跨文化交际英语 阅读教程3课文翻译
大学英语跨文化交际教程课后答案(全)
Unit1 Sportsmanship:It is the ability to practise a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat.2. Traditionally, an Englishman is thought to be reserved, unemotional, courteous, shy of strangers, suspicious of change, and slow to accept new ideas.3.It is the ability to practise a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s oppo nent and good temper in defeat. Moreover, sportsmanship as an idea is applied to life in general.The pioneering spirit:Except for the brought from Africa, immigrants came to America voluntarily, early in search of greater prosperity and freedom.Rags-to-riches:It is story about a poor boy who, because he was hardworking, honest, and lucky, grew up to become rich and respected.American dream: The belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve weather and fame through diligence and virtue.1.Traditionally, individualism, independence and collaboration, practice, tolerance, melting pot and racial discrimination are the character of Americans.3.The American Dream is the belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve wealth and fame through diligence and virtue.Unit 2 Key concepts Five relationships Five relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend-friend.Humanism Humanism means that man not only had the right to enjoy the beauty of their life, but also had the ability to perfect themselves and perform wonders. Individualism An individualism culture is one in which people tend to view themselves ad individuals and to emphasize the needs of individuals.Collectivism A collectivism culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (families, work units, tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals. Comprehension questions1.According to Confucianism, what are the five cardinal relationships in Chinese society and what should these relationships be?That is the well-known five relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend-friend. This was explained as" There should be affection between man and wife, stratification between old and young, and good faith between friends."2.What is the difference between collectivism and individualism?Firstly, westerns tend to believe that people should rely on themselves as much as possible- and they usually expect other people to do the same. So they don't think they have the obligation to help family members and friends during emergency situations. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures generally feel that they have a right to help other members of their groups.Secondly, westerns generally feel that the rights of individuals should not be subordinated to the needs of a larger group, or at least that individuals should have the right to decide for themselves whether to sacrifice their personal benefit for the sake of the group. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures are generally more willing to accept the idea that individuals should sacrifice for the benefit of the group.Thirdly, westerners tend to believe that individuals should make decisions for themselves, and that individuals should take credit and responsibility for what they have personally done. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures tend to feel more that they are representatives of their group, and to accept more responsibility for the other members of their groups too.A final difference lies in the way people in different cultures view the idea of "individualism". Westerners tend to view individualism as a good thing. In contrast, the Chinese term for "individualism", often has a somewhat negative connotation, and is sometimes used as a synonym for "selfishness."Unit3 Nuclear family: include a husband, a wife and their childrenExtended family: adult couples are expected to form their own household with either of their biological families.2. Because they desire a close and intense bond with their partners，they expect so much from marriage that so many get divorcedImpermanence: the property of not existing for indefinitely long durations. Stable: resistant to change of position or conditionConnection vs. contract: relationship4. ①Chinese are likely to react more to the other person as a whole and will avoid forming friendships with those values and behaviors are in some way deemed undesirable. ②In China a friend is accepted completely or not at all ③Chinese friends give each other much more concrete help and assistance than Western friends do.①American have casual, friendly relationships with many people, but deeper, closer friendships with only a few. ②American friendships tend to be very compartmentalized. ③American friendships is mostly a matter of providing emotional support and spending time together.Unit5 Nutrition and balance: a look at the nutritional information, like the number of calories preserving, grams of fat, sodium, cholesterol, fiber and sugar content will make you more knowledgeable in selecting foods to reduce your nutritional health risk.Pragmatism:in the westerns’ eyes, food or eating is just a way to keep healthy, having little to do with artistry. Nor will they be particular about the taste of food too much.Unit6 Creativity: the ability to createSelf-reliance: is a principal value of child rearing in middle-class American. Originality：1.How do the Chinese teach their children？A: Chinese teach their children by holding their handsHow do Americans do？A: On their own and even to discover new problem for which creative solutions are wanted.Can you find the theories supporting the two different teaching method？A: Evolutionary and revolutionary2. Can you tell any other differences between the two educational systems?A: The contrast between the two cultures can also be seen in the fears we both harbor. Chinese teachers are fearful that if skills are not acquired early, they may never be acquired; there is, on the other hand, no comparable hurry to promote creativity.American educators fear that unless creativity has been acquired early, it may never emerge; on the other hand, skills can be picked up later.Unit7 Key concepts Monochronic time Monochronic time is an approach that favors linear structure and focus on one event or interaction at a time.Polychronic time A polychronic time system is a system where several things can be done at once, and a more fluid approach is taken to scheduling time. Unlike Americans and most northern and western European cultures, Latin American and Arabic cultures use the polychromic of time.Linear structure In monochromic time, linear structure means people focus on one event or interaction at a time.Schedule oriented People in polychronic time cultures treat time as a less tangible medium so that they can interact with more than one person or do more than one thing at a time.People oriented Polychronic individuals are oriented toward people, human relationships, and the family, which is the core of their existence. Family takes precedence over everything else, close friends come next..Comprehension questionsWhat is monochronic culture? What is polychronic culture?Monochronic cultures typically emphasize doing one thing at a time during a specified time-period, working on a single task until it is finished.Polychronic cultures are involved with many things at once, usually with varying levels of attention paid to each.What are the different attitudes monchronic people and polychronic people hold toward time?Monochronic people see time as being divided into fixed elements (seconds, minutes, hours, etc.)Sequential blocks that can be organized, quantified, and scheduled.What are the strengths and weaknesses of M-time system and P-time system?Once the time is set, it is rarely changed, and people take it seriously. M-time cultures is one who violates the rule of punctuality shall be punished seriously. Matters in a polychronic plans for the future: even important plans maybe changed right up the minute of execution.Unit 9Key concepts High-context culture High context cultures rely on the context, either the actual physical environment of communication or an internalized social context or both, or convey a large part or even all of a message’s meaning.Low-context culture Low context culture, in which context is not assumed to be understood, messages are explicit, direct, and completely encoded in words, and meaning is entrusted almost entirely to words.ImplicitnessThe message which someone expressed is elliptical, indirect, and allusive. Explicitness The message which someone expressed is direct, and completely encoded in words, and meaning is entrusted almost entirely to words..Verbalizing Verbalizing- that is, to put things in words, whether written or oral. Comprehensive questionsWhat is High-context culture? What is Low-context culture?High context cultures rely on the context, either the actual physical environment of communication or an internalized social context or both, or convey a large part or even all of a message’s meaning.Low context culture, in which context is not assumed to be understood, messages are explicit, direct, and completely encoded in words, and meaning is entrusted almost entirely to words.ImplicitnessWhat does silence mean in high-context cultures? What is the function of silence in high-context cultures?It means entirely accepted.In the individual level, silence can be viewed as a state of being allowing you to experience the highest truth and bliss; on the interpersonal level, silence can be used to promote harmony, cooperation, and other collectivistic values; on the level of social movements, silence can be protest.Why does silence mean differently in different cultures?Different in the uses of silence can be best examined in high-context and low-context cultures. High-context cultures are relational, collectivist, intuitive, and contemplative. Low-context cultures are logical, linear, individualistic, and action-oriented.Key conceptsCulture shock Culture shock happens to people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. It is, first and foremost an emotional phenomenon; then comes cognitive disorientation and identity dissonance.Comprehension questionsWhat are the five stages of the cultural adjustment process? Does everyone have the same experience?The five stages of the cultural adjustment process:Honeymoon period: Initially many people are fascinated and excited by everything of the new culture.Culture shock: The individuals are immersed in news problems: housing, transportation, employment, shopping, and language.Initial adjustment: Everyone activities such as housing and shopping are no longer major problems. The visitors may not yet be fluent in the spoken language, but they can express their basic ideas and feelings.Mental isolations: Individuals away from their family and good friends for a long time may feel lonely.Acceptance and integration: A routine ( eg; work, business, or school) has been established. The newcomer has become accustomed to the habits, customs, foods, and characteristics of the people in the new culture.Individuals experience the stages of adjustment in different ways. Some people never experience a “honeymoon” period because the circumstances of their coming to a new country may have been too painful. In addition, certain stages last longer for some than for others, dep ending on such factors as the newcomer’s personality, age, language and cultural competence, support from family and friends, financial situation, job status, and motivations for being in the new country.。
英语泛读教程3第三版 课文翻译(Text1--1-7单元)
UNIT 1 创造性思维的艺术约翰·阿代尔创造性对人类发展至美重要。
下面的文章里，约翰·阿代尔为求实的创造性思维者提供了一些颇有见地的见解和技巧。
创造性思维在今天的重要性不需要强调。
在你的职业中或工作领域,如果你能够发展提出新思想的能力,你就有竞争优势。
在你的个人生活中，创造性思维也能将你带上创新活动之路。
它可以丰富你的人生,尽管并非总是以你期待的方式。
人类创造力人类不可能凭空创造东西。
有一次，一位来宾极为仔细地参观了亨利·福特的汽车公司，然后见到了福特。
来宾心中充满了惊奇和崇敬，他对这位实业家说:“福特先生，25年前起家时几乎一无所有的人，不可能实现这一切。
”福特回答说，“这个说法可不太对。
每个人都是靠所有拥有的东西来起家。
这里什么都有——所需要的一切,它们的基本点和实质性的东西都已存在。
”潜在的材料，也就是可以做成或建构成某种东西的元素之成分或者实质的材料，都已存在于我们的宇宙。
你可能已经注意到,我们倾向于将创造性这个词用在与使用的原材料很不一样的产品上。
鲁宾斯的一幅名作，就是蓝色、红色、黄色和绿色的蠕虫般颜料在艺术家画板上的集合。
物质材料，对艺术家来说是颜料和画布;对作家来说是纸和笔——完全是次要的。
这里的创造，更多的是在大脑之中。
感知、思想和感觉都在一种观念或想象中结合起来。
当然，艺术家、作家或作曲家还需要使用技巧和技术，在画布或纸上把头脑中构想出来的东西塑造成型。
和普通意义上的创造性一样，创造性思维遵循同样的原则。
我们的创造性想象必须有可以加工的对象。
我们不能凭空产生新的思想。
如上面福特所说的那样，原材料都在那里。
有创造力的大脑在原材料中看到可能性和相关性,而创造力不强的大脑却看不到。
这一结论让我们大大地松了一口气。
你不用凭空构想新的想法。
作为创造性思维者,你的任务是将已经存在的想法或元素组合在一起。
如果最终把人们从未想过可以联系起来的想法或事物，用看似不可能却很有价值的方式组合起来，那人们就会认为你是创造性思维者。
新标准大学英语3课文翻译
新标准大学英语3课文翻译Unit 1 Friendship。
Part I Pre-reading Task。
1. The text is about friendship and the importance of friendship in our lives.2. The text is likely to discuss the qualities of a good friend and the benefits of having good friends.3. I think the text will be interesting and informative, and it will provide insights into the value of friendship.Part II Text A。
Friendship。
Friendship is one of the most precious things in our lives. It is a relationship that brings joy and support, and it is something that many people cherish deeply. Friends are the people we can rely on, share our thoughts and feelings with, and have fun with. A good friend is someone who is there for you in times of need, who listens to you without judgment, and who understands you even when you don't say a word.Part III Text B。
跨文化交际英语阅读教程3课文翻译
第一单元现代社会依靠于技术创新，而技术创新须依靠知识产权来保障。
愈来愈多的国家恪守国际合约，推行知识产权保护。
但这方面做得还远远不够。
我们往返首一下过去，看看缺乏知识产权保护会致使什么样的结果，进而汲取教训。
很多西方公司付出了凄惨的代价才发现，知识产权保障体制还未健全时，在东南亚投资无异于将钱付诸东流。
要进入这些市场，西方公司不单一定向有关当局说明他们的产品，并且还要说明他们产品的制作过程。
而结果常常是本该遇到知识产权保护的产品很快被无耻地剽窃。
盗用知识产权的例子不胜列举。
比如，美国化学制品巨头杜邦向一亚洲国家引进了一种名叫 Londax 的有名除草剂，用来除去稻田里的杂草。
该公司在该产品的研发上投资了数百万美元，并且又投入了2500 万美元在当地开设了一家生产厂家。
但是，不到一年此后，一瓶瓶特别低价的冒牌 Londax 公然上市了。
冒牌产品和正宗产品除了价钱外的独一差别是冒牌产品的名称是 Rondex ，用的是蓝色瓶而不是正宗产品用的绿色瓶。
但是，因为冒牌产品的价钱比正宗产品的价钱便宜很多，它成功毁掉了杜邦公司的投资。
同时它也使得该公司不再愿意投资于新化学制品的研发。
生产 Londax 的配方本应当被看作是杜邦公司的知识产权。
其余非法使用该配方的公司是犯了偷窃行为，就像偷取了杜邦公司的机器或许该公司的其余财产相同。
不但是产品，在亚洲市场上保护一个品牌也以前是几乎不行能的事。
就连 Kellogg ’s玉米片的生产商Kellogg ’s公司也发现自己的产品被山寨：Kongal 牌玉米条，连包装也几乎如出一辙。
不幸的是，和杜邦公司的事件相同，Kellogg ’s公司成功处罚侵权者的几率几乎为零，因为当地的法律不认可知识产权保护的看法。
幸亏，在经过很多轮世贸组织的谈判后，状况大为改观。
但是，跨国公司一定保持警惕，以防被侵权。
总有人试图从他人的研发、投资、商誉中牟利。
假如成就得不到法律保护，创新就是空话。
新编跨文化交际英语教程 参考答案Unit 3
Unit 3Cultural DiversityReading IDifferent Lands, Different Friendships Comprehension questions1. Why is it comparatively easy to make friends in the United States?Because few Americans stay put for a lifetime. With each move, forming new friendship becomes a necessity and part of their new life.2. Do people from different countries usually have different expectations about whatconstitutes friendship and how it comes into being?Yes. The difficulty when strangers from two countries meet is their different expectations about what constitutes friendship and how it comes into being.3. How is friendship in America different from friendship in West Europe?In West Europe, friendship is quite sharply distinguished from other, more casual relationships, is usually more particularized and carries a heavier burden of commitment, while in America the word “friend”can be applied to a wide range of relationship and a friendship may be superficial, casual, situational or deep and enduring.4. In what country does friendship have much to do with one's family? And in whatcountry does it not?In Germany, friendship has much to do with one‘s family as friends are usually brought into the family, while in France it doesn't as, for instance, two men may have been friends for a long time without knowing each other‘s personal life.5. What is friendship like when it is compartmentalized? For instance, a man may play chess with a friend for thirty years without knowing his political opinions, or he may talk politics with him for as long a time without knowing about his personal life. Different friends fill different niches in each person's life.6. What are friendships usually based on in England?English friendships are based on shared activity. Activities at different stages of life may be of very different kinds. In the midst of the activity, whatever it may be, people fall into steps and find that they participate in the activity with the same easy anticipation of what each will do day by day or in some critical situation.7. Do you think friendship shares some common elements in different cultures? If youdo, what are they?Yes. There is the recognition that friendship, in contrast with kinship, invokes freedom of choice. A friend is someone who chooses and is chosen. Related to this is the sense each friend gives the other of being a special individual, on whatever grounds this recognition is based. And between friends there is inevitably a kind of equality of give-and-take.8. What do you think is the typical Chinese concept of friendship? Is it similar to ordifferent from any of the Western friendships?It seems that the typical Chinese concept of friendship lays great emphasis on personal loyalty and also has much to do with family. It may be similar to Germany friendship to some extent and quite different from other Western friendships. Reading IIComparing and Contrasting CulturesComprehension questions1. How is the mainstream American culture different from the Japanese culture?Americans believe that human nature is basically good and man is the master of nature. They are future-oriented and “being”-oriented. Their social orientation is toward the importance of the individual and the equality of all people. However, the Japanese believe that human nature is a mixture of good and evil. Man is in harmony with nature. They are both past-oriented and future-oriented. And they are both “growing-”and “doing-”oriented. They give emphasis to authorities and the group.2. Can you find examples to support the author's view of traditional cultures indifferent value orientations?For example, the traditional Indian culture believes that man is subjugated by nature and it is being-oriented (which can be exemplified by its caste system). Also, traditional Chinese culture is past-oriented, for emphasis has long been given to learning from the old and past.3. Why do Americans tend to equate “change” with “improvement”and regard rapidchange as normal?Concerning orientation toward time, Americans are dominated by a belief in progress. They are future-oriented. They believe that “time is money”and have an optimistic faith in the future and what the future will bring. So they tend to equate “change”with “improvement”and consider a rapid rate of change as normal. 4. What does “Electric Englishman” mean when it is used todescribe the American?As for activity, Americans are so action-oriented that they tend to be hyperactive. That's why that they have been described as “Electric Englishmen”, who always keep themselves busy.5. How would you explain the fact that contradictory values may exist in the sameculture?As time changes faster and faster and there is more contact between cultures, it is more likely to find contradictory values existing in the same culture. This is especially the case in a society that is being transformed from a traditional one into a modern one. For example, in the Japanese culture, some people may still be very past-oriented and some are rather future-oriented, and even the same people may be sometimes past-oriented in certain situations and sometime future-oriented in other situations.6. What can we get from models of this kind about cultural differences?Models of this kind are quite useful in giving rough pictures of striking contrasts and differences of different cultures. However, such a model only compares cultures on some basic orientations. It does not tell us everything about every conceivable culture. We have to recognize that models of this kind are over-simplifications and can only give approximations of reality.7. Do cultural values change as time changes?Yes, the values may be in the process of marked change due to rapid modernization and globalization. However, they have a way of persisting in spite of change. The evolution of values is a slow process, since they are rooted in survival needs and passed on from generation to generation.8. How is communication influenced by differing cultural values?Putting people from one culture into another culture with radically different value orientations could cause stress, disorientation, and breakdowns in communication.Case Study Case 9Hierarchy is significant in the Japanese culture. This structure is reflected everywhere in Japanese life, at home, school, community, organizations, and traditional institutions such as martial arts or flower arrangements.In this case, the young chairman must have had his own ideas about how to manage the company; however, when encountered with his grandfather's dissenting opinions, he dared not to take a stand against him. This may manifest the rigid hierarchical structure in the Japanese society. In the Japanese society, how hierarchy is formed depends mainly on seniority, social roles, and gender. As a respectable senior member of the family and the former leader of the company, the grandfather obviously overpowered the inexperienced young chairman. In other words, the grandfather seemed to be an absolute authority for the young chairman. In Japanese culture, challenging or disagreeing with elders' opinions would be deemed as being disrespectful and is often condemned. People in lower positions are expected to be loyal and obedient to authority. That‘s why the young chairman didn't say anything but just nodded and agreed with his grandfather.But Phil seemed to know little about the Japanese culture inthis aspect. In many Western cultures, particularly American culture, seniority seldom matters very much in such situations, and young people are usually encouraged to challenge authority and voice their own opinions. Unfortunately, his outspoken protest could easily offend the grandfather and he might be regarded as a rudeand ill-bred person by other Japanese.Case 10In Japan, a company is often very much like a big family, inwhich the manger(s) will take good care of the employees and the employees are expected to devote themselves to the development of the company and, if it is necessary, to sacrifice their own individual interests for the interests of the company, from which, in the long run, the employees will benefit greatly. But for the French, a company is just a loosely- knit social organization wherein individuals are supposed to take care of themselves and their families. Moreover, the way the French make decisions in the family might also be different from the typical Japanese one, which may not often involve females and the power to decide usually lies with the dominating male. As there are such cultural differences between the Japanese and the French, Mr. Legrand's decision made Mr. Tanaka feel dumbfounded.Case 11Incidents such as these can point to possible cultural differences in so-called “polite”behavior, and at the same time highlight the tendency for people to react emotionally to unexpected behavior.People in most cultures would probably agree that an apology is needed when an offence or violation of social norms has taken place. However, there may be differing opinions as to when we should apologize (what situations call for an apology) and how we should apologize. To many Westerners, Japanese apologize more frequently and an apology in Japanese does not necessarily mean that the person is acknowledging a fault. To many Japanese, Westerners may seem to be rude just because they do not apologize as often as the Japanese would do. In this case, forinstance, the attitude of the Australian student's parents is shocking to the Japanese but will be acceptable in an English-speaking society, for the student is already an adult and can be responsible for her own deeds.Case 12In this case, it seems that the Chinese expectations were notfulfilled. First, having two people sharing host responsibilities could be somewhat confusing to the hierarchically minded Chinese. Second, because age is often viewed as an indication of seniority, Canadiantheir of youth the considered have might Chinese thehosts as slight to their own status. Third, in China, it is traditional for the host to offer a welcome toast at the beginning of the meal, which is the reciprocated by the guests; by not doing so, the Canadian might be thought rude. The abrupt departure of the Chinese following the banquet was probably an indication that they were not pleased with the way they were treated. The Canadians' lack of understanding of the Chinese culture and the Chinese ways of communication clearly cost them in their business dealings with the visiting delegation.。
跨文化交际英语阅读教程课文翻译
跨文化交际英语－阅读教程课文翻译————————————————————————————————作者: ————————————————————————————————日期:第一单元现代社会依赖于技术创新,而技术创新须依靠知识产权来保障。
越来越多的国家遵守国际条约，实行知识产权保护。
但这方面做得还远远不够。
我们来回顾一下过去，看看缺乏知识产权保护会导致什么样的后果,从而吸取教训。
许多西方公司付出了惨痛的代价才发现，知识产权保障机制还未健全时,在东南亚投资无异于将钱付诸东流。
要进入这些市场，西方公司不仅必须向相关当局说明他们的产品,而且还要说明他们产品的制作过程。
而结果经常是本该受到知识产权保护的产品很快被无耻地抄袭。
盗用知识产权的例子不胜枚举。
例如，美国化学制品巨头杜邦向一亚洲国家引进了一种名叫Londax的著名除草剂,用来除掉稻田里的杂草。
该公司在该产品的研发上投资了数百万美元，而且又投入了２５００万美元在当地开设了一家生产厂家。
然而，不到一年以后，一瓶瓶非常廉价的冒牌Ｌｏndａｘ公然上市了。
冒牌产品和正宗产品除了价格外的唯一区别是冒牌产品的名称是Ronｄex,用的是蓝色瓶而不是正宗产品用的绿色瓶。
但是，由于冒牌产品的价格比正宗产品的价格低廉许多，它成功毁掉了杜邦公司的投资。
同时它也使得该公司不再愿意投资于新化学制品的研发。
生产Lonｄax的配方本应该被当作是杜邦公司的知识产权。
其他非法使用该配方的公司是犯了偷盗行为，就像盗取了杜邦公司的机器或者该公司的其他财产一样。
不光是产品，在亚洲市场上保护一个品牌也曾经是几乎不可能的事。
就连Kｅllogg’s玉米片的生产商Ｋeｌlｏgg’s公司也发现自己的产品被山寨:Ｋongａl 牌玉米条，连包装也几乎一模一样。
不幸的是,和杜邦公司的事件一样，Kelｌｏｇg’ｓ公司成功惩罚侵权者的几率几乎为零,因为当地的法律不承认知识产权保护的概念。
幸好,在经过许多轮世贸组织的谈判后,情况大为改观。
新编跨文化交际英语教程-参考答案Unit-3
新编跨文化交际英语教程-参考答案Unit-3Unit 3Cultural DiversityReading IDifferent Lands, Different FriendshipsComprehension questions1.Why is it comparatively easy to make friends in the United States?Because few Americans stay put for a lifetime. With each move, forming new friendship becomes a necessity and part of their new life.2. Do people from different countries usually have different expectations aboutwhat constitutes friendship and how it comes into being?Yes. The difficulty when strangers from two countries meet is their different expectations about what constitutes friendship and how it comes into being.3.How is friendship in America different from friendship in West Europe?In West Europe, friendship is quite sharply distinguished from other, more casual relationships, is usually more particularized and carries a heavier burden of commitment, while in America the word “friend”can be applied to a wide range of relationship and a friendship may be superficial, casual, situational or deep and enduring.4.In what country does friendship have much to do with one ’s family? And in what country does it not?In Germany, friendship has much to do with one‘familys as friends are usually brought into the family, while in France it doesn’tas, for instance, two men may have been friends for a long time without knowing each other‘ s personal life.5.What is friendship like when it is compartmentalized?For instance, a man may play chess with a friend for thirty years without knowing his political opinions, or he may talk politics with him for as long a time without knowing about his personal life. Different friends fill different niches in each person’s life.6. What are friendships usually based on in England?English friendships are based on shared activity. Activities at different stages of life may be of very different kinds. In the midst of the activity, whatever it may be, people fall into steps and find that they participate in the activity with the same easy anticipation of what each will do day by day or in some critical situation.7.Do you think friendship shares some common elements in different cultures? If you do, what are they?Yes. There is the recognition that friendship, in contrast with kinship, invokes freedom of choice. A friend is someone who chooses and is chosen. Related to this is the sense each friend gives the other of being a special individual, on whatever grounds this recognition is based. And between friends there is inevitably a kind of equality of give-and-take.8.What do you think is the typical Chinese concept of friendship? Is it similar toor different from any of the Western friendships?It seems that the typical Chinese concept of friendship lays great emphasis onpersonal loyalty and also has much to do with family. It may be similar to Germanyfriendship to some extent and quite different from other Western friendships.Reading IIComparing and Contrasting CulturesComprehension questions1.How is the mainstream American culture different from the Japanese culture?Americans believe that human nature is basically good and man is the master ofnature. They are future-oriented and “being”-oriented. Their social orientation is towardthe importance of the individual and the equality of all people. However, the Japanesebelieve that human nature is a mixture of good and evil. Man is in harmony with nature.They are both past-oriented and future-oriented. And they are both“ growing-” and“ doing-”oriented. They give emphasis toauthorities and the group.2. Can you find examples to support the author’s view of traditional cultures indifferent value orientations?For example, the traditional Indian culture believes that man is subjugated bynature and it is being-oriented (which can be exemplified by its caste system). Also,traditional Chinese culture is past-oriented, for emphasis has long been given tolearning from the old and past.3. Why do Americans tend to equate “ change”with “ improvement ”and regard rapid change as normal?Concerning orientation toward time, Americans are dominated by a belief inprogress. They are future-oriented. They believe that “time is money”and have anoptimistic faith in the future and what the future will bring. So they tend to equate“change”with“improvement”and consider a rapid rate of change as normal.4. What does“ Electric Englishman” mean when it is used to describe the American?As foractivity, Americans are so action-oriented that they tend to be hyperactive.That’s why that they have been described as“Electric Englishmen”, who alwayskeep themselves busy.5.How would you explain the fact that contradictory values may exist in the sameculture?As time changes faster and faster and there is more contact between cultures, it ismore likely to find contradictory values existing in the same culture. This is especially thecase in a society that is being transformed from a traditional one into a modern one. Forexample, in the Japanese culture, some people may still be very past-oriented and someare rather future-oriented, and even the same people may be sometimes past-oriented incertain situations and sometime future-oriented in other situations.6.What can we get from models of this kind about cultural differences?Models of this kind are quite useful in giving rough pictures of striking contrastsand differences of different cultures. However, such a model only compares cultureson some basic orientations. It does not tell us everything about every conceivableculture. We have to recognize that models of this kind are over-simplifications andcan only give approximations of reality.7. Do cultural values change as time changes?Yes, the values may be in the process of marked change due to rapidmodernization and globalization. However, they have a way of persisting in spite ofchange. The evolution of values is a slow process, since they are rooted in survivalneeds and passed on from generation to generation.8. How is communication influenced by differing cultural values?Putting people from one culture into another culture with radically different valueorientations could cause stress, disorientation, and breakdowns in communication.Case StudyCase 9Hierarchy is significant in the Japanese culture. This structure isreflected everywhere in Japanese life, at home, school, community,organizations, and traditional institutions such as martial arts or flower arrangements.In this case, the young chairman must have had his own ideasabout how to manage the company; however, when encounteredwith his grandfather issenting’d opinions, he dared not to take a standagainst him. This may manifest the rigid hierarchical structure in theJapanese society. In the Japanese society, how hierarchy is formeddepends mainly on seniority, social roles, and gender. As arespectable senior member of the family and the former leader ofthe company, the grandfather obviously overpowered the inexperienced young chairman. In other words, the grandfatherseemed to be an absolute authority for the young chairman. InJapanese culture, cha llenging or disagreeing with elders ’ opinions would be deemed as being disrespectful and is often condemned.People in lower positions are expected to be loyal and obedient toauthority. That ‘ s why the young chairman didn ’ t say anything but just nodded and agreed with his grandfather.But Phil seemed to know little about the Japanese culture inthis aspect. In many Western cultures, particularly American culture,seniority seldom matters very much in such situations, and youngpeople are usually encouraged to challenge authority and voicetheir own opinions. Unfortunately, his outspoken protest couldeasily offend the grandfather and he might be regarded as a rudeand ill-bred person by other Japanese.Case 10In Japan, a company is often very much like a big family, inwhich the manger(s) will take good care of the employees and theemployees are expected to devote themselves to the developmentof the company and, if it is necessary, to sacrifice their own individualinterests for the interests of the company, from which, inthe long run, the employees will benefit greatly. But for the French,a company is just a loosely- knit social organization wherein individualsare supposed to take care of themselves and their families. Moreover,the way the French make decisions in the family might also be differentfrom the typical Japanese one, which maynot often involve females and the power to decide usually lies with thedominating male. As there are such cultural differences between theJapanese and the French, Mr. Legrand ’decision made Mr. Tanaka feel dumbfounded.Case 11Incidents such as these can point to possible culturaldifferences in so- called “ polite behavior,”and at the same timehighlight the tendency for people to react emotionally tounexpected behavior.People in most cultures would probably agree that an apologyis needed when an offence or violation of social norms has takenplace. However, there may be differing opinions as to when weshould apologize (what situations call for an apology) and how weshould apologize. To many Westerners, Japanese apologize morefrequently and an apology in Japanese does not necessarily meanthat the person is acknowledging a fault. To many Japanese,Westerners may seem to be rude just because they do notapologize as often as the Japanese would do. In this case, forinstance, the attitude of the Australian student ’ s parents is sho to the Japanese but will be acceptable in an English-speaking society,for the student is already an adult and can be responsiblefor her own deeds.Case 12In this case, it seems that the Chinese expectations were notfulfilled. First, having two people sharing host responsibilities couldbe somewhat confusing to the hierarchically minded Chinese. Second, because age is often viewed as an indication of seniority,the Chinese might have considered the youth of their Canadian新编跨文化交际英语教程-参考答案Unit-3hosts as slight to their own status. Third, in China, it is traditional for the host to offer a welcome toast at the beginning of the meal, which is the reciprocated by the guests; by not doing so, the Canadian might be thought rude. The abrupt departure of the Chinese following the banquet was probably an indication that theywere not pleased with the way they were treated. The Canadians ’ lack of understanding of the Chinese culture and the Chinese waysof communication clearly cost them in their business dealings withthe visiting delegation.。
跨文化交际实用教程unit3课件
Differences between Chinese and English Compliments W: It is common for a man to informally give
a woman compliments on her looks or clothing
C: It is taken as a kind of flirtation if a man
■ I like NP
I like this picture.
16
Response Formulas of E and C compliments
American English A: This is really a nice sweater. B: I’m glad you like it. A: You did a good job. B: Thank you/Thanks. Chinese: A: Your sweater is very good. B: I bought it only for ten yuan. A: You did the job very well. B: That’s the result of joint efforts./There’s
15
Chinese
■ You V ADV
You did the job well.
■ NP is ADJ
Your coat is really beautiful.
■ PRO is ADJ NP
That’s a wonderful wall calendar.
■ PRO V O
You deserve being honored.
18
Cultural Assumption
大学跨文化英语 综合教程I Unit 3 It’s Only Skin Deep课文翻译
Reading & ReflectionIt’s Only Skin DeepJulia Wood1 Communication professor Robert Entman studied national nightly news programming. He reports that in stories about black issues, 33 black experts and 27 white experts appeared. In news stories about issues not specifically relevant to African Americans, 94 white experts and only 15black experts appeared. This pattern encourages viewers to assume that African Americans can speak knowledgeably only about African American issues, whereas whites can speak with authority about African American and other issues alike.2 When we think stereotypically, we expect people to conform to our perceptions of the group to which we assign them. Sometimes, however, we meet somebody who doesn’t ft our stereotypes of the group to which we think he or she belongs. Have you ever said or heard the phrases “woman doctor,”“male nurse,” or “woman lawyer”? Notice how they call attention to the sex of the doctor, nurse, or lawyer. Have you ever heard or used the phrases “man doctor,”“women nurse,” or “man lawyer”? Probably not —because it is considered normal for men to be doctors and lawyers and women to be nurses. “Woman doctor,”“male nurse,” and “woman lawyer”spotlight the sex of individuals as the element worthy of notice. The phrases also reflect stereotyped views of the professional groups.3 When we mark an individual as an exception to his or her groups, we unknowingly reveal our own stereotypes. In fact, we may reinforce them because marking an individual who doesn’t conform to the stereotypes as unusual leaves our perceptions of the group unchanged. All we do is to remove the “exceptional individual” from the group. Consider these statements:White manager to “You really are exceptional at your job.”black manager:Male professional to “You don’t think like a woman.”female professional:Able-bodied individual “I’m amazed at how well you get around.”to person in wheelchair:Upper-class person to “It’s remarkable that you take college classes.”working-class person:White person to “I can’t believe you don’t like to dance.”African American:Heterosexual to “I think it’s great that you have some male friends.”lesbian:Homeowner to “You speak so articulately.”maid:White man to “I never think of you as black.”black man:African American to “You’re not as stunny as most of your people.”white person:Christian to “I’m surprised at how generous you are.”Jew:4Would any of the above statements be made to a member of the speaker’s group? Would a heterosexual say to a heterosexual woman, “It’s great that you have some male friends”? Would a white man say to another white man, “I never think of you as white”? Would a maid say to his or her employer, “You speak so articulately”? Would a white person say to another white person, “I can’t believe you don’t like to dance”? In each case, it’s unlikely. By changing the speakers in the statements, we see how clearly the statements reflect stereotypes of groups.5Communicating that you perceive an individual as an exception to his or her group invites two results. First, it expresses your perception that the person belongs to a group about which you have preconceptions. Understandably, this may alienate the other person or make her or him defensive. The person may feel compelled to defend or redefine the group from which you have removed that individual. An African American might, for instance, say “lots of blacks don’t enjoy dancing.” A working class person might inform an upper-class person that “education has always been a priority in my family.”6 A second possible response to communication that marks an individual as an exception to her or his group is the effort to deny identification with the group. A professional woman may strive not to appear feminine to avoid being judged by the colleagues’ negative perceptions of women. A white person may try to “talk black” or play music by black artists to prove he or she isn’t like most whites. Te group stereotypes — no matter how inaccurate — are left unchallenged.7Whether individuals defend or redefine their groups or separate themselves from the groups, there is one result: Te possibilities for open communication and honest relationships are compromised. So the single most important conclusion is that we need to be aware that seeing an individual as an exception to his or her group might also communicate our stereotypes.参考译文不可以貌取人朱莉亚·伍德传播学教授罗伯特·安特曼曾对国内晚间新闻节目做过一项调查。
大学英语跨文化交际教程第四版答案
大学英语跨文化交际教程第四版答案Unit1 Sportsmanship: It is the ability to practise a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat.2. Traditionally, an Englishman is thought to be reserved, unemotional, courteous, shy of strangers, suspicious of change, and slow to accept new ideas.3. It is the ability to practise a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat. Moreover, sportsmanship as an idea is applied to life in general.The pioneering spirit: Except for the brought from Africa, immigrants came to America voluntarily, early in search of greater prosperity and freedom.Rags-to-riches: It is story about a poor boy who, because he was hardworking, honest, and lucky, grew up to become rich and respected.American dream: The belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve weather and fame through diligence and virtue.1. Traditionally, individualism, independence andcollaboration, practice, tolerance, melting pot and racial discrimination are the character of Americans.3. The American Dream is the belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve wealth and fame through diligence and virtue.Unit 2 Key concepts Five relationshipsFive relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend-friend.Humanism Humanism means that man not only had the right to enjoy the beauty of their life, but also had the ability to perfect themselves and perform wonders.Individualism An individualism culture is one in which people tend to view themselves ad individuals and to emphasize the needs of individuals.Collectivism A collectivism culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (families, work units, tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals.Comprehension questions1. According to Confucianism, what are the five cardinalrelationships in Chinese society and what should these relationships beThat is the well-known five relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend-friend. This was explained as\There should be affection between man and wife, stratification between old and young, and good faith between friends.\2. What is the difference between collectivism andindividualismFirstly, westerns tend to believe that people should rely on themselves as much as possible- and they usually expect other people to do the same. So they don't think they have the obligation to help family members and friends during emergency situations. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures generally feel that they have a right to help other members of their groups.Secondly, westerns generally feel that the rights of individuals should not be subordinated to the needs of a largergroup, or at least that individuals should have the right to decide for themselves whether to sacrifice their personal benefit for the sake of the group. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures are generally more willing to accept the idea that individuals should sacrifice for the benefit of the group.Thirdly, westerners tend to believe that individuals should make decisions for themselves, and that individuals should take credit and responsibility for what they have personally done. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures tend to feel more that they are representatives of their group, and to accept more responsibility for the other members of their groups too. A final difference lies in the way people in different cultures view the idea of \Westerners tend to view individualism as a good thing. In contrast, the Chinese term for \often has a somewhatnegative connotation, and is sometimes used as a synonym for \ Unit3 Nuclear family: include a husband, a wife and their children Extended family: adult couples are expected to form their ownhousehold with either of their biological families.2. Because they desire a close and intense bond with their partners，they expect so much from marriage that so many get divorcedImpermanence: the property of not existing for indefinitely long durations.Stable: resistant to change of position or condition Connection vs. contract: relationship4. ①Chinese are likely to react more to the other person as a whole and will avoid forming friendships with those values and behaviors are in some way deemed undesirable. ②In China a friend is accepted completely or not at all ③Chinese friends give each other much more concrete help and assistance than Western friends do.①American have casual, friendly relationships with many people, but deeper, closer friendships with only a few. ②American friendships tend to be very compartmentalized. ③American friendships is mostly a matter of providing emotional support and spending time together.。
大学英语跨文化交际unit3
大学英语跨文化交际unit3ReviewWhat is culture? What is communication? What is intercultural communication?Unit Three Cultural DiversityI. Warm UpPlease read the story on page 76, then answer the question:1. Why does Jackson say that Mr. Zhao has asked too much?2. What are the differences in the opinions of friendship betweenChinese and Americans?II. Reading1. Read the article of “Different Lands, Different Friendships”. Who is afriend? What are the similarities and differences between the Chineseconcept of friendship and the western ones? Compare the differentvalues of friendship in America, France, Germany, England andChina.Differences in Friendship(1) In France:(i) Friends generally are of the same sex, and friendship is seen asbasically a relationship between men.(ii) Friendship is a one-to-one relationship that demands a keen awareness of the other person’s intellect, temperament, andparticular interests.(iii) Friendships are compartmentalized. They are not made part of family life.(2) In Germany:(i) Friendship is much more articulately a matter of feeling.(ii) Friends usually are brought into the family.(3) In England:(i) The basis is shared activity.(ii) English friendships are formed outside the family circle, but they are not contrapuntal to the family nor are they separated from thefamily.(4) In ChinaThe typical Chinese concept of friendship lays great emphasis on personal loyalty and also has much to do with family. In Chinese culture, friendshipmeans a willingness to be indebted and to repay the debt more than owed.(5) In America: (p81-82)“Friend” is often used in a much wider sense in the American culture than in the Chinese culture. The term may be used for both casual acquaintances and close companions. American friends may not share with one another as much as Chinese friends usually do. Americans would still prefer to consider themselves first as independent individuals. What they value more are individual achievement and independence rather than relationship with one another, and they do not like to put themselves in others’ debt. Of course, Americans are willing to help their friends, but mostly on trivial things, such as driving a friend to an important event when his or her own arrangementsfor transportation fail.Supplement:Some American quotes about friendship will give additional insights into how friendships are valued.“A friend hears the song in my heart and sings it to me when my memory fails.”“A single rose can be my garden... a single friend, my world.”“A friend brings out the best in you.”“Grief can take care of itself, but to get the full value of joy you must have someone to divide it with.”—Mark Twain Common Elements about Friendship:There is the recognition that friendship, in contrast with kinship, is a matter of free choice. A friend is someone who chooses and is chosen. Related to this is the sense each friend gives the other of being a special individual, on whatever grounds this recognition is based. And between friends there is inevitably equality of give-and-take.2. Read the article of “Family Structure” (p83-84), then identify thedifferent roles of family in cultures.Many cultural differences exist in family structures and values.1) In some cultures, such as Filipinos, Vietnamese, Japanese, Latin Americans and Chinese, the family is the center of life and the main frame of reference for decisions; while in others, like Americans, the individual, not the family, is primary.2) In some cultures, the family’s reputation and honor depend on each person’s actions; in other cultures, individuals can act without permanently affecting the family life.3) Some cultures value old people, while other cultures look down on them.Traditional Chinese family structure3. Comparing and Contrasting CulturesQuestions for discussion:1) In what aspects do you think our culture is different from othercultures?2) Do you sometimes compare one culture with another? If you do, howdo you usually do that?Please read over the article on pages 85-89, answer the comprehension questions:i) What is Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s value orientation?The Kluckhohns and Strodtbeck, after examining hundreds of cultures, reached the conclusion that people turn to their culture for answers to thefollowing questions. (1) What is the character of human nature? (2) What is the relation of humankind to nature? (3) What is the orientation toward time?(4)What is the value placed on activity? And (5) What is the relationship ofpeople to each other? The answers to these crucial questions serve as the bases for the five value orientations that are at the heart of their approach.These five orientations might best be visualized as points on a continuum. Itis talking about meaningful values found in all cultures.Human Nature Orientation: 1) evil, 2) evil and good, 3) good. Basically Evil: find evil and fight against it; punish bad behavior; save people from their evil nature. Stress the ability of people to change for th e better. Basically Good: protect people’s virtue;reward good behavior; find the most virtuous people as models. The direction of moral change is more likely to befrom good to bad.Mixture: Separate good from evil; identify strengths and weaknesses; reward the good and punish the bad.Man-nature Orientation: 1) human beings are subject to nature,2) cooperation view, 3) conquer and direct the forces of nature.Nature Controls: Accept fate; life is outside one’s control be humble.Human Controls: Make life comfortable and convenient; problems can be solved; be objective.Harmony: Live according to the rhythms of nature; everything has its own character;be balanced.Time Orientation: 1) past-orientated, 2) present-orientated, 3) future-orientated.Past: Tradition ——best teacher; events in the past is important today; the old are wise; break with the past to change society.Present: Pay attention to what is going on here and now; everything will happen in its time; events occur in cycles; look for causes in the present situation. Future: Control the future by planning for it; what is past is past and not important;the young know what is happening; study history to shape the future.Activity Orientation: 1) being orientation, 2) Being-in-becomingorientation, 3) doing orientation.Being: Protect dignity of both yours and others; fulfill one’s role; show who you are.Actions should be suitable to status, social roles and character. Payattention to people. e.g. job titles and what do you actually do? Growing: Develop one’s potential as a whole person; follow values and lifestyles appropriate to one’s stage in life; people change; pay attention topossibilities. More tolerant of how things are than is true.Doing: Achieve specific goals; develop procedures and measure results; qualitative outcomes measured quantitatively show what you can do; attention toactions.Relational (social) Orientation: 1) authoritarian culture, 2) collectiveculture, 3) individual culture.Hierarchy: Obey authority; know one’s place; treat others; according to their position;look to leaders to; know what to think and do.Group: Respond to what others think and feel; interdependent ; be loyal; look to others in the group to know what to think and do.Individual: Express one’s own feel ings and ideas; Be as independent and self-reliant as possible; make one’s own decisions and choices. Personalinitiative/professionalism highly valued.ii) Try to describe the value system of average Americans from the five orientationsHuman Nature: basically good (changeable)Man-nature: Man the master of natureTime: future-orientedActivity: action-orientedSocial: individualisticiii) How is the mainstream American culture different from the oriental culture, like Japanese culture?Homework: Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions (p99-105)Homework: Hall’s High-context and Low-context Cultures (p110-114)III. Case Study: Students are required to read the cases given carefully and try to analyse them from the viewpoint of IC.。
跨文化交际英语阅读教程2答案
跨文化交际英语阅读教程2答案I'm sorry, but I cannot provide specific answers to a reading tutorial without knowing the exact content and questions. However, I can provide some tips for cross-cultural communication in English:1. Respect cultural differences: Recognize that different cultures have their own values, beliefs, and communication styles. Be open-minded and respect these differences.2. Use clear and simple language: Avoid using slang, idioms, or complex language that may confuse non-native speakers. Use clear and concise language to ensure your message is understood.3. Be mindful of body language: Non-verbal communication, such as body language and gestures, varies across cultures. Avoid making assumptions or misinterpreting gestures. Be sensitive to cultural differences in non-verbal communication.4. Practice active listening: Give your full attention to the speaker and avoid interrupting. Show that you are actively listening by nodding, maintaining eye contact, and asking questions for clarification when needed.5. Avoid stereotypes and assumptions: Every individual is unique, and cultural stereotypes can be misleading. Avoid making assumptions or generalizations about others based on their culture or nationality.6. Be patient and understanding: Cross-cultural communicationmay involve language barriers, misunderstandings, or different communication styles. Be patient and understanding, and provide necessary clarification or explanations if needed. Remember, effective cross-cultural communication requires empathy, flexibility, and a willingness to learn from others.。
新时代交互英语读写译3_课文翻译
第三册第1单元种族界限标识1 每个种族都有确定或表达其成员身份的方法。
所谓的种族界限标识就是用来展示或表明某一特定种族的外在因素。
种族界限标识不但对确认种族内部的成员身份很重要，而且对于向非本族成员表明身份和区分非本族成员来说都是很重要的。
由于这些标识是用来区分本族成员与所有其他种族的，所以仅仅靠一种标识往往是不够的。
某一种标识或许可以将某个种族与另一个种族区分开，但它不一定能将前者与其他种族区分开。
因此，通常需要将各种标识综合运用。
各种不同的语言、宗教、体貌以及文化特征都可作为种族区分标识。
2 语言经常充当种族区分标识。
在世界许多地区，一个人的母语是其种族身份的主要标识。
在美国西南部，霍皮族和纳瓦霍族的成员仅仅通过语言就很容易区别开来。
然而，这并不意味着语言相同那么种族身份就是相同的，同时也不意味着语言不同的人种族身份就不同。
例如，南斯拉夫塞族人和克族人都说塞尔维亚—克罗地亚语，然而他们却是两个不同的种族，而且自古以来两个种族就相互敌对。
相反，爱尔兰人的母语既可能是盖尔语也可能是英语。
德国政府许可来自东欧所有种族的德国难民随时申请德国国籍。
而同化这些难民的一个难处就在于，很多难民只讲波兰语或俄语。
因此，德国人并不是必须讲德语。
3 跟语言一样，宗教信仰也可以充当种族区分标识。
基督教、伊斯兰教和佛教等世界几大主要宗教的信徒就包含了许多不同的种族，因此，宗教从属关系并不总代表种族从属关系。
但在很多情况下，宗教信仰与种族或多或少有一些关联。
既有犹太教，同时也有犹太族。
同样，在印度既有锡克教，也有锡克族。
除了上述情况之外的其他情况下，不同的宗教信仰或许是最重要的种族身份标识。
像前面所提到的，塞族和克族讲同样的语言，而两个种族之间最重要的区分标识就是：塞族人信仰东正教，而克族人则信仰天主教。
与此相反的是，中国人的种族标识超越了宗教信仰的界线，不论是伊斯兰教徒、基督教教徒、道教教徒、佛教教徒还是马克思无神论者，都可以是中国人。
新视野大学英语第三版第三册课文翻译
新视野大学英语第三版第三册课文翻译在大学的英语学习中，新视野大学英语系列教材一直备受青睐。
其中，第三版第三册的课文内容丰富多样，涵盖了诸多领域和主题。
下面将为您带来这些课文的翻译，希望能帮助您更好地理解和掌握其中的知识。
第一篇课文是关于“跨文化交流”的。
它探讨了不同文化之间的差异以及在交流中可能出现的误解。
在翻译过程中，我们需要准确理解原文中的文化特定词汇和表达方式，并找到在目标语言中最贴切的对应。
比如，“文化冲击”这个词，不能简单地直译为“cultural shock”，而要根据上下文和常见的翻译习惯，译为“culture shock”。
文中提到了一些具体的例子，如不同国家对于时间观念的不同理解。
在某些文化中，准时是非常重要的，而在另一些文化中，时间则相对较为灵活。
这就要求我们在翻译时，不仅要传达出表面的意思，还要让读者能够感受到其中所蕴含的文化差异。
第二篇课文聚焦于“科技创新”。
讲述了现代科技的飞速发展以及对我们生活产生的深远影响。
翻译这类文章时，会遇到很多专业术语和新的概念。
例如，“人工智能”（Artificial Intelligence）、“虚拟现实”（Virtual Reality）等。
对于这些词汇，我们需要确保翻译的准确性和规范性，以避免造成混淆。
同时，课文中还描述了一些科技创新带来的社会问题，如就业结构的变化和隐私保护的挑战。
这部分内容的翻译需要注重逻辑的连贯性，让读者能够清晰地理解作者的观点和论证。
第三篇课文围绕“环境保护”展开。
强调了人类活动对自然环境的破坏以及采取行动保护环境的紧迫性。
在翻译中，要准确传达出作者对环境问题的担忧和呼吁。
比如，“温室气体排放”（Greenhouse Gas Emissions）、“可持续发展”（Sustainable Development）等词汇，都需要用专业且易懂的方式翻译出来。
文中还提到了一些具体的环保措施和政策，这就要求我们在翻译时，要对相关的背景知识有一定的了解，以确保翻译的准确性和完整性。
大学跨文化英语 综合教程I Unit 3 Are They Typical课文翻译
Reading & DigestingAre They Typical?Cathy N. Davidson1 Unlike my American students, students at Kansai Women’s University rarelyattended my office hours. Ten one day a local newspaper reporter interviewed me for a column about gaijins’ impression of the typical Japanese woman.2 Before moving to Japan, I could answer without hesitation. I had the samepreconceptions that most Westerners have about Japanese women— submissive, flirtatious and accommodating. After teaching in Japan for several months, I was unable to characterize the Japanese women I’d met. I was impressed, in general, by their strength and independence, but I didn’t know how to describe “the typical Japanese woman.”3 “Is there one?” I finally asked helplessly.4 I told the reporter that I now knew what was not typical (I’d seen only twogeisha), but I had no clue what a typical Japanese woman was.5 “I guess I’ll have to spend the rest of my year trying to find her!” I joked.6 I don’t know how this joke translated but according to the article, I wasdescribed as a “feminist”who had come to Japan partly to learn more about Japanese women. Suddenly students began showing up during my office hours, as if my words in the newspaper were an invitation for them to come to discuss personal matters with me or ask my advice without compromising their own lives.Apparently, I had said publicly that I was interested in learning more about Japanese women so students came to share their opinions.7 “I am the typical Japanese woman,” my neighbor, Mrs. Okano, insists a fewmornings after reading the newspaper.8 “I’m serious,”my neighbor says, “if you want to know anything abouttypical Japanese women, you can ask me.”9 “Why do you consider yourself ‘typical’?” I ask her.10 “Because I am,” she laughs. “There’s nothing unusual about me at all!”11 “I think it’s unusual,” I say admiringly, “for somebody to admit they’retypical. Most people think they are pretty special.”12 “Oh, maybe in America,” she laughs. “But in Japan, every womanthinks they’re typical.”13 As we laugh, the mailwoman approaches and Mrs. Okano excusesherself to meet her.14 She reminds the mailwoman that from now on her mail should bedelivered to her new address.15 “You’re moving today?” I ask, surprised at how disappointed I feel.16 “Gomennasai, gomennasai,” she apologizes, realizing that I wasunaware. Probably everyone else at Maison Showa has known for weeks.17 I tell her I’m sorry to hear that she is moving, but that I hope she willenjoy her new apartment.18 “It’s a house,” she says, unable to conceal her pride.19 She is expecting the movers soon but insists on inviting me to giveme a copy of a map she has neatly drawn, marking the way to her new house.20 “Now you can come and visit me,” she beams, handing it to me. “I also gavemy husband a map this morning so he can find it tonight after work.” She says this casually.21 “I don’t understand. You mean, he doesn’t remember the way?”22 “He’s never been there.”23 “I don’t understand,” I repeat, this time in Japanese. “He’s never beenthere?”24 Now she’s confused, and repeats again, in her best English.25 “Excuse me, please,” I say, upping my politeness level in Japanese. “I don’tunderstand, how he could have bought a house without seeing it?”26 “He didn’t buy the house, I did.”27 “And he never saw it before you bought it?”28 “Of course not. That’s woman’s work. I told you I’m a typical Japanesewoman. Isn’t this how women do it in America?”29 Mrs. Okano is shocked when I tell her that few American married womenmake major financial decisions without consulting their husbands.There might be some, but I don’t know any30 “Really?” She shockingly responds.31 “Never.”32 “What about a car?” she asks me.33 I shake my head no.34 “Appliances — refrigerator, television?”35 “Not usually.”36 “Furniture?”37 “Probably not. Most American husbands would be mad to comehome and discover their wife had just bought a new couch or dining roomset without consulting them.”38 “I thought all American women work, earn their own money?” Shestrangely replies.39 “It’s true that many American women work outside the home,” I reply,slowly. “But even the ones who earn their own money often consult theirhusbands about big purchases.”40 “This is what Americans call ‘women’s lib3’?” Mrs. Okano laughs butquickly apologizes for her rudeness.41 By noon, everyone in our apartment complex will have heard abouthow the poor gaijin woman is a full-time college teacher, but can’t buy asofa without asking her husband’s permission.42 “Kawaiso!” she says finally, exchanging her laughter for an expressionof sympathy (How ridiculous!). She reaches out and pats my back, as if I’ma small child badly in need of comforting.43 “No wonder you like Japan so much!” she says.参考译文她们够典型吗？凯西·N·戴维森关西女子大学的学生与我在美国的学生不同，她们很少在答疑时间露面。
大学跨文化英语综合教程学生用书第3册课后练习题含答案
大学跨文化英语综合教程学生用书第3册课后练习题含答案第一章跨文化交际和跨文化沟通
选择题
1.跨文化交际指的是：
A. 不同语言之间的交际
B. 不同国家之间的交际
C. 不同文化之间的交际
D. 不同年龄阶段之间的交际
答案：C
2.关于“跨文化沟通”的说法，错误的是：
A. 它期望个体能够在跨文化情境中获得顺利、成功的交流和互动。
B. 它指的是各种跨越文化的交流和互动。
C. 它是一个跨越语言和文化障碍的交际活动。
D. 它只是指在文化相同的情况下的互动和交流。
答案：D
填空题
1.跨文化交际包括文化的 ______________，交际的 ___________ 和认
知的 ______________。
答案：差异、行为、过程
简答题
1.什么是“文化冲击”？如何应对“文化冲击”？
答：“文化冲击”是指个体通过跨越文化进行交流和互动时遭受到的非常规、难以理解的交流和交往中的困扰。
个体可以采取以下措施来应对文化冲击：•接受自己文化差异所造成的影响，保持开放的心态，尝试理解和感知新环境和文化，以及与文化差异所造成的不适应。
•尝试与文化差异的人们建立联系，结交新的朋友，增进相互了解和友谊。
•积极主动地了解文化差异，了解文化冲击产生的原因，并以客观的态度学习和理解这些差异。
增加跨文化意识和跨文化学习的能力。
•在和跨文化人员交往过程中，应该尽量避免出现不当的行为和行为模式，避免引起文化冲击和不必要的误解。
大学英语阅读教程3答案
大学英语阅读教程(高级本)第三册答案UNIT ONE1. Be Kind to Commuters IV. Key to Multiple-Choice Questions 1.D2.A3.C4. B V. Suggested Versions of Translation Exercise 1. 但是，这不是问题的关键。
毕竟, 谁都可以随时在朋友的宿舍里借宿。
2. 的确，我们走读生时不时地能参与这些活动，可是我们感受不到大学学术生活的日夜节奏。
3. 当一个口臭无比的邋遢鬼慢慢地趴向课本时, 除了走读生还有谁能把黑暗隧道里飞驰的火车离散分布图画得尽善尽美呢? 4. 首先我们乘车回家要走很长的路, 公交车上的暖气和空调似乎总是该冷的时候不冷，该热的时候不热。
5. 对我们的长辈来说，这样的生活安排也很难: 他们感到烦恼，不知是撒手给我们自主权好还是像以前那样继续干预我们的生活。
2. “The American Man ”IV. Key to Multiple-Choice Questions 1. B 2. A3. C.4. C V. Suggested Versions of Translation Exercise 1. 比如说，50年代出现了一种具有一贯性的美国式性格：50年代男人。
这种性格成为许美国男人所信奉的男子气的典范。
2．这种缺乏同情心的心理，在一定程度上导致了对越南战争的一味盲从。
这就像后来，由于里根头脑里缺乏我们所谓的“花园”空间，导致了他对萨尔瓦多弱势群体以及国内老人、失业者、在校学生和穷人的无情和残忍。
3．现在，我们精心调教出这样一个年轻人：比起父辈来他更知道生态平衡的重要，关心天地万物整体的和谐，然而，他自己却缺少阳刚之气。
4．夫妻间阴盛阳衰的现象并非出于偶然。
3. The Broken chain IV. Key to Multiple-Choice Questions 1. D 2. B 3. A4. A V. Suggested Versions of Translation Exercise 1. 我从小没挨过打，所以我只能以设身处地的方法反对我间接了解到的这些丑恶现象. 2．这样我总有一段时间冷静下来思考一下自己的过错，为此后悔不已并产生条件性的恐惧。
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第一单元现代社会依赖于技术创新，而技术创新须依靠知识产权来保障。
越来越多的国家遵守国际条约，实行知识产权保护。
但这方面做得还远远不够。
我们来回顾一下过去，看看缺乏知识产权保护会导致什么样的后果，从而吸取教训。
许多西方公司付出了惨痛的代价才发现，知识产权保障机制还未健全时，在东南亚投资无异于将钱付诸东流。
要进入这些市场，西方公司不仅必须向相关当局说明他们的产品，而且还要说明他们产品的制作过程。
而结果经常是本该受到知识产权保护的产品很快被无耻地抄袭。
盗用知识产权的例子不胜枚举。
例如，美国化学制品巨头杜邦向一亚洲国家引进了一种名叫Londax的著名除草剂，用来除掉稻田里的杂草。
该公司在该产品的研发上投资了数百万美元，而且又投入了2500万美元在当地开设了一家生产厂家。
然而，不到一年以后，一瓶瓶非常廉价的冒牌Londax公然上市了。
冒牌产品和正宗产品除了价格外的唯一区别是冒牌产品的名称是Rondex，用的是蓝色瓶而不是正宗产品用的绿色瓶。
但是，由于冒牌产品的价格比正宗产品的价格低廉许多，它成功毁掉了杜邦公司的投资。
同时它也使得该公司不再愿意投资于新化学制品的研发。
生产Londax的配方本应该被当作是杜邦公司的知识产权。
其他非法使用该配方的公司是犯了偷盗行为，就像盗取了杜邦公司的机器或者该公司的其他财产一样。
不光是产品，在亚洲市场上保护一个品牌也曾经是几乎不可能的事。
就连Kellogg’s玉米片的生产商Kellogg’s公司也发现自己的产品被山寨：Kongal 牌玉米条，连包装也几乎一模一样。
不幸的是，和杜邦公司的事件一样，Kellogg’s 公司成功惩罚侵权者的几率几乎为零，因为当地的法律不承认知识产权保护的概念。
幸好，在经过许多轮世贸组织的谈判后，情况大为改观。
然而，跨国公司必须保持警惕，以防被侵权。
总有人试图从别人的研发、投资、商誉中牟利。
如果成果得不到法律保护，创新就是空话。
如今你经常会听到“知识产权”这个词——通常是从产权者嘴里。
这不是意外，所谓“知识产权”可是能够让人挣大钱的，所以无数人想使你确信：知识产权是必需的，而不是忽悠全球消费者的大噱头。
他们最有可能告诉你，知识产权应该受到保护，否则“创新”无从谈起。
可为什么搞出这样一种东西，也就是其他人都从里面挣钱，而你却什么也得不到？虽然这是个亟待处理的问题，但它还是种对于创新的狭隘观点。
创新是一个合作的过程，是一种建立在无数人努力之上的社会进程。
人们很自然地会去创新，会去合作，会去创造性地解决问题。
从这个角度看，保护知识产权会阻碍创新，因为人们无法利用各自的创意，甚至是相似的创意，否则就得支付一大笔钱或者面临起诉。
如果要找个例子，那就看看亚洲在信息技术方面的创造力。
可以说，许多程序员和工程师或多或少都使用过一些盗版软件，以此磨炼技术。
这些人如今拥有的技术对现代经济社会是不可或缺的。
假设他们不得不支付“市场价”来使用正版软件呢？他们肯定无力承受，从而失去学习的机会。
那样的话，在技术领域能够创新的人就会更少。
所有人的生活都将变得更糟糕——除了知识产权的拥有者！“市场价”被我打了引号是有原因的。
知识产权有个肮脏的小秘密：知识产权不参与自由市场竞争。
如果你读过报纸的财经版，你会知道像进口关税这样的保护主义政策对经济不利，因为他们破坏了自由市场价格。
但是知识产权同样破坏自由市场价格，而且程度上要严重得多。
想想看，如果对某样商品征收关税并使其市场价格提高一倍是不对的，那么为什么以知识产权的名义让价格变成十倍就被认可了呢？众所周知，当受到知识产权保护而不是任其在自由市场中竞争时，软件和药品这类产品的价格要高上许多倍。
经济学家说让自由市场决定价格大有益处，如果是这样，现行的知识产权保护制度必须改变。
所以下次你听到有人以创新的名义大谈知识产权时，转转脑子，你就会明白他的真实意图：“实际上，我才不管有没有创新，只要我能买新款保时捷就行了。
你们能不能为我付钱？”第二单元网络随时在拓展，它几乎可以给大多数学科提供无限量的信息。
除了提供大量信息之外，网络使用起来也方便快捷。
如今，我们拥有很多设备它们可以联网并展示信息，即使当你在赶路时也是如此。
因此，网络可以提供一个获取信息的方便途径，而且网络已经受到了学生们的极力推崇。
如果一位学生有条件上网，那么他/她就没有必要去图书馆查找资料。
这样不仅节省了大量的时间也省去了交通费。
几乎可以这样说，学生们比上班族有更多的时间浏览网页，网络上提供的信息有助于他们完成学习任务，这一点成了他们上网的额外动机。
网络提供的这种自由和传统的媒介相比当然有着明显的区别。
例如，出版公司会慎重选择作者。
这样的公司要求很高，所以只有当作者在某一领域很有资历和经验时，才会出版他的书。
在一本书出版前，出版商会请一些别的专家对该书加以评论，而且公司聘请的编辑和设计人员会对该书做进一步的改善。
编辑们通常给出建议，将一本书改长或者缩短，还会改善作者的语言以使作品更清晰、更容易让读者读懂。
设计人员则处理书的版面问题，包括封面、照片和其他图形类的东西，甚至还包括字体以及文本的风格。
然而这样的限制很少应用于网络。
网络从各个层面上来说都是不受控制的媒介，没有老板决定谁的书将会出版，没有评论家去验证信息的可靠程度，没有编辑或者设计人员去改进书的原样，也很少有法律或政府规定去验证信息的可接受性或者要求作者对他们的资料能够做出解释。
因此，网络缺少大多数媒体都具备的质量保证，这种质量保证有助于广大读者相信他们的所见、所读以及所闻。
这一缺陷造成的结果是显而易见的。
网络上随处可见一些网站，这些网站的内容如果用传统媒介呈现出来则会被认为是非法的。
网络允许人们发布观点，就算这些观点毫无根据或带有歧视。
影视和广播公司比出版公司具有更加严格的规定。
为了限制它们暴露给听众和观众的(色情的、种族的和政治的)偏见的数量，法律控制着它们节目的内容。
严格的法律限制也对节目中色情和暴力的数量进行控制。
为了让听众和观众不受到脏话的冒犯，这类节目中的语言也被严格控制。
当对一个节目存在疑问时，负责播放该节目的公司往往会请律师核查节目中的内容和语言有没有触犯法律。
那么，很明显，想要把网络当作信息来源去完成学习任务的学生在使用从网络上搜寻到的资料时就需要小心谨慎。
很重要的一点就是要核查一个网站是由权威机构(如大学或者出版商)登记创办的，还是由某个个人，即某个私人网络账户持有者创办的。
同时要查一下该组织的标志或者标明其不同部门和办公室以及任务说明的机构结构表，也要寻找有关它的历史以及未来计划的信息。
换句话说，要查询一个专业的官方网站所具有的那些特征。
这并不是说个人创办的网站都不可信，远非如此，有些个人网站是很不错的。
一些德高望重的教授和学术教科书的作者拥有他们自己的网站，这些网站是很有价值的，它们提供的资料是值得相信的。
但是，如果一个网站的作者没有能够把他/她的联系方式提供给浏览者，或者忘了给出证明其资历的个人资料，那么他/她就会受到怀疑。
个人资料，即关于一位作者资历的信息，对学生们核查一个网站的可靠性非常有帮助。
看一看作者为谁工作以及他/她的职业记录，也仔细查看一下他/她的资格证书、研究记录和出版物，然后想一想下面的问题：目前他/她就职于哪所大学？将工作多长时间？这所大学有名望吗？该作者在这一学科领域是否有足够长时间的经验？此人获得了博士学位吗(有些优秀的研究人员没有博士学位，但是拥有博士学位在我们考查一个人的可信度时仍是一个让人放心的标志)？该作者是否参与了一些研究项目？有没有在杂志上发表过文章？是否与知名的出版商出版过学术书籍？要善于批评和提出疑问。
学生们有时可能会发现一个网站上没有电子邮件地址。
如果是这样，通过在线出版物目录查找该作者的名字，看他是否出名或者是否在你感兴趣的学科领域发表过什么作品。
如果有电子邮件地址，仔细地看一看。
它看上去是不是像一个个人信箱而不是集体信箱呢？如果你仍有疑虑，你可以直接给该网页的作者发电子邮件询问有关他们工作的事宜。
但是，这样做时要有礼貌，要让他证明他具备写有关这个主题的权威性文章的资格。
要表现出对这一话题的兴趣，这样会有助于你和该作者的通信往来。
然后你可以列出一份联系表，在建立电子网络关系中开始大显身手。
另一个检查网络信息的方法是仔细检查文件本身。
仔细检查和寻找学术作者写作时遵循的惯例。
这些惯例包括使用其他作者的最新资料，也包括为感兴趣的读者提供方便的参考文献。
学术作者也使用脚注或尾注来为自己所写的内容增添细节。
他们作品的语气很可能是客观的、非个人的，写作风格可能很正式。
最后，值得尊敬的网络贡献者会显得对某个话题的背景知识非常了解，也会显得对他们学习领域的现代研究方法非常熟悉。
网络为我们提供了无限、方便、廉价的途径以获取大量信息，但是信息的质量和可靠性应该得到核查。
也就是说，学生们需要自己当自己的质量监控师。
第三单元Tracy99 发布于一周前我知道我们都要睡觉，可这是为什么呢？在床上呆这么久看起来像是把本可以用来学习或赚钱的时间都浪费掉了。
就不能在觉得累的时候随时小睡一会儿吗？DrSue 回答于两天前你好！让我们先来把一件事给弄明白：你不能简单地把几小时的睡眠时间用来学习或工作，因为你需要在合适的时间睡觉，所谓适合睡觉的时间指的是晚上10点到次日凌晨6点。
为什么呢？嗯，当然是因为这段时间天是黑的而黑暗能帮助你入睡，但更重要的一点是因为身体计划好了要在这段时间把自己给清理一下。
研究表明身体器官的清理是有特定顺序的，先从肝开始，然后是肺，最后才轮到肠。
大脑也需要利用停工期来让化学物质把堆积在神经细胞(神经元)空隙中的斑清理掉。
这种内务管理能让大脑修复记忆，巩固新知。
Maxc 发布于四天前如果睡得不好或只睡了一小会儿会怎样？DrHayton 回答于两天前问得好。
谢谢你问这个问题。
睡眠质量差或睡眠不足是危险的，如果这一问题长期存在的话就更是如此。
各种问题都有可能出现，比如说认知方面的精神不集中、注意力集中时间短、失忆和失语，有些问题还会威胁到身体健康，比如增加我们患肥胖症和糖尿病的风险。
要是你很长一段时间以来都仅靠短时间的睡眠而活了下来，你就已经有了“睡眠赤字”或“睡眠负债”。
你得补足缺失的睡眠来偿还这负债。
“支付”很多年前欠的睡眠账单理论上来说是可行的。
不过睡眠负债这个概念具有争议性，一些医学专家拒绝承认它，因为观察和实验都无法证明其存在。
EllaB33 发布于两天前我们睡着的时候到底发生了什么？我曾听人说睡着时做的梦能帮助我们回忆过去，规划未来。
DrSmith 回答于一天前睡眠不太可能会告诉我们太多关于我们过去和未来生活的事。
睡眠与现在——也就是此时此地保养大脑和身体的需求相关。
至于梦，它们可能仅仅是我们在第一个答案中所讨论到的大脑修复记忆、巩固新知这一过程的产物。