control the amount of
light that falls on the film.(照片就是用光画画。

最基本的两个事情就是，有光和被叫做胶片的感
光材料。

当光从胶片上反射回来时，再能拍照片。

相机就是用来控制射到胶片上的光的) Imagine that you are going to take a black and white photograph with a single camera. First, you have to load film into it. Once the film is inside the camera, you turn a lever or key. This winds the unexposed part of the film into the right position to receive the image. Now
you are ready to take a photograph. (设想你要用普通相机拍一张照片，首先，你要安装胶片。

一旦胶片放到相机里面了，你转动的这个按钮，把没曝光的部分胶片卷到正确的位置。

现在你可以拍了。

)You point the camera toward the subject of your choice , and snap—you press the button working the shutter . The shutter is a mechanical device that can be moved very quickly in front
of the film. It allows light to enter the camera for a fraction of a second. The light is usually focused onto the film by curved glass lens, which forms a sharp image.( 把相机对准你选择的物体，按快门。

快门是一个在胶片前面能够迅速移动的机械设备。

它允许光在几分之一秒进入相机。

光一般射到凸透镜上，来形成黑白分明的照片。

)
Although you have taken your photographs, you cannot see them yet. There are several things that have to be done before the final pictures are ready . You cannot take the film
out of the camera and look at it—it is still sensitive to light. Usually, the film has to be wound back into the plastic container called a cartridge, before you can take it out of the camera. Because the cartridge can protect the film from light, the cartridge with the film can be unloaded in the
light.(虽然你拍了照片，你仍然不能看见他们。

在最终的照片准备好之前，还有很多事情要做。

你不能把胶片直接从照相机里面取出来看，它仍然的感光的，通常在你把它从相机里面取出来之
前，胶片应该卷回到被称作卡式胶卷盒的塑料盒里。

因为卡式胶卷盒能够保护胶片不受光照，带有卡式胶卷盒的胶片能够在有光的情况下取出来)
Next, the film must be processed or “developed”with chemicals. Most films must be developed in total darkness or in dark green light to which they are not very sensitive,otherwise they would be spoiled by light before the process is complete.(其次，胶片必须用化学药品来显影。

绝大多数的胶片必须在不敏感的昏暗的绿光下显影，否则，冲洗这个步骤完成之前胶片就会坏掉。

) First the film is put into a liquid called the developer. The picture on the film starts to appear. Chemicals on the surface of the film are changed by the developer. They become visible, forming the picture. But the film is still sensitive to the light, so it needs to be dipped in a second kind of liquid, the fixer. It makes the film insensitive to light, and also makes the picture on the film permanent. Now, when the film has been washed and dried, you can look at it in the light.(首先，把胶片放到一个叫做显像剂的液体里。

胶片上的图像就会出现了。

胶片表面上的化学试剂必须被擦拭掉，最后形成图片。

但是，胶片仍然是感光的，所以它必须浸入到第二种液体里，叫做定影剂。

他能够使胶片不再感光，并且使图像永久保留在胶片上。

现在，当胶片晾干了，你就能在有光的地方看.)
But your photograph is still not complete. The developed film is only a “negative”. If you hold a film negative up to the light, you will see that the light and dark parts of the original subject are reversed on the films . (到此，你的照片还没有完成，此时的底片是反面的。

如果你把胶片拿到有光的地方看，你会发现这个胶片上的明暗部分和我们的原始物体是相反的。

)Light areas, such as clouds, appear dark. Dark areas, such as shadows, appear light. On a properly exposed film, most areas are various shades of grey. Only the lightest appear black. And only the darkest appear white .(亮的地方显示暗色，暗的地方显示亮色。

曝光比较正常时，大部分区域是各种不同的灰度级，只有最亮才显示黑色，最暗的显示白色。

)
The negative must now be printed or enlarged to produce the final photograph. A
contact print is model led by placing the negative in contact with the photographic paper . A contact print is the same size as the negative. To make an enlargement, the negative is placed in a device something like a slide projector. This is called an enlarger. The light that is shone through the negative passes through a lens in the enlarger. The lens focuses the light onto the paper below. The light spreads out from the enlarger lens. The farther the paper is placed from the lens, the larger the image formed. (把相反的底片冲洗或放大之后才成为最终的照片。

洗照片接触式的映像模式是通过把反相胶片和相纸接触在一起。

但这种接触影像只能是一比一的照片，如果想要把底片放大，照片洗印放大装置有点像幻灯机，被叫做放大器。

光照射到放大器的凸透镜上，此时，光会落在相纸上，光先聚光到放大器上，在扩散出去，离凸透镜越远比例就越大。

) Next the paper is developed and fixed. This is done with the same kind of chemicals that were used for processing the original negative ( the chemicals are somewhat different) . When it has been washed and dried, your contact print or enlargement is complete.(接下来照片被显影和定影。

用与最初的胶片相同的试剂（只有稍稍的一点区别）。

当它被冲洗、晾干之后，你的接触式、放大式就完成了。

)。