Influence of surface modification on isothermal oxidation behavior of EB-PVD NiA1 coating
电化学沉积英语
Electrochemical deposition (ECD), a versatile and widely employed surface modification technique, offers unparalleled precision and control in the creation of functional coatings, thin films, and nanostructured materials. This method involves the controlled reduction or oxidation of ions at an electrode surface under the influence of an applied electric field, resulting in the formation of a deposit with desired properties. To achieve high-quality and high-standard ECD processes, it is crucial to consider multiple factors, including the selection of appropriate electrolyte systems, electrode design, process parameters, and post-deposition treatments. This comprehensive analysis delves into these aspects, highlighting their significance and interplay in ensuring the successful execution of electrochemical deposition.1. **Electrolyte Systems: The Foundation of Electrochemical Deposition**The choice of electrolyte system plays a pivotal role in determining the quality and standard of the deposited material. An ideal electrolyte should:a. **Contain the desired metal ions**: The electrolyte must contain soluble salts or complexes of the metal to be deposited. The chemical stability, solubility, and redox potential of these ions directly influence the deposition rate, morphology, and composition of the film.b. **Provide suitable supporting electrolytes**: Supporting electrolytes, such as inorganic salts or organic additives, enhance ionic conductivity, stabilize the double layer, and minimize side reactions. They also influence the nucleation and growth kinetics of the deposit, affecting its microstructure and adhesion.c. **Include functional additives**: To tailor the properties of the deposited material, various functional additives can be incorporated into the electrolyte. These may include surfactants for modifying surface energy and controlling particle size, complexing agents for adjusting ion speciation, or inhibitors for suppressing unwanted reactions or impurity incorporation.2. **Electrode Design: The Interface of Electrochemistry and Deposition**The design and preparation of the substrate electrode significantly impactthe quality and standard of the deposited film. Key considerations include:a. **Substrate material**: The substrate material should possess adequate electrical conductivity, chemical compatibility with the electrolyte, and mechanical stability during the deposition process. Moreover, its surface chemistry and roughness can influence nucleation and adhesion of the deposited layer.b. **Surface pre-treatment**: Prior to deposition, the substrate surface may require cleaning, polishing, or activation treatments to remove contaminants, create a defined surface topography, or induce specific surface chemistries that promote nucleation and adhesion.c. **Electrode geometry**: The electrode geometry, including shape, size, and arrangement, can affect mass transport, current distribution, and the development of local electric fields, which in turn influence deposition uniformity, thickness control, and defect formation.3. **Process Parameters: The Fine-Tuning Elements**Optimizing process parameters is crucial for achieving high-quality and high-standard electrochemical deposition. Key parameters include:a. **Applied voltage or current**: The magnitude and mode (direct current, pulsed current, alternating current) of the applied electrical field govern the kinetics of ion reduction/oxidation, deposition rate, and energy input into the system. Careful control is essential for achieving desired film thickness, composition, and microstructure.b. **Temperature**: Temperature influences electrolyte conductivity, reaction kinetics, and mass transport. It can be used to modulate deposition rate, phase formation, and stress development in the deposited film.c. **Deposition time**: The duration of the deposition process determines the overall thickness of the film and can influence the evolution of microstructure and properties. Balancing deposition time with other parameters ensures efficient use of resources while maintaining desired film characteristics.4. **Post-Deposition Treatments: Enhancing and Preserving Deposit Quality**Post-deposition treatments are often employed to further refine the properties of the electrochemically deposited material or to ensure its long-term stability. Some common treatments include:a. **Annealing**: Thermal annealing can be used to homogenize the microstructure, relieve residual stresses, improve crystallinity, or induce phase transformations, thereby enhancing the mechanical, electrical, or optical properties of the deposited film.b. **Chemical or electrochemical passivation**: Surface passivation treatments can be applied to increase corrosion resistance, reduce surface roughness, or modify surface chemistry for improved adhesion or functionality in subsequent processing steps.c. **Mechanical or chemical polishing**: Polishing techniques can be employed to achieve a desired surface finish, remove defects, or control the thickness of the deposited layer with high precision.In conclusion, achieving high-quality and high-standard electrochemical deposition requires a holistic approach that encompasses careful selection of electrolyte systems, meticulous design of electrode substrates, optimization of process parameters, and strategic implementation of post-deposition treatments. Each of these aspects is interconnected and contributes uniquely to the overall performance and reliability of the deposited material. By systematically considering and fine-tuning these factors, researchers and engineers can harness the full potential of electrochemical deposition for the synthesis of advanced functional coatings, thin films, and nanostructured materials with tailored properties and exceptional performance.。
氢氧化铝的表面改性及其在硅橡胶涂料中的应用
2. 3 改性温度对改性效果的影响
不同改性温度对复合材料性能的影响如表 3所示 。
表 3 改性温度对复合材料的性能影响 Table 3 Influence of testing tem pera ture on capab ility of
com pound ma ter ia l
改性 温度 / ℃
关键词 :氢氧化铝 ;表面改性 ;硅橡胶涂料 ;电气性能 中图分类号 : TQ 63014 + 9 文献标识码 : A 文章编号 : 0253 - 4312 (2007) 02 - 0039 - 03
Surface M od if ica tion of A lum inum Hydrox ide Its Applica tion in S ilicone Rubber Ba sed Coa tings
性能
试验
体系 耐电弧 体积电阻 相容性 性 / s 率 / (Ω ·m )
电气强度 / (MV ·m - 1 )
未改性
差
156
615 ×1013
15
加硅烷 偶联剂
较好
225
718 ×1015
23
加钛酸酯 偶联剂
好
238
912 ×1015
28
由表 1可知 ,当选用某单烷氧基焦磷酸型钛酸酯偶联剂 作为改性剂时 ,复合材料具有较好的相容性和电气性能 ,主要 是因为单烷氧基可与氢氧化铝表面的羟基反应 ,同时焦磷酸 酯基还可分解产生磷酸酯基 ,结合部分羟基 ,氢氧化铝表面的 极性基团被改性剂的有机基团取代 ,大大提高了氢氧化铝与
0 引 言
电力设备外绝缘表面在运行过程中会逐渐积污 ,污层受 潮后 ,其中的电介质溶解 ,使污层中的表面电导率增大 ,漏电 电流增加 ,由此产生电弧效应 ,当电弧长度达到临界值时 ,绝 缘表面将发生闪络事故 。硅橡胶涂料是涂覆在电力设备外绝 缘表面的一种憎水防污闪材料 ,其主要功能是提高电力输变 电设备外绝缘结构的抗污闪电压 。
小学上册第十一次英语第三单元寒假试卷
小学上册英语第三单元寒假试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1. A _______ is a chemical that can change the color of indicators.2.The chemical symbol for europium is ______.3.Which fruit is yellow and curved?A. AppleB. BananaC. PearD. OrangeB4.I like to build ______ (模型) of famous buildings with my friends.5.I believe that sharing our talents can inspire others to __________.6.What is the primary color of the ocean?A. BlueB. GreenC. BrownD. YellowA7.What is the capital of Malawi?A. LilongweB. BlantyreC. MzuzuD. ZombaA8.What do we call the area of land that is used for growing crops?A. FarmlandB. Agricultural landC. Crop landD. All of the aboveD All of the above9.Which country is known for tulips?A. FranceB. NetherlandsC. ItalyD. Spain10.The ________ (农业生态影响) shapes practices.11.She is _______ (laughing) at a funny joke.12.We go to the ________ (park) on weekends.13.What is the capital of Honduras?A. TegucigalpaB. San Pedro SulaC. La CeibaD. CholutecaA14.They are ___ (running/walking) in the race.15.The ______ is a talented vocalist.16.aring a _______ (漂亮的裙子). She is w17.I love to eat ___. (fruits)18.zero emission) goal seeks to eliminate pollution sources. The ____19.The _____ (植物健康) is vital for sustainable agriculture.20.They are _______ (去) to the beach this weekend.21.My favorite book is _______ (傲慢与偏见)。
临沂市第十三届自然科学优秀学术成果奖评选结果公示
临沂市第十三届自然科学优秀学术成果奖评选结果公示
根据《临沂市自然科学优秀学术成果奖评审与管理办法》，中共临沂市委组织部，临沂市人力资源和社会保障局，临沂市财政局，临沂市科协组织开展了临沂市第十三届自然科学优秀学术成果奖评选。
评选范围是2012年1月至2014年3月期间在正式学术刊物上发表或在学术会议上交流的学术成果，考察论证或调研报告，科技建议和正式出版的学术专著等。
按照评选标准和优中选优并兼顾学科分布的原则，经推荐单位初评，领导小组办公室初审，临沂市第十三届自然科学优秀学术成果奖评审委员会评审，评出一等奖88篇，二等奖118篇，三等奖232篇。
现予以公示，详情请登录临沂市科协网站（）查看。
如有异议，请于刊登之日起7日（8月5日—11日）内将意见反馈市自然科学优秀学术成果评选领导小组办公室（地址：临沂市科协，联系人：韩成峰，联系电话：8727781，邮政编码：276001）。
临沂市自然科学优秀学术成果奖
评选领导小组办公室
2014年8月5日
临沂市第十三届自然科学优秀学术成果奖
一等奖（88项）
二等奖（118项）
Bis[2--pyridyl)–4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide-
三等奖（232项）
21
22。
钛内植物表面纳米银超疏水抗菌涂层的构建和评估
疏水表面，扫描电镜（SEM）、X 线衍射（XRD）、接触角仪（CA）等方法 分析表面特征及浸润性，评估超疏水涂层对细菌粘附作用。 2. 脉冲电沉积法制备载纳米银/TiO2 纳米管涂层，SEM、X 射线能谱（XPS） 等离子质谱仪（ICPMS）等评估表面特征及载银释放，并评估抗菌性能及 生物相容性。 3. 在载纳米银/TiO2 纳米管表面修饰 PETS 制备超疏水涂层，评估对细菌粘附 的抑制作用及杀灭粘附细菌能力。通过 ICPMS 评估超疏水对载银突释抑制 作用及对释放规律影响。通过动物试验，探讨纳米银超疏水涂层的抗菌效能。 结果
2
解放军医学院博士学位论文
The Antibacterial properties of Super-hydrophobic
Nano-Ag/TiO2 nanotubes of Ti implant
Abstract
Background Bacterial adhesion on the material surface is the key factor of implant-related infection. Therefore, the most important strategy against implant infection is to construct an antibacterial coating. Super-hydrophobic surface can inhibit bacterial adhesion but does not have anti-bacterial effect. Nano-silver is characterized by broad antibacterial spectrum, good thermostability and biosafety. But the silver-coating prepared by conventional method suffers from the weakness such as fast release and antibacterial activity in a very short period. Objective Firstly, we intend to investigate the ability of TiO2 nanotubes as the carrier for nano-silver and its prolonged antibacterial activity. Secondly, we intend to investigate the feasibility of surface modification of nanosilver-loaded TiO2 nanotubes for super-hydrophobicity and its antibacterial ability. Thirdly, we intend to investigate the influence of super-hydrophobic modification on silver release. Methods 1. TiO2 nanotubes were prepared by electrochemical anodic oxidation method, and the material characteristics were analyzed through SEM, EDS and XRD. The super-hydrophobic surface was prepared through surface modification with PETS. 2．Silver-loaded TiO2 nanotubes were prepared by pulse electrodeposition method. The physicochemical properties and silver release were evaluated through SEM, TEM, XPS, and ICPMS etc. The antibacterial activity, biocompatibility, and blood compatibility of silver-loaded TiO2 nanotubes were evaluated. 3. The super-hydrophobic surface was prepared through surface modification of silver-loaded TiO2 nanotubes with PETS. The silver release was evaluated through ICPMS. The antibacterial activity of super-hydrophobic Nano-Ag/TiO2 nanotubes
表面修饰纳米二氧化硅及其与聚合物的作用
万方数据 万方数据第ｌｏ期束华东等表面修饰纳米二氧化硅及其与聚合物的作用条件，如一ＣＯＯＨ、一ＮｃＯ和一ＣＨｃＨ：０等，以保证修饰的稳定性。
Ｔａｎｇ等ｍ１和Ｄｉｎｇ等汹１在各自的工作中都用油酸修饰纳米ＳｉＯ：，修饰剂以稳定的化学键与纳米颗粒连接，同时油酸上带有的Ｃ—Ｃ又为ＳｉＯ：提供了表面功能化的基团。
此外，乙烯基吡啶协１、丙烯基缩水甘油醚ｍ１和对乙烯基苯磺酰肼Ⅲ１等用作纳米ｓｊ０２表面修饰剂的工作都有报道。
在我们以前的工作中，用六甲基二硅氮烷作为修饰剂合成了具有超强疏水性能的可分散型纳米ＳｉＯ：颗粒，涂层与水的接触角可达１７００，同时在有机溶剂中有良好的分散性，分散在ｃｏ，中溶液的透光率可达９７％以上旧Ｊ。
还有用乙二胺和硬脂酸对纳米ＳｉＯ：颗粒表面双重修饰，这是一种以离子键连接表面修饰剂和纳米颗粒的修饰方式，产物的粒径在２０ｎｍ左右ｍｏ。
此外，我们还利用不同的硅烷偶联剂合成了表面带有不同官能团的可反应性纳米ＳｉＯ，颗粒ｂ“。
目前，我们所开发的上述产品已经在本单位的纳米材料工程技术研究中心实现了规模化生产。
图３为生产的ＤＮＳ．２可分散型纳米ＳｉＯ，的透射电镜形貌，从图中可以看出纳米ＳｉＯ，颗粒粒径均匀，平均约２０ｎｍ，分散优良，以链状或网状存在。
图３ＤＮＳ－２可分散型纳米ｓｉ０２的ＴＥＭ形貌Ｆｉｇ．３ＴＥＭｉｍａｇｅｏｆｔｈｅｄｉｓｐｅｒｓｉｂｌｅｎｌｌｌｌＯ—Ｓｉ０２２纳米ＳｉＯ：颗粒与聚合物基体的作用方式及其对材料性能的影响聚合物／ＳｉＯ：纳米复合材料能有效地综合利用纳米ｓｉ０２和聚合物材料的各项优越性能，使材料的功能多样化，性能优越化。
纳米ＳｉＯ，与聚合物基体的复合方法主要包括：机械共混法、熔融共混法、溶胶．凝胶法和原位分散聚合法等。
不同的复合方法各有其优点，适用于不同的材料，对纳米颗粒和基体材料的作用方式也有着不同的影响。
在聚合物／ＳｉＯ：纳米复合材料中，纳米颗粒与聚合物基体间作用力的形式和大小对材料的性能会产生较大的影响，提高二者间的作用力是提升材料性能的主要手段。
变位系数与螺旋角对斜齿轮动态啮合特性的影响
变位系数与螺旋角对斜齿轮动态啮合特性的影响吕瑞杰打韩炬2，杨再远2(1.滦州吉宏包装有限公司，河北唐山0637002华北理工大学机械工程学院，河北唐山063210)摘要：为深入分析斜齿轮传动的动态啮合特性，构建了斜齿轮啮合副的柔性动力学模型，应用多体动力学方法对啮合副动态特性进行了仿真分析，采用单因素法研究了不同负载、不同变位系数及不同螺旋角对斜齿轮传动的动态传动误差、轮齿最大受力、轮齿最大滑动速度的影响。
研究表明，变位系数对传动误差、轮齿最大受力及最大滑动速度的影响相关性一致;螺旋角对传动误差、轮齿最大受力的影响相关性相同，但不同于螺旋角对最大滑动速度的影响。
关键词：斜齿轮传动；动态啮合特性；多体动力学；变位系数;螺旋角中图分类号:TH132.41文献标志码:A文章编号：1002-2333(2021)05-0145-05 Influence of Modification Coefficient and Helix Angle on Dynamic Meshing Characteristics of Helical GearsLYU Ruijie1,HAN Ju2,YANG Zaiyuan2(1.Luanzhou Jihong Packaging Co.,Ltd.,Tangshan063700,China;2.School of Mechanical Engineering,North China University of Science and Technology,Tangshan063210,China)Abstract：In order to analyze the dynamic meshing characteristics of helical gear transmission,a flexible dynamic model of the helical gear meshing pair is built,and the dynamic characteristics of the meshing pair are simulated and analyzed by the multi-body dynamics method.The single factor method is used to study the influence of different loads,different modification coefficients and different helix angles on the dynamic transmission error of helical gear transmission,the maximum force on the gear teeth,and the maximum sliding speed of the gear teeth.The research results show that the influence of the displacement coefficient on the transmission error,the maximum force of the gear teeth and the maximum sliding speed are consistent.The helix angle has the same correlation to the influence of the transmission error and the maximum force on the gear teeth,but it is different from the effect of the helix angle on the maximum sliding speed. Keywords：helical gear transmission;dynamic meshing characteristics;multi-body dynamics;modification coefficient; helix angle0引言齿轮传动的动态啮合性能对传动系统的振动、噪声、传递效率及传动平稳性等有重要影响，因此，对其深入研究是提高传动系统性能的关键。
临沂市第十三届自然科学优秀学术成果奖评选结果公示
临沂市第十三届自然科学优秀学术成果奖评选结果公示
根据《临沂市自然科学优秀学术成果奖评审与管理办法》，中共临沂市委组织部，临沂市人力资源和社会保障局，临沂市财政局，临沂市科协组织开展了临沂市第十三届自然科学优秀学术成果奖评选。
评选范围是2012年1月至2014年3月期间在正式学术刊物上发表或在学术会议上交流的学术成果，考察论证或调研报告，科技建议和正式出版的学术专著等。
按照评选标准和优中选优并兼顾学科分布的原则，经推荐单位初评，领导小组办公室初审，临沂市第十三届自然科学优秀学术成果奖评审委员会评审，评出一等奖88篇，二等奖118篇，三等奖232篇。
现予以公示，详情请登录临沂市科协网站（）查看。
如有异议，请于刊登之日起7日（8月5日—11日）内将意见反馈市自然科学优秀学术成果评选领导小组办公室（地址：临沂市科协，联系人：韩成峰，联系电话：8727781，邮政编码：276001）。
临沂市自然科学优秀学术成果奖
评选领导小组办公室
2014年8月5日
临沂市第十三届自然科学优秀学术成果奖
一等奖（88项）
二等奖（118项）
Bis[2--pyridyl)–4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide- 2O,N]tris(nitrato-
三等奖（232项）
21。
苯乙烯_丙烯酸正丁酯_丙烯酸共聚微球的制备及其性能表征-无皂、自组装、2008
苯乙烯 丙烯酸正丁酯 丙烯酸共聚微球的制备及其性能表征谢桃华 蓝鼎 王育人* 姚灿 马文杰(中国科学院力学研究所国家微重力实验室 北京 100080)摘 要 通过乳液聚合法和无皂乳液聚合法制备了苯乙烯 丙烯酸正丁酯 丙烯酸共聚微球。
讨论了乳化剂用量、引发剂用量、功能单体、软硬单体用量比等对微球粒径和形态的影响。
利用扫描电子显微镜(SE M)、傅立叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)对微球的粒径、形貌和表面基团进行分析。
红外光谱表明,实验室所制备的苯乙烯 丙烯酸正丁酯 丙烯酸共聚微球表面存在丰富的羧基。
利用竖片生长法得到自组装的多层胶体微球薄膜。
通过对薄膜的反射光谱测量,发现随着湿度的增加,峰位会产生3nm左右的红移。
关键词 高分子微球 乳液聚合 表面改性 红外光谱Preparation and C haracterization of Poly(styrene n butylacrylate acrylic acid)MicrospheresXie Taohua,Lan Ding,Wang Yuren*,Yao Can,Ma Wenjie(National Microgravity Laboratory,Institute of Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing100080)Abstract In the paper,poly(styrene n butyl acrylate acrylic acid)microspheres were prepared by the emulsion polymerization and the soap free emulsion polymerization.The influence of emulsifier content、initiator content、functionalmonomer and the content ratio of soft and hard monomers on the microspheres radius and conformation were discussed.The radius、morphology and surface groups of the microspheres were analyzed by means of SEM and FTIR.The microsphereswere assembled into compact colloidal crystal films by vertical growth method.The reflectance spectra of the film(280nm)under30%and90%humidi ty were measured respectively,and it was found that there were about3nm red shift of the wavelength of the peak with the increase of the humidity.Keywords Polymer microspheres,Emulsion polymerization,Surface modification,IR高分子微球的合成与研究,是高分子科学中的一个重要研究领域。
NaA型纳米沸石分子筛的研究进展
NaA型纳米沸石分子筛的研究进展段维维;王薇【摘要】介绍NaA型纳米沸石分子筛的结构、水热晶化制备方法以及制备影响因素,包括原料摩尔比、反应温度和焙烧温度对NaA型纳米沸石成型的影响,并简要介绍了NaA型纳米沸石的应用进展.%The structure, and preparation method and preparation influencing factors of NaA nano-zeolite molecular, including mole ratio of raw materials, reaction temperature and calcination temperature, are introduced.The application progress of NaA nano-zeolite are reviewed.【期刊名称】《天津工业大学学报》【年(卷),期】2013(032)002【总页数】4页(P69-72)【关键词】NaA型沸石分子筛;制备;催化;吸附剂【作者】段维维;王薇【作者单位】天津工业大学中空纤维膜材料与膜过程省部共建国家重点实验室培育基地,天津300387;天津工业大学天津膜天膜工程技术有限公司,天津300160【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TQ424.25反渗透技术的核心在于一个高选择性、高通量的反渗透复合膜，在保证高截留率的同时，高通量反渗透复合膜是现代工业应用之需[1].目前，反渗透膜的改良方法主要集中在新的反应单体开发、膜表面改性及在两相中采用添加剂等方法，但不能从根本上达到要求[2-4].2007年Hoek团队[5]首次提出将纳米级颗粒通过界面聚合方法均匀地填充到聚酰胺复合反渗透膜中，由于纳米沸石分子筛的超亲水性、带负电荷的三维结构等特点，为水分子的渗透提供了优先的渠道，因此在不影响截留率的同时提高了水的通量.在此基础上，Hoek等[5]发现填充的沸石粒径越小越有利于提高截留率.Kim等[6-7]将纳米分子筛填充到复合膜中，提高了TFC膜抗生物污染的特性.由于纳米沸石分子筛具有独特的孔道结构和较好的亲水性，成为反渗透膜中较理想的无机添加剂.由于其特殊的优点，无机颗粒填充界面聚合反渗透的研究也成为改进反渗透膜性能的研究热点之一 [5，8-13].本文概述了NaA型纳米沸石分子筛的制备方法和应用领域.1 NaA型沸石分子筛的结构A型沸石分子筛是具有立方晶格的硅铝酸盐化合物，由硅氧四面体和铝氧四面体构成三维网络[14]，在结构中有很多孔径均匀的孔道和排列整齐、比表面积较大的孔穴.这些孔穴能把比孔道直径小的分子吸附到内部中来，而把比孔道直径大的分子排斥在外，对性质不同的分子起到了筛分的作用，故称分子筛.其化学通式为:式中:Mx/n为阳离子，保持晶体的电中性；M表示其价态数；（AlO2）x·（SiO2）y 为沸石晶体的骨架，具有不同形状的孔和孔道；x为AlO2分子数；y为SiO2分子数；z为吸附的水分子数目.分子筛的微观空间结构主要由笼构成，笼分为α笼、β笼和γ笼等.α笼是A型分子筛的主要孔穴，α、β笼是构成A型分子筛的主要骨架，A型分子筛的微观形状类似削顶的正八面体，只允许NH3、H2O等尺寸较小的分子进入，如图1所示.A型分子筛由于化学元素组成和孔径的不同，可分为3种类型，如表1所示.表1 3种A型分子筛的化学性质Tab.1 Chemical property of 3 kinds of nanozeolite类型名称化学式钾型分子筛2/3K2O·1/3Na2O·Al2O3·2SiO2·9/2H2O 0.3 气体液体干燥钠型分子筛Na2O·Al2O3·2SiO2·9/2H2O 0.4 气体液体干燥、提纯钙型分子筛3/4CaO·1/4Na2O·Al2O3·2SiO2·9/2H2O 0.5 气体干燥剂孔径/nm 应用2 NaA型沸石分子筛的制备2.1 制备原理水热晶化法[15]是合成沸石分子筛的常规方法，晶化出分子筛可表示为 R2O－Al2O3－SiO2－H2O.沸石分子筛的晶化过程[16－20]十分复杂，原理可以粗略概述为:将原料按比例搅拌混合至均匀后，铝酸根和硅酸根发生一定程度的聚合反应，形成硅铝酸盐初始凝胶；在某种恒温下，初始凝胶发生重排，并形成特定的结构单元，进一步围绕着模板分子构成多面体，形成晶核后，再逐渐成长为分子筛晶体；反应凝胶多为四元组分体系.水热晶化法主要分为添加有机胺模板剂和不添加模板剂2种方法.反应式为:2.2 无有机添加剂的制备方法水玻璃法是制备沸石分子筛的基本方法，原料主要有纯度较高的石英（硅石）和铝.首先，石英与纯碱作用生成水玻璃，铝与烧碱作用产生偏铝酸钠，然后使水玻璃与偏铝酸钠作用转化为合成沸石.2008年，Sahand科技大学Bayati[21]团队在没有使用模板剂的情况下，向铝源已溶解的溶液中滴加硅源，再进行水热晶化[22－24]，通过对化学元素摩尔比、反应时间和温度的控制，最终制备出粒径在50 nm 以内的NaA型分子筛.2.3 添加有机添加剂的制备方法20世纪60年代初，有机添加剂（模板剂）如四烷基铵盐第一次被引入合成凝胶，模板剂的引入至少存在2个方面的潜在效果:①在相同的反应体系中，由于模板剂的引入，可提高合成沸石的Si/Al值.②合成完全新型的沸石，如用四乙基铵或四丙基铵阳离子作模板剂合成出了β—沸石和ZSM—5沸石等[25].利用以上方法，按一定比例配入Na2O、Al2O3、SiO2和H2O，在控制其他反应条件的情况下，可制备NaA型无机纳米颗粒.2006年，大连理工大学杨国辉[25]利用有机胺（TMAOH）为模板剂，采用分步法，先将铝源和硅源溶解，再混合晶化制备出100 nm左右的NaA型沸石晶体，并用于沸石膜的制备.2011年，浙江大学瞿新营等[26]利用同样的制备原理，采用聚乙烯醇溶液作为分散剂，制备出粒径较均匀的NaA型沸石分子筛，粒径为70～80 nm，由于其较强的亲水性，制备出的聚酰胺复合反渗透膜的截留率和通量均有提高.2.4 制备NaA型沸石分子筛的影响因素（1）化学组分摩尔比的影响.制备NaA型分子筛的原料比例直接影响着纳米级沸石颗粒的合成结果.2006年，杨国辉[25]在研究纳米级沸石合成影响因素时，考虑到了钠离子对NaA分子筛合成的影响.利用（2.5－x）（TMA）2O ∶xNa2O ∶A12O3∶3.4SiO2∶370H2O 函数式，发现Na2O/Al2O3的摩尔比在0.2～0.5之间时，NaA分子筛的产率最高；Na2O/Al2O3的摩尔比低于0.2时，产物为NaA和NaY的混合物.2008年，Bayati等[21]在反应时间和温度一定的情况下，发现如果摩尔比Na2O/Al2O3≥50则合成方钠石分子筛；但在SiO2∶Al2O3∶Na2O的摩尔比为2∶1∶3时，随着反应时间、温度的不同，均可制备出粒径在25～40 nm的NaA型沸石颗粒.（2）反应温度影响.晶化反应的反应温度也会影响沸石分子筛颗粒的形成，对沸石颗粒的粒径有一定影响.2008年，Bayati等[21]在反应物化学组分一定的情况下，研究了反应温度对产物的影响，发现反应温度对合成NaA型分子筛的粒径和构型有一定的影响，随着晶化反应温度的增加产物的粒径显著增长.（3）焙烧温度的影响.模板剂起到结构导向的作用，硅铝酸盐初始凝胶围绕着模板剂构成多面体，由晶核逐渐生长成分子筛.因此高温焙烧分子筛，脱去分子筛中的模板剂，是孔道形成的关键.2006年杨国辉[25]确定了合适的NaA纳米分子筛焙烧温度，热重分析结果表明在425℃区域可使分子筛笼内的模板剂分解，使得沸石分子筛内的孔道均匀分布.3 NaA型分子筛的应用NaA型沸石分子筛的应用主要有3个方面.3.1 NaA型分子筛作为制膜添加剂通过界面聚合制备聚酰胺反渗透复合膜，往往是采用无机酸或有机添加剂的方法来改变膜的性能，但成效不显著，并会导致截留率的下降.纳米沸石分子筛因其独特的孔道结构和较好的亲水性，为反渗透膜提供了选择性水分子通道，成为较理想的无机添加剂.2011年浙江大学瞿新营等[26]在界面聚合反应过程中添加NaA型纳米沸石分子筛，制备了沸石/聚酰胺反渗透复合膜，发现将无机沸石颗粒添加在油相中，沸石可以均匀地贯穿于聚酰胺膜层中，分散较均匀，膜结构较均一，膜截留率维持在98%以上，而通量可提高1倍；将所制备的NaA沸石浸泡在酰氯中，并进行红外光谱分析，谱图中的局部特征峰说明沸石可以通过表面羟基与油相中的酰氯发生酯化反应，由此可知将沸石添加进有机相当中，有利于进一步产生含沸石的聚酰胺膜层，形成均匀致密的膜，这也是提高通量的根本原因.Tawfik等[27]以同样方法制备反渗透聚酰胺复合膜，在不影响截留率的前提下提高了通量；由于纳米级颗粒的添加改变了聚酰胺层的交联方式，增加了膜表面的羟基，因此为水分子渗透提供了更多通道，并使膜具备了亲水性和抗污染性.3.2 NaA型沸石分子筛作为助洗剂在早期的合成洗剂中，为了增加清洗作用，常用三聚磷酸钠（STPP）作助洗剂，由于其工业生产方便、助洗效果好，迅速得到了推广.但是，加有STPP的合成洗涤剂在洗涤后排放的废液中残留相当数量的磷，污染了水质环境.NaA型沸石具有较强的表面活性剂吸附特性，并且生产原料充足、合成工艺简单、成本低廉、不会对环境造成危害.因此，NaA型沸石分子筛作为助洗剂在洗涤剂中得到广泛的应用.日本花王肥皂公司在洗涤剂中一般加入12%～14%（质量分数）的合成沸石来代替三聚磷酸钠（STPP）作助洗剂.3.3 NaA型沸石分子筛作为吸附剂在工业上，孔隙率高且通常用于气体或蒸气混合物分离的吸附剂主要有沸石分子筛、活性炭、活性粘土、硅胶及活性氧化铝.沸石分子筛以其规整的晶体结构、均匀一致的孔分布和可调变的表面性质在吸附分离领域得到广泛应用.Zeng等[28－30]在碳管中添加2%（质量分数）NaA型沸石分子筛制备碳膜，提高了膜对CO2/N2和O2/N2气体的高分离性；随着环境温度的升高，H2和N2的扩散量也随之增加，表明NaA型沸石碳膜对气体具有高选择性扩散机能.4 结束语水热合成方法是目前各研究领域最常用的用来合成NaA型纳米沸石分子筛的方法，其反应因素的改变会影响NaA型纳米沸石分子筛的粒径、微观结构及产物纯度.研究表明:反应物摩尔比、反应时间温度、反应后焙烧温度都会对晶化反应起到一定作用.纳米沸石分子筛因其独特的孔道结构和较好的亲水性，为反渗透膜提供了选择性水分子通道，成为较理想的无机添加剂，经其改性后的反渗透聚酰胺膜的截留率和水通量均有所提高.NaA型沸石分子筛的应用较为环保，合成粒径较小的NaA 型沸石分子筛将是未来的重点研究方向.参考文献:【相关文献】[1]ROH I J，KHAREK V P.Investigation of the specific role of chemical structure on the material and permeation properties of ultrathin aromatic polyamides[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry，2002，12:2334－2338.[2]KANG Guodong，LIU Ming，LIN Bin，et al.A novel method 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铌元素改性V2O5-WO3
DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(21)60177-9铌元素改性V 2O 5-WO 3/TiO 2催化剂降低脱硝过程 SO 2 的氧化率王 博1，边 瑶1，封 硕1，王少奇1，沈伯雄1,2,*（1. 河北工业大学 能源与环境工程学院, 天津市清洁能源利用与污染物控制重点实验室, 天津 300401；2. 河北工业大学 化工学院, 天津 300401）摘 要：本文采用浸渍法制备了Nb 改性的V 2O 5-WO 3/TiO 2催化剂，研究了脱硝反应中Nb 负载量对催化剂SO 2氧化活性的影响。
结果表明，在350 °C 下，Nb 2O 5负载量为2%的Nb 2O 5-V 2O 5-WO 3/TiO 2催化剂上的SO 2氧化率最低（0.6%），而同时NO x 的转化率仍能达到95%。
采用TGA 、氮吸附、XRD 、H 2-TPR 、CO 2-TPD 、XPS 和in- situ DRIFTS 等对催化剂进行了表征分析，结果显示，Nb 改性后V 2O 5-WO 3/TiO 2催化剂的晶体结构没有发生明显改变，但是其比表面积小幅度下降，有助于减少对SO 2的吸附；同时，改性后催化剂表面的吸附氧含量下降，氧化还原性能也稍微减弱，这有利于降低其对SO 2的氧化活性。
in-situ DRIFTS 结果表明，Nb 改性后的Nb-V 2O 5-WO 3/TiO 2催化剂反应过程中表面中间产物VOSO 4的含量明显下降，从而减少了SO 3的生成量。
关键词：SO 2氧化；Nb 改性；V 2O 5-WO 3/TiO 2催化剂；NH 3-SCR 脱硝中图分类号： X51;TQ42 文献标识码： AModification of the V 2O 5-WO 3/TiO 2 catalyst with Nb to reduce its activityfor SO 2 oxidation during the selective catalytic reduction of NO xWANG Bo 1，BIAN Yao 1，FENG Shuo 1，WANG Shao-qi 1，SHEN Bo-xiong1,2,*（1. College of Energy and Environmental Engineering , Hebei University of Technology , Key Laboratory of Clean EnergyUtilization and Pollutant Control in Tianjin , Tianjin 300401, China ；2. College of chemical engineering , Hebei University of Technology , Tianjin 300401, China ）Abstract: A series of Nb-modified V 2O 5-WO 3/TiO 2 catalysts were prepared by the impregnation method and the effect of Nb loading on their SO 2 oxidation activity during the selective catalytic reduction of NO x was investigated.The results indicate that the Nb 2O 5-V 2O 5-WO 3/TiO 2 catalyst with a Nb 2O 5 loading of 2% exhibits the lowest SO 2conversion of 0.6% for oxidation at 350 °C, whereas the conversion of NO x is still above 95%. The catalysts were characterized by TGA, BET, XRD, H 2-TPR, CO 2-TPD, XPS and in-situ DRIFTS. The results illustrate that the influence of Nb modification on the crystal structure of V 2O 5-WO 3/TiO 2 catalyst is rather insignificant; however, the surface area of the Nb 2O 5-V 2O 5-WO 3/TiO 2 catalyst decreases slightly after the modification with Nb, conducing to a decrease of SO 2 adsorption on the catalyst. Meanwhile, the content of oxygen adsorbed on the catalyst surface decreases considerably upon the Nb modification, suggesting a weakened redox performance, which is beneficial to reducing the oxidation of SO 2. The in-situ DRIFTS results illustrate that the content of the intermediate VOSO 4product on the catalyst surface decreases over the Nb-modified Nb 2O 5-V 2O 5-WO 3/TiO 2 catalyst, leading to a decrease of SO 3 production.Key words: SO 2 oxidation ；Nb modification ；V 2O 5-WO 3/TiO 2；removal of NO x by NH 3-SCR烟气中的SO 3主要来源于SO 2与氧气在高温下的直接氧化以及SCR 脱硝催化剂的催化氧化[1]。
小学下册T卷英语第五单元测验试卷(有答案)
小学下册英语第五单元测验试卷(有答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.Her _____ (音乐盒) plays a lovely tune.2.The first successful vaccine was developed for ________ (天花).3.My sister is a ______. She enjoys sewing.4.The concept of a multiverse suggests there may be multiple ______.5.The fish has tiny ______ (鳍) for swimming.6.Glass is an example of a(n) _______ material.7.We have a picnic in the ________.8. A _______ is a common houseplant.9.My friend is a ______. He loves to swim.10.The movie starts at ________.11.What do we call the act of exchanging goods and services?A. TradeB. CommerceC. BarterD. All of the above答案: D12.The tree has ______ leaves. (green)13. A ______ (温暖的天气) encourages plant growth.14.The ______ helps us learn about historical figures.15. A tortoise can live for over a ________________ (百年).16.The _____ (tree/house) is tall.17.How many seasons are there in a year?A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 5答案:C18.What is the term for the process of plants making their own food using sunlight?A. RespirationB. PhotosynthesisC. GerminationD. Pollination答案: B19.Saturn's rings are believed to be remnants of a destroyed ______.20. A ________ (热带植物园) showcases exotic species.21.My favorite place to go shopping is _______ (商场).22.My brother is a member of the ____ (robotics) club.23. A chemical reaction that absorbs heat is called ______.24.The ________ (文化遗产) is valuable to preserve.25.What do you call a person who writes plays?A. PlaywrightB. AuthorC. ScreenwriterD. Novelist答案:A26.My favorite game is ______ (Scrabble).27.We enjoy _____ (hiking) in the fall.28.The deer runs fast in the _______ (鹿在_______中跑得很快).29.I like to play ________ with my friends.30. A _______ (小蜥蜴) can change color to blend in.31.My friend is a ______. He enjoys sports.32.I have a toy ________ that can roll.33.My favorite actress is _______ (名字). 她的表演很 _______ (形容词).34.The _______ (Roman Empire) expanded across Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East.35.The ancient Romans established one of the first ________ (共和国).36.Daisy and lily are examples of ______ (花卉).37. A _______ is used to measure the amount of energy used in a circuit.38.Ceres is the largest object in the asteroid ______.39.What is the name of the famous American holiday celebrated on the fourth Thursday in November?A. ChristmasB. ThanksgivingC. New Year's DayD. Independence Day答案:B40.The wind is ___ (strong/light).41.What do we call the time when the sun rises?A. SunsetB. MidnightC. DawnD. Noon答案: C. Dawn42.My cat likes to sleep on the _________ (沙发).43.The cake is very ___. (delicious)44.The __________ is a famous structure in India. (泰姬陵)45.What do we call a young female deer?A. CalfB. FawnC. KidD. Cub答案: B46.The rabbit has powerful _______ (后腿) for jumping.47.The _______ (Peasants’ Revolt) occurred in England in 1381.48.The dog is ___ (friendly/scary).49.The scientist, ______ (科学家), studies how plants grow.50.The apples are ________ in the basket.51.The squirrel gathers _________ (食物) for winter.52.What do we call the study of weather?A. MeteorologyB. BiologyC. ChemistryD. Geography答案:A53.My sister enjoys writing ____.54.The girl loves to ________.55.________ (果醋) is made from fruit.56. A ______ (植物的) study can be fun.57.The reaction of an acid with a metal produces ______ gas.58.My grandma enjoys making __________ (传统美食) for the family.59.The _______ (The Civil Rights Movement) sought to eliminate racial inequality.60.The __________ (历史的传递方式) influence understanding.61.What is 100 divided by 10?A. 5B. 10C. 15D. 20答案:B62.根据图片，写出单词。
医用镁合金微弧氧化
第52卷第12期表面技术2023年12月SURFACE TECHNOLOGY·315·医用镁合金微弧氧化/有机复合涂层的研究现状及演进方向冀盛亚a，常成b，常帅兵c，倪艳荣a，李承斌a（河南工学院 a.电缆工程学院 b.车辆与交通工程学院c.电气工程与自动化学院，河南 新乡 453003）摘要：医用镁及镁合金过快的降解速率严重缩短了其有效服役时间，过高的析氢速率引发局部炎症，束缚了其临床应用前景。
微弧氧化（MAO）/有机复合涂层良好的抑蚀降析性能，在医用镁及镁合金表面改性领域展现出巨大的应用潜力。
首先，从有机材料（植酸（PA）、壳聚糖（CS）、硬脂酸（SA）、多巴胺（DA）、聚乳酸-乙醇酸共聚物（PLGA）、聚乳酸（PLA）、聚已内酯（PCL））自身的组织及性能特征入手，分析了单一有机涂层提高镁及镁合金耐蚀性的作用机理，并指出单一涂层自身的性能弱点（单一MAO涂层微孔和裂纹的不可避免，单一有机涂层与镁合金结合强度低，易于剥落）限制了对镁合金降解保护效能。
其次，从结合强度、耐蚀性、多功能性（生物安全性、生物相容性、诱导再生性、抑菌抗菌性、载药缓释性等）的角度，详细阐述了各MAO/有机复合涂层的结构特点、优势特征。
在此基础上，明确指出以MAO/PCL （MAO/CS）复合涂层为基底涂层，通过PCL（CS）涂层与其他涂层的交叉组合，是实现医用镁合金植入材料的生物活性及多功能性的最佳路径。
最后，对镁合金MAO/有机复合涂层的演进方向进行了科学展望。
关键词：镁合金；微弧氧化；有机材料；复合涂层；演进方向中图分类号：TG174.4 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1001-3660(2023)12-0315-20DOI：10.16490/ki.issn.1001-3660.2023.12.026Research Status and Evolution Direction of Micro-arc Oxidation/Organic Composite Coating on Medical Magnesium Alloy SurfaceJI Sheng-ya a, CHANG Cheng b, CHANG Shuai-bing c, NI Yan-rong a, LI Cheng-bin a(a. School of Cable Engineering, b. School of Vehicle and Traffic Engineering, c. School of Electrical Engineering andAutomation, Henan Institute of Technology, Henan Xinxiang 453003, China)ABSTRACT: Good biosafety, biocompatibility and valuable self-degradation properties endow medical magnesium and magnesium alloys with great potential to replace inert implant materials in the field of traditional clinical applications.The excessive degradation rate of magnesium alloy, however, leads to its premature loss of structural integrity and mechanical support, being unable to complete the effective service time necessary for tissue healing of the implant site. At the same time, it is also its excessive degradation rate that leads to the intensification of hydrogen evolution reaction of收稿日期：2023-02-01；修订日期：2023-05-14Received：2023-02-01；Revised：2023-05-14基金项目：河南省科技攻关项目（222102310337，222102240104，232102241029）；博士科研资金（9001/KQ1846）Fund：Henan Province Science and Technology Research Project (222102310337, 222102240104, 232102241029); Doctoral Research Funding (9001/KQ1846)引文格式：冀盛亚, 常成, 常帅兵, 等. 医用镁合金微弧氧化/有机复合涂层的研究现状及演进方向[J]. 表面技术, 2023, 52(12): 315-334.JI Sheng-ya, CHANG Cheng, CHANG Shuai-bing, et al. Research Status and Evolution Direction of Micro-arc Oxidation/Organic Composite·316·表面技术 2023年12月magnesium alloy. Because it cannot be absorbed by the human body in a short time, the excessive H2 will easily gather around the implant or form a subcutaneous airbag, which will not only cause the inflammation of the implant site, but also hinder the adhesion and growth of cells in the implant, limiting its clinical application prospects. Surface modification technology can effectively delay the degradation rate of medical magnesium and magnesium alloys, and reduce the rate of hydrogen evolution.Firstly, starting from the structure and performance characteristics of organic materials (phytic acid (PA), chitosan (CS), stearic acid (SA), dopamine (DA), polylactic acid glycolic acid copolymer (PLGA), polylactic acid (PLA), and polycaprolactone (PCL)), the mechanism of improving the corrosion resistance of magnesium and magnesium alloys by a single organic coating was analyzed, and the performance weaknesses of a single coating were also pointed out: ①Micro arc oxidation (MAO) is an anodic oxidation process that generates a highly adhesive ceramic oxide coating on the surface of an alloy immersed in an electrolyte through high voltage (up to 300 V) spark discharge. The continuous high voltage discharge and the bubbles generated by the reaction bring about the inevitable occurrence of a large number of volcanic micropores and cracks in the coating. The diversity of discharge modes also gives rise to the unpredictable morphology of micropores and cracks. Therefore, the preparation of a single MAO coating on different alloy surfaces does not only require proper adjustment of MAO electrical parameters (current density, voltage, duty cycle, frequency, oxidation time) and the coupling effect of its electrolyte system to decrease (small) the pores and cracks on the MAO coating surface, but also increases the sealing process at the later stage. ② A single organic coating has a low bonding strength with magnesium alloy, being easy to flake off. These performance weaknesses limit the protection effect of a single coating on magnesium alloy degradation.Secondly, from the perspectives of bonding strength, corrosion resistance, and versatility (biosafety, biocompatibility, induced regeneration, antibacterial and antibacterial properties, drug loading and sustained-release properties, and so on), the structural characteristics and advantages of each MAO/organic composite coating were elaborated in detail. It has revealed that MAO/organic composite coating has an enormous application potentiality in the field of surface modification of medical magnesium and magnesium alloys, thanks to its good corrosion inhibition and degradation performance. On this basis, it is clearly pointed out that, in order to achieve the biological activity and versatility of medical magnesium alloy implant materials, the best way is to adopt the MAO/PCL (MAO/CS) composite coating as the base coating and make the cross combination of PCL (CS) coating and other coatings. Finally, the evolution direction of magnesium alloy MAO/organic composite coating is scientifically predicted.KEY WORDS: magnesium alloy; micro-arc oxidation; organic materials; composite coating; evolution direction作为人体所必须的营养元素，镁不但辅助600多种酶的合成(包括参与、维护DNA和RNA聚合酶的正确结构和活性)，而且改善胰岛素稳定和糖类正常代谢、舒张血管、降低冠心病、高血压及糖尿病的患病风险[1]。
英汉词典
接合座 自适应总线-digital data highway to which(almost) any number of inputs 地址-electronic code identifying each part of computer memory,each address bit or information unit being routed to different address adhesion 粘接 adhesive tape 粘胶带 adjacent to 邻近的 可调水平安定面-horizontal stabilizer of an airplane which may be adjustable stabilizer adjusted in flight to trim the airplane for hands-off mode in flight admittance 导纳-in AC circui,reciprocal of impedance advance drawing 图纸先行更改通知 change notice(ADCN) advanced 先进的-new sophisticated and typifying latest technology advanced switch 步进电门 adverse effect 不利影响；严重后果 advisory circular(AC) 咨询通报 advisory Message 咨询信息 aerodynamic 空气动力的 aerodynamic smoother 空气动力平滑胶 aeroelastic torsion 气动弹性扭曲 aeronautical 航空的 aerosol 烟雾，浮质-colloid of finely divided solid or liquid disperesed in aft looking forward 从后向前看 afterbody drag 后体阻力 afterburner 加力燃烧室 尾喷管喷火-sometimes called torching,a condition resulting from afterfiring unburrnt fuel being ignited in the exhaust nozzle age-hardening 时效，硬化 ageing=aging 时效处理 aging 老龄的 agent 试剂 aileron 付翼 aileron authority 付翼效能 付翼传动力限制器-electro-mechanical device for limiting the control aileron force limiter wheel movement by the autopilot during autopilot operation aileron programmer 付翼程序器-convert central lateral control actuator motion to control air bleed valve 放气活门 减速板；阻力板-a plate or series of plates that may be projected into air brake airport's slipstream to provide turbulence and drag to slow the air carrier 航空营运者-any company which provides commercial air transportation air conditioning 空调 空气循环机；涡轮冷却器-a compressor & turbine on a common shaft for air cycle machine cooling air in an air conditioning system 大气数据计算机-one which produces air data air data computer information(altitude,airspeed ect) based on pressure and temperature 中断飞行-a change from original flight plan due to a known or air interruption suspected malfunction&/ defect during flight air lock 气锁，气塞-a trapped pocket of air that blocks the flow of fluid 空气封严件；气密封圈；气封严-usually thin rotating or staionary rims air seal designed to act as air DAMS to reduce airflow leakage air ground 起落架位置传感器；空地传感器-an electrical device operated by the sensor landing gear for transmitting airport position for systems operation air tapping 抽气管座 空中返航-return of airplane to airplane of origin as a result of air turnback malfunction or suspected defect of any item on airplane airborne 空中飞行的；机载的
ART对灰铸铁试样摩擦表面自修复的研究
剂 直接 加人 润 滑油 中 ，进 行 浸油 润 滑 试 验 。实验 过 程 ｂＤ 中 ，灰铸 铁 试 样 卡 在试 验 机 的卡 盘 里 做 匀 速 转 动 ，而 咖
１
４５钢试 样 放 在 底 座 里 静 止 不 动 。共 进 行 试 验 １００ ｈ， 试 验过 程 中不定 期 对 试样 清洗 ，观 察 表 面 状 态变 化 并 强
参 考文 献 ：
［１］ 刘永强 ，张栋 ．ＡＲＴ对 ４５钢表面改性 的研究 ［Ｊ］．空军工程大学学报 ：自然科学版 ，２００８，９（Ｉ）：９２—９４． ＬＩＵ Ｙｏｎｇｑｉａｎｇ，ＺＨＡＮＧ Ｄｏｎｇ．Ａ Ｓｔｕｄｙ ｏｆｔｈｅ ｅｆｅｃｔ ｏｆ ＡＲＴ ｒｅａｇｅｎｔ ｏｎ ｓｕｒｆａｃｅ ｍｏｄｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ４５ ｓｔｅｅｌ［Ｊ］．Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ ｏｆａｉｒ ｆｏｒｃｅ ｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒ ｉｎｇ ｕｎｖｉｓｉｔｙ：ｎａｔｕｒａｌ ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ ｅｄｉｔｉｏｎ，２００８，９（１）：９２—９４．（ｉｎ Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ）
收稿 日期 ：２０１１—０１—１２
作者简介：刘永强（１９７１一）：女，陕西西安人 ，副教授，主要从事飞机飞行使用安全研究．Ｅ—ｍａｉｌ：ＬＹＱ＠１６３．ｔｏｍ
第 ４期
刘永强等 ：ＡＲＴ对灰铸铁试样摩擦表 面 自修复的研 究
１５
测量试样表面显微硬度 ，载荷值为 １００ Ｎ，用 ￥４４０扫描电子显微镜对试样表面进行观察 ，采用 Ｋｅｖｅｘ能谱仪
４ 结束语
本文采用此技术对灰铸铁试样摩擦表面进行了研究 ，结果证实使用 ＡＲＴ技术处理机械零件可 以将精加 工和表面处理过程最大限度的延伸至机械设备的使用过程 中，在正常运行条件下对摩擦副表面进行原位 自 修复或者实施超精加工再制造 ，并形成金属陶瓷保护层。
英语好翻译句子
第三步：练习与进步A. 翻译1. 至于计算机化的影响，没有什么地方比银行能更清楚地看到其成果。
2. 要不是来自政府的及时投资，我们的公司不会像现在这样繁荣昌盛。
3. 只是过了一年，我就开始看到我工作的成绩。
4. 该组织没有违反规章，但是它也没有负责任地认真工作。
5. 几乎每个月都有消息报道调查中国公民中科学教育文盲问题的严重性。
6. 打算离婚的父母没有很好地培养孩子应对将要到来的危机的能力，他们也没有向孩子们作出很有必要的保证：会有人照顾你们的。
7. 虽然他聪明机智，也觉得解决这个问题很难。
8. 她不仅学习刻苦，而且很有礼貌。
9. 树下坐着的人，是我见过的最高大的人之一。
10. 只有当研究者获得充分的数据，他们才能得出一个正确的结论。
【参考答案】1. As for the influence of computerization, nowhere have we seen the results more clearly than in the bank.2. Had it not been for the timely investment from the government, our company would not be thriving as it is.3. Only after a year did I begin to see the results of my work.4. The organization had broken no rules, but neither had it acted responsibly.5. Hardly a month goes by without word of another survey revealing new depths of scientific illiteracy among Chinese citizens.6. Parents planning to divorce do not sufficiently prepare their children for the coming crisis, nor do they provide them with the necessary assurances that they will be cared for in the aftermath.7. Clever and resourceful though he was, he found more than a little difficulty solving the problem.8. Not only was she a hard worker, but she was also very polite.9. Under a tree was sitting one of the biggest men I had ever seen.10. Only when the researchers have obtained sufficient data can they come to a sound conclusion.第三步：练习与进步A. 翻译1. 直到最后一刻，我才得知事情的传闻。
可降解锌基骨植入材料及其表面改性研究进展
第53卷第2期表面技术2024年1月SURFACE TECHNOLOGY·1·研究综述可降解锌基骨植入材料及其表面改性研究进展冯博玄1，谭晋韵2，裴佳1，袁广银1*（1.上海交通大学 轻合金精密成型国家工程研究中心和金属基复合材料国家重点实验室，上海 200240；2.复旦大学附属华山医院，上海 200040）摘要：医用锌及锌合金有望成为新一代可降解骨植入物材料来促进骨缺损的修复。
概述了可降解医用锌基材料的优势，包括较好的生物安全性和抗菌效果、能促进植入部位周围血管和新骨的生成以及骨相关基因的表达能力。
在此基础上，从基底材料、细胞种类及实验结果等方面系统总结了近年来关于可降解医用锌基材料生物相容性和降解行为的研究。
同时，归纳了可降解医用锌在临床修复骨缺损方面所面临的主要问题和挑战，包括较差的力学性能和较强的细胞毒性。
可降解医用锌较差的力学性能可以通过合金化进行改善，概述了多种新型医用锌合金的力学性能及其生物相容性。
表面改性是提高可降解医用锌基表面生物相容性和调控降解的有效手段。
从基底样品、表面改性手段、使用的细胞或动物模型以及细胞相容性和降解行为等方面，综述了近年来可降解锌基骨植入材料表面改性的研究现状，提出了可降解锌基骨植入材料表面改性目前所面临的难点问题，包括传统表面改性手段加剧了锌离子的释放或在表面改性后可降解医用锌的生物相容性改善功效不足，以及未来的发展方向。
关键词：可降解医用锌；骨植入材料；生物相容性；降解行为；表面改性中图分类号：O61；O62；Q25 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1001-3660(2024)02-0001-14DOI：10.16490/ki.issn.1001-3660.2024.02.001Research Progress of Biodegradable Zinc-based OrthopedicImplant Materials and Their Surface ModificationFENG Boxuan1, TAN Jinyun2, PEI Jia1, YUAN Guangyin1*(1. National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming & State Key Laboratory ofMetal Matrix Composite, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;2. Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China)ABSTRACT: In recent years, biodegradable metals, represented by magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe), have received extensive attention from the biomedical and materials fields both domestically and internationally. This article outlined the requirements for ideal bone implant materials, and the advantages of biodegradable metals over other biodegradable materials, including mechanical performance, degradation performance, and biocompatibility. In addition, the degradation mechanism of biodegradable metal materials was summarized. Among them, Mg had been extensively investigated, but its rapid degradation rate lead to compromised mechanical properties and uncontrolled hydrogen evolution. Conversely, the degradation rate of Fe收稿日期：2023-01-04；修订日期：2023-02-25Received：2023-01-04；Revised：2023-02-25基金项目：国家自然科学基金（52130104，51971141）；科技部重点研发专项（2021YFE0204900，2018YFE0115400）Fund：National Natural Science Foundation of China (52130104, 51971141); the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFE0204900, 2018YFE0115400)引文格式：冯博玄, 谭晋韵, 裴佳, 等. 可降解锌基骨植入材料及其表面改性研究进展[J]. 表面技术, 2024, 53(2): 1-14.FENG Boxuan, TAN Jinyun, PEI Jia, et al. Research Progress of Biodegradable Zinc-based Orthopedic Implant Materials and Their Surface Modification[J]. Surface Technology, 2024, 53(2): 1-14.·2·表面技术 2024年1月was notably sluggish, approaching that of non-degradable materials. Zn and Zn alloys, due to their moderate degradation rate, good mechanical properties, and biological safety, were expected to become a new generation of biodegradable bone implant materials to promote bone defect repair. This article summarized the advantages of biodegradable Zn-based materials, including biological safety, antibacterial effects, and the ability to promote the generation of blood vessels and new bone around the implant site, as well as to promote the expression of bone-related genes. Based on this, recent research on the biocompatibility and degradation behavior of biodegradable Zn-based materials was systematically summarized from the aspects of substrate materials, cell types, and experimental results. At the same time, the main problems and challenges faced by the clinical application of biodegradable Zn for repairing bone defects were summarized, including poor mechanical properties and strong cytotoxicity. The poor mechanical properties of biodegradable Zn could be improved through alloying. This article outlined the mechanical properties and biocompatibility of various new medical Zn alloys. The potent cytotoxicity of biodegradable Zn used in medical applications arose from the local accumulation of Zn2+ ion generated during degradation. Zn2+ ion was reported to exhibit biphasic effect on cells. The low concentration of Zn2+ ion could promote the cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. In contrast, the local high concentration of Zn2+ ion resulted from the rapid degradation rate of Zn implants at the initial stage of implantation, and some degradation products such as ZnO and Zn(OH)2 with poor biocompatibility always lead to cytotoxicity and inflammation surrounding the Zn implants, further delaying the regeneration and repair of bone defects. Zn still exhibited slight cytotoxicity after alloying, and surface modification was an effective means to improve the surface biocompatibility and regulate degradation of biodegradable Zn. This article reviewed the current research status of surface modi-fication of biodegradable Zn-based bone implant materials from the aspects of substrate samples, surface modification methods, cell or animal models used, and cell compatibility and degradation behavior, and proposed the current difficulties and future development directions of surface modification of biodegradable Zn-based bone implant materials. Surface modification of biodegradable Zn is still nascent, and there are scarce relevant studies with restricted advancement in the biocompatibility of biodegradable Zn. Traditional surface modification methods have increased the release of Zn2+ ion, resulting in higher cyto-toxicity. Alternatively, the efficacy of improving the biocompatibility of biodegradable Zn through surface modification has been insufficient. The future research direction of biodegradable Zn-based materials should focus more on surface modification methods such as phosphate and its composite coatings, as well as biodegradable polymer coatings.KEY WORDS: biodegradable zinc; bone implant material; biocompatibility; degradation behavior; surface modification每年由机械外伤导致的骨折、由炎症引发的骨组织坏死、由骨肿瘤引起的骨缺损等疾病的患者有数百万人[1-3]。
风电专业英语
风电专业英语风力发电机 wind turbine 风电场 wind power station wind farm 风力发电机组 wind turbine generator system WTGS 水平轴风力发电机 horizontal axis wind turbine 垂直轴风力发电机 vertical axis wind turbine 轮毂（风力发电机） hub (for wind turbine) 机舱nacelle 支撑结构support structure for wind turbine 关机shutdown for wind turbine 正常关机normal shutdown for wind turbine 紧急关机 emergency shutdown for wind turbine 空转idling 锁定 blocking 停机 parking 静止 standstill 制动器brake 停机制动 parking brake 风轮转速 rotor speed 限制系统control system 爱护系统 protection system 偏航 yawing 设计和平安参数 design situation 设计工况 design situation 载荷状况load case 外部条件 external conditions 设计极限 design limits 极限状态 limit state 运用极限状态 serviceability limit states 极限限制状态 ultimate limit state 最大极限状态 ultimate limit state 平安寿命 safe life 严峻故障 catastrophic failure 潜藏故障 latent fault dormant failure 风特性 wind characteristic 风速wind speed 风矢量wind velocity 旋转采样风矢量rotationally sampled wind velocity 额定风速 rated wind speed 切入风速cut-in speed 切出风速cut-out speed 年平均annual average 年平均风速 annual average wind speed 平均风速 mean wind speed 极端风速 extreme wind speed 平安风速 survival wind speed 参考风速 reference wind speed 风速分布 wind speed distribution瑞利分布 RayLeigh distribution 威布尔分布 Weibull distribution 风切变 wind shear 风廓线风切变律 wind profile wind shear law 风切变指数 wind shear exponent 对数风切变律 logarithmic wind shear law 风切变幂律 power law for wind shear 下风向 down wind 上风向up wind 阵风gust 粗糙长度roughness length 湍流强度turbulence intensity 湍流尺度参数 turbulence scale parameter 湍流惯性负区inertial sub-range 风场wind site 测量参数measurement parameters 测量位置measurement seat 最大风速maximum wind speed 风功率密度 wind power density 风能密度 wind energy density 日改变 diurnal variation 年改变 annual variation 轮毂高度 hub height 风能 wind energy 标准大气状态 standard atmospheric state 风切变影响 influence by the wind shear 阵风影响gust influence 风速频率frequency of wind speed 环境environment 工作环境 operational environment 气候 climate 海洋性气候 ocean climate 大陆性气候 continental climate 露天气候open-air climate 室内气候 indoor climate 极端 extreme 日平均值 daily mean 极端最高 extreme maximum 年最高 annual maximum 年最高日平均温度 annual extreme daily mean of temperature 月平均温度 mean monthly temperature 空气湿度 air humidity 肯定湿度absolute humidity 相对湿度relative humidity 降水precipitation 雨rain 冻雨freezing rain 霜淞rime 雨淞glaze 冰雹hail 露dew 雾fog 盐雾salt fog 雷暴thunderstorm 雪载 snow load 标准大气压 standard air pressure平均海平面 mean sea level 海拔 altitude 辐射通量 radiant flux 太阳辐射 solar radiation 干脆太阳辐射 direct solar radiation 天空辐射 sky radiation 太阳常数 solar constant 太阳光谱 solar spectrum 黑体 black body 白体 white body 温室效应 greenhouse effect 环境温度ambient temperature 表面温度surface temperature 互联 interconnection 输出功率 output power 额定功率rated power 最大功率maximum power 电网连接点network connection point 电力汇合系统 power collection system 风场电器设备 site electrical facilities 功率特性 power performance 静电功率输出 net electric power output 功率系数 power performance 自由流风速 free stream wind speed 扫掠面积 swept area 轮毂高度 hub height 测量功率曲线 measurement power curve 外推功率曲线 extrapolated power curve 年发电量 annual energy production 可利用率 availability 数据组功率特性测试 data set for power performance measurement 精度accuracy 测量误差uncertainty in measurement 分组方法 method of bins 测量周期measurement period 测量扇区 measurement sector 日改变 diurnal variations 浆距角 pitch angle 距离常数 distance constant 试验场地 test site 气流畸变 flow distortion 障碍物 obstacles 困难地形带 complex terrain 风障 wind break 声压级 sound pressure level 声级 weighted sound pressure level; sound level 视在声功率级apparent sound power level 指向性directivity 音值tonality 声的基准面风速 acoustic reference wind speed 标准风速standardized wind speed 基准高度 reference height 基准粗糙长度reference roughness length 基准距离 reference distance 掠射角grazing angle 风轮风轮 wind rotor 风轮直径 rotor diameter 风轮扫掠面积 rotor swept area 风轮仰角 tilt angle of rotor shaft 风轮偏航角 yawing angle of rotor shaft 风轮额定转速 rated turning speed of rotor 风轮最高转速 maximum turning speed of rotor 风轮尾流 rotor wake 尾流损失 wake losses 风轮实度 rotor solidity 实度损失 solidity losses 叶片数 number of blades 叶片 blade 等截面叶片 constant chord blade 变截面叶片 variable chord blade 叶片投影面积 projected area of blade 叶片长度 length of blade 叶根 root of blade 叶尖 tip of blade 叶尖速度 tip speed 浆距角pitch angle 翼型 airfoil 前缘 leading edge 后缘 tailing edge 几何弦长 geometric chord of airfoil 平均几何弦长 mean geometric of airfoil 气动弦线aerodynamic chord of airfoil 翼型厚度thickness of airfoil 翼型相对厚度 relative thickness of airfoil 厚度函数 thickness function of airfoil 中弧线 mean line 弯度degree of curvature 翼型族the family of airfoil 弯度函数curvature function of airfoil 叶片根梢比ratio of tip-section chord to root-section chord 叶片展弦比 aspect ratio 叶片安装角 setting angle of blade 叶片扭角 twist of blade 叶片几何攻角 angle of attack of blade 叶片损失 blade losses 叶尖损失 tip losses 颤振 flutter 迎风机构 orientation mechanism 调速机构regulating mechanism 风轮偏测式调速机构regulatingmechanism of turning wind rotor out of the wind sideward 变浆距调速机构 regulating mechanism by adjusting the pitch of blade 整流罩 nose cone 顺浆 feathering 阻尼板 spoiling flap 风轮空气动力特性aerodynamic characteristics of rotor 叶尖速度比tip-speed ratio 额定叶尖速度比 rated tip-speed ratio 升力系数lift coefficient 阻力系数 drag coefficient 推或拉力系数 thrust coefficient 偏航系统滑动制动器 sliding shoes 偏航 yawing 主动偏航 active yawing 被动偏航 passive yawing 偏航驱动 yawing driven 解缆 untwist 塔架 tower 独立式塔架 free stand tower 拉索式塔架 guyed tower 塔影响效应 influence by the tower shadow 功率特性测试功率特性 power performance 净电功率输出 net electric power output 功率系数 power coefficient 自由流风速free stream wind speed 扫掠面积swept area 测量功率曲线measured power curve 外推功率曲线 extrapolated power curve 年发电量annual energy production 数据组data set 可利用率availability 精度 accuracy 测量误差 uncertainty in measurement 分组方法 method of bins 测量周期 measurement period 测量扇区measurement sector 距离常数 distance constant 试验场地 test site 气流畸变 flow distortion 困难地形地带 complex terrain 风障 wind break 声压级 sound pressure level 声级 weighted sound pressure level 视在声功率级 apparent sound power level 指向性directivity 音值 tonality 声的基准风速 acoustic reference wind speed 标准风速standardized wind speed 基准高度referenceheight 基准粗糙长度 reference roughness 基准距离 reference distance 掠射角 grazing angle 比恩法 method of bins 标准误差standard uncertainty 风能利用系数 rotor power coefficient 力矩系数 torque coefficient 额定力矩系数 rated torque coefficient 起动力矩系数 starting torque coefficient 最大力矩系数 maximum torque coefficient 过载度 ratio of over load 风力发电机组输出特性output characteristic of WTGS 调整特性regulating characteristics 平均噪声average noise level 机组效率efficiency of WTGS 运用寿命 service life 度电成本 cost per kilowatt hour of the electricity generated by WTGS 发电机同步电机 synchronous generator 异步电机 asynchronous generator 感应电机induction generator 转差率slip 瞬态电流transient rotor 笼型 cage 绕线转子 wound rotor 绕组系数 winding factor 换向器commutator 集电环collector ring 换向片commutator segment 励磁响应excitation response 制动系统制动系统braking 制动机构 brake mechanism 正常制动系 normal braking system 紧急制动系emergency braking system 空气制动系air braking system 液压制动系 hydraulic braking system 电磁制动系electromagnetic braking system 机械制动系 mechanical braking system 协助装置 auxiliary device 制动器释放 braking releasing 制动器闭合brake setting 液压缸hydraulic cylinder 溢流阀relief valve 泻油 drain 齿轮马达 gear motor 齿轮泵 gear pump 电磁阀 solenoid 液压过滤器 hydraulic filter 液压泵 hydraulicpump 液压系统 hydraulic system 油冷却器 oil cooler 压力限制器pressure control valve 压力继电器pressure switch 减压阀reducing valve 平安阀 safety valve 设定压力 setting pressure 切换 switching 旋转接头 rotating union 压力表 pressure gauge 液压油 hydraulic fluid 液压马达 hydraulic motor 油封 oil seal 刹车盘 brake disc 闸垫 brake pad 刹车油 brake fluid 闸衬片brake lining 传动比 transmission ratio 齿轮 gear 齿轮副 gear pair 平行轴齿轮副 gear pair with parallel axes 齿轮系 train of gears 行星齿轮系 planetary gear train 小齿轮 pinion 大齿轮wheel , gear 主动齿轮 driving, gear 从动齿轮 driven gear 行星齿轮 planet gear 行星架 planet carrier 太阳轮 sun gear 内齿圈ring gear 外齿轮external gear 内齿轮internal 内齿轮副internal gear pair 增速齿轮副 speed increasing gear 增速齿轮系speed increasing gear train 中心距 center distance 增速比 speed increasing ratio 齿面 tooth flank 工作齿面 working flank 非工作齿面 non-working flank 模数 module 齿数 number of teeth 啮合干涉 meshing interference 齿廓修行 profile modification , profile correction 啮合 engagement, mesh 齿轮的变位 addendum modification on gears 变位齿轮 gears with addendum modification 圆柱齿轮 cylindrical gear 直齿圆柱齿轮 spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical gear single-helical gear 节点 pitch point 节圆 pitch circle 齿顶圆tip circle 齿根圆root circle 直径和半径diameter and radius 齿宽 face width 齿厚 tooth thickness 压力角 pressure angle 圆周侧隙 circumferential backlash 蜗杆 worm 蜗轮 worm wheel 联轴器 coupling 刚性联轴器 rigid coupling 万向联轴器 universal coupling 平安联轴器 security coupling 齿tooth 齿槽tooth space 斜齿轮helical gear 人字齿轮double-helical gear 齿距 pitch 法向齿距 normal pitch 轴向齿距axial pitch 齿高 tooth depth 输入角 input shaft 输出角 output shaft 柱销pin 柱销套roller 行星齿轮传动机构planetary gear drive mechanism 中心轮 center gear 单级行星齿轮系 single planetary gear train 柔性齿轮 flexible gear 刚性齿轮rigidity gear 柔性滚动轴承 flexible rolling bearing 输出联接output coupling 刚度 rigidity 扭转刚度 torsional rigidity 弯曲刚度 flexural rigidity 扭转刚度系数 coefficient of torsional 起动力矩 starting torque 传动误差 transmission error 传动精度transmission accuracy 固有频率natural frequency 弹性联接elastic coupling 刚性联接rigid coupling 滑块联接Oldham coupling 固定联接integrated coupling 齿啮式联接dynamic coupling 花键式联接 splined coupling 牙嵌式联接 castellated coupling 径向销联接radial pin coupling 周期振动periodic vibration 随机振动 random vibration 峰值 peak value 临界阻尼critical damping 阻尼系数 damping coefficient 阻尼比 damping ratio 减震器 vibration isolator 振动频率 vibration frequency 幅值amplitude 位移幅值displacement amplitude 速度幅值velocity amplitude 加速度幅值 acceleration amplitude 限制与监控系统远程监视 telemonitoring 协议 protocol 实时 real time 单向传输simplex transmission 半双工传输half-duplex transmission 双工传输 duplex transmission 前置机 front end processor 运输终端remote terminal unit 调制解调器modulator-demodulator 数据终端设备 data terminal equipment 接口 interface 数据电路 data circuit 信息 information 状态信息state information 分接头位置信息 tap position information 监视信息monitored information 设备故障信息equipment failure information 告警 alarm 返回信息 return information 设定值 set point value 累积值 integrated total integrated value 瞬时测值instantaneous measured 计量值 counted measured metered measured metered reading 确认 acknowledgement 信号 signal 模拟信号analog signal 吩咐 command 字节 byte 位 bit 地址 address 波特baud 编码encode 译码decode 代码code 集中限制centralized control 可编程序限制 programmable control 微机程控minicomputer program 模拟限制analogue control 数字限制digital control 强电限制 strong current control 弱电限制 weak current control 单元限制 unit control 就地限制 local control 联锁装置 interlocker 模拟盘 analogue board 配电盘 switch board 限制台 control desk 紧急停车按钮 emergency stop push-button 限位开关 limit switch 限速开关 limit speed switch 有载指示器on-load indicator 屏幕显示 screen display 指示灯 display lamp 起动信号 starting signal 公共供电点 point of common coupling 闪变 flicker 数据库 data base 硬件 hardware 硬件平台 hardware platform 层 layer level class 模型 model 响应时间 response time 软件 software 软件平台 software platform 系统软件 system software 自由脱扣 trip-free 基准误差 basic error 一对一限制方式 one-to-one control mode 一次电流 primary current 一次电压primary voltage 二次电流 secondary current 二次电压 secondary voltage 低压电器low voltage apparatus 额定工作电压rated operational voltage 额定工作电流 rated operational current 运行管理 operation management 平安方案 safety concept 外部条件external conditions 失效 failure 故障 fault 限制柜 control cabinet 冗余技术 redundancy 正常关机 normal shutdown 失效-平安fail-safe 解除故障clearance 空转idling 外部动力源external power supply 锁定装置 locking device 运行转速范围operating rotational speed range 临界转速 activation rotational speed 最大转速 maximum rotational speed 过载功率 over power 临界功率 activation power 最大功率 maximum power 短时切出风速short-term cut-out wind speed 外联机试验 field test with turbine 试验台test-bed 台架试验test on bed 防雷系统lighting protection system 外部防雷系统external lighting protection system 内部防雷系统internal lighting protection system 等电位连接equipotential bonding 接闪器air-termination system 引下线down-conductor 接地装置earth-termination system 接地线 earth conductor 接地体 earthelectrode 环形接地体 ring earth external 基础接地体 foundation earth electrode 等电位连接带bonding bar 等电位连接导体bonding conductor 爱护等级 protection lever 防雷区 lighting protection zone 雷电流lighting current 电涌爱护器surge suppressor 共用接地系统common earthing system 接地基准点earthing reference points 持续运行 continuous operation 持续运行的闪变系数 flicker coefficient for continuous operation 闪变阶跃系数 flicker step factor 最大允许功率 maximum permitted 最大测量功率maximum measured power 电网阻抗相角network impedance phase angle 正常运行 normal operation 功率采集系统power collection system 额定现在功率 rated apparent power 额定电流rated current 额定无功功率rated reactive power 停机standstill 起动 start-up 切换运行 switching operation 扰动强度 turbulence intensity 电压改变系数 voltage change factor 风力发电机端口 wind turbine terminals 风力发电机最大功率 maximum power of wind turbine 风力发电机停机 parked wind turbine 平安系统 safety system 限制装置 control device 额定载荷 rated load 周期 period 相位 phase 频率 frequency 谐波 harmonics 瞬时值instantaneous value 同步 synchronism 振荡 oscillation 共振resonance 波wave 辐射radiation 衰减attenuation 阻尼damping 畸变 distortion 电 electricity 电的 electric 静电学electrostatics 电荷 electric charge 电压降 voltage drop 电流electric current 导电性 conductivity 电压 voltage 电磁感应electromagnetic induction 励磁 excitation 电阻率 resistivity 导体 conductor 半导体 semiconductor 电路 electric circuit 串联电路 series circuit 电容 capacitance 电感 inductance 电阻resistance 电抗reactance 阻抗impedance 传递比transfer ratio 沟通电压alternating voltage 沟通电流alternating current 脉动电压 pulsating voltage 脉动电流 pulsating current 直流电压direct voltage 直流电流direct current 瞬时功率instantaneous power 有功功率 active power 无功功率 reactive power 有功电流 active current 无功电流 reactive current 功率因数 power factor 中性点 neutral point 相序 sequential order of the phase 电气元件 electrical device 接线端子 terminal 电极electrode 地earth 接地电路earthed circuit 接地电阻resistance of an earthed conductor 绝缘子 insulator 绝缘套管insulating bushing 母线 busbar 线圈 coil 螺纹管 solenoid 绕组 winding 电阻器 resistor 电感器 inductor 电容器 capacitor 继电器relay 电能转换器electric energy transducer 电机electric machine 发电机generator 电动机motor 变压器transformer 变流器 converter 变频器 frequency converter 整流器 rectifier 逆变器 inverter 传感器 sensor 耦合器 electric coupling 放大器 amplifier 振荡器 oscillator 滤波器 filter 半导体器件 semiconductor 光电器件 photoelectric device 触头contact 开关设备 switchgear 限制设备 control gear 闭合电路closed circuit 断开电路open circuit 通断switching 联结connection 串联 series connection 并联 parallel connection 星形联结 star connection 三角形联结 delta connection 主电路 main circuit 协助电路 auxiliary circuit 限制电路 control circuit 信号电路signal circuit 爱护电路protective circuit 换接change-over circuit 换向 commutation 输入功率 input power 输入 input 输出 output 负载 load 加载 to load 充电 to charge 放电 to discharge 有载运行 on-load operation 空载运行 no-load operation 开路运行open-circuit operation 短路运行short-circuit operation 满载 full load 效率 efficiency 损耗loss 过电压over-voltage 过电流over-current 欠电压under-voltage 特性 characteristic 绝缘物 insulant 隔离 to isolate 绝缘 insulation 绝缘电阻 insulation resistance 品质因数 quality factor 泄漏电流 leakage current 闪烙 flashover 短路short circuit 噪声 noise 极限值 limiting value 额定值rated value 额定 rating 环境条件 environment condition 运用条件 service condition 工况 operating condition 额定工况 rated condition 负载比 duty ratio 绝缘比 insulation ratio 介质试验dielectric test 常规试验 routine test 抽样试验 sampling test 验收试验 acceptance test 投运试验 commissioning test 维护试验maintenance test 加速 accelerating 特性曲线 characteristic 额定电压 rated voltage 额定电流 rated current 额定频率 rated frequency 温升temperature rise 温度系数temperature coefficient 端电压 terminal voltage 短路电流short circuitcurrent 牢靠性reliability 有效性availability 耐久性durability 修理 maintenance 维护 preventive maintenance 工作时间 operating time 待命时间 standby time 修复时间 repair time 寿命 life 运用寿命 useful life 平均寿命 mean life 耐久性试验endurance test 寿命试验 life test 牢靠性测定试验 reliability determination test 现场牢靠性试验 field reliability test 加速试验accelerated test 平安性fail safe 应力stress 强度strength 试验数据test data 现场数据field data 电触头electrical contact 主触头 main contact 击穿 breakdown 耐电压proof voltage 放电 electrical discharge 透气性 air permeability 电线电缆 electric wire and cable 电力电缆 power cable 通信电缆telecommunication cable 油浸式变压器oil-immersed type transformer 干式变压器dry-type transformer 自耦变压器auto-transformer 有载调压变压器 transformer fitted with OLTC 空载电流 non-load current 阻抗电压 impedance voltage 电抗电压reactance voltage 电阻电压 resistance voltage 分接 tapping 配电电器 distributing apparatus 限制电器 control apparatus 开关switch 熔断器 fuse 断路器 circuit breaker 限制器 controller 接触器contactor 机械寿命mechanical endurance 电气寿命electrical endurance 旋转电机 electrical rotating machine 直流电机 direct current machine 沟通电机 alternating current machine 同步电机 synchronous machine 异步电机 asynchronous machine 感应电机 induction machine 励磁机 exciter 饱和特性 saturationcharacteristic 开路特性 open-circuit characteristic 负载特性load characteristic 短路特性 short-circuit characteristic 额定转矩 rated load torque 规定的最初起动转矩 specifies breakaway torque 交流电动机的最初起动电流 breakaway starting current if an a.c. 同步转速 synchronous speed 转差率slip 短路比short-circuit ratio 同步系数synchronous coefficient 空载 no-load 系统 system 触电；电击 electric block 正常状态 normal condition 接触电压 touch voltage 跨步电压step voltage 对地电压voltage to earth 触电电流shock current 残余电流 residual current 平安阻抗 safety impedance 平安距离 safety distance 平安标记 safety marking 平安色 safety color 中性点有效接地系统system with effectively earthed neutral 检修接地 inspection earthing 工作接地 working earthing 爱护接地 protective earthing 重复接地 iterative earth 故障接地fault earthing 过电压爱护 over-voltage protection 过电流爱护over-current protection 断相爱护 open-phase protection 防尘dust-protected 防溅 protected against splashing 防滴 protected against dropping water 防浸水 protected against the effects of immersion 过电流爱护装置 over-current protective device 爱护继电器protective relay 接地开关earthing switch 漏电断路器residual current circuit-breaker 灭弧装置 arc-control device 平安隔离变压器 safety isolating transformer 避雷器 surge attester ; lightning arrester 爱护电容器 capacitor for voltage protection平安开关 safety switch 限流电路 limited current circuit 振动vibration 腐蚀corrosion 点腐蚀spot corrosion 金属腐蚀corrosion of metals 化学腐蚀 chemical corrosion 贮存 storage 贮存条件 storage condition 运输条件 transportation condition 空载最大加速度 maximum bare table acceletation 电力金具悬垂线夹 suspension clamp 耐张线夹 strain clamp 挂环 link 挂板clevis 球头挂环ball-eye 球头挂钩ball-hook U 型挂环shackle U 型挂钩 U-bolt 联板 yoke plate 牵引板 towing plate 挂钩 hook 吊架 hanger 调整板 adjusting plate 花篮螺栓 turn buckle 接续管 splicing sleeve 补修管 repair sleeve 调线线夹jumper clamp 防振锤damper 均压环grading ring 屏蔽环shielding ring 间隔棒 spacer 重锤 counter weight 线卡子 guy clip 心形环 thimble 设备线夹 terminal connector T 形线夹T-connector 硬母线固定金具 bus-bar support 母线间隔垫 bus-bar separetor 母线伸缩节 bus-bar expansion 外光检查 visual ins 振动试验 vibration tests 老化试验 ageing tests 冲击动载荷试验impulse load tests 耐腐试验 corrosion resistance tests 棘轮扳手 ratchet spanner 专用扳手 special purpose spanner 万向套筒扳手 flexible pliers 可调钳 adjustable pliers 夹线器 conductor holder 电缆剪cable cutter 卡线钳conductor clamp 单卡头single clamp 双卡头 double clamp 平安帽 safety helmet 平安带safety belt 绝缘手套 insulating glove 绝缘靴 insulating boots 护目镜 protection spectacles 缝焊机 seam welding machine。
考虑涂层厚度的齿轮齿厚偏差设计
考虑涂层厚度的齿轮齿厚偏差设计王丽萍;崔艳梅;王伟鹏【摘要】耐磨涂层对于齿面强化,延长齿轮的使用寿命和发展新型齿轮加工技术具有重要的意义,涂层技术已成为国内外研究高性能齿轮的热点.但耐磨涂层的应用增加了轮齿齿厚,减小了齿轮副的传动侧隙,如果涂层齿轮未作预先修形处理,啮合时会产生干涉现象.为降低涂层对齿轮啮合性能的不利影响,在考虑齿轮涂层厚度的前提下对齿厚偏差的选择进行了分析计算,通过齿厚偏差来补偿涂层厚度引起的齿轮副传动侧隙的变化,这对保证涂层齿轮传动的平稳性,完善涂层技术在齿轮上的应用具有指导意义.%Coating can intensify the surface of gears, prolong its life, and develop new machining techniques. Coating technology has been the focus of research on high performance gears at home and abroad. However, the coating adds the tooth thickness, reduces the backlash of gear. There will be interference problem if the coated gears are not modificated in advance. To reduce the adverse effects of coating on gear meshing, the influence of coating on the backlash was analyzed, and the deviation of teeth width was calculated. The results showed that the change of backlash by coating can be compensated by deviation of teeth width. The research has improved guidance to ensure the steady transmission of coated gear and develop coating technologies on gears.【期刊名称】《机械设计与制造》【年(卷),期】2013(000)002【总页数】3页(P245-247)【关键词】耐磨涂层;侧隙;齿厚偏差;啮合性能【作者】王丽萍;崔艳梅;王伟鹏【作者单位】郑州航空工业管理学院机电工程学院,河南郑州450015;郑州航空工业管理学院机电工程学院,河南郑州450015;河南大学物理与电子学院,河南开封475000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TH161 引言先进涂层材料把金属材料的特点和涂层材料的特点有机的结合了起来，具有金属的强度和韧性和涂层高耐磨性、耐高温、耐腐蚀等优点，近年来在工程技术领域受到了广泛的重视和应用。