第二章 水敏性城市设计

河道设计的水力模型

监测和了解河流动态，探索河道设计的各种可能性。

有助于确定水流速度较高和土壤较容易被侵蚀的关键位置。

小节目录
生态净化群落

自然的清洁系统，提供有效水处理的同时 还保持了一个自然、优美的环境。

通过植物过滤污染物和吸收营养物质，维护池 塘内水质的清洁，无需使用任何化学药剂。

每天净化348m³河水和8640m³湖水

设置于公园的上游 区域，为水上游乐 园供水，并同时进 行UV的处理。

生态水源净化系 统由原先的池塘 改建，共四个梯 形的弧形湿地， 由上至下栽种湿 地植物，用以过 滤雨水。过滤后 的水将被输送到 水上游乐场，最 后流回池塘。
小节目录
2.3.1 Elements in the treatment


Rainwater harvesting: use of roof water Landscaping design: Cleansing runoff and conserving water

Bioretention systems, Swales

小节目录
生态工法

土木工程理论与植物和天然材料的结合

利用土壤生物工程技术巩固河岸和防止土壤被侵蚀。

岩石：控制土壤流失和减缓排水速度； 植物的根系：加固河岸；

土壤生物工程体系具有自我发展和适应环境的能力， 并不断地自我修复和成长。


安装成本低，更具可持续性，并且能够带来长期的经济效益
为各种微生物创造了栖息地，增加生物的多样性，保证公园内物种的 弹性发展，确保了物种长期生存的可能性。
小节目录
公园的运河改造

公园原本的混凝土水渠防景观功能较弱，且防洪 功能有限，每当雨季河水湍急时，洪灾危险很大。
加冷河水渠改造


2.7km的加冷河从 笔直僵硬的混凝土 河道被改造成 3.2km的蜿蜒自然 河道。

生态工法 生态净化群落

新加坡碧山宏茂桥项目，实现了城市基础 设施功能性与景观性的相辅相成，相得益 彰，使两者在彼此的实现过程中得以充分 发挥。

BIORETENTION CELL
TREE BOX
VEGETATED ROOF
Stormwater Planter box

Bioretention systems

effective way to collect sediments and filter pollution out of the water.

smaller sites: entry grate.
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新加坡碧山宏茂桥公园

设计公司：德国戴水道景观设计公司 项目面积：52 公顷 (改造前)，62 公顷（改造后） 建成时间：2012年；项目费用：€4500万 所获奖项：2012新加坡游憩场地设计奖，2012世界建筑节 年度最佳景观设计项目奖

Plumbing rainwater tanks to internal toilets.

The tank size can be matched to roof area and the number of occupied people.
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Bioretention systems
often used instead of kerb and channel. used inside or outside the property boundary.

Collect sediments and filter water
Not as effective as bioretention systems. Filtered water can be collected through a perforated pipe connected to the drain.

国际水协会的定义：


城市设计理念



通过储存、渗透和蒸发的自然过程，达到自然水 文的平衡； 恢复和增加城市的水系
2.2 Sustainable solutions

The main goal

With less environmentally damaging, provide more economical ways of providing urban water, wastewater, and stormwater solutions. 雨水收集；雨水净化处理；雨水储存再利用 提高地面可渗透性；保持水体流动性；保持水体 溶解氧含量；降低水体溶解态溶解物；降低水体 不溶物负荷；建立稳定生态系统


Need reasonably large area for the soil types with slow infiltration rate.

not be used too close to buildings or where soil drainage is poor.
PERMEABLE PAVING
soil type, slope, groundwater conditions, rainfall, the scale and density of development.


Best practices
本章目录
Rainwater harvesting
Rainwater tanks
城市水资源规划与评价
URBAN WATER PLANNING AND ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER 2
WATER SENSITIVE URBAN DESIGN
2.1 Introduction

A new vision for urban water management.

景观都市主义影响下的景观设计思想和方式之一 城市设计与城市水循环的管理、保护和保存的结 合，确保城市水循环管理能够尊重自然水循环和 生态过程。 “雨水花园”、“海绵城市”等。


Simple systems used outside as part of the landscaping. Very versatile

planter box
collects water from aboveground areas. Collect the runoff from the footpath and road.
INFILTRATION STRUCTURE
RAIN GARDEN
VEGETATED DETENTION BASIN
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Βιβλιοθήκη Baiduwales

Swales are usually planted with grass and are a familiar sight in country towns.
on-site
natural hydrological and ecological processes
more local and decentralized approach
integrated “treatment train”
applied in addition to or in lieu of conventional stormwater measures.
Infiltration

Filters the water through soil before it is spread to the surrounding soils.
No pipe to collect the filtered water. Good alternative: bioretention system.

Surface runoff and gray water reuse: irrigation Protection of stream corridors: Litter traps
2.3.2 Site information


The constraints and opportunities of each individual site based on WSUD concepts. Site characteristics


Groundwater recharge: stormwater infiltration Protection of native vegetation: to minimize site disturbance and conserve habitat

Buffer strips, Wetlands

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Buffer strips


Be planted grass or other vegetation. Used for pre-treatment in combination with other WSUD elements

The bioretention planter strip
WET POND
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Litter traps



Collect paper, plant material and others washed into the stormwater drain. Fitted inside stormwater pits or near drainage outfalls. For larger commercial sites

设计思路


基本原则

2.3 Traditional practices and WSUD
Traditional water management practices WSUD centralized collection, conveyance, treatment, and disposal collection, treatment, and utilization

强调了水资源供给和洪水管理的双重需求，同 时又为城市之中的人们和自然创造了空间。

在正常天气下，软质河岸可以提供人们放 风筝、跑步和交友等娱乐活动的开放空间。

倾盆大雨过后，靠近河流的公园土地可兼 作输送通道，将水排到下游。

新改造河道的基准线与蜿蜒的河床相结合
创造各种流水模 式 创造生物多样性 及自然的各种生 境。
Self-contained: be used with any soil type. Filtered water collection:by a perforated pipe at the bottom connected to the normal stormwater drain.

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Remove coarse material, slow down water and distribute the water evenly.
SAND FILTER
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Wetlands

Build a mini-wetland as a forecourt or courtyard feature.
Can be sized to any situation. feed it with rain water.


Wetlands need two systems
to collect sediments to filter other pollutants with plants.


filtered water can be reused in the garden or fed to the normal storm water drain.