词汇学复习题

英语词汇学试题

Introduction and Chapter 1

Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabula ry（练习1）

I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.

1.Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words,

primarily through the use of _________construct.

A. word

B. form

C. morpheme

D. root

2.________ is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words.

A. Semantics

B. Linguistics

C. Etymology

D. Stylistics

3.Modern English is derived from the language of early ______ tribes.

A. Greek

B. Roman

C. Italian

D. Germanic

4. Semantics is the study of meaning of different _________ levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc.

A. linguistic

B. grammatical

C. arbitrary

D. semantic

5.Stylistics is the study of style . It is concerned with the user’s choices of linguistic elements in a particular________ for special effects

A. situation

B. context

C. time

D. place

6.Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form , meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a _______ difference.

A . spelling B. semantic C. pronunciation D. pragmatic

7. Terminology consists of _______ terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas.

A. technical

B. artistic

C. different

D. academic

8. __________refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades, and professions communicate among themselves.

A. Slang

B. Jargon

C. Dialectal words

D. Argot

9 ._________ belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words.

A. Jargon

B. Argot

C. Dialectal words

D. Slang

10. Argot generally refers to the jargon of _______.Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups and outsiders can hardly understand it.

A. workers

B. criminals

C. any person

D. policeman

11.________ are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question.

A. Argot

B. Slang

C. Jargon

D. Dialectal words

12. Archaisms are words or forms that were once in _________use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.

A. common

B. little

C. slight

D. great

13. Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on ______meanings.

A. new

B. old

C. bad

D. good

14. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.

A. functional

B. notional

C. empty

D. formal

15. Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called _______words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category.

A. content

B. notional

C. empty

D. new

II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.

16.Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and _____of words.

17.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the ______ structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantics, relations, _____development, formation and ______.

18.English lexicology embraces other academic disciplines, such as morphology,

______,etymology, stylistics, ________.

19.There are generally two approaches to the study of words , namely synchronic and _______.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/0e12131616.html,nguage study involves the study of speech sounds, grammar and_______.

III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 2) content words and functional words 3) native words and borrowed words 4)characteristics of the basic word stock.

A B

21 . Stability ( ) A. E-mail

22. Collocbility( ) B. aught

23. Jargon( ) C. por

24. Argot ( ) D. upon

25.Notional words( ) E. hypo

26. Neologisms ( ) F. at heart

27. Aliens ( ) G. man

28. Semantic-loans( ) H. dip

29. Archaisms ( ) I. fresh

30. Empty words ( ) J. emir

IV. Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) characteristics of the basic word stock 2) types of nonbasic vocabulary.

31. dog cheap ( ) 32 a change of heart ( )

33. can-opener ( ) 34.Roger ( )

35. bottom line ( ) 36.penicillin ( )

37. auld ( ) 38. futurology ( )

39.brethren ( ) 40. take ( )

V. Define the following terms.

41. word 42. Denizens 43. Aliens 44. Translation-loans 45. Semantic-loans

VI. Answer the following Questions

46.Illustrate the relationship between sound and meaning, sound and form with examples.

47. What are the main characteristics of the basic word-stock? Illustrate your points with examples.

48. Give the types of nonbasic vocabulary with examples.

VII. Analyze and comment on the following.

49. Classify the following words and point out the types of words according to notion.

earth, cloud, run, walk, on, of, upon, be, frequently , the, five, but, a , never.

50. Group the following borrowed words into Denizens, Aliens, Translation-loans, Semantic-loans.

Dream, pioneer, kowtow, bazaar, lama, master-piece, port, shirt

Key to Exercises:

I. 1. A2.C3.D4.A5.B6.D7.A8.B9.D10.B11.D12.A13.A14.B15.C

II.16.meanings17.morphological, historical, usages 18. semantics, lexicography19.diachronic20. vocabulary

III.21. G 22. F23. E24. H25. C26. A27. J28.I29.B30.D

IV.31. the basic word stock; productivity

32. the basic word stock; collocability

33.the basic word stock; argot

34.nonbasic word stock; slang

35. nonbasic word stock; jargon

36. nonbasic word stock ;terminology

37.nonbasic word stock; dialectal words

38. nonbasic word stock ,neologisms

39. nonbasic word stock; archaisms

40. the basic word stock; polysemy

V-----VI. (see the course book)

VII. 49. Content words: earth, cloud, run, walk, frequently, never, five

Functional words: on, of, upon, be, the, but, a.

50. Denizens: port, shirt,

Aliens: bazaar, kowtow

Translation-loans: lama, masterpiece

Semantic-loans:dream, pioneer

Chapter 2 The Development of the English Vocabulary and Chapter 3 Word Formation I(练习2)

I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.

1.It is assumed that the world has approximately 3,000( some put it 5,000)languages, which can

be grouped into the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.

A. 500

B. 4000

C. 300

D. 2000

2.The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly ______language.

A. inflected

B. derived

C. developed

D. analyzed

3.After the _________, the Germanic tribes called Angles ,Saxons, and Jutes came in great

numbers.

A. Greeks

B. Indians

C. Romans

D. French

4.The introduction of ________had a great impact on the English vocabulary.

A. Hinduism

B. Christianity

C. Buddhism

D. Islamism

5.In the 9th century the land was invaded again by Norwegian and Danish Vikings. With the

invaders, many ________words came into the English language.

A. Greek

B. Roman

C. Celtic

D. Scandinavian

6.It is estimated that at least ______ words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modern

English.

A. 500

B. 800

C. 1000 .

D. 900

7.The Normans invaded England from France in 1066. The Norman Conquest started a

continual flow of ______ words into English.

A. French

B. Greek

C. Roman

D. Latin

8.By the end of the _______century , English gradually came back into the schools, the law

courts, and government and regained social status.

A. 12th

B. 13th

C. 14th

D.15th

9.As a result , Celtic made only a ________contribution to the English vocabulary.

A. small

B. big

C. great

D. smaller

10. The Balto-Slavic comprises such modern languages as Prussian, Lithuanian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian, Slovenian and _______.

A. Greek

B. Roman

C. Indian

D. Russian

11.In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian , Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which are

derived from the dead language.

A. Sanskrit

B. Latin

C. Roman

D. Greek

12.Greek is the modern language derived from _______.

A. Latin

B. Hellenic

C. Indian D . Germanic

13.The five Roamance languages , namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian all

belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called _______.

A. Sanskrit

B. Latin

C. Celtic

D. Anglo-Saxon

14.The ________family consists of the four Northern European Languages: Norwegian,

Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages.

A. Germanic

B. Indo-European

C. Albanian

D. Hellenic

15.By the end of the _______century , virtually all of the people who held political or social

power and many of those in powerful Church positions were of Norman French origin.

A. 10th

B.11th

C.12th

D. 13th

II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.

16.Now people generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as _______.

17.. If we say that Old English was a language of full endings , Middle English was one of

______.

18.It can be concluded that English has evoked from a synthetic language (Old English) to the

present _____ language.

19.The surviving languages accordingly fall into eight principal groups , which can be grouped

into an Eastern set: Balto-Slavic , Indo-Iranian ,Armenian and Albanian; a Western set :Celtic, Italic, Hellenic, _______.

20.It is necessary to subdivide Modern English into Early (1500-1700)and _____ Modern

English.

III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) origin of the words 2)history off English development 3) language family.

A B

21. Celtic ( ) A.politics

22. religious ( ) B.moon

23.Scandinavian ( ) C. Persian

24. French ( ) D.London

25. Old English ( ) E. abbot

26.Dutch ( ) F. skirt

27.Middle English ( ) G. sunu

28. Modern English ( ) H. lernen

29. Germanic family ( ) I. freight

30.Sanskrit ( ) J. Norwegian

IV.Study the following words or expressions and identify types of morphemes underlined.

31. earth ( ) 32.contradict ( )

33. predictor ( ) 34. radios ( )

35. prewar ( ) 36. happiest ( )

37. antecedent ( ) 38. northward ( )

38. sun ( ) 40. diction ( )

V. Define the following terms.

41. free morphemes 42. bound morphemes 43. root 44. stem 45.affixes

VI. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short.

46. Describe the characteristics of Old English .

47. Describe the characteristics of Middle English.

48. Describe the characteristics of Modern English.

VII. Answer the following questions with examples.

49. What are the three main sources of new words ?

50. How does the modern English vocabulary develop ?

Key to exercises:

I. 1.C 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.D 6.D 7.A 8.B 9.A 10.D 11.A 12.B 13.B

14.A 15.B

II.16.Old English 17. Leveled endings 18. analytic 19. Germanic

https://www.360docs.net/doc/0e12131616.html,te(1700-up to the present )

III.21. D 22. E 23. F 24. A 25. G 26. I 27. H 28. B 29. J 30. C

IV.31. free morpheme/ free root 32. bound root 33. suffix 34. inflectional affix

35. prefix 36. Inflectional affix 37. prefix 38. suffix 39. free morpheme/free root

40.bound root

V.-VI ( See the course book )

VII. 49. The three main sources of new words are :

(1)The rapid development of modern science and technology ,e.g. astrobiology, green

revolution ;

(2)Social , economic and political changes; e.g. Watergate, soy milk;

(3)The influence of other cultures and language; e.g. felafel, Nehru Jackets.

50. Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: (1) creation, e.g. consideration, carefulness; (2) semantic change, e.g. Polysemy, homonymy ; (3) borrowing ;e.g. tofu, gongful. Chapter 3 The Development of the English V ocabulary and Chapter 4 Word Formation II（练习3）

I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that

would best complete the statement.

1.The prefixes in the words of ir resistible, non classical and a political are called _______.

A.reversative prefixes

B. negative prefixes

C. pejorative prefixes

D. locative prefixes

2.The prefixes contained in the following words are called ______: pseudo-friend, mal practice,

mis trust.

A. reversative prefixed

B. negative prefixes

C. pejorative prefixes

D. locative prefixes

3.The prefixed contained in un wrap, de-compose and dis allow are _________.

A. reversative prefixed

B. negative prefixes

C. pejorative prefixes

D. locative prefixes

4.The prefixes in words extra-strong, overweight and arch bishop are _____ .

A . negative prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes

5.The prefixes in words bi lingual ,uni form and hemis phere are ________.

A. number prefixes

B. prefixes of degree or size

C. pejorative prefixes

D. locative

prefixes

6.________ are contained in words trans-world, intra-party and fore head.

A.Prefixes of orientation and attitude

B. Prefixes of time and order

C. Locative prefixes

D. Prefixes of degree or size

7. Rugby ,afghan and champagne are words coming from ________.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/0e12131616.html,s of books

B. names of places

C. names of people

D. tradenames

8. Omega,Xerox and orlon are words from _________.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/0e12131616.html,s of books

B. names of places

C. names of people

D. tradenames

9.Ex-student, fore tell and post-election contain________.

A.negative prefixes

B. prefixes of degree or size

C. prefixes of time and order

D. locative prefixes

10.Mackintosh, bloomers and cherub are from _______

A. names of books

B. names of places

C. names of people

D. tradenames

11.The prefixes in words new-Nazi, autobiography and pan-European are ________.

A.negative prefixes

B. prefixes of degree or size

C. prefixes of time and order

D. miscellaneous prefixes

12.The prefixes in words anti-government , pro student and contra flow are _____-.

A.prefixes of degree or size

B. prefixes of orientation and attitude

C. prefixes of time and order

D. miscellaneous prefixes

13.Utopia ,odyssey and Babbit are words from ________.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/0e12131616.html,s of books

B. names of places

C. names of people

D. tradenames

14.The suffixes in words clockwise, homewards are ______.

A. noun suffixes

B. verb suffixes

C. adverb suffixes

D. adjective suffixes

15.The suffixes in words height en, symbol ize are ________.

A. noun suffixes

B. verb suffixes

C. adverb suffixes

D. adjective suffixes

II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.

16. Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stem. This process is also known as_____.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/0e12131616.html,pounding , also called ________, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems . Words formed in this way are called _________.

18. __________ is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.

19. _________ is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word . Words formed in this way are called blends or _____words.

20 A common way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. This is called _______.

III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to types of suffixation.

A B

21. Concrete denominal noun suffixes( ) A. priceless

22. Abstract denominal noun suffixes ( ) B. downward

23. Deverbal noun suffixes(denoting people.)() C. engineer

24. Deverbal nouns suffixes( denoting action,etc) （） D. darken

25. De-adjective noun suffixes（）Ｅviolinist

26. Noun and adjective suffixes ( ) F.happiness

27. Denominal adjective suffixes ( ) G. arguable

28. Deverbal adjective suffixes ( ) H.dependent

29. Adverb suffixes ( ) I. adulthood

30. Verb suffixes ( ) J. survival

IV.Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) types of clipping 2) types of acronymy and write the full terms.

31.quake ( ) 32. stereo ( ) 33. flu ( ) 34. pub ( ) 35. c/o ( )

36. V-day ( ) 37. TB ( ) 38. disco ( ) 39.copter ( ) 40. perm ( )

V.Define the following terms .

41. acronymy 42. back-formation 43. initialisms 44. prefixation 45. suffixation VI. Answer the following questions with examples.

46. What are the characteristics of compounds ?

47. What are the main types of blendings ?

48. What are the main types of compounds ?

VII. Analyze and comment on the following:

49. Use the following examples to explain the types of back-formation.

(1) donate ----donation emote----emotion

(2) loaf—loafer beg------beggar

(3) eavesdrop---eavesdropping babysit---babysitter

(4) drowse—drowsy laze---lazy

50. Read the following sentence and identify the types of conversion of the italicized words. (1) I’m very grateful for your help. (2) The rich must help the poor.

(3)His argument contains too many ifs and buts. (4) They are better housed and clothed.

(5) The photograph yellowed with age. (6) We downed a few beers.

Key to exercises :

1. B

2. C

3. A

4. B

5. A

6.C

7.B

8.D

9.C 10.C 11.D 12.B 13.A 14.C 15.B II. 16. derivation https://www.360docs.net/doc/0e12131616.html,position, compounds 18. Conversion 19. Blending(pormanteau) 20.clipping

III. 21.C 22. I 23. H 24. J 25.F 26.E 27.A 28.G 29.B 30.D

IV.31. Front clipping, earthquake

32. Back clipping, stereophonic

33.Front and back clipping, influenza

34.Phrase clipping, public house

35. Initialisms, care of

36. Acronyms, Victory Day

37. Initialisms, tuberculosis

38. Back clipping, discotheque

39. Front clipping, helicopter

40. Phrase clipping, permanent waves

V-VI. (See the course book)

VII.49. There are mainly four types of back-formation.

(1)From abstract nouns (2) From human nouns (3) From compound nouns and others

(4) From adjectives

50. (1)Verb to noun (2) Adjective to noun (3) Miscellaneous conversion to noun

(4 ) Noun to verb (5) Adjective (6) Miscellaneous conversion to verb

Chapter 5 Word Meaning (练习4)

I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.

1. A word is the combination of form and ________.

A. spelling

B. writing

C. meaning

D. denoting

2._______is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human

mind.

A. Reference

B. Concept

C. Sense

D. Context

3.Sense denotes the relationships _______the language.

A. outside

B. with

C. beyond

D. inside

4. Most English words can be said to be ________.

A. non-motivated

B. motivated

C. connected

D. related

5.Trumpet is a(n) _______motivated word.

A. morphologically

B. semantically

C. onomatopoeically

D. etymologically

6.Hopeless is a ______motivated word.

A. morphologically

B. onomatopoeically

C. semantically

D. etymologically

7.In the sentence ‘ He is fond of pen ’ , pen is a ______ motivated word.

A. morphologically

B. onomatopoeically

C. semantically

D. etymologically

8.Walkman is a _______motivated word.

A. onomatopoeically

B. morphologically

C. semantically

D. etymologically

9.Functional words possess strong _____ whereas content words have both meanings, and

lexical meaning in particular.

A. grammatical meaning

B. conceptual meaning

C. associative meaning

D. arbitrary meaning

10._______is unstable, varying considerably according to culture, historical period, and the experience of the individual.

A.Stylistic meaning

B. Connotative meaning

C. Collocative meaning

D. Affective meaning

11.Affective meaning indicates the speaker’s _______towards the person or thing in question.

A. feeling .

B. liking

C. attitude

D. understanding

12. _________ are affective words as they are expressions of emotions such as oh, dear me, alas.

A. Prepositions

B. Interjections

C. Exclamations

D. Explanations

13. It is noticeable that _______overlaps with stylistic and affective meanings because in a sense both stylistic and affective meanings are revealed by means of collocations.

A.conceptual meaning

B. grammatical meaning

C. lexical meaning

D. collocative meaning

14.In the same language, the same concept can be expressed in ______.

A. only one word

B. two words

C. more than three

D. different words

15.Reference is the relationship between language and the ______.

A. speakers

B. listeners

C. world

D. specific country

II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.

16.In modern English one may find some words whose sounds suggest their ______

https://www.360docs.net/doc/0e12131616.html,pounds and derived words are ______ words and the meanings of many are the sum total

of the morphemes combined.

18._______ refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word.

19.The meanings of many words often relate directly to their ______. In other words the history

of the word explains the meaning of the word.

20.Lexical meaning itself has two components : conceptual meaning and _________.

III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) types of motivation 2) types of meaning.

A B

21. Onomotopooeic motivation ( ) A. tremble with fear

22. Collocative meaning ( ) B. skinny

23. Morphological motivation ( ) C. slender

24. Connotative meaning ( ) D. hiss

25. Semantic motivation ( ) E. laconic

26. Stylistic meaning ( ) F. sun (a heavenly body)

27. Etymological motivation ( ) G.airmail

28. Pejorative meaning ( ) H. home

29. Conceptual meaning ( ) I. horse and plug

30. Appreciative meaning ( ) J. pen and aword

IV.Study the following words or expressions and identify 1)types of motivation 2) types of meaning.

31. neigh ( ) 32. the mouth of the river ( )

33. reading-lamp ( ) 34. tantalus ( )

35. warm home ( ) 36. the cops ( )

37. dear me ( ) 38. pigheaded ( )

39. handsome boy ( ) 40. diligence ( )

V.Define the following terms .

41. motivation 42. grammatical meanings 43. conceptual meaning 44. associative meaning 45. affective meaning

VI.Answer the following questions . Your answers should be clear and short.

46. What is reference ? 47. What is concept ? 48. What is sense ?

VII.Analyze and comment on the following.

49. Study the following words and explain to which type of motivation they belong.

50. Explain the types of associative meaning with examples.

Key to exercises:

I. 1. C 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.C 6.A 7.C 8.D 9.A 10.B 11.C 12.B 13.D 14.D

15.C

II.16. meanings 17.multi-morphemic 18.Semantic motivation 19.origins 20.associative meaning

III.21. D 22.A 23.G 24.H 25.J 26.I 27.E 28.B 29.F 30.C

IV.31. Onomatopoeic motivation 32. Semantic motivation

33. Morphological motivation 34. Etymological motivation

35. Connotative meaning 36.Stylistic meaning

37. Affective meaning 38. pejorative

39. collocative meaning 40. appreciative

V-VI. See the course book.

VIII.49. (1) Roar and buzz belong to onomatopoeic motivation.

(2)Miniskirt and hopeless belong to morphological motivation.

(3) The leg of a table and the neck of a bottle belong to semantic motivation.

(4) Titanic and panic belong to etymological motivation.

50. Associative meaning comprises four types:

(1)Connotative meaning . It refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the

conceptual meaning, traditionally known as connotations. It is not an essential part of the word-meaning, but associations that might occur in the mind of a particular user of the language. For example, mother , denoting a ‘female parent’, is often associated with ‘love’, ‘care’, etc..

(2)Stylistic meaning. Apart feom their conceptual meanings, many words have stylistic

features, which make them appropriate for different contexts. These distinctive features form the stylistic meanings of words . For example, pregnant, expecting, knockingup, in the club, etc., all can have the same conceptual meaning, but differ in their stylistic values.

(3)Affective meaning. It indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in

question. Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories :appreciative or pejorative. For example, famous, determined are words of positive overtones; notorious, pigheaded are of negative connotations implying disapproval, contempt or criticism.

(4)Collocative meaning. It consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation. In

other words, it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion. For example, we say : pretty girl, pretty garden; we don’t say pretty typewriter. But sometimes there is some overlap between the collocations of the two words.