单adp-核糖基转移酶

单adp-核糖基转移酶
英文回答：
Single ADP-Ribosyltransferase (SART) is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a single ADP-ribose moiety from NAD+ to a target protein, leading to the formation of an ADP-ribosylated protein. SARTs are involved in a wide range of cellular processes, including DNA repair, transcription, and signal transduction.
SARTs are classified into two main types: Type I SARTs and Type II SARTs. Type I SARTs are nuclear enzymes that are responsible for the ADP-ribosylation of histones, which can alter chromatin structure and gene expression. Type II SARTs are cytoplasmic enzymes that ADP-ribosylate a variety of target proteins, including proteins involved in signal transduction, apoptosis, and metabolism.
The best-characterized SART is poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), which is a Type I SART that is
activated in response to DNA damage. PARP-1 ADP-ribosylates histones and other proteins involved in DNA repair, leading to the recruitment of DNA repair factors and the initiation of DNA repair pathways.
Other well-studied SARTs include tankyrase-1 and tankyrase-2, which are Type II SARTs that are involved in the regulation of cell division and signal transduction. Tankyrase-1 ADP-ribosylates the protein AXIN, which leads to the stabilization of β-catenin and the activation of the Wnt signaling pathway. Tankyrase-2 ADP-ribosylates the protein Smurf1, which leads to the degradation of β-catenin and the inhibition of the Wnt signaling pathway.
SARTs are important regulators of a wide range of cellular processes, and their dysregulation has been linked to a variety of diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and metabolic disorders. The development of inhibitors of SARTs is an active area of research, and these inhibitors have the potential to be used for the treatment of a variety of diseases.
中文回答：
单腺苷二磷酸核糖基转移酶（SART）是一种酶，它催化从NAD+到目标蛋白的单个ADP-核糖部分的转移，导致形成ADP-核糖基化蛋白。

SART参与广泛的细胞过程，包括DNA修复、转录和信号转导。

SART分为两大类，I型SART和II型SART。

I型SART是核酶，负责组蛋白的ADP-核糖基化，这可以改变染色质结构和基因表达。

II型SART是胞质酶， ADP-核糖基化各种靶蛋白，包括参与信号转导、凋亡和代谢的蛋白。

最具特色的SART是聚（ADP-核糖）聚合酶-1（PARP-1），它是一种I型SART，在DNA损伤反应中被激活。

PARP-1 ADP-核糖基化组蛋白和其他参与DNA修复的蛋白，导致DNA修复因子的募集和DNA修复途径的启动。

其他研究得很好的SART包括tankyrase-1和tankyrase-2，它们是II型SART，参与细胞分裂和信号转导的调节。

Tankyrase-1 ADP-核糖基化蛋白AXIN，导致β-catenin稳定化和Wnt信号通路的激活。

Tankyrase-2 ADP-核糖基化蛋白Smurf1，导致β-catenin 降解和Wnt信号通路的抑制。

SART是广泛细胞过程的重要调节剂，它们的失调与多种疾病相关，包括癌症、神经退行性疾病和代谢紊乱。

SART抑制剂的开发是一个活跃的研究领域，这些抑制剂有可能用于治疗多种疾病。