FCC 以字母P开头的标准全文

FCC V Monographs/Palmitic Acid/315
Control of Interferences In the presence of chlorine,add 1mL of Malonic Acid Reagent to both flasks before adding the samples.Proceed as above,but measure absorbance imme-diately.
Calculate the concentration of Ozone in the sample water, in milligrams per liter,by the formula
100D/(f×b×V),
in which D is the difference in absorbance between the sample solution and blank solution;b is the path length,in centimeters; V is the volume of sample,in milliliters(normally90mL); and f is0.42.
Palmarosa Oil
Geranium Oil,East Indian Type;Geranium Oil,Turkish Type
CAS:[8014-19-5] FEMA:2831
DESCRIPTION
Palmarosa Oil occurs as a light yellow to yellow oil that is often hazy and brown with a rosy,floral,geranium odor.It is the volatile oil obtained by steam distillation from the partially dried grass Cymbopogon martini Stapf.var.motia (Fam.Gramineae).It is soluble in most fixed oils and in propylene glycol.It is soluble,usually with opalescence or turbidity,in mineral oil.It is practically insoluble in glycerin. Function Flavoring agent.
REQUIREMENTS
Identification The infrared absorption spectrum of the sam-ple exhibits relative maxima at the same wavelengths as those of a typical spectrum as shown in the section on Infrared Spectra,using the same test conditions as specified therein. Assay for Alcohols Not less than88.0%of total alcohols. Assay for Esters Not less than4.0%and not more than 18.0%of esters,calculated as geranyl acetate(C12H20O2). Angular Rotation Between−2°and+3°.
Refractive Index Between1.470and1.476at20°. Solubility in Alcohol Passes test.
Specific Gravity Between0.879and0.892.
TESTS
Assay for Alcohols Determine as directed under Total Alco-hols,Appendix VI,using about1g of the acetylated oil, accurately weighed,for the saponification,and77.13as the equivalence factor(e)in the calculation.
Assay for Esters Determine as directed for Ester Determi-nation under Esters,Appendix VI,using about5g of sample,accurately weighed,and98.15as the equivalence factor(e) in the calculation.
Angular Rotation Determine as directed under Optical (Specific)Rotation,Appendix IIB,using a100-mm tube. Refractive Index Determine as directed under Refractive Index,Appendix IIB,using an Abbe´or other refractometer of equal or greater accuracy.
Solubility in Alcohol Determine as directed under Solubility in Alcohol,Appendix VI.One milliliter of sample dissolves in2mL of70%alcohol.
Specific Gravity Determine by any reliable method(see General Provisions).
Packaging and Storage Store in a cool place protected from light in full,tight containers that are made from steel or aluminum and that are suitably lined.
Palmitic Acid
Hexadecanoic Acid
C16H32O2Formula wt256.43
CAS:[57-10-3]
DESCRIPTION
Palmitic Acid occurs as a hard,white or faintly yellow,some-what glossy crystalline solid,or as a white or pale yellow powder.It is a mixture of solid organic acids obtained from fats consisting chiefly of Palmitic Acid(C16H32O2)with varying amounts of stearic acid(C16H36O2).Palmitic Acid is practi-cally insoluble in water.It is soluble in alcohol,in ether,and in chloroform.
Function Component in the manufacture of other food-grade additives;defoaming agent.
REQUIREMENTS
Acid Value Between204and220.
Iodine Value Not more than2.0.
Lead Not more than0.1mg/kg.
Residue on Ignition Not more than0.1%. Saponification Value Between205and221.
Titer(Solidification Point)Between53.3°and62°. Unsaponifiable Matter Not more than1.5%.
Water Not more than0.2%.
TESTS
Acid Value Determine as directed in Method I under Acid Value,Appendix VII.
Iodine Value Determine as directed under Iodine Value, Appendix VII.
View IR
316/Palm Kernel Oil(Unhydrogenated)/Monographs FCC V
Lead Determine as directed for Method II in the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric Graphite Furnace Method un-der Lead Limit Test,Appendix IIIB.
Residue on Ignition Determine as directed under Residue on Ignition,Appendix IIC,igniting a2-g sample. Saponification Value Determine as directed under Saponi-fication Value,Appendix VII,using about3g of sample, accurately weighed.
Titer(Solidification Point)Determine as directed under So-lidification Point,Appendix IIB.
Unsaponifiable Matter Determine as directed under Unsa-ponifiable Matter,Appendix VII.
Water Determine as directed under Water Determination, Appendix IIB.
Packaging and Storage Store in well-closed containers.
Palm Kernel Oil(Unhydrogenated)
CAS:[8023-79-8]
DESCRIPTION
Palm Kernel Oil(Unhydrogenated)is a fat obtained from the kernel of the fruit of the oil palm Elaeis guineensis Jacq.(Fam. Arecaceae)by mechanical expression or solvent extraction.It is refined,bleached,and deodorized to substantially remove free fatty acids,phospholipids,color,odor and flavor compo-nents,and miscellaneous other non-oil materials.Like coconut oil,it has a more abrupt melting range than other fats and oils. Function Coating agent;texturizer. REQUIREMENTS
Identification Palm Kernel Oil(Unhydrogenated)exhibits the following composition profile of fatty acids determined as directed under Fatty Acid Composition,Appendix VII: Fatty Acid:6:08:010:012:014:016:016:1 Weight%(Range):0–1.53–5 2.5–640–5214–187–100–1 Fatty Acid:18:018:118:220:0
Weight%(Range):1–311–190.5–4tr.–1
Color(AOCS-Wesson)Not more than20yellow/2.0red. Free Fatty Acids As Oleic Acid:Not more than0.1%;As Lauric Acid:Not more than0.07%.
Iodine Value Between13and23.
Lead Not more than0.1mg/kg.
Melting Range Between27°and29°.
Peroxide Value Not more than10meq/kg. Unsaponifiable Matter Not more than1.5%.
Water Not more than0.1%.TESTS
Color(AOCS-Wesson)Proceed as directed under Color (AOCS-Wesson),Appendix VII.
Free Fatty Acids Determine as directed under Free Fatty Acids,Appendix VII,using the following equivalence factors (e)in the formula given in the procedure:
Free fatty acids as oleic acid,e=28.2.
Free fatty acids as lauric acid,e=20.0.
Iodine Value Determine as directed under Iodine Value, Appendix VII.
Lead Determine as directed for Method II in the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric Graphite Furnace Method un-der Lead Limit Test,Appendix IIIB.
Melting Range Determine as directed under Melting Range, Appendix VII.
Peroxide Value Determine as directed under Peroxide Value,Appendix VII.
Unsaponifiable Matter Determine as directed under Unsa-ponifiable Matter,Appendix VII.
Water Determine as directed under Water Determination, Appendix IIB.However,in place of35to40mL of methanol, use50mL of chloroform to dissolve the sample. Packaging and Storage Store in well-closed containers.
Palm Oil(Unhydrogenated)
CAS:[8002-75-3]
DESCRIPTION
Palm Oil(Unhydrogenated)is a deep orange-red fat obtained from the pulp of the fruit of the oil palm Elaeis guineensis Jacq.(Fam.Aracaceae)usually by boiling,centrifugation,and mechanical expression.It is refined,bleached,and deodorized to substantially remove free fatty acids,phospholipids,color, odor and flavor components,and miscellaneous other non-oil materials.It is a semisolid at21°to27°.
Function Coating agent;emulsifying agent;texturizer.
REQUIREMENTS
Identification Palm Oil(Unhydrogenated)exhibits the fol-lowing composition profile of fatty acids determined as di-rected under Fatty Acid Composition,Appendix VII:
Fatty Acid:14:016:018:018:118:2 Weight%(Range):0.5–5.932–472–834–447–12 Color(AOCS-Wesson)Not more than35yellow/5.0red. Free Fatty Acids As Oleic Acid:Not more than0.1%;As Palmitic Acid:Not more than0.09%.
Iodine Value Between50and55.
FCC V Monographs/DL-Panthenol/317
Lead Not more than0.1mg/kg.
Peroxide Value Not more than10meq/kg.
Stability(Active Oxygen Method)Not less than50h. Unsaponifiable Matter Not more than1.5%.
Water Not more than0.1%.
TESTS
Color(AOCS-Wesson)Determine as directed under Color (AOCS-Wesson),Appendix VII.
Free Fatty Acids Determine as directed under Free Fatty Acids,Appendix VII,using the following equivalence factors (e)in the formula given in the procedure:
Free fatty acids as oleic acid,e=28.2.
Free fatty acids as palmitic acid,e=25.6.
Iodine Value Determine as directed under Iodine Value, Appendix VII.
Lead Determine as directed for Method II in the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric Graphite Furnace Method un-der Lead Limit Test,Appendix IIIB.
Peroxide Value Determine as directed under Peroxide Value,Appendix VII.
Stability(Active Oxygen Method)Determine as directed under Stability,Appendix VII.
Unsaponifiable Matter Determine as directed under Unsa-ponifiable Matter,Appendix VII.
Water Determine as directed under Water Determination, Appendix IIB.However,in place of35to40mL of methanol, use50mL of chloroform to dissolve the sample. Packaging and Storage Store in well-closed containers.
DL-Panthenol
DL-Pantothenyl Alcohol;Racemic Pantothenyl Alcohol HOCH2C(CH3)2CH(OH)CONH(CH2)2CH2OH
C9H19NO4Formula wt205.25
CAS:[16485-10-2]
DESCRIPTION
DL-Panthenol occurs as a white to creamy white,crystalline powder.It is a racemic mixture of the dextrorotatory(active) and levorotatory(inactive)isomers of panthenol,the alcohol analogue of pantothenic acid.It is freely soluble in water,in alcohol,and in propylene glycol.It is soluble in chloroform and in ether,and is slightly soluble in glycerin.Its solutions are neutral or alkaline to litmus.
Note:The physiological activity of DL-Panthenol is one-
half that of dexpanthenol(D-Panthenol).
Function Nutrient.REQUIREMENTS
Identification
A.Add5mL of1N sodium hydroxide and1drop of cupric sulfate TS to1mL of a10%aqueous solution of sample,and shake vigorously.A deep blue color appears.
B.Add1mL of1N hydrochloric acid to1mL of a1% aqueous solution of sample,and heat on a steam bath for about30min.Cool,add100mg of hydroxylamine hydrochlo-ride,mix,and add5mL of1N sodium hydroxide.Allow to stand for5min,then adjust the pH to within a range of2.5 to3.0with1N hydrochloric acid,and add1drop of ferric chloride TS.A purple-red color appears.
C.The infrared absorption spectrum of a film of the sample exhibits maxima only at the same wavelengths as those of a similar preparation of USP Dexpanthenol Reference Standard. Assay Not less than99.0%and not more than102.0%of C9H19NO4(DL-Panthenol),calculated on the dried basis. Aminopropanol Not more than0.1%.
Lead Not more than2mg/kg.
Loss on Drying Not more than0.5%.
Melting Range Between64.5°and68.5°.
Residue on Ignition Not more than0.1%.
TESTS
Assay Transfer about400mg of sample,accurately weighed,into a300-mL reflux flask fitted with a standard-taper glass joint.Add50.0mL of0.1N perchloric acid in glacial acetic acid,and reflux for5h.
Caution:Handle perchloric acid in an appropriate
fume hood.
Cool,covering the condenser with foil to prevent contamina-tion by moisture,and rinse the condenser with glacial acetic acid.Add5drops of crystal violet TS,and titrate with0.1N potassium acid phthalate in glacial acetic acid to a blue-green endpoint.Perform a blank determination(see General Provisions),and make any necessary correction.Each millili-ter of0.1N perchloric acid is equivalent to20.53mg of C9H19NO4.
Aminopropanol Transfer about10g of sample,accurately weighed,into a50-mL flask,and dissolve in25mL of water. Add bromothymol blue TS,and titrate with0.01N sulfuric acid from a microburet to a yellow endpoint.Each milliliter of0.01N sulfuric acid is equivalent to0.75mg(750␮g)of aminopropanol.
Lead Determine as directed in the Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric Method under Lead Limit Test,Appendix IIIB,using a5-g sample.
Loss on Drying Determine as directed under Loss on Dry-ing,Appendix IIC,drying a sample at56°for4h in vacuum over phosphorus pentoxide.
Melting Range Determine as directed under Melting Range or Temperature,Appendix IIB.
Residue on Ignition Determine as directed under Residue on Ignition,Appendix IIC,igniting a1-g sample. Packaging and Storage Store in tight containers.
318/Paraffin,Synthetic/Monographs FCC V
Paraffin,Synthetic
Fischer-Tropsch Paraffin
CAS:[8002-74-2]
DESCRIPTION
Paraffin,Synthetic,occurs as a white wax that is very hard at room temperature.It is synthesized by the Fischer-Tropsch process from carbon monoxide and hydrogen,which are cata-lytically converted to a mixture of paraffin hydrocarbons;the lower-molecular-weight fractions are removed by distillation, and the residue is hydrogenated and further treated by percola-tion through activated charcoal.It is soluble in hot hydrocar-bon solvents.
Function Masticatory substance in chewing gum base.
REQUIREMENTS
Identification The infrared absorption spectrum of the melted sample on a potassium bromide plate exhibits maxima only at the same wavelengths as those of a typical spectrum as shown in the section on Infrared Spectra,using the same test conditions as specified therein.
Absorptivity Less than0.01at290nm in decahydronaph-thalene at88°.
Congealing Point Between200°and210°F(93.3°and 98.9°C).
Lead Not more than3mg/kg.
Oil Content Not more than0.50%.
TESTS
Absorptivity
Sample Solution Transfer about100mg of sample,accu-rately weighed,into a100-mL volumetric flask,dissolve in and dilute to volume with decahydronaphthalene previously heated to88°,and mix.
Procedure Use an accurately calibrated spectrophotome-ter capable of measuring absorbance with a repeatability of Ϯ0.1%or better from an average of0.4absorbance level at
290nm,having a spectral bandwidth of2nm or less,capable of making wavelength measurements repeatable within Ϯ0.2nm,and having cell holders with temperature control. Determine the absorbance of the Sample Solution in a10-cm cell at290nm,maintaining the temperature of the sample cell and the reference cell at88°.Use decahydronaphthalene at88°in a matched cell as the blank(see General Provisions). Cell lengths should be known to withinϮ0.5%or better of the nominal pathlength.Calculate the absorptivity of the Sample Solution by the formula
A/bc,
in which A is the absorbance of the Sample Solution,corrected for the solvent blank;b is the exact pathlength,in centimeters, of the sample cell;and c is the exact concentration,in grams per liter,of the Sample Solution.Congealing Point(The temperature at which the molten sam-ple,when allowed to cool under the prescribed conditions, ceases to flow.)
Procedure Place a representative sample in a casserole or other suitable dish,and heat slowly in a water bath to a temperature approximately15°F above the expected congeal-ing e an ASTM Congealing Point Thermometer with a temperature range of68°to213°F and that conforms to the requirements for an ASTM54F thermometer(see Thermome-ters,Appendix I).Using a cork,as needed,fit the thermometer into a jacket consisting of a1-oz glass vial that has a25-mm diameter and is55mm long,and adjust the thermometer so that the bottom of the bulb is10to15mm from the bottom of the vial.Heat the thermometer jacket assembly to approxi-mately the same temperature as the prepared sample.When both the sample and the assembly have reached the required temperature,remove the assembly from the bath,then immedi-ately remove the thermometer from its jacket,and immerse the thermometer bulb into the molten sample until the bulb is completely covered,taking care not to cover any part of the thermometer stem with the sample.As rapidly as possible, remove the thermometer and any adhering sample from the sample dish and place the thermometer in the jacket,holding both the thermometer and its jacket in a horizontal position during this operation.Rotate the thermometer horizontally at the rate of approximately one revolution every2s,pausing momentarily at the completion of each revolution to inspect the drop of sample on the thermometer bulb.When the drop rotates with the bulb,record the thermometer reading as the congealing point,reported to the nearest0.5°F.Repeat the determination.If the variation is greater than1°F,make a third determination,and record the average of the three deter-minations as the congealing point.
Lead Prepare a Sample Solution as directed in the general method under Chewing Gum Base,Appendix IV.This solution meets the requirements of the Lead Limit Test,Appendix IIIB, using10␮g of lead(Pb)ion in the control.
Oil Content Determine as directed under Oil Content of Synthetic Paraffin,Appendix IIC.
Packaging and Storage Store in well-closed containers.
Parsley Herb Oil
CAS:[8000-68-8]
DESCRIPTION
Parsley Herb Oil occurs as a yellow to light brown liquid with the odor of parsley herb.It is the oil obtained by steam distillation of the aboveground parts of the plant Petroselinum crispum(Fam.Umbelliferae),including the immature seed. It is soluble in most fixed oils,in mineral oil,and in alcohol
View IR
View IR
FCC V Monographs/Partially Hydrolyzed Proteins/319
(with opalescence).It is slightly soluble in propylene glycol, but it is insoluble in glycerin.
Function Flavoring agent.
REQUIREMENTS
Identification The infrared absorption spectrum of the sam-ple exhibits relative maxima at the same wavelengths as those of a typical spectrum as shown in the section on Infrared Spectra,using the same test conditions as specified therein. Acid Value Not more than2.0.
Angular Rotation Between+1°and−9°.
Refractive Index Between1.503and1.530at20°. Specific Gravity Between0.908and0.940.
TESTS
Acid Value Determine as directed under Acid Value,Ap-pendix VI.
Angular Rotation Determine as directed under Optical (Specific)Rotation,Appendix IIB,using a100-mm tube. Refractive Index Determine as directed under Refractive Index,Appendix IIB,using an Abbe´or other refractometer of equal or greater accuracy.
Specific Gravity Determine by any reliable method(see General Provisions).
Packaging and Storage Store in a cool place protected from light in full,tight containers.
Parsley Seed Oil
CAS:[8000-68-8]
DESCRIPTION
Parsley Seed Oil occurs as a yellow to light brown liquid with a green,herbal odor.It is the oil obtained by steam distillation of the ripe seed of Petroselinum crispum(Fam. Umbelliferae).It is soluble in most fixed oils and in mineral oil.It is slightly soluble in propylene glycol,but it is insoluble in glycerin.
Function Flavoring agent.
REQUIREMENTS
Identification The infrared absorption spectrum of the sam-ple exhibits relative maxima at the same wavelengths as those of a typical spectrum as shown in the section on Infrared Spectra,using the same test conditions as specified therein. Acid Value Not more than4.0.
Angular Rotation Between−4°and−10°.
Refractive Index Between1.513and1.522at20°.Saponification Value Between2and10.
Solubility in Alcohol Passes test.
Specific Gravity Between1.040and1.080.
TESTS
Acid Value Determine as directed under Acid Value,Ap-pendix VII.
Angular Rotation Determine as directed under Optical (Specific)Rotation,Appendix IIB,using a100-mm tube. Refractive Index Determine as directed under Refractive Index,Appendix IIB,using an Abbe´or other refractometer of equal or greater accuracy.
Saponification Value Determine as directed in Saponifica-tion Value under Esters,Appendix VI,using about5g of sample,accurately weighed.
Solubility in Alcohol Determine as directed under Solubility in Alcohol,Appendix VI.One milliliter of sample dissolves in6mL of80%alcohol,occasionally with slight haziness. Specific Gravity Determine by any reliable method(see General Provisions).
Packaging and Storage Store in a cool place protected from light in full containers that are made from steel or alumi-num and that are suitably lined.
Partially Hydrolyzed Proteins
Enzyme-Hydrolyzed(Source)Protein;Partially Hydrolyzed (Source)Protein;(Source)Peptone;Enzyme-Modified (Source)Protein;Partial Enzymatic Digest of(Source) Protein;Partial Acid Digest of(Source)Protein
INS:429
DESCRIPTION
Partially Hydrolyzed Proteins occur as liquid,paste,powder, or granules.They are composed of peptides and polypeptides resulting from the partial or incomplete hydrolysis of peptide bonds present in edible proteinaceous materials catalyzed by heat,food-grade proteolytic enzymes,and/or suitable food-grade acids.Their degree of hydrolysis typically ranges from 3%to85%on the basis of peptide bond cleavage.During processing,the proteinaceous raw material may be treated with safe and suitable alkaline materials.The edible proteinaceous materials used as raw materials are derived from casein and other milk products such as whey protein;from animal tissue, including gelatin,defatted animal tissue,and egg albumen; from yeast;and from soy protein products,wheat protein products,or other suitable and safe plant sources.
Note:Depending on the protein source and the degree
of hydrolysis,Partially Hydrolyzed Proteins may pre-
sent an allergenic risk to sensitized individuals.
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320/Partially Hydrolyzed Proteins/Monographs FCC V
Function Binder;dough conditioner;emulsifier and emulsi-fier salt;flavoring agent;flavor enhancer;nutrient;fermenta-tion aid;surface-active agent;texturizer. REQUIREMENTS
Note:Calculate all analyses on the dried basis.Evapo-
rate liquid and paste samples to dryness in a suitable
tared container on a steam bath,then,as for the pow-
dered and granular forms,dry to constant weight at
105°(see General Provisions).
Labeling Indicate the source of protein,including type. Assay(Total Nitrogen;TN)Not less than7.0%.
␣-Amino Nitrogen(AN)Not less than90.0%and not more than110.0%of the amount claimed on the label.
␣-Amino Nitrogen/Total Nitrogen(AN/TN)Percent Ra-tio Not less than2.0%and not more than62.0%,when calculated on an ammonia nitrogen-free basis.
Ammonia Nitrogen(NH3-N)Not more than1.5%.
Ash(Total)Not more than40.0%.
Glutamic Acid Not more than20.0%as C5H9NO4and not more than35.0%of the total amino acids.
Lead Not more than2mg/kg.
TESTS
Assay(Total Nitrogen;TN)Determine as directed under Nitrogen Determination,Appendix IIIC.
␣-Amino Nitrogen(AN)Transfer7to25g of sample, accurately weighed,into a500-mL volumetric flask with the aid of several50-mL portions of warm,ammonia-free water, dilute to volume with water,and mix.Neutralize20.0mL of the solution with0.2N barium hydroxide or0.2N sodium hydroxide,using phenolphthalein TS as the indicator,and add 10mL of freshly prepared phenolphthalein–formol solution (50mL of40%formaldehyde containing1mL of0.05% phenolphthalein in50%alcohol neutralized exactly to pH7 with0.2N barium hydroxide or0.2N sodium hydroxide). Titrate with0.2N barium hydroxide or0.2N sodium hydrox-ide to a distinct red color,add a small,but accurately measured, volume of0.2N barium hydroxide or0.2N sodium hydroxide in excess,and back titrate to neutrality with0.2N hydrochloric acid.Conduct a blank titration(see General Provisions),using the same reagents,with20mL of water in place of the test solution.Each milliliter of0.2N barium hydroxide or0.2N sodium hydroxide is equivalent to2.8mg of␣-amino nitrogen.␣-Amino Nitrogen/Total Nitrogen(AN/TN)Percent Ra-tio Calculate by dividing the percent␣-amino nitrogen(AN) by the percent total nitrogen(TN)as corrected for ammonia nitrogen(NH3-N)according to the formula
100[(AN−NH3-N)/(TN−NH3-N)]. Ammonia Nitrogen(NH3-N)(Caution:Provide adequate ventilation.)(Note:Use nitrogen-free reagents,where avail-able,or reagents very low in nitrogen content.)Transfer be-tween700mg and2.2g of sample into a500-to800-mL Kjeldahl digestion flask of hard,moderately thick,well-an-nealed glass.If desired,wrap the sample,if solid or semisolid, in nitrogen-free filter paper to facilitate the transfer.
Add about200mL of water,and mix.Add a few granules of zinc to prevent bumping,tilt the flask,and cautiously pour sodium hydroxide pellets,or a2:5sodium hydroxide solution, down the inside of the flask so that it forms a layer under the solution,using a sufficient amount(usually about25g of solid sodium hydroxide)to make the mixture strongly alkaline. Immediately connect the flask to a distillation apparatus con-sisting of a Kjeldahl connecting bulb and a condenser that has a delivery tube extending well beneath the surface of a measured excess of0.5N hydrochloric or sulfuric acid con-tained in a500-mL flask.Add5to7drops of methyl red indicator(1g of methyl red in200mL of alcohol)to the receiver flask.Rotate the Kjeldahl flask to mix its contents thoroughly,and then heat until all of the ammonia has distilled, collecting at least150mL of distillate.Wash the tip of the delivery tube,collecting the washings in the receiving flask, and titrate the excess acid with0.5N sodium hydroxide. Perform a blank determination(see General Provisions),sub-stituting2g of sucrose for the sample,and make any necessary correction.Each milliliter of0.5N acid consumed is equivalent to7.003mg of ammonia nitrogen.
Note:If it is known that the substance to be determined
has a low nitrogen content,0.1N acid and alkali may
be used,in which case each milliliter of0.1N acid
consumed is equivalent to1.401mg of nitrogen. Calculate the percent of ammonia nitrogen by the formula
100(NH3-N/S),
in which NH3-N is the weight,in milligrams,of ammonia nitrogen,and S is the weight,in milligrams,of the sample. Ash(Total)Determine as directed under Ash(Total),Ap-pendix IIC,using a1-g sample.
Glutamic Acid
Apparatus Use an ion-exchange amino acid analyzer equipped with sulfonated polystyrene columns,in which the effluent from the sample is mixed with ninhydrin reagent and the absorbance of the resultant color is measured continuously and automatically at570and440nm by a recording pho-tometer.
Standard Solution Weigh1250Ϯ2mg of reagent-grade glutamic acid,and place it into a500-mL volumetric flask. Fill the flask half-full with water,and add5mL of hydrochlo-ric acid to help dissolve the amino acid,dilute to volume with water,and mix.Dilute1mL of this solution with4mL of 0.2N sodium citrate,pH2.2,buffer.This Standard Solution contains0.5mg of glutamic acid per milliliter(C S). Sample Solution Accurately weigh5mg of sample,and dilute it to exactly5mL with0.2N sodium citrate,pH2.2, buffer.Remove any insoluble material by centrifugation or filtration.
Procedure Using2-mL aliquots of both the Standard So-lution and the Sample Solution,proceed according to the apparatus manufacturer’s instructions.From the chromato-grams thus obtained,match the retention times produced by the Standard Solution with those produced by the Sample Solution,and identify the peak produced by glutamic acid. Record the area of the glutamic acid peak from the Sample Solution as A U,and that from the Standard Solution as A S.
FCC V Monographs/Pectins/321
Calculations Calculate the concentration,C A,in milli-grams per milliliter,of glutamic acid in the Sample Solution by the formula
A U×C S/A S,
in which C S is the concentration,in milligrams per milliliter, of the glutamic acid in the Standard Solution.
Calculate the percentage of glutamic acid,on the basis of total protein,by the formula
(100×C A)/(6.25×N T),
in which N T is the total nitrogen,in percent,determined in the Assay,and6.25is the conversion factor for protein and amino acids.
Calculate the percentage of glutamic acid in the sample by the formula
100×C A/S W,
in which S W is the weight,in milligrams,of the sample taken. Lead Determine as directed in the Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric Method under Lead Limit Test,Appendix IIIB,using a10-g sample.
Packaging and Storage Store in tight containers.
Peanut Oil(Unhydrogenated)
CAS:[8002-03-7]
DESCRIPTION
Peanut Oil(Unhydrogenated)is a pale-yellow oil obtained from the kernel of the peanut plant Arachis hypogaea L.(Fam. Fabaceae)by mechanical expression or solvent extraction.It is refined,bleached,and deodorized to substantially remove free fatty acids,phospholipids,color,odor and flavor compo-nents,and miscellaneous other non-oil materials.It is a liquid at21°to27°,but solidifies to a gel-like consistency at2°to 4°.It is free from visible foreign matter at21°to27°,but sometimes clouds at temperatures above21°.
Function Coating agent;texturizer.
REQUIREMENTS
Identification Peanut Oil(Unhydrogenated)exhibits the following composition profile of fatty acids determined as directed under Fatty Acid Composition,Appendix VII: Fatty Acid:<1414:016:016:118:0 Weight%(Range):<0.1<0.26–15<1.0 1.3–6.5 Fatty Acid:18:118:218:320:020:1 Weight%(Range):36–7213–45<2.0<1.0–2.50.5–2.1 Fatty Acid:22:022:124:0
Weight%(Range): 1.5–4.8<0.1 1.0–2.5
Color(AOCS-Wesson)Not more than5.0red.
Free Fatty Acids(as oleic acid)Not more than0.1%.Iodine Value Between84and100.
Lead Not more than0.1mg/kg.
Linolenic Acid Not more than2.0%.
Peroxide Value Not more than10meq/kg. Unsaponifiable Matter Not more than1.5%.
Water Not more than0.1%.
TESTS
Color(AOCS-Wesson)Determine as directed under Color (AOCS-Wesson),Appendix VII.
Free Fatty Acids(as oleic acid)Determine as directed under Free Fatty Acids,Appendix VII,using the following equiva-lence factor(e)in the formula given in the procedure:
Free fatty acids as oleic acid,e=28.2.
Iodine Value Determine as directed under Iodine Value, Appendix VII.
Lead Determine as directed for Method II in the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric Graphite Furnace Method un-der Lead Limit Test,Appendix IIIB.
Linolenic Acid Determine as directed under Fatty Acid Composition,Appendix VII.
Peroxide Value Determine as directed under Peroxide Value,Appendix VII.
Unsaponifiable Matter Determine as directed under Unsa-ponifiable Matter,Appendix VII.
Water Determine as directed under Water Determination, Appendix IIB.However,in place of35to40mL of methanol, use50mL of chloroform to dissolve the sample. Packaging and Storage Store in well-closed containers.
Pectins
INS:440CAS:[9000-69-5]
DESCRIPTION
Pectins occur as a white,yellow,light gray,or light brown powder.They consist mainly of the partial methyl esters of polygalacturonic acid and their sodium,potassium,calcium, and ammonium salts.They are obtained by extraction in an aqueous medium of appropriate edible plant material,usually citrus fruits or apples.No organic precipitants shall be used other than methanol,ethanol,and isopropanol.In some types of Pectins,a portion of the methyl esters may have been converted to primary amides by treatment with ammonia under alkaline conditions.Pectins dissolve in water,forming an opalescent,colloidal dispersion.They are practically insoluble in ethanol.The commercial product is normally diluted with sugars for standardization purposes.In addition to sugars, Pectins may be mixed with suitable food-grade salts required for pH control and desirable setting characteristics.。