Unit 2 A History of the United Kingdom

Teaching PlanInstructor: Cui Luoqiang Teaching content: Unit 2 A Brief Introduction of the United Kingdom IITeaching period : 2Teaching Amis:a.to help students be familiar with the history of the United Kingdomb.to help students have a command of the basic vocabulary and useful expression;c.to help students improve their speaking competence on the history of the UnitedKingdom.Difficult points :a.The earliest settlers of the UKb.The different invasions by the foreigners to the UKKey points:a.The dynasties of the United Kingdom;b.The significance of Norman conquestTeaching Allotment :Period 1 :ReviewWarm-upPrehistorical BritainsEarliest settlersGiant‘s CausewayRoman BritainPeriod 2:1. Anglo-Saxon invasion2. Viking invasion3. Norman conquestTeaching Procedure :Period 1 :ReviewT will lead the Ss to recall what they‘ve learned in the first class by asking them three questions :1. What‘s the national anthem of the UK ?2. Where is the UK?3. What‘s the landform of the UK?Warm-up :T will show some pictures of dfferernt periods of the UK , and let them guess the time of the picture.Prehistorical Britains :Prehistoric Britain was a period in the human occupation of Great Britain that extended throughout prehistory, ending with the Roman invasion of Britain in AD 43.Britain has been inhabited by Homo sapiens for tens of thousands of years.During the last Ice Age (around 6000 BC) Britain was cut off from the rest of Europe.By around 4000 BC, this new island was populated by Neolithic(新石器时代的)nomads .However, none of the pre-Roman inhabitants of Britain had any written language, so theirhistory, culture and way of life are known only through archaeological finds.Earliest Settlers (1) ---- The iberiansThe earliest settlers on the British IslesThey came from the Iberian Peninsula between 3,000 and 2,000 B.C.They were dark-haired people.They raised themselves from savagery onto the first steps of the civilized life.They were users of flint.They learnt to tame the dog, the sheep, the goat, the ox and the pig, and adopted the use of bronze and began farming.They were nomadic Stone Age hunters,Their social system was a tribal society.They left no written recordsThe only relics which gave evidence of their existence were stone monuments, the biggest of which was the Stonehenge, built by the Iberians on the Salisbury Plain about 3,500 years ago.Then T will show Ss a video of stonehenge building.Earliest Settlers (2) —The CeltsFrom 700 B.C. Celts came in several successive waves from the Upper Rhineland and began to inhabit British Isles.The fair-haired Celts imposed themselves as an aristocracy on the conquered tribes of Iberians throughout Britain and Ireland.So these people found refuge in the mountains to the north and west.At least two big waves of Celtic invasion can be distinguished: first the Gaels or Goidels, still found in Ireland and Scotland, came over as early as 600 B.C.; secondly the Cymric （威尔士的赛尔特语）and Brythons(布立吞人), still found in Wales, come over before 300 B.C.From the Brythons came the English name for Britain. In the end all the races mixed in blood by intermarriage.The Celts, like the Iberians before them, remained tribesmen or clansmen.They knew hunting, herding, weaving, bee keeping and the cultivation of wheat, oats and barley.There was no union among the tribes, and wars were frequent.Giant‘s causeway (巨人之路) (1)The 8th Natural Wonder of the World (suburb of Belfast)Sixty million years agoRoman BritainRoman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and 410.The Romans referred to their province as Britannia.Prior to the Roman invasion, Iron Age Britain already had cultural and economic links with Continental Europe, but the invaders introduced new developments in agriculture,urbanization, industry and architecture, leaving a legacy that is still apparent today.A province ofRoman EmpireLong time of communication between BritishIsles and the Continent.Julius Caesar‘s two invasion of Britain in 55and 54 BC.The conquest of Gaul and the punishment ofBritain supposed to help Gaul during the war.Caesar's contact was temporary. Nopermanent occupation.Emperor Claudius I invaded Britain in forcein AD 43: A difficult job.Two decades laterthe Romans had captured Anglesey, headquarters of the feared Druids,put down the revolt of Boudicca, queen of the Iceni.won the Battle of Mons Graupius, somewhere in Scotland, but the northern tribes provedhard to subdue.In 123, Hadrian's Wall, stretching 117 km from Solway Firth to the Tyne River, became the northern frontier.Hadrian‘s WallKing Hadrian (AD 76–138)Period: AD 122-130Length: 117 kmWidth: 3 mHeight: 5 to 6 mDefense: Physical frontierUNESCO: World Heritage Site (1987)Britain was a military outpost, taking 1/10 of the Roman army to hold it. Several towns attained a degree of Roman urban civilization, baths and amphitheaters, as well as people who spoke Latin and wore togas. Numerous villas——vast estates worked by slaves and featuring sumptuous noble dwellings—were also established. Beyond these, the countryside remained Celtic.The 3d and 4th centuries witnessed the decline of the Roman Empire.In 410 Rome abandoned Britain.After nearly four centuries of occupation, it left little that was permanent, yeta network of roads, still in use for 1400 years;a number of towns: London, York, and others bearing suffix –cester (Leicester, Worcester);Christianity;water and sewage systems.Period 2 ：Anglo-Saxon Invasion⏹People：The ethnically and linguistically related peoples living in the south and east of theisland of Great Britain⏹Time: From around the early 5th century AD to the Norman conquest of 1066.⏹Language: closely related Germanic dialects.⏹Ethnical groups: Identified by Bede as the descendants of three powerful Germanic tribes,the Angles and the Saxons from today‘s northern Germany, and the Jutes from today‘s Denmark.Angles, Saxons and Jutes from the ContinentHeptarchy (Seven Kingdoms) (600–800)⏹Christianization of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom began around 600 and was essentiallycomplete in the mid 8th century.⏹Throughout the 7th and 8th centuries, power exchanged between the larger kingdoms.⏹Bede records Aethelbert of Kent as being dominant at the close of the 6th century, butpower seems to have shifted northwards to the kingdom of Northumbria.⏹The so-called ‗Mercian Supremacy‘ dominated the 8th century, though again it was notconstant.⏹The word Heptarchy arose on the basis that the seven kingdoms of Northumbria, Mercia,Kent, East Anglia, Essex, Sussex and Wessex were the main polities of south Britain. Heptarchy (600–800)1. Northumberland2. Mercia3. East Anglia4. Essex5. Wessex6. Kent7. Sussex中国战国七雄：秦齐楚燕韩赵魏Viking Invasion (800–1066)⏹In the 9th centu ry, the Viking challenge grew to serious proportions. Alfred the Great‘svictory at Edington in 878 brought intermittent peace, but the Norsemen with the foundation of Jorvik gained a permanent foothold in Britain.⏹An important development of the 9th century was the rise of the Kingdom of Wessex, andby the end of his reign Alfred was recognized as overlord by several southern kingdoms.Æthelstan was the first king to achieve direct rulership of what is considered ―England.‖⏹Near the end of the 10th century, there was renewed Scandinavian interest in England,with the conquests of Sweyn of Denmark.Viking Invasion: The RouteNomadic tribes: yurtNorman ConquestIntroduction ：⏹The Norman conquest of England began in 1066 AD with the invasion of the Kingdom ofEngland by William the Conqueror (Duke of Normandy), and his success at the Battle of Hastings resulted in Norman control of England.⏹The Norman Conquest was a pivotal event in English history for several reasons:1. This conquest linked England more closely with continental Europe through the introduction of a Norman aristocracy, thereby lessening Scandinavian influence.2. It created one of the most powerful monarchies in Europe and engendered a sophisticated governmental system.3. The conquest changed the English language and culture and set the stage for a rivalry with France that would continue intermittently until the 20th century.Normandy: Composition⏹Normandy (French: Normandie)1. Basse-Normandie2. Haute-Normandie3. The Channel Islandsa. Guernseyb. JerseyNorman Conquest: the cause⏹What was happening in England?⏹Viking attacks resumed in the late 10th century, and in 991 the King of England AethelredII agreed to marry Emma, the daughter of the Duke of Normandy, to cement a blood-tie alliance for help against the raiders.⏹When King Edward (son of Aethelred II ) died in 1066 with no child, and thus no directheir to the throne, a power vacuum arose in which several competing interests laid claim to the throne of England.⏹One was Harald III of Norway.Another claimant was William, Duke of Normandy because of his blood ties to Aethelrad through Aethelred‘s wife Emma.A third was the Earl of Wessex Harold Godwinson who had been elected king by the Witenagemot of England.Power vacuum after King Edward IIP o w e r v a c u u m a f t e r K i n g E d w a r d I IPreparation for the conquest⏹William had assembled an invasion fleet of approximately 600 ships and an army of7,000 men.⏹William had recruited soldiers from all of northern France, the Low Countries andGermany.⏹Many soldiers in his army were second- and third-born sons who had little or noinheritance under the laws of primogeniture ([praimə‗dʒenitʃə]长子身份).⏹William promised that if they brought their own horse, armour, and weapons to join him,they would be rewarded with lands and titles in the new realm.⏹William also gathered over 2,000 horses, transported across the channel in speciallyadapted horse transports.Crossing and LandingWilliamgathered his ships at Saint-Valery-sur-Sommeready to cross by 12 Augustdelayed by unfavourable weatherlanding at Pevensey in Sussex on 28 September, assembled a prefabricated wooden castle near HastingsA crucial delay:Just a few days after Harold‘s victory over the NorwegiansBad weather had done William a great favor:Had William landed in August as originally planned, Harold would have been waiting with a fresh and numerically superior force.Hasting Battle⏹Rushing south at the news of William‘s landing, Harold paused briefly at London togather more troops, then advanced to meet William.⏹They fought at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October. It was a close battle at first, but inthe fin al hours William‘s superiority in cavalry and archers proved decisive.⏹Harold was killed, along with his brothers Earl Gyrth and Earl Leofwine, and the Englisharmy fled.Occupation of London⏹William expected to receive the submission of the surviving English leaders,⏹Edgar Atheling was proclaimed king by the Witenagemot, with the support of EarlsEdwin and Morcar, Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Aldred, Archbishop of York.⏹William, who had received reinforcements from across the English Channel, thereforeadvanced, marching through Kent to London.⏹He was unable to storm London Bridge and therefore sought to reach the capital by amore circuitous route.⏹He marched west to link up with another Norman force near Dorking, Surrey. Thecombined armies then moved up the Thames valley to cross the river at Wallingford, Oxfordshire. While there, he received the submission of Stigand.⏹William then travelled northeast along the Chilterns, before advancing towards Londonfrom the northwest.⏹Having failed to muster an effective military response, Edgar‘s leading supporters losttheir nerve, and the English leaders surrendered to William at Berkhamstead.⏹William was acclaimed King of England and crowned by Aldred on December 25, 1066,in Westminster Abbey.Control of England⏹Soldiers rewarded: The Normans received from William lands and titles in return for theirservice in the invasion.⏹All land was the king‘s: William claimed ultimate possession of virtually all the land inEngland and asserted the right to dispose of it as he saw fit.⏹Land confiscation: William confiscated the lands of all English lords who had fought anddied with Harold and redistributed most of them to his Norman supporters.⏹These initial confiscations led to revolts, which resulted in more confiscations, in a cyclethat continued virtually unbroken for five years after the Battle of Hastings.⏹Fort and castle building: To put down and prevent further rebellions, the Normansconstructed a variety of forts and castles on an unprecedented scale.⏹Heir designation: If an English landholder died without issue, the King could designatethe heir, and often chose a successor from Normandy.⏹Inheritance control: William and his barons also exercised tighter control over inheritanceof property by widows and daughters, often forcing marriages to Normans.⏹No English in upper society: The Normans displaced the native aristocracy and tookcontrol of the upper ranks of society. By 1086, French names predominated even at the lower levels of the aristocracy.Kings of House of Norman, Anjou, PlantagenetKing John and the Greater Charter⏹King John succeeded his nephew Richard I in 1199.1) Defeated in a war with France and lost Normandy in 1204.Demanded more feudal taxes and army service to revenge himself on France.2) The lords became angry, marched to London and forced him to sign a long document on June 17th, 1215. The document is known as the Great Charter.3) torn up the Great Charter with the help of Pope.War broke out and finally John lost the war and died in 1216.⏹The Great Charter had three sets of provisions:1) that the king was not to exact extra payments from the feudal vassals (towns) without their consent;2) that laws were not to be modified by the arbitrary action of the king;3) that should the king attempt to free himself from law, the vassals had the right to force him to obey law, by civil war or otherwise.⏹Significances of the Great Charter1) Made in the interests of the feudal lords2) Granted to the townspeople freedom of trade and self-government.3) Political rise of merchants and craftsmen for the first timeBirth of Parliament⏹ Henry III (reign 1216-1272) was crowned at the age of 9.He hoped that he could defeat the lords and their Charter with the help of the Pope: (advisers, church post)⏹ Rebellion broke out with Simon V de Montfort (6th Earl of Leicester) as the leader.⏹ The lords forced the king to dismiss his foreign advisers and to accept their own councilof advisers, instead.de Montfort‘s new council took control of the treasury and all state officials, and then settled down to work their reforms.Simon called a parliament in 1265 after a battle in which Henry III was defeated and taken prisoner.In addition to the older group, there were two knights from each shire and two citizens from each town. It was known as the ―All Estates Parliament (各级议会).‖⏹ Edward I succeeded his father, Henry III, in 1272⏹ Conquered Wales and engaged in a long war with Scotland⏹ In constant need of money.⏹ In 1295, he summoned the ―All Estates Parliament‖—more than 400 members in all. Asthat Parliament was followed as a model, it became known in history as the ―Model Parliament (模范议会).‖⏹ Edward II succeeded his father in 1307⏹ A weak and lazy king⏹ Left the work of government to his household favorites⏹ A party of lords formed against him.⏹ Parliament made a plan to demand the public appointment of all state officials.⏹Parliament forced Edward II to hand over the crown to his son in 1327Significances of Norman ConquestEstablishment of Feudalism⏹Feudal Hierarchy:⏹The king was the sole and ultimate owner ofall land, which he gave to nobles and theChurch in return for military and otherservices.⏹The vassals could subdivide their fiefs intosmaller fiefs and bestow them upon their ownfollowers.⏹The king was the lord to his vassals, who inturn were lords to their knights.⏹Thus a new and more elaborate hierarchy ofnobility came into being.⏹Centralization of power⏹The king required not only his vassals but also the vassals of his vassals to take an oaththat they would be faithful to him against all other men.⏹duke, marquis, viscount, earl, baron⏹公爵,侯爵,伯爵,子爵,男爵Law reform and establishment of parliament⏹Before the arrival of Normans, Anglo-Saxon England had one of the most sophisticatedgovernmental systems in Western Europe.⏹All of England had been divided into administrative units called shires of roughlyuniform size and shape, which were run by officials known as ―shire reeve‖ or ―sheriff‖.⏹The shires tended to be somewhat autonomous and lacked coordinated control.⏹This sophisticated form of government was handed over to the Normans and grew evenstronger.⏹The Normans centralised the autonomous shire system.⏹The Domesday Book exemplifies the practical codification which enabled Normanassimilation of conquered territories through central control of a census.Language (1)⏹牛的肉是―牛肉‖，猪的肉就是―猪肉”⏹Old English ◊ Anglo-Normanpig pork (porc) ox beef (boeuf)deer venison (venison) calf veal (veal)sheep mutton (mutton)⏹Old English ◊ Anglo-Norman ◊ Modern Englishas the language of the ruling classes in England for nearly 300 years⏹Words borrowed from Old French Language1. Government and law:government, legislature, court2. Art and culture:dance, language, art3. Enjoyment of Life:leisure, fashion, cuisine⏹Anglo-Norman language:⏹from a sociolinguistic perspective⏹Upper class: French⏹Middle class: Anglo-Norman⏹Lower class: Old English⏹In the end, English won the competition, with a systematic variation.Anglo-Norman and French relations (1)⏹Anglo-Norman and French political relations became very complicated and somewhathostile after the Norman Conquest.⏹The Normans still retained control of the holdings in Normandy and were thus stillvassals to the King of France.⏹At the same time, they were their equals as King of England.⏹On the one hand they owed faith to the King of France, and on the other hand they did not,because they were peers.⏹ A crisis came in 1204 when French King Philip II seized all Norman and Angevinholdings in mainland France except Gascony. This led to the Hundred Years War when Anglo-Norman English kings tried to regain their dynastic holdings in France.⏹The Hundred Years' War (1337 to 1453)⏹The English kings‘ claims to the French throne.⏹The war was a series of conflicts and is commonly divided into three or four phases:1. the Edwardian War (1337–1360),2. the Caroline War (1369–1389),3. the Lancastrian War (1415–1429), and4. the slow decline of English fortunes after the appearance of Joan of Arc (1412–1431).⏹ResultsIt finally ended in the expulsion of the English from France.2. Conclusion (5mins)3. Assignments (5mins)To let students have a discussion on the following topics:a. What is the significance of Norman Conquest ?b. The influences of different invasions by the foreigners to the UK?Reference Book :1、《当代英国概况》肖惠云， 2003，上海外语教育出版社2、《当代英国社会与文化》王虹， 2003，上海外语教育出版社3、《英语国家概况》上外编，2004，上海外语教育出版社4、《现代英国大众文化》王皖强，2000，中国经济出版社5、《英国人》（英）杰里米帕克斯曼， 2000，上海译文出版社6、《美国文化与社会》王恩铭，2005，上海外语教育出版社Feedback :。