英语语法讲解-代词

注意： 1. 先行项为every-, some-等复合词时代词的选择： 1) 当先行词为 everyone, everybody, no one, nobody, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody 等复合词时，代词及相应的限定词通常按照语法一致原则用单数形式。 Anybody can attend the meeting if he is interested. Everybody talked at the top of his voice. If anyone calls, tell him I’ll be back later. 但是，非正式语体中，也可以根据意义一致的原则，用复数代词： Someone left their umbrella behind yesterday. Would they please collect it from the office? If anybody wants to give their name for the trip to Scotland, will they please do it before lunchtime? No one could have blamed themselves for that. 尤其当先行项为everybody, everyone时，其后用复数代词还比较自然。 Everyone was clapping their hands. Did everybody leave the dance early because they weren’t enjoying themselves? 当先行项为everything, anything, something, nothing时，随后的代词以及相应的 限定词一般只按语法一致原则用单数形式： Anything on the table can be thrown away, can’t it?
英语语法讲解 代词(Pronoun)
概说



代词的分九类： 人称代词—personal pronouns 物主代词—possessive pronouns 反身代词—reflexive pronouns 相互代词—reciprocal pronouns 指示代词—demonstrative pronouns 疑问代词—interrogative pronouns 关系代词—relative pronouns 不定代词—indefinite pronouns 连接代词—conjunctive pronouns




2) 先行项为某些并列结构时代词的选择： 根据该并列结构的单、复数意义来决定代词以 及相应限定词的单、复数形式： My friend and roommate has agreed to lend me his car. My friend and my roommate have agreed to lend me their cars.

3.先行项为中性名词时代词的选择：通常用中性（it, its, itself). That book has lots its cover. I will put a new one on it tomorrow. The machine works by itself. 带感情色彩也可以用阴性或阳性代词来指代中性物： The sailor saw a ship in the distance. She was sailing toward the rocky island. How’s your new car? Terrific. She’s going like a bomb. The car needs some petrol. Let’s fill him up at the next filling station. （女性主人） 如果先行项为动物名称，通常用中性代词来指代，但是带感情色彩，或者把动物拟人化，可以用阳 性或阴性代词： Look at that bird. It always comes to my window. The cat leaped onto my bed and coiled herself there. The blackbird rushed away to the bush, where he remained perching for about a minute. 当先行项为表示天体名称或某些抽象概念名词时，代词或相应的限定词用中性，带感情色彩或者拟 人化，也可以用he 或she，依习惯而定。 The sun is shining in all his splendid beauty. Love begins playing his old tricks every spring. History has revised her verdict. The Autumn gave golden fruit to every garden, but to the giant’s garden she gave nothing. 当先行项为国家名称时，如果仅视为地理名词，代词或相应限定词用中性，但若视为政治实体或者 说话人带感情色彩，代词或相应限定词用阴性： China is in East Asia. It is one of the largest countries in the world. In the last decade of the 20th century, China began to assume her role as a world power. P90 exercises





代词及其先行项的“性”的一致： 阳性masculine gender—man, father, son, husband 阴性feminine gender—woman, mother, daughter, wife 中性neutral gender—book, desk, ship, car 通性common gender—student, teacher, doctor, infant 现代英语的代词体系包含了“性”的标记：单 数第三人称代词、物主代词、反身代词以及相 应的限定词。使用时要与先行项保持“性”的 一致。

பைடு நூலகம்

1. 先行项为阳性或阴性名词时代词的选择：代词以及相应的限定词分别用阳性或阴性。 The boy is the brightest in the class. All the teachers like him. Mother is not quite herself today. She may have caught a cold. James Collins plans to open his own office in Fresno. He went there last week. Tom Ruth Davis Susan Ally Amy Barney Beck Benny Carmen Cecily Doyle Emile Frances Giles Gill Hallis Holly Ira Ina






人称代词、物主代词、反身代词以及相应的限定 词及其先行项（antecedent）在 数（number） 性（gender） 人称（person） 方面的一致关系： 代词及其先行项“数”的一致： 代词和物主限定词单、复数的选择通常取决于他 们的指代对象，即先行项的单、复数形式。 One must remember to remain very still when one/he attends a concert. Professor Smith and I went to the States together. We stayed there for three weeks.



3)先行项为某些集体名词时代词的选择： 随后的代词及相应的限定词依该集体名词用于 何种意义而定： The team has won its first game. The team are now on the floor taking their practice shots at the basket.



4)先行项为“复数名词或代词 + each‖时代词 的选择： 当先行项为复数名词或代词作句子主语并带有 each做同位语时，如果each出现在动词之前， 随后的人称代词或相应的限定词用复数；如果 each位于动词之后，随后的人称代词或相应的 限定词用单数： They each had their problems. They had each his own problem. P87 exercises






2. 先行项为通性名词时代词的选择： 通性名词baby, child, infant, doctor, patient, lawyer, engineer, teacher, student, scholar, speaker, scientist, customer, parent, person男女均可。当这类名词以其单数形式表示类指(generic reference) 时，通常用阳性单词或相应的限定词来指代： An instructor should offer his students challenging projects. 避免性别歧视：改用复数，或者避免使用代词或限定词。 Instructors should offer their students challenging projects. An instructor should offer challenging projects to the students. 法律文书等正式语体中，还可用he or she, his or her来指代单数通性名词： An instructor should offer his or her students challenging projects. 但是，除了法律文书外，he or she, his or her不宜多次出现、重复，违背简练原则，也可以改用复 数代词或者避免使用代词： Parents of a teenage child often wonder where he or she went wrong. Parents of teenage children often wonder where they went wrong. When a customer calls, ask him or her to leave his or her phone number. When a customer calls, be sure to ask for a phone number. 当先行项为baby, child, infant等通性名词而说话人不知其性别，或者不必过问其性别时，用中性代 词it；如果说话人知其性别，则根据孩子的性别来选代词： There’s a baby in the pram. Why, it’s crying. Baby is crying in the pram. She must be hungry. 当通性名词表示特指含义时，随后的代词以及相应的限定词须根据上下文所表示的具体性别选用适 当的形式： In her lifetime, Catherine worked day and night without thinking of her personal comfort. The doctor will forever live in the hearts of her patients. A student at Barnard College has to do her own work.