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POTENTIALS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES IN HUNGARYL. ImreHungarian Solar Energy SocietyMűegyetem rkp 3-7, H-1111, BudapestHungaryI. FarkasDepartment of Physics and Process Control Szent István UniversityH-2103 Gödöllő, Páter K. u. 1HungaryE-mail: Farkas.Istvan@gek.szie.huABSTRACTThis paper deals with the estimation of realistic potentials of the different renewable energy resources in Hungary. Within the framework of the Renewable Energy Subcommittee of the Energy Committee of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences a study of scientific merit has been elaborated in order to calculate the magnitude of renewables for the entire country.The paper contains in details the concept, the applied conditions, the meteorological and statistical data and the available databases which may vary substantially according to the different sort of renewable energy resources.The results obtained for the different resources have been discussed and compared to each other avoiding some overlapping may occur in some areas. The main fields studied are as follows:Direct use of solar energy- active solar thermal systems;- passive solar thermal systems;- solar photovoltaics system;- agricultural solar thermal systems.Indirect use of solar energy- hydro systems;- wind energy systems; -biomass.Geothermalenergy.Further step is to take into account the aspects of the practical applications, along with the economical and financial conditions and circumstances.1. INTRODUCTIONIn order to use the renewable energies in a greater extent it is necessary to take into account all the available resources. In this paper the classification of potentials is includes direct, indirect and geothermal ones. The direct use refers to the active and passive applications. Due to the specific local situation, the photovoltaics and the agricultural use are discussed separately. Among the indirect potentials the hydro, wind and biomass are studied in details. In this paper the evaluation of the above mentioned potentials has also been performed.2. DIRECT SOLAR ENERGY POTENTIALDirect use of solar energy includes the following areas which are to be discussed further in this section:- active solar thermal;- passive solar thermal;- solar photovoltaics;11 STRATEGIES AND POLICIES 2869- agricultural solar thermal.2.1 Active Solar Thermal PotentialActive solar thermal potential can produce heat by transforming direct radiation of solar energy with the help of solar collector.Heat transferring medium can be frost-resisting liquid, water and air, and targets of use can be: producing hot water for different technologies as space heating, heating of swimming pool water and solar district heating.Solar thermal potential depends mainly on the absorbing surface, insulation and intensity of solar radiation.During the estimation the sizes of potentially suitable surfaces are:Living-houses: 31.9×106 m2Offices, central buildings: 0.3×106 m2Camping, outside area (district heating): 50×103 m2Total useable surface: 32.25×106 m2Based on the overall suitable surface area the total active solar thermal potential of Hungary is: 48.815 PJ/year.2.2 Passive Solar Thermal PotentialPassive solar thermal potential is a type of energy which can be can be taken into account mostly in accordance with building heating. Basically energy can be saved by technical method of solar bio-climate building as insulation of buildings, sun spaces, integrated front heat store battery, ideally organized rooms, heat loss reduction, etc.).During estimation the following data were used:Installing new buildings (80.000 flats/year): 1.8 PJ/year.Building renewal: 1 PJ/year.Reconstruction of existing building: 35 PJ/year. Total passive solar thermal potential of Hungary is: 37.8 PJ/year.2.3 Solar Photovoltaics Energy PotentialThe simplest way to produce electricity is using photovoltaic modules. Large scale photovoltaic systems work as a power station, but it can be also local energy potential by integrated PV modules into the roof or surface of the buildings.Measure of potential depends on size of solar module surface.According to the estimation the total useable surface for solar modules in Hungary is 9027.2 km2 including outside open area and houses. Just 45% of this value can be applied technically, which is: 4051.48 km2 including the areas next to railways and highways, as well.So the total useable electricity performance is 405158.06 MWp taking into account the optimally useable surface areas, division of inclination angle of surfaces (horizontal, 30, 45 and 60 degrees), along with the assumption of 10% efficiency of solar modules. Thus the total average electricity production yields a value of 486×109 kWh/year which means 1749 PJ/year PV energy potential.2.4 Agricultural Solar Thermal PotentialSolar energy can be used in the following main areas in agriculture:- heating of greenhouses, shooting houses and foil tents (with and without frame);- drying of agricultural crops (fodders, grain, vegetables and fruits);- producing technological hot water for plant production and animal husbandry.Results of potential estimation according to the areas are the following:- greenhouses: 1.266 PJ/year;- drying of crops: 3.441 PJ/year;- technological hot water: 11.204 PJ/year.Proceedings of ISES Solar World Congress 2007: Solar Energy and Human Settlement 2870Total agricultural solar thermal potential of Hungary is: 15.911 PJ/year.3. INDIRECT SOLAR ENERGY POTENTIALSolar radiation absorbing on earth surface sustains:- water cycle which yields hydro energy;- hydrostatic pressure difference in air, which generate wind energy;- evolving of biomass from CO2 in atmosphere with help the photosynthesis.3.1 Hydro Energy PotentialHydro energy potential of rivers in Hungary is twenty times larger than the recent electricity production of the existing hydro power plants in a year. The technically realistic potentials of power plant are the following:- three power plants on Danube: 2755 GWh/year.- three power plants on river Tice: 227 GWh/year.- power plants on rivers Mura and Drava (half of mutual potential with Croatia):585 GWh/year,- small scale hydro plants on other rivers:200-300 GWh/year,- recent utilization: 183 GWh/year.Total - realistic useable - hydro energy potential of Hungary is: 3950-4050 GWh/year which means 14.22-14.58 PJ/year.3.2 Wind Energy PotentialThe evaluation of wind potential was carried out assuming wind turbines working in three medium wind speed category of 3.5 m/s, 4.5 m/s, 5.25 m/s as usual in Hungary. Nominal electricity performance was defined as value of 148 TWh/year.Thus, the total realistic wind energy potential of Hungary is: 532.8 PJ/year.3.3 Biomass Energy PotentialBiomass energy potential of Hungary was accounted in three main categories. The potential of primary biomass which comes from trees (dendromass) is 56.5-63 PJ/year and the byproduct of plants is 74-108 PJ/year.The secondary biomass potential is originated from waste of animals (manure) and waste of processing with a value of 18.7-23 PJ/year.The potential of the third type of biomass including mainly different communal waste materials is 54-134 PJ/year.Thus the otal biomass energy potential of Hungary is 203.2-328 PJ/year.Potential energy capacity can vary between some constrains, depending on synthesis of biomass categories and condition of production, especially connected with waste.4. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY POTENTIALAs a matter of fact, the geothermal potential in Hungary is much higher as it is used nowadays. Beside the energetic applications (greenhouse heating, district heating, etc.) it has also a very important issue e.g. to use it for medical treatments.The Hungarian realistic geothermal energy potential assuming water press-back technology along with the usual change of temperature value of 40 °C is estimated for a value of 63.5 PJ/year.5.SUMMARY OF RENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIALSAfter the discussion in previous sections the renewable energy potential of different areas shows the following figure:Active solar thermal potential: 48.815 PJ/year;Passive solar thermal potential: 37.8 PJ/year;Photovoltaic solar potential: 1749.0 PJ/year;11 STRATEGIES AND POLICIES 2871Agricultural solar thermal potential: 15.911 PJ/year;Hydro energy potential: 14.22-14.58 PJ/year;Wind energy potential: 532.8 PJ/year;Biomass energy potential: 203.2-328 PJ/year;Geothermal energy potential: 63.5 PJ/year.Summaring up the different subpotentials the overall renewable energy potential of Hungary is 2665.246-2790.406 PJ/year.6.EV ALUATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGYPOTENTIALSConcerning to the evaluation of the renewable energy potentials it is important task to estimate the parts that can be used for two main categories as electricity generation and heat production.6.1 Renewable Potentials for Electricity ProductionFor electricity generation the following options could be taken into account:Photovoltaic potential: 1749.6 PJ/year;Hydro energy potential: 14.22-14.58 PJ/year;Wind energy potential: 532.8 PJ/year;40% of biomass potential 81.28-131.2 PJ/year.Finally the total electricity generation potential is: 2641.92-2683.85 PJ/year.6.2 Renewable Energy for Heat ProductionFor heat production the following options could be taken into account:Active solar potential: 48.815 PJ/year, Passive solar potential: 37.8 PJ/year,Agricultural solar energy potential: 15.911 PJ/year,60% of biomass potential: 121.92-196.8 PJ/year,Geothermal potential: 63.5 PJ/year,Finally, the total solar thermal potential is 287.946-362.826 PJ/year.6.3 Technical Issues of EvaluationIt is important to define how much energy can be used from the renewable energy potential taking into account all the technical aspects.The most important technical issues are the following:a) Photovoltaic and wind energy potential are periodic, thus the produced energy must be stored, which is obviously a key question.b) Measure of using the sophisticated energy storage methods and implementation (pump-up water, storage fuel cell, batteries, hydrogen technology).c) Use of decentralized fuel cell energy production systems.d) Fitting of renewable energy sources into the energy production distributing system.Detailed analytical study is needed to evaluate all the aspects listed above.7. CONCLUSIONSIt has been taken into account the realistic potentials of different renewable energy resources in Hungary. It was been concluded that the total renewable potentials in Hungary is 2665.246-2790.406 PJ/year.Realistic useable measure of total renewable energy potential in Hungary is approximately 405-540 PJ/year, which is 15-20% of the total potential covering 30-40% ofProceedings of ISES Solar World Congress 2007: Solar Energy and Human Settlement 2872the recent energy demand of Hungary.8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis study was carried out under the auspices of the Renewable Energy Subcommittee of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.9. REFERENCES(1) Imre, L., Future energy supply of mankind,Energiagazdálkodás, V ol. 45, 6/2004, p. 3. (in Hungarian).(2) Pálfy, M.: Photovoltaic solar energy potential inHungary, Energiagazdálkodás, V ol. 45, 6/2004, p. 7. (in Hungarian).(3) Lakatos, K., P. Ötvös and L. Kullmann, Determinationof ideal and realistic values of hydro energy potential in Hungary, Energiagazdálkodás, V ol. 45, 6/2004, p. 11.(in Hungarian). (4) Marosvölgyi, B., Biomass energy potential of Hungary,Energiagazdálkodás, V ol. 45, 6/2004, p. 16. (in Hungarian).(5) Hunyár, M., K. Tar and P. Tóth, Wind energy potentialof Hungary. (in Hungarian).Part 1: Energiagazdálkodás, V ol. 45, 6/2004, p. 20.Part 2: Energiagazdálkodás, V ol. 46, 1/2005, p. 24.(6) Farkas, I., Agricultural solar thermal energy potential inHungary, Energiagazdálkodás, V ol. 46, 1/2005, p. 3. (inHungarian).(7) Fülöp, L., M. Szűcs and A. Zöld, Passive solar energypotential, Energiagazdálkodás, V ol. 46, 1/2005, p. 8. (inHungarian).(8) Árpási, M., Geothermal energy stocks and its use inHungary, Energiagazdálkodás, V ol. 46, 1/2005, p. 14.(in Hungarian).(9) Kaboldy, E., Active solar energy potential in Hungary,Energiagazdálkodás, V ol. 46, 1/2005, p. 19. (in Hungarian).(10) Imre, L. (ed.), Estimation of renewable energypotential of Hungary, Renewable Energy Subcommittee, 2005. (in Hungarian).。